SHS

General Chemistry 1
Activity Sheet
Quarter 2 – MELC 4
Week 7
Chemical Bonding

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

General Chemistry 1 Activity Sheet No. 4: Chemical Bonding
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message
Welcome to General Chemistry 1!

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 Name of Learner: ____________________________________________________
Grade and Section: __________________________Date: ___________________

General Chemistry 1 Activity Sheet No. 4

Chemical Bonding
I. Learning Competency with Code

Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70)

II. Background Information for Learners

In 1916, Lewis proposed an explanation of bonding in molecular compounds.

He reasoned out that an atom might acquire a noble-gas electron configuration by
sharing its valence electrons with other atoms. A chemical bond formed by sharing a
pair of electrons is called a covalent bond and the molecules formed are called
covalent molecules. Most substances with which we come in daily contact, like
water, kerosene, ethanol, and carbon dioxide are all examples of covalent molecules.

In this learning activity, you will learn more about how to draw the Lewis dot
structure of a molecule and to draw the Lewis dot symbols for main group of elements
and ions. You will also be able to draw the Lewis dot symbol that follows the Octet
rule and those compounds that do not follow.

Activity 1

The Lewis structure or electron dot formula of a molecule shows how the
valence electrons are arranged among atoms in the molecule. The symbol of each
element is used to represent the nucleus and all inner electrons. The valence electrons
are then shown as dots around the symbol.

The element’s group number indicates the number of dots to be placed on each
symbols. Group IA shows one dot, Group IIA has two , Group IIIA has three, Group
IVA has four, Group VA has five, Group VIA has six, Group VIIA has seven, and Group
VIIIA the noble gases which are the stable elements has eight dots on the element
symbol except for Helium which has only two dots.

Group # IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

Figure 1. Electron Configuration and Lewis Dot Symbol of Group A atoms or elements

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 To write an element’s Lewis dot symbol, you place dots to represent its valence
electrons one at a time, around the element’s chemical symbol. Up to four dots are
placed above, below, to the left, and to the right of the symbol (in any order, as long
as elements with four or fewer valence electrons have no more than one dot in each
position). The next dots, for elements with more than four valence electrons, are again
distributed one at a time, each paired with one of the first four. Fluorine, for example,
with the electron configuration [He] 2s2 2p5, has seven valence electrons, so its
Lewis dot symbol is constructed as follows:

→ → → → → →
Figure 2. Lewis Dot Symbol of Fluorine atom or element

Directions: Refer to periodic table and draw the Lewis dot symbol of each
element below and write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Mg 2. Si 3. Al 4. Cl 5. P

6. Rn 7. K 8. Br 9. Kr 10. H

Activity 2

The rules for writing Lewis structures are based on observation of thousands of
molecules, and the most important requirement for the formation of a stable compound
is that the atoms achieve noble gas electron configurations or the formation of the
complete octet. A systematic procedure is usually required to successfully write Lewis
structure.

Rules in writing the Lewis structure:

1. Determine the total valence electrons in each atom. (Use the periodic table to
help you determine the valence electrons in each atom).

Formula Valence Total Valence Tentative Lewis

Electron of Electron Structure Structure
each
Atom/Element

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7) + 3(6) =

26
Cl = 1(7)

O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5)

O = 4(6)

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 NH4+ N = 1(5)

H = 4(1)

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6) = 16

O = 2(6)

NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1) = 8

H = 3(1)

For an anion, add the negative charge to the total number of valence electron.

Formula Valence Total Valence Tentative Lewis

Electron of Electron Structure Structure
each
Atom/Element

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7) + 3(6) =

26
Cl = 1(7)

O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(6) + 3 = 32

O = 4(6)

Charge = -3

NH4+ N = 1(5)

H = 4(1)

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6) = 16

O = 2(6)

NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1) = 8

H = 3(1)

• For a cation, subtract the positive charge to each electron.

Formula Valence Total Valence Electron Tentativ Lewis

Electron of e Struct
each Structur ure
Atom/Element e

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7) + 3(6) = 26

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 Cl = 1(7)

O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(6) + 3 = 32

O = 4(6)

NH4+ N = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(1) -1 = 8

H = 4(1)

Charge = +1

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6) = 16

O = 2(6)

NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1) = 8

H = 3(1)

2. Find out the central atom or atoms. The atom with the highest number of
covalency is considered as the central atom. Among the most common central
atoms are boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Hydrogen only forms one
bond, so it is never a central atom because it has only one electron to share with
another atom. In some binary compounds, oxygen is the central atom only when it is
bonded to H or halogen atoms like OF2. For oxyacids, hydrogen atoms are
connected to oxygen atoms, as in the structure of hypoclorous acid, HOCl.

3. Draw a tentative diagram for a molecule or ion. Use electron pair for single bond
linking each atom to each neighbor.

Formula Valence Total Tentative Structure Lewis

Electron of Valence Structure
each Electron
Atom/Element

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7)

+ 3(6) = 26
Cl = 1(7)

O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(6)

+ 3 = 32
O = 4(6)

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 NH4+ N = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(1)
-1 = 8
H = 4(1)

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6)

= 16
O = 2(6)

NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1)

=8
H = 3(1)

4. Distribute the remaining valence electrons to the attached atoms first, and then to
the central atom last.

Formula Valence Total Tentative Structure Lewis

Electron of Valence Structure
each Electron
Atom/Element

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7)

+ 3(6) = 26
Cl = 1(7)

O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(6)

+ 3 = 32
O = 4(6)

NH4+ N = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(1)

-1 = 8
H = 4(1)

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6)

= 16
O = 2(6)

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 NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1)
=8
H = 3(1)

5. Check if the Octet Rule is followed by counting the number of bonds between atoms
and lone pairs in the central atom and non-bonding pairs around the terminal atoms,
except for hydrogen, which obeys the duet rule.

