Scan 中級へ行こう Compressed

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©2004 by Hirai Etsuko and Miwa Sachiko
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
Publisher.
Published by 3A Corporation.
Trusty Kojimachi Bldg., 2F, 4, Kojirnachi 3-Chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083,
Japan
ISBN978-4-88319-327-1 COOS1
First published 2004

'Printed in Japan
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i. N ,C~\.tr1, Nzf': (Nl(1)1-t~tf.JtJ:i91JN2~~9.)

W!1~n it comes to N" N: is "" .. (This phrase is used to show L\I) as a typical example ofNI.)
19t iJi N r , ~ 7~;;% I\:! (*jG N di~rt:&'f14H9~N 2.)
)f I (01) 4l?'!. N ;.01'7+ (N: 91 q]jf. ~l '?! oj1 l\! ~ l..}F-I-L;-ll c:l.)
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2. 'b (~!i~~Taae:;tr:i'it.>n, ftJiI;{~t\ (*~l\) ,:,e:~~filli9.Q.)

as many as, as much as (Used together with a word to represent a quantity, this phrase emphasizes the
quantity.)
~ (·":j~~f{·~:f;'Ji~i;lS '-'~flE JH. kiiH)H1~:$ (1,:).)
..s.:. ('T<'J:.& \·tF.~1.Hi:' r~'j)+ v.]J.7-Il A]-H·S'i0] ;~:::2J-cJ ?J'e} (3nl-) -t. ~% '271-~r:t.)
. IJ I:> I, .t':' ....,it. ".'~ ~I·,I ~.:, :1;"'),0
3. Nli"'':'c, "';:'e:t2 (lfEl:!' m\I!IW(7)?IJ~~~'9.)

l\' is because ~. N is "". (Used to show the reasons, causes, etc.)
1\" 71{·~· ; ~ (*-jj~Jlli m, K([til ~ El~JIJ4.)
"\" (-2;-) -E~~. ""_~olt;l- (cl%' ~l<?l. %2·1 ~;:z:j.~ y.r.=h-ll_c})
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start to V .~7,
n~[;i~~ (1\;ry:.;)Hf-;·")
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1. -0)""(' L- .t ? 1;\ (f!r.., r:.'!t ? ~ C.~ T-*I: P..' L \1;\(1~.)
(Used when someone asks a question in a polite way.)
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~ 3! oJ l..-j7J}? (~1.g. 01 .s-2- ~ % :;>{i'-"5"} i'l1 .g -i=- t:~.)
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2, VJ:?C.9.Q (l1Jit~~iJH.lJ:?e:~n9~I;$, ~J.nvn\tJ:t\':'Co)
try to V (Used when someone's, efforts to do something cannot be realized or are in vain.)
~jJ..._; (7:J~f.\i\i;lJt'Fii'ii~jJ. {.~jf*n~~J~o)
V-"" (.2..) r.~.:il s}cl (%~% .I~~5I-Pl.:il.x~~~}.Al'tl·, {!~S:~.A1t'€~ ~.)
:..; :'1.. \0' ,:)
3. .....(1)1;1-1.: (fl1!ft='8"1. ,t.:l,\~ C ~~"'-l>o)

It is ~ that '" (Used to focus on the latter part of the sentence.)
~Et.)"'_:!i'~- (:(-f.Fa~i#3&:\tI.~·~~t'fJ~t1L)
~~..g.""""o1t:-} (~~.Q~ ~7c}oll)'i "B_~% ~~"}t::U
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1. v [.lim] J:? ts N (WI] ~~1".)

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N such as - Y ['~'!1mJ (Used to explain something by showing an cxample.)

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only N, keep V-r ing, always Vi' (Used to focus on one thing, or to mean One thing keeps being done
or is repeatedly done. In many cases, it is used with a negative rneaning.)
R 1t& N:., V:;- (~/~ ,(:f i1= ~ f~.rrLiJ~J 3); I!II, $;X ftiZ l~iJ.f-f(t~ ~. $,ffJ T ;~'ZX. u)
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r Nl'ftJ) OJ • iJ\ IJ p.:o
V +~i / V ,,:·;ftJIIJ j B9~Jl1
fNnJ . V -;=-jl ~ v. t:} /7.1-;5- ~!-V:9 J .Q.j ?8 el
11 .t:'~,~",,,, <: ";l'.t v'r e I. ......·)ortl' \t\.1':'7 j1;'~n 0;
4. N~~L.tJfQ' Vnf=.tJ{.{,· Vnt:;,tfii":JtJ:~\ (m'::'''C1)·m1it~tJ:~'Ii· MIaJ~~"t.)

