PAVEMENT AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Application of Knowledge Learnt in

Geotech-I, Geotech-II
Topics
•Int. to Geotechnical Enginering
•Review of site characterization/soil exploration
•Introduction to Foundation Engineering
Definitions, purpose and types of foundations, general
requirements of foundations, depth of footings, selection of
foundation types, foundation design criteria, etc
•Geotechnical design of Shallow Foundations
Evaluation of BC, Proportioning of footings, Typical design problems
•Geotechnical design of Deep Foundations
Introduction to deep foundations. Types of piles, load carrying
capacity of piles, Group action, negative skin friction, pile load
test. Foundation construction.
•Foundations on Difficult soils: Expansive soils, Collapsible soil,
Sanitary fills etc. Characterization and foundation design aspects
 BOOKS
• Elements of Soil Mechanics (7th Ed) by G. N. Smith and
Ian G. N. Smith

• Foundation Design (2nd Ed) by Donald P Coduto

TEXT BOOK

• Foundation Engineering by B. M. Das

• Foundation Analysis and Design (5th Ed) by JOSEPH E.

BOWLES.

• Foundation Design and Construction by M. J. Tomlinson

• Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook by

ROBERT WADE BROWN
 Course Learning Outcomes
(CLOs)
Bloom’s
Sr. CLOs Taxonomy PLO
No. Students should be able: Level

To design various types of pavements considering

1 C6 3
the loading and materials characteristics
To demonstrate the construction, maintenance,
2 rehabilitation and field testing processes for C3 1
pavements.
To select and design the appropriate type of
3 C6 3
shallow footings against various field conditions

4 To design the deep foundations C6 3

To exhibit concern towards time management,

5 A3 8
punctuality and honesty
 Typical Geotechnical Engineering Issues
• Determination of stress in the soil at a given depth.
What is the safe stress that ground can safely
bear. Bearing Capacity Issue

• How much settlement under Structures and how

long will it take for this settlement to occur?
Settlement Estimation
• Evaluation of Suitability of Construction and/or
Foundation material
• Ground water table effects on ground capacity

• Effects of volume change of foundation soil.

• (Expansive soil, Collapsible soil,)
• Site Characterization, i.e., Soil exploration
 Types of failure in soil
• Foundation soil failures, (Bearing capacity
failure and excessive settlement)

• Pavement Failures, bumpy roads resulting

from differential settlement within a fill or at
the junction of a cut and fill, pavement
cracking, rutting etc.

• Embankment failure, which may be slope

(landslide) failure or excessive settlement in the
foundation soil or within the fill itself

• Dam failure (embankment) in the form of slope

sliding or due to excessive leakage (piping).
Modes of Foundation Failures
• Shear Failure or Bearing Capacity Failure

• Excessive ground movement (generally vertical)

- Settlement/Differential Settlement
- Heave due to swelling of soils (Expansive Clays)

BC or shear failure (sudden failure with tilting of footing)

Differential Settlement
Leaning of Tower Pisa
•About 20 m diameter
circular tower
•Constructed in 12th
Century
•By 1982, the top of
58.4 m tall structure
was 5.6 m off plumb
•Weak clay layer at 11
m depth
•Clay very compressive
and settled differentially
Soil Profile at Tower Site
Diagonal Crack in building due to settlement

•
Effects of Differential Settlement
 Uplift of Floor Slab due to
Ground Heave

Gomal University, D. I. Khan, (Photo by K.Farooq, 1996)

Lifting of floor slab due to Swelling of underneath soil
Gomal University, D. I. Khan, (Photo by K.Farooq, 1996)
 Damage to Building due to
Ground Heave

Gomal University, D. I. Khan, (Photo by K.Farooq, 1996)

Cracks (repaired) in residential buildings due to
swelling of underneath Soil
(Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur; Photo by K. Farooq, 1996)
 Failure of Partition Wall by swelling of foundation soil
(Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur; Photo by K. Farooq, 1996)
Shrinkage cracks at DG Khan Site Shrinkage cracks at DG Khan Site

Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan Gujranwala (Nandipur) Site