Formula Valence Total Tentative Structure

Electron of Valence
each Electron
Atom/Element

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7) Cl follows the

+ 3(6) = 26 Octet it has 3
Cl = 1(7) bonding pairs
and 1 lone pair
O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(6) P follows the

+ 3 = 32 Octet it has 4
O = 4(6) bonding pairs

NH4+ N = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(1) N- follows the

-1 = 8 Octet it has 4
H = 4(1) bonding pairs

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6)

= 16
O = 2(6)

NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1) N follows the

=8 Octet it has 3
H = 3(1) bonding pairs
and 1 lone pair

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6. If there are inadequate electrons to complete the octet, move one or more electron
pair from an outer atom to form double or triple bond with the central atom.

Formula Valence Total Tentative Structure

Electron of Valence
each Electron
Atom/Element

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7) Cl follows the

+ 3(6) = 26 Octet it has 3
Cl = 1(7) bonding pairs
and 1 lone pair
O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(6) P follows

+ 3 = 32 theOctet it has 4
O = 4(6) bonding pairs

NH4+ N = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(1) N follows the

-1 = 8 Octet it has 4
H = 4(1) bonding pairs

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6) C follows the

= 16 Octet it has 4
O = 2(6) bonding pairs

NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1) N follows the

=8 Octet it has 3
H = 3(1) bonding pairs
and 1 lone pair

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 Formula Valence Total Tentative Lewis Structure
Electron of Valence Structure
each Electron
Atom/Element

HClO3 H = 1(1) 1(1) + 1(7)

+ 3(6) = 26
Cl = 1(7)

O = 3(6)

PO43- P = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(6)

+ 3 = 32
O = 4(6)

Charge = -3

NH4+ N = 1(5) 1(5) + 4(1)

-1 = 8
H = 4(1)

Charge = +1

CO2 C = 1(4) 1(4) + 2(6)

= 16
O = 2(6)

NH3 N = 1(5) 1(5) + 3(1)

=8
H = 3(1)

Note: For ions, enclose them with a bracket and indicate the net charge.

Directions: Draw the Lewis structure of the following compounds. Write your
answer on a sheet of paper.

1. H2S 2. HCN 3. CCl4 4. PO43- 5. HClO

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Activity 3

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

The Octet rule fails in many situations involving covalent bonding. The three main
types on the exceptions to the Octet rule are discussed below:
1. Molecules with odd number of electrons. The number of valence electrons
is even, in vast majority of molecules, and complete pairing of electrons occurs.
However, the number of valence electrons is odd in a few molecules such as
ClO2, NO, and NO2. Odd-electron species are usually very reactive and
consequently short-lived.
2. Molecules in which an atom has less than an octet. Like beryllium and
boron atoms with fewer than four electrons, it form molecules with less than
eight electrons around each atom such as in the BeH2 and BH3.
3. Molecules in which an atom has more than an octet. Definite atoms like
phosphorus, sulfur and xenon form molecules with more than eight electrons
around them.

Examples:

Directions: Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules with less
than and more than an octet. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

A. less than an octet

1. BF3 2. BCl2 3. BBr3

B. more than an octet

1. SbF5 2. BrF5 3. IF5

V. Reflection:
Complete the statements below:

I understand_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I don’t understand ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

I need more information about __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
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 10
Activity 3
A. less than an Octet
1.
2.
Activity 1
1. •Mg•
•
2. •Si•
•
3. Activity 2
•
B. more than an Octet 3. •Al•
1.
4.
1. 2.
5.
3.
6.
2.
7. •K
4. 8.
9.
3.
5.
10. •H
Answer Key
VII. Links and/Other References

Google. “Chem.libretext.org.” Accessed November 11, 2020

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Remixer_University/Old_Remixes/Username%3A
_DanielBerger/Karty_Chapter_1_remix/1%3A_Chapter_1._Atomic_and_Molecular_S
tructure/05%3A_Lewis_Dot_Structures_and_the_Octet_Rule/5.1%3A_Development_
of_Chemical_Bonding_Theory

Google. “chemicalbook.com.” Accessed November 11, 2020

https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_cb5852622.htm

Google. “Chemistry the Central Science, Chapter 8, Section 7.” Accessed Nov. 11, 2020
https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3311/3391006/blb0807.html

Google. “Clutch Prep.com.” Accessed November 11, 2020

https://www.clutchprep.com/questions/13254/what-shape-do-you-expect-for-each-of-
the-following-molecules-or-ions-sbf5-a-square-pyramidal-b-seesaw

Google. “Lumen Chemistry: Atom.” Accessed November 11, 2021

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-chem-atoms-first/chapter/formal-charges-
and-resonance/

Google. “saylordotorg.github.io.” Accessed November 11, 2020

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_introductory-chemistry/s13-05-violations-of-the-
octet-rule.html

Google. “Socratic.Org”. Accessed November 14, 2020

https://socratic.org/questions/5a119145b72cff63bea653d6

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