want N, want to V'n , don't want to Y·n. (Used to express one's usual habits or disposition.l
!fW~. ~~~, if!t!~~ (~.7ftm=~'IJB9~1lI'ttit9-\H~L (fi)i(PJ.)
N (~) fl ~t"}1:} , V n.-...-::J!. ~ o-J 8ttl . V -n ,-",-,'j]_ }l o-J <5]·,7.1 P{cl- (:A1]3 .Al-2~ \~~} 'itt::: .:;
~aOIL} 1'tJ:..g_· \+eh!l'C}.)
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5. Na-W:l_,tJ~?-c~\~· Vnt::.tJ~?-C~\?i>
want N, want to Y-, A (Used to express one's desire or hope.)
!JI,~"', -*~i4t~
N (~ ) ~ .!f:l '5} Jl ::u t:} . V" 'J. ....... ..J.l ~ o-J 5r Jl ::u q
1fl.MA. 11·.'''' ::H.,;", IJI'J!? I,
6. -0)11-tJ\i":Jf': (jjljf!j:"{?*6*. ~t£f.f-CJ!EIl~~?)
It is because r-' that .......(The former sentence refers to the result, while the latter refers to the reason.)
- J!~ 1.7 ,.,.. (W 7F;liP9L&Hli:~:. fa J9j ;fH~IE• )
~,~.g.~u»~oJq ("1[ ~;.tJoFH:· ~3!}, ~~ .g:.;.>.Jolj;,H:- °l*-i PJ~~c}.)
to'::
7. No)J:?t.:· N(7)J:?I:V/A' N,(7)J:?tJNz (l;JtJ\C1)~I:t=c;t~.)

like N, (VIA) like N, N2 (such) as NI (Used to liken ODe thing to something else.)
:~...._,H (~:l~ ( ~ ;Et fill ~/HJ.:nJ f~Hr..
n~U
N (9)) :;II- 7d~l-. N (.2}) .jl!- {{oj v /}\ . N, (!It) >lj- :t)'-1?:- N ~ (q.e 3:! oJl til -B-t}4.)
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1. f\l ,DJ:-3fJ:N2 (f9lI~~1".)

1\, .,li(;!; as N, (Used to show examplc(sj.)
~r. N 1 -.r!f:ii{j N < (=&jj~i'4Hff'lo)
N. (.9.).) .:il} ~. -t-. N ~ (<ljl'~t·hh!l.r:}.)
~ I.: '(;/.., .; I:' '(, J ~I ,,>',>~)

2. xra:YI~c:---tci:L\ (Y~~~I:t.,,-Cl:t"', xl;tY<1.H1!1l"t'r1tci:t\.:.C!::~~1"o)
X is not as .~ as Y (Used to express that X, when compared with Y, is not at the level of Y.)
X 1f~~U Y (1:) y }J~?f:Ettt~, X ~~!JIIY J
X (-g.) 1:- y~.i} ",-,?.lcl (Y (-~:-) § 7)it'~!i. 1:I1.ir.l<!.]-o:J X (.g) .::: y~ ..;S~- o}'L-jt?.j-:.:.:
~ ~. t+Eh]r+.)
R~:vi<::w of comparison
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il·ll jil.J sq ~ cl
t.~J·? ,It
4. f ~ 77 - ~J "t'JtQ C ---.:.c1fibtJ~Q
From [graph, table], ~ can be seen. (U,ed to express what can be seen fro~l (graph, labl<:).)
~~M [m.~~} ~~~T~~m&
~ !:.~.:,,',. _" ',:.~ I.; .1'/v':-e"r" p A~ 1:.

