 Networking is a practice of linking of two or more

computing devices such as PCs printers etc. with each

other connections between two devices is through
physical media or logical media to share the
information, data and resources. Network are made
with hardware and software.
 Model means connectivity of computers.
Types of networking models

• Client – server model :- In a client

server model we have one server and
many clients. A client can share the
resources of server, but a server cannot
share the resources on client.
SERVER MODEL CLIENT
 In peer to peer model all computers are in
equal status, that is we cannot manage
centralization, administration security.
 It is a mixture of client and peer to peer
model.
 Client can share their resources as peer
to peer but with the permission of the
server as in server model.
 It is commonly used model because in this
security is more as we put restriction on
both server and clients.
1. Local area network (LAN).
It is restricted to a small area such as home,
Offices or colleges. HUB & SWITCHE are
used in LAN.
1. Campus Area Network (CAN).
Made up of two or more LANs with in
limited area. All the computers which are
connected together have some
relationship to each other e.g different
buildings in a campus can be connected
using different CAN.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
MAN is the interconnection of networks in
the city. It also formed by connecting
remote LANs through telephone lines.
MAN support data and voice transmission.
e.g cable T.V network in the city.
4. Wide Area Network (WAN).
It covers a wide geographical area which
includes the multiple computers or LANs.
ROUTER devices is used in WAN.
 Network Topology describe the way in
which the elements of network are
connected.
 They describe the physical arrangement of
the network nodes.
 The physical topology of a network refers
to the configuration of cables, computers
and other peripherals etc.
 Single Node Topology
 BUS Topology
 STAR Topology
 RING Topology
 TREE Topology
 MESH Topology
 HYBRID Topology
 The server and host is heaving all the
information for network.
 Includes a single device which is
connected to the server.
 The server is the main device used for
network data storage.
Single node topology
 Easy to install.
 Least expensive.
 Single cable is required.

 Only single device is connected in the

entire network.
 All the nodes on a bus topology are
connected by one single cable.
 A bus topology consist of main run of
cable with terminators at each ends.
 Popular on LAN’s because they are
expensive and easy to install.
 Require less cable as compared to star
topology.
 Less expensive than other topology.
 Work better for the small network.

 Entire network gets affected if there is a

break in the main cable.
 Difficult to detect the faulty device.
 Each nodes are connected to a central device
called hub.
 Hub takes a signal that comes from any nodes &
passes it along to all the other nodes in the
network.
 Data passes through hub before reaching at its
destination.
 Hub or switches manages n control the function
of network.
 In it chances of failure reduce because the use
of hub.
STAR TOPOLOGY
 Easy to install and manage.
 Simple in use.
 It is widely used.

 More expensive.
 Hub failure leads to network failure.
 Increased devices makes the network
slow.
 In a ring topology each devices has
exactly two adjacent device for
communication purpose.
 Message travel through ring in same
direction.
 To implement a ring network we use
TOKEN ring technology.
RING TOPOLOGY
 Easy to manage then BUS topology.
 Good communications over long distance.
 Handle high volume of traffic.

 The failure of a single node of the network

can cause entire network to fail.
 More cable of wire required.
 In the tree topology groups of star
network are connected to linear Bus
backbone.
 This particularly helpful for colleges,
universities or schools.
 Point to point connections are possible in
the tree topology.
TREE TOPOLOGY
 Point to point wiring for each device.
 Use for the large network.

 More expensive than other topology.

 Fail in backbone affects the entire
network.
 Each node is connected to every other
node in the network.
 Implement mesh topology expensive and
difficult.
 While the data is traveling on the mesh
network it is automatically configured to
reach the destination by taking the
shortest route which means the lest
numbers of hobs.
 Entire network does not affected by one
faulty device.
 Provide redundant paths which helps in
sending data using an alternate path if a
specific path fails sending the data.

 Very expensive.
 More cabling is required.
 It is combination of different network
topology. It is also known as special
topology.
 It always accrues when two different basic
network topologies are connected.
 Useful for corporate offices to link their
LANs together while adding networks
through wide area network.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
 Easy to detect and remove faulty device.
 More flexible.
 Handle large traffic.

 More cabling is required.

 Expensive then other topologies.
 Set of rules.
 Two devices on a network to successfully
communicate, the must both understood
the same protocols.
 TCP/IP- transmission control protocol
internet – it is most commonly used set
of rules.
 Every signals that sends & receive the
data must have specific address called
MAC address.
 MAC address is a 12 digit hexadecimal
number.
 It can be written in any one of the
formats.
00:11:11:EA:8D:F6
00-11-11-EC-8D-F6
 32 bit long.
 It contains 4 octets.
 Dot(.) is used to separate one octet from
another.
IP ADDRESS

Network ID Host ID
(shared by network ) (unique to every device)

Ex.- 134.56.33.44
134.56.145.36
 Class A- network. host. host. host
 Class B- network. network. host. host
 Class C- network. network. network. host
 Class D & Class E indicate network ID.
 IP address exit from
0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

NOTE:- IP address may vary in time for one device. The MAC
address or hardware address is “branded” on the device by
the manufacture. IP+MAC address together to ensure
proper identification of a device.