SPE 8980 SPE

Society of PetroleLm EngIneers Of AIME

POLYMER-POLYMER AND POLYMER-SOLID INTERACTION AND THEIR RELEVANCE

FOR POLYMER APPLI CA TI ON IN E'NHANCED 01 L RECOVERY

by J. Klein and W.M. Kulicke. University of Braunschweig

(C)Copyright 1980, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
ihls paper was presented at the SPE Fifth International Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry, held in Stanford, California, May 28-30, 1980. The material is subject to
correction by the author. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Write: 6200 N. Central Expwy., Dallas, Texas 75206.

ABSTRACT
A variety of vinyl type polymers has been accepted thit the polymers are used to
prepared and characterized to compare their achieve a mobility control by adjusting the
viscosity behaviour with "established" tech- mobil i ty rati 0
nical polymers. Special emphasis is given to Y'I
KH 0/ L H 0
fundamental aspects of solution structure M= 2 2
with regard to the conformation of a single
chain ~nd of chain to chain interaction. This
wi 11 be examplified by studying' homopolymers, close to one. The question however, wether
decrease of the mobility of the aqueous
copolymers and polymer mixtures of nonionic
and ionic charakter. phase is mainly caused by increase in visco-
Chain stiffening, based on intramolecular sity or a decrease of permeability has not
energetic and' steric interaction and hydrogen been settled completely. Arguments are pre-
bonding are considered as important structu- sented that different types of polymers may
ral parameters to describe the static and well act in a different fashion 3) Since
dynamic (time dependent) solution structure. viscosity of polymer solutions and adsorpti-
vity of polymers from solution increases
Polymer adsorption on quarz sand shows con- considerably with increasing molecular weight
siderable differences for polyacrylamide it is obvious that economics of EOR require
(PAAm) and polysaccharide in their dependence high molecular weight products to be able
on salinity. Polymer retention - in addition to apply solutions of low concentration.
to adsorption - can be made visible by scan- Rather early two types of polymers - namely
ning electron microscopy in combination with (acrylamid/acrylate)copolymers and Xanthan-
energy dispersive X-Ray analysis. gum polysaccharide - have been found which
1. INTRODUCTION performed quite satisfactory and were avail-
able in bulk quantities. Looking into the
The application of polymers in enhanced EOR literature so far not too much emphasis
oil recovery (EOR) has been well established, has been given to fundamental aspects of
not only in the laboratory 1) but also in polymer solution structure. Therefore no
field test 2) Furthermore it is generally clear concept has been available which may
serve as a guideline to develop or select
References and illustrations at end of paper.
polymers of comparable or even improved