·... ~'3>I)
5, V'T(Q' Vj'p< (¥~I::fci:~~~f~cl,.,t-=~ril'I¥J~1U~' [{£{t~~9o)
has V:r ed, be going to v ; (Used to show transition or changes over time from one specific position
iH time.)
;j;k ;$ t# ~"f ~ • r,lj-f'F (J~ !~~ :ilHi' c-*
51: k:.(~ l'tE Ilt faJ 7g:itll J¥.J 1I'.JI'tJ]81 fll$, ~ 1t.)
V 7- (o} . e>1 . tH) .5'_ r-+ . V 7 H· . e>1 . t~) 7~Ll (7] ~oj A] :{.!.~ ",?1l.9-.5i. ~, A] 5=r~.:: n~
{'OJ ~ ~~~ t..j-f-+'i!!c}.) .
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I. A/N a ~ (~§ia.J~~iii]{t[.,"'(ue?o)
A/ Na ~ (Used to nominalize an adjective.)
A/ Na ~ (7fjW~n~15~1t1~':IL)
A/Na ~ (-tJ %,.+It 'Od.....
~~~~09 .....~%-.5J:t:U
2. fl1tr~;Jt(j~5t~t\~fit~~O)mi. ~'~~lIa3~~i1-.)
tlA. /.. '\; ......, t
i!l!Jfl tp.!l: (Used to connect verb sentences or i-adjective sentences. It shows a parallel
relationship or indicates a reason.)
ji m ~P.l1: ( !fl M iii] 'il):!it ..r ~~ iii] ':jJiHj
J\I.J.'J'jfl', :.
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3. "'"C l' ? .:.c t.:: (i~M ~O.tl)
It is said that ~ (Used to express hearsay. i
DJTi~"'" (1# Iif] AHUts1J~.)

(0]) i!}1=- ~olq (~{t .R.~)
.......
,.o:;:r.-\ ..:=-;!' :..:. :..\,e .J:-.J\;~ .»';'h
4. ...,{, (])t= (-~{ltJI;: R; ilic~ 5t ~.tt.Q;: C ~~9 0)
Normally, in general, should '""'-,IJlUSI ~ (Used to express something that is considered to be common
knowledge.I
J:&~. R~ (-ti.Jj~ ·f;R!·A:f.J~#iHB{J't1f61.a)
~:;! 01l-t ('t.l"',1~.~~. "cf -"~014.l!. "~7.~.5'1~ ~ % l.' f-~hR!-l.)
~ .., I)
5. r'b(7)' ;:cJ 0).11

Review of r~)(J) • :::. ~J
r't)!1) • :::.,:'; ~Jt!3':!!!.
f'{:)(J) • :::'cJ ~l 11t'~
I::.'t", h. "': '"iIt,.t..:.A,

~ 6~ EJ*AO)~1J}l U-.>6J)\l
--_. _ ..__ ..._ ..-- .._ .. _ ..__ ..--._ .._.-
u" A,"ll\~ I) "I)'} ;1,,:.04.,
1. -f~/I) (I:) (lm~' Jlm~~9.)

Because '""'-,because of '""'- (Used to explain causes ur rcasons.)
r.g J;] ~ (:R;;jd~ !EL ~ Iil 0 )
~, ..~ f:- (oj]) (~l. <::J ~ Q 1 ~- ~ t, ~ e] ~9. l=}. )
Ill.~) 11'",1,./1.. I;;<'t'~
2. r- t~d.> (I::) J Cl)RII [~f&' EI~]

Review of f -t:::)i) n:) J [cause, objective]
f .....t:if,) ((;:) j ~ ~}.1P_ (Vii: I~L ElI¥:J)
f-t:<ID U::)J £j ~el [~~. ¥,-.?ijJ
t:J: ~t.::~. fl· 4;t l';'" .,..")h

3. ...,oj 'E> I;: (r ~O)~ tmtJ~~t>{>IJiJI;:JC: I.\ oj ~,*~:!{9 0)
While --- (Used to mean "before [he situation changes")
.f£~WlI~J (~~ ":6~f"'t!\~1;:~:tlJt1t;tiilT"o)
",%o,}ol! (f.:z. AJl>\l7} u}f-j71 ~ojlJ ~H:' 21pl~ ~}~~\,~,f.)
4. -**
While ~
gfJ_ t.:':"·~~l'
(JiijC:jj;;m!~lit>~~I::~<;:ca-~"t.)
fJ·
(Used to show the same situation continues.)

"'>-;I #.':,"1)
-~nlm.w. Dit~t7l';IJ (~~;f:13 1liIB':J:tki$*.£.~~1t, -1[:t~~Il"J·~i5i'.o)

......(L) ~.:J. qj ~ (ti:.g. "'JEll7t tl}7i'] Aj ~.ll };jj ~£l ~ ~ ~ y.EHl t:t.)
ttll I)
J rv~**J 0).11
5. rVr ....
Review of rv T~ J rv , ~;.I::J
rVT~_! TV 9j:;*J (3<J!!'"
rVT~JJ fV7**; .21 ;lj<',1