 Foundation Failure by
Collapsible Soils

Structure of Collapsible Soil Stress ~ Strain Behavior

Failure Mechanism: When such soils are relatively dry, pose high strength
but upon wetting/saturation, their structure is collapsed and the results is
large settlement of the foundation
Preventive Measure: Pre-wetting, Deep foundation, Water control etc.
Foundation on Uncontrolled Fills
•The fill materials are heterogeneous material with uncontrolled
compaction
•Difficult to characterize them, not one material
•Water may enter from any side and move within the underneath area

How to Design the Foundations

•Foundations are generally not recommended to build on them, two ways
•Either replace the fill material with Select Fill Material (A-1a, A-1b, A3, A-2-4)
•Construct deep foundations to transfer the loads on natural ground

•Case History: Saidh Mitha Hospital In walled City Lahore, The site area was
covered by more than 30 ft filling. The building was designed to be supported
on Raft foundation in 1996-96.
•After 2000, the building started settling differentially and by 2005 it became
unserviceable.
•It was completely demolished and redesigned as Raft supported on Piles.
•UET Validated pile design by conducting full scale Pile Load Test.
 Foundation on Uncontrolled Fills
• Minaret of a Mosque in Walled City was raised to a
height of 200 ft on fill material.
• As a result walls cracked and settlement took place
• The propose height was about 105 ft and it was
recommended that piles should be provided
Petrol Pump near Rawalpindi on Motor way
The contractor erected the whole structure on
the fill material without compaction in layer as a
result settlement took place and cracks appear in
walls
 Job of Geotechnical Engineer
• To predict the soil behavior under the
application of imposed loading, i.e., the
stress ~ strain behavior
(Bearing Capacity Evaluation)

• To design the structures according to the

prevailing soil conditions or improve the
soil conditions for a particular structure to
be built (Soil Stabilization).
 How to Predict?

• By conducting soil investigation which may

include field testing and soil sampling

• Evaluation of soil properties both physical and

engineering through detailed laboratory testing

• By performing various geotechnical analyses in

order to determine the safety margin to failure,
i.e., factor of safety against impending failures.
 Reliability in Geotechnical Prediction

Prediction of soil response to load application may not

be very accurate or reliable as compared with other
material like steel or concrete due to:

• Soil is heterogeneous material, not uniform in properties

like steel or concrete

• The extent of soil mass involved in the construction

process is too large and relying on testing limit extent
may not be sufficient or accurate

• Less control over environmental agents. Less control

over moisture change in the soil mass, temperature
variation etc.
 What to do?
To design/construct safe geotechnical structures

• Try to assess the soil behavior accurately as it can be

within the available resources and design accordingly.

• By incorporating the experience and judgment of an

experienced geotechnical engineer keeping in mind the
local environmental and site conditions

• Ensuring suitable safety factor (relatively higher in

geotechnical engineering).
 Tough Field Conditions

Soil Investigation at
location of Steel Furnace at
Railway Head Quater
Contaminated
Soil
Collection of Samples
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
Classification tests include:
Grain size analysis (SA+Hyd)
• Atterberg Limits (LL+PL)
• Specific Gravity
Soil Classification as per
• USCS (generally for foundation design)
• AASHTO (generally for pavements)
Textural Classification by ASTM

0.005 mm is the limit between Silt & Clay

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
 Unified Soil
Classification
System
(USCS)
 Unified Soil
Classification
System
(USCS)
A-Line hart for classification of fine grained soil
AASHTO Classification System
 Group Index of Soil
GI=(F200-35)[0.2+0.005(LL-40)] + 0.01(F200-15)(PI-10)

1. If GI comes –ve from above equation, take GI=0

2. GI is reported as whole number, round off to the nearest whole

number, e.g., 3.4 as 3 and 3.5 as 4

3. The GI value is always 0 for A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5 and A-3

4. Greater the value of GI, weaker is the soil as subgrade

Consistency of Fine Grained Soil
 Assignment
Classify the following Solis
Sieve # Soil A Soil B Soil C Soil D
% passing
#4 75 69 95 40
#10 73 54 90 20
# 40 58 46 83 30
#100 43 41 71 15
# 200 35 25 55 9
Cu 5 4 2 3
Cc 1.5 2 2.2 0.5
LL 21 39 55 20
PL 15 29 24 17
USCS Symbol
AASHTO Symbol
 Assignment
Study Chapter # 2 of Foundation Engineering by Donald P.
Coduto and Submit two page summary regarding this
chapter.