51
 POLYMER-POLYMER POLYMER-SOLID INTERACTIONS ....
pe rforman ce.
It is the intention of the first part of
this paper to discuss the aspects (1) coil
expansion and (2) polymer interaction which
we consider be important factors to obtain
solution structures with high viscosity
levels. It is well known that viscosity of
a polymer solution increases, due to an in-
crease in coil volume, if the thermodynamic
quality of the solvent is improved. In EOR
application the solvent quality - as given
by the brine composition - is fixed, there-
fore other ways have to be found to achieve
an extended coil conformation. Application of
polyelectrolytes in low salinity reservoirs
is an example of this type. If high salinity
reservoirs are considered other mechanismus
have to be used, and we believe that chain
stiffening may be an apprOpriate way. Intra-
molecular segment interaction along a poly-
mer chain will be shown to be an important
contribution to coil expansions based on
chain stiffening.
Furthermore it should be stated that very
high viscosity levels will not be caused
by a single polymer chain alone but that
intermolecular chain interactions is requi-
red develop network like structures. While
chain extension improves the propability of
different chains to interact with each other
specific energetic interactions are necessa-
ry to make this polymer-polymer contact an
effective link in a fluctuating network.
Intra- and intermolekular interactions may
be chemically of the same nature and there
is considerable evidence, that hydrogen
bonds playa dominant role.
The second part of this paper is related
to the permeability problem by investigating
polymer solid interactions in two w~ys~odel
systems are used to a) develop a better
understanding about adsorption behavior of
PAAm and polysaccharide polymers and its de-
pendence on reservoir oriented parameters as
salinity or temperature. Another approach
has been designed to observe b) additional
polymer retention in a direct fashion:
Scanning electron microscopy combined with
52
energy dispersive X-ray analysis is used to
make polymers visible within a porous matrix
and to obtain information about the dependence
of polymer retention on flooding conditions.
2. POLYMER SELECTION
In the course of our investigations of
polymers and their relation to EOR application
the following substances have been studied:
(1) Polyacrylamide (PAAm): as high purity
linear homopolymers of variable chain
length and
Mw/M n ~ 2.5 4 ),
(2) Nonionic copolymers of acrylamide:
examples are (acrylamide/methacrylami-
de) and (acrylamide/vinylamine) copoly-
me rs 5) ,
(3) Anionic copolymers of acrylamide:
examples are (acrylamide/sodiumcryla-
te 5 ,6)and (acrylamide/sodiumethylensul-
fonate) cOPOlymers.s),
(4) Cationic COPOlymers 5 ): vinylpyridine
polymers of different degree of proto-
nation and alkylation and as copolymers
with styrene and acrylamide.
(5) Short chain branched polymers 5):
examples are (vinylmethylethermaleic
acid) copolymers and their ethylene-
glycole and n-alcohol esters,
(6) Vinylpolymers with saccharide side-
groups: examples are polymethacryla-
te esters of mono-, di- and oligosac-
charides,
(7) Various non-vinyl-type-polymers 5 ):
polyethyleneoxide (PEO). hydroxyethyl-
cellulose (HEC) and polysaccharide
from microbial synthesis (dextran,
Act; gum CX-12 (CEKA ,France), Rhodopol(R)
Screening according to viscosity of these
polymers in H20 and salt solution eliminated
groupe (2) and groupe (4) polymers. The pro-
perties of the other polymers will be subject
to discussion in this paper. The polymers of
groupe (1) to (6) have been prepared and
characterized in our laboratory4,5,6,7,8).
 KLEIN/KULICKE
3. POLYMER - POLYMER - INTERACTIONS
3.1. Intramolecular effects
The solution conformation of a viny1po1ymer
chain is determind by the rotational freedom
around the carboncarbon main chain bounds.
Specific energetic or general steric inter-
actions of neighbouring side groups can put
restrinctions upon such rotations ~nd thus
will lead to an extended chain conformation
based on intramolecular chain stiffening.
Example (1) demonstrates the effect of
specific energetic interactions along a
partly ionic copolymer chain:
As shown in Figure 1 (acrylamide /sodium-
acrylate) copolymers reveal a maximum of the
intrinsic viscosity at around 70 % acrylate
content. Increasing copolymer concentration
and/or molecular weight enhances this effect,
while the viscosity of homopolymer mixtures
is given by linear interpolation. Since all
these measurement have been perfomed in the
presence of high amounts of low molecular
weight electrolyte, simple effects of cou-
lomb repulsion can be excluded as being the
basis for the observed phenomenon. Therefore
it is postulated, that intramolecular hydro-
gen bondings of an aminogroup to an adjacent
carboxylic anion yields a ring formation
with resulting chain stiffening 6 ).
Additional experimental evidence to support
this interpretation can be given as follows: weight is the reason for the decrease visco-
a) The exponent a1 of the Mark-Houwink
equation has a maximum and as of the
sedimentation equation correspondingly of scattered light, extrapolated for c=o for
a minimum 8) (see Figure 2).
b) In correspondence to the increase in
viscosity a shift of the GPC elution
volume to smaller values is found 6)
c) (acrylamide/sodiumethy1sulfonate)
copolymers do not show a viscosity in-
crease 5 ).
d) The heat of dilution of the copolymers ture (stabilized by hydrogen bonding along
is negative, while that of the polymer the chain) to a more flexible structure.
mixture is pos;t;ve 9 ).
Example (2) ;s related to certain observati-
onswith respect to solution viscosity as a
function of time. For a number of water so-
luble polymers as PAAm and polysaccharides a
considerable decrease of solution viscosity
with time - in the scale of weeks - has been
observed. This "viscosity loss" would put a
negative influence upon the mobility ratio.
Detailed studies of this phenomenon have been
performed with high purity PAAm samples 4)and
showed the following 10,11)(see Figure 3):
a) Viscosity decrease did not occur for
Mw .( 1. 5 x 1 0 6 ;
b) viscosity decrease could only be obser
ved in aqueous solution, but not in
formamide or ethylene glycol;
c) viscosity loss was observed in a
wide concentration range from 0,00 1
to 5 % ;
d) no viscosity loss was observed at
low temperature (T = 239 K) and in
D2 0 solution or by adding isopropano11~
e) solution viscosity could be strongly i nfl uer-
ced by PH-variation and by the additior
of structure forming or structure brea
king additives.
From all these experperiments it was conclude(,
that not a chain scission reaction but a con-
formational transition at constant molecular
sity. Light scattering measurements were used
to directly confirm this hypothesis 11 ).
Plotting in Figure 4 the angular dependence
different storing times it can be seen,that
the slope decreases while the ordinate value
at c = 0 remains constant. This means that
the radius of gyration decreases with time,
while the molecular weight definitely remains
unchanged. We believe that the conformational
change can be interpretated as a transition
from a partly helical and thus stiffer struc-
Further experiments have to show, whether this
finding for PAAm is more general nature and
53
 POLYMER-POLYMER POLYMER-SOLID INTERACTIONS ....