(14) I ~~Ji{§-~
):-t ..;. 'i ~ 1 I}
6. r~:!it J C7JmJl ·);1 ~.
Review of r~:%J
r~itl U9'liH~
r'~~J 2~ ~ej
It>.: C J.. jr;... $i ,tal r; l' :}J; ·j;f A,

1. V -5' 'f.> ~t~ (~-1?CT)~ ml'tb ~ < ~.:: J f.::':: .= ~ }!I.t \ ttl (.,-C;§i ? c ~CT)~ Jl o)
used to V'J (Used to express a past situation or what frequently occurred while remembering it.)
L~,Jr.J -_ {@jf..tl ,J].i1 }i fit;lI\!~ ~l:j1 1~~g.~
1\\' Ji.:t. B~~ 'll'lR,J (f.J 1Z JJs 1I j:\.)
V1I ( ....) .g. ;I;!01'l (.:;Jt~.2·1 AJ'~l...l A.}9 ~~o1\-l 't1 ~ ),8Zlt;l-~ 'fI'f[ URgj Efd.)
t; to, i';' I.. :> ~ _ :i,~t. "'1f:
2. N c (.,'"( (.ll.fl·.~· 'ln~11 J ~ I) ~9 0)

(IS N (Used to expressly state the position, qualification or kind (11' a thing or person.)
'f1:~9N (ilA.r1iti~in)I.,).bJ, ~~L f'I'~o)
'!:\ (£) ~A-I e~ Ad- • AI-.?1 • 'g-fi-% ~ ~ a] I..H:·hH C}.)
. -:tl' .')
3. fNcL",,(· Nr:::H'''(' NI;:~J,,(J CT)f!1I

Review of rN C: V[ . N f: -_)~)':' . N t::.J: ':)'CJ
rNLGT' ;\,~':·::)l.iT· Nf::J~':)'(_~(l~itf~l
r N (~VC . N,: -,)~)T . N::';': ') -c I ~] 1~al
, ~ _, <::~, '!~.A:~; C';-Jt'
4, ""'c.~\J'"(t> (- (t,:) /)~. L-I,»)L, (~~r1~:h./))&~;tr;n~t>Q)c.11i1!?))

~", whieh is not 10 refer to (Used to express a supplementary negative explanation (the reality is
different from what it should bej.)
I;ii, r.~.......
, {£!~ (!ft ~ ........{g ~ D? Ej ~'jH1Bi:w. n4 /f'lifJ ) )
(~ li;J;'I~
.-.....(01) ~}~ ~H~ (~'(o)) AII(!-· .:J.?1I..t (1!AI]1::- ....L?;!cJ!).i ..<g4~ T ~l{::- ~.i'~i::: t:l.§.cl»
'tl' = r.;·I'l..t'j ~ tlll./1. tJ) t! '_:...,J ... I).;b

5. Y. I~J:.. 'J V J~I~? ~'" (a;~.: cO)NIlI1.>* IJ\~I~I,)\C1)': c ~l' ~I: l., "(.iiI!"'-~. ¥ ~~ill'
a~O).¥.> c I: r J:.. 'J J ~?ft~.)
more Viv ...__,to .-.....than to VJL'-"'"(Used to express a. degree of one thing compared with a different thing .
.. J::. tJ (than)" is put after a tenn to represent the standard.)
'1 ft~ ~ 1!~1"" (l;.u-tf~ ~4?I19f/J;f1tiS~R)J~*!jo/J B~ij1J.3tf.:JL iE*jf.;.tjnif.Ei!'li~i'g B9.1ci iii)Ju r J:: '? J e)
i::: {101 .......(o1Tfj ~Qj 78x.7t sis: ?>}%~ qe ~-&- 71€.'2...5L 5}O:j
V;~"""i::: ~.!i.t:t V'v .......
~~q. 71-e~ l+E}t~c ~ ~loJl r .!;!.c} J ~ 1i'i}c}.)
I;l'"t 11t''''~ ? \,l un.. I','v/:!!" _)~
6. -tJ:& (fl!I!F0)3~~5tlt, -t-.ttr:::?l'-r~.fH~'~JJi~ffi;t~o)
if (Used to express one's opinion or judgment after hearing what the other party said.)
1:lilit~.....,., i5l.jij (Pfr T )(1"),(1%:5. #·.MJt~~:~~~"IJU'JTo)
~, (c]) ,,~rli (..<J r·U ~ "'] -: F ;': -i- ttJ-., I .J.;:.! "'11 C.a til 9.1 7j .,]t t ~cJ .~. "'d. t!: c] . )
7. r c . l<t . t::.~ . t~&J O)!!i

Review of I C: . ~t. t: (, . tJ. r::> J
r C . ~i. t::,~ . tdJ) J a1~J!!!
r c!:; • tr . t:. i;.) • tJ-J·.) j 9.'1 AJ ;:,·1
:J "f.':\\i!'".~.,,:~ ~ 1(-;; ..t~,>t:
8. V7W:~~\' V71'tJ~\-"{'W:~L\ (m'=:~I\.(7)~~~~'tD')

