Program Name and Code : Diploma in Computer Engineering

Academic year : 2020-21

Course Name and Code : CO-2-I Semester: Second

A Study on
Radius of curvature to bending of railway track

MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
The group of 05 students
Sr. Roll. No. Full Name of Students Enrollment No. Exam Seat
No. No.
1 01 Bhatlawande prasann Balaso 2015860004
2 02 Atar Saniya Ajit 2015860031
3 03 Avaghade Sanika Santosh 2015860021

4 04 Bhong Tejashree Dhananjay 2015860002

5 05 Gaikwad Harshad Navnath 2015860010

Under the guidance of

Prof. Kashid A. D.

in
Three Years Diploma Program in Engineering & Technology of Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous)

at
Sahakar Maharshi Shankarrao Mohite-Patil Institute of Technology & Research,
Shankarnagar-Akluj (Code : 1586)

1
 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. __________________________ Roll No. ______ of First

Semester of Diploma in _________________________________ of the Institute, Sahakar

Maharshi Shankarrao Mohite-Patil Institute of Technology & Research, Shankarnagar-

Akluj (Code : 1586) has completed the Micro-Project satisfactorily in the Subject –

Applied Mathematics for the academic year 2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum by

MSBTE. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in

respect of project work prescribed for the said Diploma.

Place: ________________ Enrollment No : ___________________

Date : ________________ Exam Seat No: ____________________

Project Guide Internal / External Examiner

(Prof. Kashid A.D.)

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

(Prof. Kashid A. D.) (Mr. Phule U.G) (Dr. I. N.Yadav)

2
 INDEX

Sr.
Title Page No.
No.
1 Introduction

2 Definations

5 Main Body / Formulae

6 Cocept of Super-elevation

7 Example

8 Reference & Sources

9 Evaluation Sheet

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  Introduction :

Radius of Curvature :The radius of a circle which touches a curve at a given point and has the same tangent and
curvature at that point.

Radius of Curvature of Bending Railway Track :

The minimum curve radius of a single high-speed railway line should ensure that when the superelevation is set
to ultrahigh maximum, the unbalanced centrifugal acceleration does not exceed the kinetic characteristics of the
allowable value.

For high-speed railway wherein the high-speed train and the medium-speed train run on the same line, the
curve radius should also be set to ensure that when the high-speed train and medium-speed train pass through
the line, the unbalanced superelevation is not out of gauge.

The result of design method and standard proposed values of main technical parameters for spatial line
shape of high-speed railway are summarized in this chapter.

 A railway track on a straight is an ideal condition.

 However, this ideal condition may not be continued in a track.
 Therefore, curvatures are provided inevitably on a railway track to bypass obstacles,
To provide longer and easily traversed gradients, and to pass a railway line through obligatory
or desirable locations.

 Horizontal curves are provided when a change in the direction of the track is required and
 Vertical curves are provided at points where two gradients meet or where a gradient meets level
ground.

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  Definitions :

1) Cant or superelevation is the amount by which one rail is raised above the other rail.
2) Equilibrium speed is the speed at which the centrifugal force developed during the
movement of the vehicle on a curved track is exactly balanced by the cant provided.
3) Cant deficiency- Cant deficiency occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed
higher than the equilibrium speed.
4) Cant excess – Cant excess occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed lower
than the equilibrium speed
5) Maximum permissible speed of the curve-It is the highest speed which may be permitted
on a curve taking into consideration the radius of the curvature, actual cant, cant
deficiency, cant excess and the length of transition.
6) Cant gradient and cant deficiency gradient indicate the amount by which cant or
deficiency of cant is increased or reduced in a given length of transition
7) Rate of change of cant or rate of change of cant deficiency is the rate at which cant or
cant deficiency is increased or reduced per second, at the maximum permissible speed
of the vehicle passing over the transition curve.
8) Transition curve is an easement curve, in which the change of radius is progressive
throughout its length and is usually provided in a shape of a cubic parabola at each end
of the circular curve.

 What is the use of the radius of curvature in a railway track?

Curves limit the performance of trains. It takes more tractive force to pull a train
around a curve, it increases wear on both the wheels and the rail, and because of flanged
wheels, there is a limit to a how tight a curve can be traveled at all. Also at too high a speed, a
tight curve can cause derailment or cause the train to tip over.

The radius of curvature is a way to communicate the severity of a curve ahead, plan
whether a particular route is even possible, or what conditions must be met to traverse it.

Actually most of the effects are more proportional to the reciprocal of the radius of
curvature

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 PURPOSES OF PROVIDING SUPER-ELEVATION

 To ensure safe and smooth movements of passengers and goods on the track.
 It counteract the effect of the centrifugal force by producing centripetal force on the train.
 It prevents derailment and reduces the creep and as well as side wear of rails.
 It provides equal distribution of wheel loads on two rails.
 It results in the decrease of maintenance cost of the track.

