58) Which Valve is used to control flow in PD and centrifugal pump?

pump flow rate may be controlled by adjusting a throttling valve that is installed after the pump
discharge.

And recycle valve may also be used to control flow rate.

59) What amount of steam at what flow rate can be transported in a pipe?
The mass flow of steam of 3000-3500 kg/hr should be allowed. The steam velocities through the
pipes should be below 25-40 m/s to reduce the risk of water hammer. The pressure drop should be
small.

Use formula to calculate flow rate.

Q=UA

60) What factors to consider in designing a pipe from point A to B?

 The maximum and working pressures.
 Maximum and working temperatures.
 Chemical properties of the fluid.
 The fluid velocity.
 The pipe material and grade.
 The safety factor or code design application.

61) How to remove cavitation without changing head?

 Lower the temperature.
 Rise the liquid level in suction vessel
 Increase the pressure in suction vessel
 Use impeller inducer
 Pump type may be used

62) If pressure drop exceeds design pressure drop in a pipe, what to do then?
 Reduce interior surface roughness of the piping system.
 Increase pipe diameter of the piping system.
 Minimize length of piping system.
 Minimize the number of elbows, tees, valves, fittings, and other obstructions in the piping
system; replace 90 degree turns with gentle bends.
 Minimize fluid viscosity by temperature control

63) Difference between pressure drop and pressure difference

Differential pressure can be a static or dynamic measurement of comparative pressures and can be
both positive or negative. Pressure drop only occurs in flowing systems and is always downward in
direction. Pressure drop is the loss of energy in the flowing system.
64) What is choked flow? How to recover from a choked flow?
Choked flow is a phenomenon that limits the mass flow rate of a compressible fluid flowing through
nozzles, orifices and sudden expansions. Generally speaking it is the mass flux after which a further
reduction in downstream pressure will not result in an increase in mass flow rate.

To resolve choked flow, you must lower the differential between upstream and downstream
pressure.

If you have 1,000 PSI upstream and 500 PSI downstream, you could increase downstream pressure
to eliminate choked flow. The exact amount to exit choked flow is affected by flow rate,
temperature and fluid specific gravity.