want someone to V'j or not to V·r, (Used to express one's wish for the other party to do or not to do
scmcthing.I
f;% ~ ft{{ .......iHri ~. (,1< 7ft M ~ 1) B~:l'tY~ • ) =-
V T (o} . 01 . ~~) -"r;;! § e!.ij t:.} . V -';-( Al ?) 71·*" H~e.l~:l(Ai) :p}<.il] ;'1] r·111~~~ uJ% l..+El-'~\ L·U
_ ..... __ ._ .._-----
:';s.:J ..~::' «(,,1')'') If "'.1., ,. .!.:'~~' -:11.\1)':) <! '1.",'-
1. -- .01,. \i-= .......a&t \t.:f: (~W.tJ~J:it.ll vn \QlI!fa'/ 1 @)(7)Ibt'F\l:>~~;::' <!::n~J:itrz."9o WI fdJ 0 )
While ~ (Used to indicate a period in which one state is maintained/a period in which one action or
event is done.)
tr-AA~~~.~~M~/l~~~~~$#.~~M~)
","}o] . ~'A~ol oJl (Acl-f.ij 7~ ~ 'l-J ~Li!. ~ -E- .I1·7}/ l-~l 91 .!&.:~~()] i+ .{~;;:~01 ·tJ ..~ t}~ :1]7}.)
•.!:~ IJ
2. f-?!,I:' -iF.>~\t::I::J (7)~JI

Review of r ~ ? "5 r:: J r ~ Jr) !,) t~'::J
r~ -5 "t>~:J r ·(!;)v,t.;:'f.:J anVIl!
-e-,
f ~:_, "t>1:J r """d';.t,.\t.:'I:J .21 "'J e]
I~ ~ :!_'~, t.:Al.(; ""'" n'

3. Vnt;;::.(tJ,0· W\l.., (tJ,0 H'I';rl' M~(7)~~to)
get t.o want to V,,:>. , or to want something (Useu to express :1 changed hope or wish.)
:ffi'~~ (~~ .. ffi1~A<J~i}.:·f.L)
V·v . .:il ~Ol.7.Jtt· J:jt~I·l!. ~(.>l·AIL.J- (iIlnJ-. l:l~;g--",] ~~U
;,; .s:.1", :.J 't; ~ .'J.,1. ';
4. ......blt~f;ltJ;~' (g6ft~;:E (£'f ~ 'b -'"t'I;ltJ,~ \))
It is not that ~ (Used to express partial negation (not necessarily ~ ).)
*~~~IlJ.tt, ;}fili:.fH!f9!~ (:g~jf.[~1.i: (*~.-»)
......
~.g. o}t.jc} (-¥~ Jf-78 (~s).l~Aj~ ?J-q»
l:~f~ 'ih'·.
5. v J~/ V NtJ,L' ~ ctJiif> 9 (~~/t~£I:-t? ~\ ?~€itJ~'d;9/tJt \)
It happens that someone VMV-:-·r (U::;ed to indicate that someone does or does not do something
sometimes/once in a while.)
§~/.~~/~~(.~/~~./~~)
VI),/vN~.7.1 ~-t. 7"a-¥-7t ~t:t (7}{f/ojrtH}.:I.~ /"a4!-)]' ~r:t/~Ct)
l,;.l?~~~ J.l1;)' ~,r,.t)
6. Nf:J:·::>"( (~ ;jll:It(.;'"t~t.l0~Ct:a1"o)
depending on N (Used to express that a situation, attitude, etc., varies according to a condition')
IN...../f~fiil. mm"'_:;Hil) (*jf.;ltH1.!imvHii~ft.)
N ojl uti!.}J..1 ().J:9"J-ojJUte} tI}Jflt- 3!% t+E}'\l!ct,)
------. ----_ ...._-: ..__ ..-_._ .. -

I.' ~:l3"J ......
;'" ,~, I.: \~ " IJ· .~';.":'
1. -r:c{>tJ?'"t (-nO)~~l::cc{>f::ft!rn'bm::bQ':'C~~9o)
, With (Used to express one thing changes ill response to the change of another tbing.)
As ........
Ili-i'........ (*.7F~i' -1J(l~ ~1t. ~-"'1i ~2i:~ ~1t.")
",ojl f44 (-q!~~ ~ ~~.2t~'-'l] Ct.e. ~~£ ~Il-¥lf.:- ~ .~- t.}Fl"" cU
2. N/N a "('~~ (rN / N a"Z"9" J O)i~;: clio I/;f--" ~i< t ~H:fi-:>.)
be 1'!lNa (Literary style of <ON!NuT-f" This expression is used when people write reports, papers, ctc.)
.1/:\8 A9-tHmiJtit (rN /Na "('-<)" J (j{J·lHfJi.i~L ~~lH5·lt>j~HU
N/Nil ole} UN/Na \lL-Jet.; 91 1i-1l';"l). r.L'lE_§'~ ([lloll }.l-%~1-q.)
3. ~*"'~
it-_;
e°,;.f<
i£: <
[:>* U . -1;]
I,..
L.
~~~llJ (-_)~ l:J • - lJ]