has to be considered in the interpretation quently enough that a continuous fluctation

of the viscosity of other polymers as well. network can be formed. Without discussing the
Example (3) demonstrates the possibility to details involved the present understanding
obtain some degree of chain extension by the of the "entanglement" concept it can be assu-
incorpo~ation of short side chains (combelike med th at
structure) due to steric hindrance 5). Such a) an extended chain conformation and
polymers were prepared by grafting hydrophy- b) strong energetic interactions (e.g.hydro-
lic (ethylene glycoles) or hydrophobic gen bonds) will be favourable for a
(n-alcohols) side chains onto alternating network formation at low concentrations.
copolymers of (methylv;nyiether/maleic acid).
As can be seen from Table 1 increased visco- For PAAm has been shown elsewhere 12,13)
sity levels could be obtained in aqueous and that concentrations of about 1 000 ppm have
saline solutions for samples No.2, No.3 to be used to reach this network region for
and No.5. Too long hydrophobic chains{No. 6) the highest molecularweight sample. The vis-
obviously have an opposite effect, possibly cosity level within reach is 3.5 m Pas at
caused by decreasing solubility. The chain Mw = 7 x 10 6 . In Figure 5 the viscosity
length of all polymers in Table 1 is Pn =2.000 functions of some polymers are compared to
and a corresponding PAAm-scample would have PAAm, where water and NaCl/water have been
a viscosity of 1.2 m Pas; or otherwise spoken used as solvents. It is interesting to note
samples No.3 and No.5_show - in salt solu- that PEa, though nonionic behaves like a
tion - the same viscosity effect as a PAAm polyelectrolyte, obviously due to the speci-
of about five fold chainlength. It should be fic interactions of the ether groups with
made clear that the viscosity drop at the cations. In general it becomes obvious that
addition of salt indicates the necessity to not only the absolute viscosity at very low
consider electrostatic contributions in the concentration but rather more the drastical-
interpretation of the solution behaviour of ly different concentration dependence is an
these polymers as well. important factor in classifying polymers for
Such a complication is avoided if nonionic EaR application. It seems to be clear that
polymers are studied, as examplified by the the possibility for formation and concen-
group of vinyl polymers with saccharide side tration of hydrogen bonds increases in the
groups. This includes polymers with mono-.di- order PAAm (.HEC .(Rhodopol and has to be
and oligo (tetra) saccharide groups. Which considered as a dominating factor in these
have been prepared via free radical polymeri- solutions. Another possibility to obtain
zation of the corresponding methacryloxyl- information about intermolecular interaction
esters. So far viscosity levels of 2 mPas is to investigate mixtures of different
POlymers 5 ). This can be informative in the
(at cp =0,1 %) have been obtained and more
preparation and characterization work has comparison to chemically identical copoly-
to be done to evaluate the performance of mers. Furthermore there are examples in the
this type of polymers. literature that polymer-polymer complexation
may give mixtures higher viscosity. Some
3.2 INTERMOLECULAR-EFFECTS typical examples from our studies are shown
The importance of intermolecular inter- in Figur~6. While in many cases a drop of
actions can be demonstrated by comparing the the mixed viscosity will be observed due to
concentration dependence of the solution vis- polymer incompatibility, this should not be
cosity of different polymers. It is generally generalized: Mixtures of dextrane with
accepted that the onset of a steap increase ir sodiumpolyacrylate in H20 are an example for
viscosity occurs if the intermolecular chain a viscosity increase. However as in the
interaction due to coil overlapping is fre- interaction of polymers with surfactants only

