FUNCTIONS THAT MODELS DISCONTINUITIES (DISTRIBUTIONS) .

• Are introduced to model signals of physical phenomena that evaluates in a very short
time period  in order to define them a set of test functions are used,  (t )  D , that
have a finite support and are derivable as many times as necessary in any time instant
within the domain
• The distributions are defined as

f : D → R f ( ) =  f (t ) (t )dt
−

The delta function (unit impulse)

• The unit impulse (Dirac distribution ) is defined by the property

 ( ) =  f (t ) (t )dt =  (0)
−

• we say that the Delta function is a point distribution

 (t ) = 0, t  (− , −  )  ( ,  ),   0,  → 0 sau
 (t ) = 0, t  0


   (t )dt = 1
− 
1, t  0
• Step function  (t ) = 
0, t  0
1, t  0
• Signum function sgn ( t ) =  , sgn ( t ) = 2 ( t ) − 1
 −1, t  0
Functions that, at the limit, trends at singularity functions
For  ( t )
t
1 −
o Exponential set f (t ) = e 
E
Draw!
2
1 
 , t 
o Rectangular set f (t ) = 
D
2 Draw!
0, rest

 1  t
 1 − , t  
o Triangular set fT (t ) =     Draw!

0, rest
t
fS (t ) =
1
o Cardinal Sinus set sinc  Draw!
  

• Similarly, for (t) and sgn(t) we have

lim g (t ) =  (t )
 →

e −t , t  0
g (t ) = 

 Draw!
0, rest

lim gsgn (t ) = sgn (t )

 →

− t
e , t  0
g sgn
( t ) =  − t Draw!
−e , t  0

Properties of Dirac function

1
1) Change of scale  ( at ) =  (t )
a

For a=-1   ( −t ) =  ( t )   ( t ) is an even function

Demo ?
 

2) Convolution ( * )(t ) =   (t −  ) ( )d =   ( ) (t −  )d = ( *  )(t ) =  (t )

− −

Obs – the (t) is a unie element for the convolution operation

Demo ?


  (t ) (t ) = (− 1)  (0) daca  (n ) (0) exista

( ) n ( ) n n
3) Differentiation
−

Demo ?
 

4) Shiting (sampling)   (t − t ) (t )dt =  (t )

−
0 0

Demo ?
5) Multiplication with a function
 ( t ) g ( t ) =  ( t ) g ( 0 ) , g ( t ) continuous in the origin
 ( t − t0 ) g ( t ) =  ( t ) g ( t0 ) , g ( t ) continuous in t0
Demo ?
6) Multiplication of the derivative with a function

Demo ?

d ( t )
7) Connection between (t) and (t) =  (t )
dt
Demo ?

Periodic  function
We can define the periodic delta functions

1, t = kT
T ( t ) =   ( t − nT ) = 0,
k =−  elsewhere
This has the Fourier Series expansion
1  jk t 2
T ( t ) =  e ,  =
T k =− T