~\-Jlj'1
t • ., tf·
[that is, in Other words, / on the other hand 1 ( [:) * IJ J : Used to rephrase
in simpler terms or summarize the expression. content, etc., previously mentioned. [=1]] : Used to
express 'a sentence or phrase that has an opposite meaning, or forms a contrast, to what is mentioned
before il.)
....-~ -t'.: ~
m&~ [~,ili ••
[:)'fwH~, »::; i1l.
"'0:
-)j:
If":
*·~xHt'hm]
OJJD"
};1"
(~*IJ:~~~~*_,
J
~D.~~~m.a.~ffl*M
L:fff,
Q'.~.~'< L
tH0'~ [~ .. ~¥!] ("'?~~) UY>:?f9.] _;H1;l~ t.Jl%·~ ~711l~.;:-~ u}¥l DJ-·~}C.}'~2H!-q
t,-.. I!')
--·h : (~~) °l~ (_'J.3!) ojl r.H~!~I~l.)
:..1 I>t~ l' ~.if·) ~(ld ..(? .4.~~ '/J'1v I.. 71
6. V :rexl.J~\'bO)t': (m.:J=I'\.O)*rl· !M~~~ < If!C -n \~ct\ ?~~.)

want someone to Vcr (Used to indicate that the strongly wishes or hopes that the other party will do
something.)
:1'h·~X1".1J""" ($.ffi.:<JX;J:nEt3 ~ tlJ;i%~, ~:m 0)
V-r (o}·ol·i5ID i=-71-!- tI~;:+-:: tll-0]e} C'd-,tHOil (»~ ~]"'J-·i:lI-W-~ -1ioj .:.:.7712 ~q-c .9.jo1.)
------------ .. _-_._-----
._. .p:.~J\., 1'11",,::" .1}, "f}'
1.. NI: J::?"'( (=F~~' 1;5x. iI~.:. eli C: t_, "t'ffbn{>.)