54
 KLEIN/KULICKE
limited effects of a viscosity increase
should be expected.
4. POLYMER-SOLID INTERACTION
4.1 Polymer adsorption
In performing the adsorption studies 14)
the following experimental conditions have
been chosen: The polymers were dissolved in
pure water or NaCl-solution by gently shaking
and then filtered through a Sartorius-8-r -
membrane filter. Purified Valentin-Busch-
Quarz (particle diameter~20rm, specific
surface area 1.3 m2 . g-l) was suspended in
the polymer solution and equilibrated for 72h
under isothermal conditions. After centrifu-
gation the supernatant solution was injected
into a GPC-system and the chromatographic peak
area (differential refractometer) was used in
the quantitative analysis of the polymer
concentration; the polymer amount in the ad-
sorption layer was obtained by mass balance
calculatiQn~. An appropriate modification of
this method was applied in the measurement
of desorption behaviour.
Adsorption isothermes of PAAm (Mw 2.7 x 106 )
are shown in Figure 7, where the numbers
refer to different NaCl-concentration from
zero (1) to 130 g . dm- 3 (4). Different sym-
bols for isotherme (1) represent different
measurement sets to control for reproducti-
bility. The rectangular isotherms indicate,
that the adsorption of PAAm onto quartz fol-
lows the so called "high affinity" type, i.e ..
strong adsorption of even smallest amounts
in solution up to surface saturation in one
surface layer. Once this saturation level has
been reached no additional adsorption occurs,
furthermore since no desorption can be ob-
served the surface of the quartz is irrever-
sibly covered.
GPC-analysis prior to and after adsorption
shows no significant selectivity with regard
to molecular weight (see Figure 8 ) in a
given adsorption batch.
However the adsorbed amount of polymer in-
creases with molecular weight if different
batch experiments with different average
molecular weight samples are compared.
55
The adsorption isotherms of the polysaccharide
actigum CX 12 (CEKA, France) have a similar
shape with a somewhat slower transition into
the saturation level, especially with higher
salinity. But in all cases the saturation le-
vel has been reached in equilibrium with a
solution concentration of 6 0.2 g . dm- 3 .
In Figure 8 the saturation levels of PAAm
(two samples of different Mw) and CX-12 are
summarised as a function of temperature and
salinity. For both types of polymers the ad-
sorbed amount decreases with increasing tem-
perature and increases with increasing salini-
ty. While PAAm shows a distinct level of ad-
sorption even at zero salinity, it is a
special feature of the polysaccharid that ad-
sorption is neglegible below a certain salt
concentration (15 g . dm- 3 ). This effect is
more clearly shown in Figure 10 and can be
understood on the basis of current theories
of polyelectrolyte adsorption. Comparing
PAAm and CX-12 it becomes also obvious, that
the absolute amount of polymer adsorption
of the polysaccharid under light salinity
conditions may be considerably higher by fac-
tor two and more.
Relating these results to EOR application
three points should be mentioned:(l) The
behaviour of PAAm and Cx-12 under low salini-
ty conditions is in accordance with the ob-
servation, that mobility control with PAAm is
achieved via permeability reduction and with
polysaccharid via viscosity increase. (2)
Further experiments showed, that above result
from the static experiments are in agreement
with dynamic experiments using Valendis type
sandstone as adsorbent. (3) A rough estimate
of "polymer loss" of PAAm under reservoir con-
ditions would give values from 0.04 to 0.3