 EQUILIBRIUM SUPERELEVATION

V = velocity in m/s

W = weight of the moving train

F = centrifugal force acting on the vehicle

g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s

R = radius of curvature in m

G = gauge of track

e = super-elevation in m

u = angle of inclination

S = length of inclined surface

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Equilibrium Super-elevation :

7
Above figure shows Track Model.

Two models were developed for this paper, a straight track and a
curved track model. Both models are discretely supported
through rail-pads on a two-parameter visco-elastic foundation
with pad-stiffness kp (N/m) and damping c (Ns/m). This is
done through using a spring and a dashpot in parallel, also
known as the Kelvin-Voigt model. The damping is applied as a
percentage (ζ) of the critical damping (ccr) of the system, c =
ζccr. The supports are repeated at a fixed distance L (m). The
foundation itself rests on a rigid base. The total length of both
tracks is denoted Lt (m) with a total number of spans nt = Lt/L.
The curved track is also defined by its radius of curvature, R. Thus
the total angle (θ) for the curved track is:

θ = Lt / R

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 PROCEDURES OF PROVIDING SUPER-ELEVATION

1. The equilibrium cant on branch line is calculated by usual formula

by assuming suitable speed on branch line.
2. The permissible cant deficiency is deducted from the equilibrium
cant.
3. The result thus obtained will represent the negative super elevation
to be given on the branch line.
4. Evidently, the negative cant on branch line will be equal to the
maximum cant permitted on the main line.
5. The permissible cant deficiency is added to the maximum cant
permitted on the main line and correspondingly, the restricted
speed on the main line is worked out.

 FACTORS AFFECTING SUPER-ELEVATION

 Frictional resistance
 Coning of wheel
 Weight of the vehicle
 Speed of the train

 BENDING OF RAILS ON CURVE

 If the curvature is less than 3° then the curve is considered as

the flat curve.
 In that case, the rails are placed in the curved position by
sleepers
 If the curvature is greater 3° then the rails are bend.

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  SAFE SPEED ON CURVES

For all practical purposes safe speed means a speed which protects a carriage
from the danger of overturning and derailment and provides a certain margin of
safety

 When engineers design train tracks, they need to ensure the curvature of the track will be safe
and provide a comfortable ride for the given speed of the trains.

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  Example :

The radius of the curvature of a railway line at a place when the train is moving with a speed
of the 36km/hr is 1000m the distance between the two rails being the 1.5mk the elevation of
the outer rail above the inner rail is ________

A) 1.5/98
B) 3/98
C) 4.5/98
D) 1/98

Solution :

By drawing free body diagram

As we can say that

For the normal component of N making angle with the y-axis

N sin θ = mv²/ r ----------(1)

N = normal reaction

Here, Mv²/r = centripetal force

And for the horizontal component of the N

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⇒ N cos θ = mg ---------(2)

Dividing equation (1) by equation (2)

We get,

tan θ = v²/ rg

Here we will define the h as ate elevation

So on putting the values in the equation

⇒ h /1.5 = 100 / ( 1000 × 1.8 )

So on solving the equation we get the value that

⇒ h = 1.5/ 98

Hence the correct answer is given by

⇒ h = 1.5 / 98

Hence, Option (A) is correct.

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DISADVANTAGES OF PROVIDING CURVATURE :

 Restriction in speed, limiting the length of trains and prevent the use of heavy type of
locomotives.
 Maintenance cost of track increases due to increase in the wear and tear of parts of
tracks.
 Danger of collision, derailment or other form of accident is increased.
 Running of train is not smooth.

RESTRICTION OF PROVIDING CURVATURE

 Bridge and tunnels

 Approaches to bridges
 Steep gradients
 Stations and yards
 Level crossing

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Weekly Work/Progress 1:

Sr. Sign of Guide /

Date Week Activity Performed
No. Subject Teacher

1 1st Week Discussion & Finalization of Topic

2 2nd Week Preparation & Submission of Abstract

3 3rd Week Literature Review
4 4th Week Collection of Data
5 5th Week Collection of Data

6 6th Week Discussion & Outline of Content

Formulation of Content (Rough
7 7th Week
Writing)
8 8th Week Editing & Proof Reading of Content
Final Compilation of Report &
9 9th Week
Presentation
10 10th Week Seminar

11 11th Week Seminar Presentation and Viva-Voce

Final Submission of Micro-Project
12 12th Week
and Assessment
* Kindly refer suggested rubrics by MSBTE given in CIAAN norms. 

Name & Sign of Project Guide

Prof. Kashid A. D.
Lecturer in
SMSMPITR, Shankarnagar-Akluj

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References / Sources :

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius

https://books.google.co.in/books?

id=5QYmBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=radius+of+curvature+to+bending+of

+railway+track+book&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7xf3G75vxAhWDzzgGHUsGDC

8Q6AEwAHoECAcQAw

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266382392_The_effect_of_curvature_on_the_dynamic
_behaviour_of_a_railway_track

http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentW
ayManualCh4_data.htm

https://www.slideshare.net/KhazaAhmedPalash/1-curvature-of-track

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 ANNEXURE - II

Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Academic Year: 2020-21 Name of the Faculty: Prof. Kashid A.D.

Course:Applied mathematics Course code : 22224 Semester :Second

Title of the project : Radius of curvature to bending

of railway track.

CO’s addressed by Micro Project:

Learned about Radius of curvature to bending of railway track

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project

Learned about Radius of curvature to bending Track of railway track

Marks out of 3 for Marks out of 2 for

Roll performance in performance in oral/ Total out
Student Name
No. group activity presentation of 05
(D5 Col. 8) (D5 Col. 9)

Prof. Kashid A.D.

(Sign of faculty)

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