by, through, based on N (Used to refer to a means or method. Usually used in writing.)
tRtkl N (~¥.9:, Ij~t.. mtF~mJiTi.)
N ol] .9.J~~ ("?-1C!-. ~tt;l. ~;>'J_;;Jl~ AI-%~3q.)
«,t7':'~ 11U \: ,. ': c
2. V:r'! t;::: (V O):nrPl1fi~t., =¥O)fflfl:l: ~1J'.? --Cl,. \ g.)
came to V.". I on V,.. ito V-J" (Used to indicate the direction ofV is toward the speaker.)
»- -u.* (VI¥-J1frtJiIl;1fi)H~A£I1.J{lI.1f.,,)
V'r (o} . o-j • i;~) ~r:t (v gj uJ e"Jol ~iiFc- AI- '1:)- ~.~ ~J=~H~ q..)
L.~f.l.t.. f).fl' ~")I::!,,-r~ f:.: ~', .:::"tf;,. ,JJ';t>
3. V)~r{~tf. (U~O)tp1:'-~ftJl:*~' ~~t-:c:~:tl.g,:,c~~9".)

should Vj~ (Used to express all action or behavior that is deemed in general appropriate or natural in
society.)
!J!.i-~ (;n~:(f.U i?.t .nUL,~"J~ :XI, ~lH~(;~¥J11!.)
Vi, (o}. 01 . ~") 0]: "i2cl- (Al:§H])··] ~'frz12..;Z_ E+t:g-B"l-rlq. ~l'?:!~ -?>!~.£ aj7.j7-]·1::- .:;!%
LJ- E!· L.!1 -c}.)
5. v ,Ji:b~)
I: (....~ L. tJ:~'~, t;t tNT),: c:.a: 1" ~o)
instead of VI~ ing (Instead ofr- ing, doing something clse.)
;HilX~, ffiH;Ip(J!;({j£.iJ.1:. (:;:F1~~. nrjti~tJt1t!!.$o)
v /~r.~~ 01] (~ (.g~) i5j.;<.] ?1.:.i1 elf. ~ .~-'t~t:U
v~
6. VT-(TI: (.........
tJ:P~.)
without V + i ing (Without~· ing.)
;r, ,(&~~ 0 C:r- {,l;!{....__.)
V-r1 7-1 rl~ (""cgJl_)
(18) I ~Wi~§-Jl
!i~*~~? .
\ 1. cb~t,:(l)~h:~it'Iv~7 7A ~ 7- ~~iJ~3;It) 1-97)"0
I ~t
I 2. 77 A l- '7 ~ lq:"J.v\-c t~-J .m0 -Cit'> i -97)"'0
I;f,,,,a;;'_
*Jt CD 1·2
t.!'v'U.:.? "'(i$
77A 1, 7 ~ F 0) ,J( z: J_ ~ -C:{i: 1~A<J ~ 7'7 -1 F;f, 7"- 1,~ t>""('"9o 1&
tJ'*~ -:.>"1:' I) ~ ')
A ~ 7- V~:t::)1rt~1if!..)"'("~i-9c
.. J:ffiEllti7 7 A 1, is
i; t; (" t I') (. () (: J,..
~ < Ij:- -:J i:': C, f- tU: - A~ c,) L 0) A :h~l~k.. "'( v)

.0 ~ t tj: c""'C-t (')
~ ~~ ~~
0) J: ~ ~ fi~!Im
L-n'> L, :::. t± 1J tJ 1) - i.J~~ It) 0)'-(" ,
~.-....
. 7 7'.7
}:::";J,-
.
I' 7 - V
.... __ ....... _..--
----l
it R8'~ Ij: l1.:~\ o: .)'c.~~~) .- A ~ G L We '1 ('!? L)
J\ / J'\- -jf- .: (7) J:: -J ~
77-1 V;-j~T l- -j} 0 1) -
1::tft).rmtllt1~ (-\t\,\;?,,,:,) l;.fl) -) 1J'/-vr}'J: -)
7-.-7· !~~T (J.~,·t)
ft~.n ( t, .,1> Z, l,\)
,-iG (- t).t -j)
j
_____ ._J
.tt;"1.4>~
~~,gO)*i M
I -:-:-~f<>::---"" ·f'~~-:t,;~.~
...,? ·J5.....,t .)-,.' k,'.'!t]
L..!~*:,~.~:: -f-~!t:=.__
j~I'!"
~ ~ ~A
...".--::-'('
I: .,"-
,,_~'{, I~ I"" '::'..!.l
1. '~ttlHi B4,0) (
2. 7 7 ,7.. I, 7 - F t;t
(jl; .k
3. '::I / t:::'::::.. t.:flJJY-t- 1.> .i\.i.d~Z -c v\ ~ To
QA
;nlA1! I 3
l~Ill.. "I>.I: i ,'"
t ,t I, 'J
(?)8 *O)f~~tntd: A ,f-- 'J c p;t Ii, ffl~t':<>
2. t.
t~;... t: ~:tJ. z:
w <): • J; ?
® I) - ~ Idi 7 if.'b [J *E# ~ ~ 5~ L. ""( " ) ~ 0
3. N';t-~~~ ~~t.:
.....
*NO)~{l-I;l:
~~
rN-Cibo'::J.:t':J 4':t.t~~
~,
(r-t>6i.>l.>J *9~)
.
1,"1#
4. V .."ij~t.:
'If ~
CD 12 ~ ~: tj- ? 't: iI~~, Jt$ ~ (} < AtI{ijt X. tla ¥; t:
Il'"'> If'
0
,"';.t' 1'':\' t>...': -) -c ~
{vIJ : 1-~ !#.1tJ~ 7 ,'.7- ~ 7 - !-=' • /\ './ J\- i/-
-fl::1:tA9tJ:77A J'7-1,·tv'X_I~, /\'./J{-jl--C-1-o

i: (11. I)! ....
"
(Dft~B~~ El ;¥ 0) fHM . "( /v"S~~)
:8', ·t '; :r.A L ... )