(PAAm) or zero to 0.7 (CX-12) pore volume of
a 1 000 ppm solution, depending on temperatu-
re and sal i n i ty .
4.3 POLYMER RETENTION
Appropriate marking of a polymer sample
could be shown to be basis for a direct ob-
servation of polymer deposition in a porous
matrix by using Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray
 POLYMER-POLYMER POLYMER-SOLID INTERACTIONS ....
analysis. Simple calculations show that mono-
layer adsorptions. as discussed in 4.1, could
not be detected at the given level of resoluti
on. Thus all polymer observed in the microsco-
pe must be retained in the matrix by other
mechanismus in addition to adsorption.
The details of this technique have been given
elsewhere 5) Different series of experiments
showed e.g. that this level of additional po-
lymer retention increases with increasing po-
lymer concentration and increasing salinity.
Also results for different flooding schemes
(PV of polymer and water) can well be under-
stood. It should be made clear however,that
this method up to now can only give semi-
quantative results and that their level of
accurancy can never be compared with data from
4.1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Support of this works by the Federal
Ministery of Research and Technology (BMFT)
- as part of the EOR research program coor-
dinated by the DGMK - under grant No.3159 A
and 1077 A is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1. A. Metzner in "Improve Oil Recovery by
Surfactant and Polymer Flooding"
Ed. D.O.Shah. R.S. Schechter ,Academic
Press Inc, New York 1977. P...
2. K.H. Grodde and W. Sch~fer"Experience
with the application of Polymer to
Improve Water Flood Efficiency in the
Erdol-£rdgas-Zeitschrift ~, 252 (1976)
3. M. Rieckmann "Terti~re Gewinnungsmethoden"
Compendium 74-75, Erg~nzungsband Erdol +
Kohle, Erdgas-Petrochemie 156
4. W.-M. Kulicke, J. Klein "Zur Pr~paration
und Charakterisierung hochmolekularer
Polyacrylamide" Angew.Makromol.Chemie
69 169 (1978)
5. J. Klein et a1. "Entwicklung neuer Poly-
mertypen zur Terti~rforderung von Erdol
aus Lagerst~tten hoher Salinit~t"
Forschungsbericht (£T 3159 A), Bundesmi-
nisterium fUr Forschung und Technologie,
Energieforschung (1978)
6. J. Klein. R. Heitzmann "Preparation and
characterization of poly(acrylamide - co-
acrylic acid)" Makromol.Chemie 179 1895
(1978)
7. J. Klein. K.-D. Conrad "Characterisation
of polyacrylamide in solution" Makromol.
Chemie 181 227 (1980)
8. J. Klein. K.-D.Conrad "Molecular weight
determination of Polyacrylamide and
poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate)"
Makromo1.Chemie 179 1635 (1978)
9. J. Klein. W. Scholz "Kalorimetrische Un-
tersuchungen zum Losungsverhalten von Po-
lyacryls~ure und Poly(natriumacrylat) in
Wasser, Formamid und Ethylenglykol h
Makromol.Chemie 180 1477 (1979)
10. W.-M. Kulicke, J. Klein "Zur Frage der
Instabilitat von Polyacrylamidlosungen"
Angew.Makromol.Chemie ~ 189 (1978)
11. W.-M. Kulicke, R. Kniewske "Langfristige
Konformations~nderung von MakromolekUlen
in Losung, 1. Polyacrylamide"
Makromol.Chemie 181 (1980) in press
12. W.-M. Kulicke, J. Klein "Die Bedeutung
der Polymerkonzentration fUr die Viskosi-
t~t von Polyacrylamidlosungen"_Erdol und
Kohle, Erdgas-Petrochemie 373 (1978)
13. W. - M. Ku1i c ke, J. K1a re "E i ne i'l. - M- c-
Bezi~h~ng fUr Polymerlosungen"
Angew. Makromol.Chemie 84 67 (1980)
14. J. Klein and A. Westerkamp "Comparative
adsorption studies using a polyacrylamide
and a polysaccharide type polymer in
oilfield oriented model systems"
Anqew. Makromol.Chem. (submitted)
 TABLE 1
No Po lyme r '1..H 2 O 'tsalt XE
(mPas) (mPas (mol %)

1 GAN-H 16,1 1,56 -

b GAN-P~G 300 22,7 1,67 -
3 GAN-P~G 600 47,9 1,91 -
4 GAN-Octanol 19,8 1,54 17,4
5 GAN-Dodecanol 22,5 1,95 15,6
6 GAN-H.Dodecanol 3,02 1,68 20,4

Viscosities of modified (methylvinylether-maleicacid)

copolymers in water and NaCl-solution (T = 20 oC,
3 3
CPolymer = 1 g/dm , Csalt = 10 g/dm ).

Copolymers PAAm/AAcNo
'1.0
'1.0, 30 /,. ... -~%
PAAm' I c
2,0 /
I .......
~
[1'\)
- ---
~
1,.,./" o~~
1.0 "-0
1.4

0,1% mixture of PAAm+PAAc No

1,2
0.3~~-::--
1.0:t---::r:----r---.----.....-~...._
o 20 40 60 80 100
Mol-%Acrylomide
Fig. 1
Viscosities vs. mol % acrylamide of poly(acrylamide-
co-sodium acrylate) compared with mixtures of polyacry-
lamide and polyacryllc.acid at constant degree or polymeri-
zation Pw = 6.700 ; solvent: aqueous 0,5 NaBr -solution.
Molecular weights of the polymers in the mixture
6 6
M1. ,PAAm = 1,3 . 10 fvl"1, PAAcNa = 1,6 . 10 (g/mol).
 PAAm in H2Q..
F 0,84
c; 0.34
0
0.82
1.8~
0,80 1.6
!2
0,32 Mr). < 1,5'10~ plus 2% iso propanol,
0,18
0,78 solventD 2 0 ,storaged at -34°C
1.4 0,30
0,76 \ I
1.2 \( 0,14
0.74
0.72 1.0
0.,28
/\
0.26
0,10 Mrt> 1.5·1Q6,additives,
0.70 0,8
0, 0.24 0,0.6
without iso propanol
0,6
0.,66
0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100
xAAtn Ifl mol ~ -I. X,um In mol- -I.

£:..i.JL.L
a) Plot of pre exponential Factor kt and exponent alf of
o 10 20 30 40
("1)= k" Ma'l vs, composition of different poly-(acryla- i /days
mide-co-sodium acrylates).
Viscosity time behaviour for polyacrylamides in aqueous
b) Plot of preexponential factor ks and exponent as of
a solutions of different molecular weights and different
So= ks . 14 s VS. composition of different poly(acryla-
mide-co-sodium acrylates).
conditions. ~ viscosity at time ~ viscosity after
dissolving (mostly' 1 day).

0
II
f'"
II
0:
.:. 2000
i"" 4
HEC

1500
til
0
0..
....E 1000
c:v Rhodopol
/W/S A

500

/ ; .<PAAm
0 ~ ~!::-:-s PEO

0 4 8 12
tp I mg.cm 3
~
0. i i i i
0. 0.,2 0,4
Viscosity vs. concentration for different polymers
0.,6 0,8 1,0
sin 28/2 measured in H20 (w) and salt (s)-solution. T 20 o C.
~
Angular dependence of scattered light for C 0 as Rhodopol: Polysaccharide
a function of storing time of aqueous polyacrylamide HEC Hydroxyethylcellulose
solutions M"l = 6,9 . 10 6 g/mol PAAm Polyacrylamide
PEO Polyethyleneoxide
1. day dn/dc 0,326 ml/g
9. day dn/dc 0,278
89. day dn/dc 0,197
 1,0 0,3
~
E 4
01
.0 E
Z +
U
I ...... 0,2 + +
< < +-+--:r-+-----:;+:---- 3
it 0,5 -0 •
C'-> Q)
..0
....
-::::---;.--"'--'.=---i- 2
o
.gJ 0,1

a
-o
c
:::l
o
x

o 20 40 60 80 100 E
o 0,0+--,--,---,--,----,,...--,----,,...--,--
PAAc- Na Imol"lo 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
Vi seasi ty vs. m.ol % PAAcNa for di fferent polymer
equilibrium concentration C I g.dm-3
mixtures. T 25 0 C ~
Adsorption isotherms for PAAm Mw = 2.7 x 10 6 on
PAAcNa + PAAm in 0,5 m NaBr, Cp = 10g/dm 3 Valentin-Busch-Quartz at 298 K in H20 solution at
different NaGl concentrations:
PAAcNa + Dextran in H20, Cp 20 9 /dm 3
1) 0.0 ; 2) 9.0 ; 3) 58 ; 4) 130 9 . dm- 3 (Broken
PAAcNa + lonen in 0,5 m NaBr, Cp 20 g/dm 3
lines represent results from desorption experiments).

'i'
E 0,6 T/K
01
E • •• [J

o
296
323
~ 0,4
Q)
• t:. 348

20 40 60 80 100 120
salt concentration I g·dm-3
~
Saturation amounts of adsorption for PAAm and Actigum 10 100
GX-12 on Valentin-Busch-Quartz as a function of NaGl con- salt concentration I 9 ·dm- 3
centration at three different temperatures. Amount of adsorbed Actigum CX-12 on Valentin-Busch-
Quartz as a function of NaCl concentration to demon-
strate the transition from neglegible to substantial
adsorption.
 r
1:
01

~0 0.3
0,4
---- ------

I!.> ___ prior to adsorption

a.
0 ----- after adSorption
..;::; 0.2
c:
I!.>
l-
I!.>
.::.= 01
u '

I qo 0.0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0

molecularweight .106, g.Mol-1 - - - - - - -

Comparision of the molecular weight distribution of

PAAm in solution (from GPC analysis) prior to and
after adsorption equilibration.