2) J;tm~~
1J~: h1.: LO)OO-r'f~~B':)7J: If~Jii

~--__ '
t 1_,'.:Ztf, ( -;- l ) -z::.,ro
Q)~)t.:lO)OO-z"1-t~B97J: I.. -.~._,

--l tv'x_'i,
'"
(
@bt.: lO)oo-z::ti\;D I?;h., "[1_,~~ C~ C 1t'.~.3i',(

~'I
_/
r'-
t.. .
I t '-'
_..J
\;t ,~r_
~l ~ I 5
------------ --
--_ .... _-_ ...--- -.~
_ .._ _-- .---- -- .. _--- --.
-_._ .. -_ .. ,---- --- .... --.-
-_ .... _--_. --- . ---'.--- ... _-_ ...... __ ..... -_ ... __ ... _
.. _-_ ... __ .. -_ ... __ .... _-_ __ ....

.... _- ..... _-- .-- .. -
~-' .. --' ._-_._._-_ ..... __ ...__ .. _--_. --_ .... __ .. ---._-'

2. ~
)ll' ~~*J;.<)'9')':-( l"f,J;J.A.''»:,)
vU : i~ : bt.: L'i:t'1f: r:p OOt-1fJj((1T Lt":/v-c--ro

B : "';{., -.-:~~ .MHTL- t: Iv 1_"-rtJ"'" -)~) ~J 1 L v \,
0) A ; ** ~ Iv~j:
I~~~
I \ /! \-
l'l; t:
il- t - J:t~:20 1rm1t~Q /; "('-r J:
: 1::.
B : "';{., ------
B: __ .
B : _
~ I~;..t!.;'.:" 9 :;
2) &:$:. ~ 2
f·~j:.1 iJ' !~).I T~~l,* L.t -),'
n·, l'
B : :b i: L- $;j: --C !vh~
c.) li*ff ~-(:'i" 0 1" L (
A : ht.: L-fi"( Au~ G ) :&~Ghii"1J't, TL ( ) 1t~Ghi-lt!vo
~ t, It-
C: :bt..:L~;tTl ) iliU$J' ( ) 1t~!?ht.n'\Iv"C'i"o
A : l!v~ C, C:'-) -r-i":1,)\,
C : -c Iv~ Co.) ( ) * 3t~"(.-t

l'.!l'C£ ?.J;
0
t: "
-wu: 77;7, l-7- F
~t -
::~:~::J',::.
t: I} $')
7 '7' A }- 7 - F ~ it-"'(~ Ai0\'jJ~X. -rv- 'i -9'" i-O)J.mffi ~j:.f·+i~:fIJJtl"Z" ~ .0 .:. t, -A

~ C, LO) An>j~ x. -( It' 0 .:. t -(*-t 0
• . )
-----------------,,----_._-----
--.
-+
~--------------------~------------------- i~ xJf:1?i) i L i: o
_____ ----,- M:;?I) i It.:o

;j.-tt ~ I') ? IrA.. l:t}...'h\~" p
@7T';Z l- 7- ~O)J~(': 1~ ~'!':{DJ[Q]fjf!-*9f.)\o

@C'fv1(JC~!;:1j~§;:9tJ\o
I;;" ... -- ... -- ...-- .....

---- ........
--- .... -- ...-- ....- ..------;
\-WU: bt:. L.li 7 J~ A ~ -; - FO)}~~: ~,JGilrEl'~:2, ~)l!!lii ~ i i-o ~:,).t -'J t .t:.)J'.t/)~;)t I
: -t Ii' -C'" t &., J:. < ;iJ" - KH= :fU'~ i -9" 1 1TIl~:500 J-Y <" c,) "'1:~"" t i- I
l·.. ,
7,,) J\ / ){ - o
--.-.-.-----.. .----.---.-. J
-'--'-'1
..--.-.-."- ...---- ..-.,,.-- .....-- ..-. ---- ..- I
. --- _ .....-- .._. --- ..---- ....---- ....- ...-- I
--
---_._- ._- _-- --- ---._--_-_._-.-
,..---_._--_._- ---.-_ ....... -- ----._--
--- .... _---- --_. --- --- ---
--" ... __ "--_ .. .... _-_.,,,,--- ... _-_ ... _--- . __ .. -_._.-
... __ _--" ..
... __ ...... _-._._-_ .... _-_ _---._- ... ._- ..-
__ __ ---------
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First published 2004

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