Jerome C.

Mosada BSED SCIENCE 1

May 11, 2021
EXPERIMENT 2
INVESTIGATING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

GOAL
In this experiment, you will measure and analyze the chromatogram of a mixture of seven
compounds using a Vernier Mini GC. You will then vary the temperature-pressure profile and
determine the best profile to obtain the best possible chromatographic separation of the mixture.

INTRODUCTION
Gas chromatography is a technique widely used to separate complex mixtures of substances.
Compounds are separated by traveling through a coated column and typically separate based on
size and intermolecular interactions. If a compound tends to "stick" to the column through
intermolecular interactions, it takes a long time to emerge. Substances that pass quickly through
the column tend to have few intermolecular interactions with the column.

The Vernier Mini Gas Chromatograph (GC) uses a metal column where the inside of the column
is coated with the stationary phase. A sample, consisting of one or more compounds, is injected
into the column and is pushed through by air, which acts as the mobile phase. Organic
compounds flowing out of the chromatography column are seen as a peak on a chromatogram, as
seen in Figure 1. The amount of time it takes for a compound to exit the column after it is
injected is called the retention time. With a GC, a compound can be identified from a mixture of
chemicals by its retention time.

Figure 1: Sample gas chromatogram

Several factors can affect the interaction of a compound with the GC. More volatile compounds
(i.e., compounds with a lower boiling point) tend to move through the column faster because
they are flowing in the mobile phase and interacting very little with the stationary phase. The
functional groups present on the compound are also a factor. For example, alcohols may interact
with a polar stationary phase more than esters because alcohols can form strong hydrogen bonds.
Table 1 shows some of the common functional groups and the associated classes of compounds.
The molecular weight of a compound can also play a role, although it is not a simple matter of
saying that the heavier the molecule the slower it will travel through a GC column.
Table 1. Some Common Functional Groups
Compound Class Functional Group Example Name
Alcohols R−OH CH3CH2−OH Ethanol
Ethers CH3CH2−O−CH2CH3 Diethyl ether

Ethanal
Aldehydes (acetaldehyde)

Ketones 2-Butanone

Ethanoic acid
Carboxylic Acids (acetic acid)

Esters Methyl acetate

In this experiment, you will gain experience with the Vernier Mini GC by running a known
sample through the unit. The sample contains seven compounds that will separate under the
proper conditions. You will test this one mixture of compounds repeatedly and vary the profile of
the Mini GC operation to obtain the best possible separation of this mixture.

MATERIALS
Vernier Mini GC Vial of a mixture containing:
Computer Methanol
Logger Pro 3 Acetone
1 L glass syringe Methyl ethyl ketone
Kimwipes® or paper towel Ethyl acetate
Vial of acetone for cleaning Propyl acetate
2-Pentanone
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
PRE-LAB EXERCISE
Complete the table below in your lab notebook.

Compound Boiling point Molecular weight Compound class Functional group

(C)

methanol

acetone

methyl ethyl ketone

ethyl acetate

propyl acetate

2-pentanone

4-methyl-2-pentanone

PROCEDURE
1. At each Mini GC station you will find a glass syringe, a vial of acetone, and a vial containing
the mixture to be tested. The acetone will be used to clean the syringe.

Important: The glass syringe is fragile and can be easily damaged. Be careful not to bend the
needle or bend the plunger. If the plunger is accidentally pulled out of the glass barrel,
reinserting it is extremely difficult, sometimes impossible.

2. Prepare the Vernier Mini GC for data collection.

a. In the Logger Pro program, choose New from the File menu.
b. Click Collect to bring up the Temperature-Pressure profile.
c. Set the Temperature-Pressure values according to the settings listed for Run 1:

Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6

Start temperature 85C 85C 65C 35C 35C 35C

Hold time 10 min 10 min 10 min 3 min 3 min 3 min

Ramp rate 1C/min 1C/min 1C/min 10C/min 10C/min 10C/min

Final temperature 85C 85C 65C 65C 65C 65C

Hold time 0 min 0 min 0 min 7 min 1 min 4 min

Total length 10.0 min 10.0 min 10.0 min 13.0 min 7.0 min 10.0 min

Pressure 9.0 kPa 7.0 kPa 7.0 kPa 7.0 kPa 4.0 kPa 7.0 kPa
 d. Select Done to initiate the Mini GC warm up. Note: A new message will appear, “Do not
inject until GC is ready”, and the LED on the Mini GC is red. The Mini GC will take a
few minutes to warm up and stabilize. When the Mini GC is ready for injection in Step 7,
the message will read, “Inject and select Collect simultaneously”, and the LED will turn to
green. Continue with Step 4 during warm up.
4. Follow the steps below to clean and flush the syringe with acetone. Important: The glass
syringe is fragile. Be careful not to bend the needle or bend the plunger. Never pull the
plunger back more than 50% of its total volume. Be careful not to bend the plunger as
you press it down.
a. Depress the plunger fully.
b. Submerge the tip of the syringe needle into the vial of acetone.
c. Pull back the plunger to fill the barrel about 1/3 full of acetone. Examine the barrel of the
syringe and estimate the amount of acetone in the barrel.
d. Expel the liquid onto a Kimwipe or a paper towel.
e. Repeat Steps a–d at least two times, until you are comfortable pulling up a liquid into the
syringe and measuring the volume in the syringe barrel. Use a Kimwipe or a paper towel
to carefully pat around the tip of the syringe needle.
5. Follow the process in Step 4 to clean and flush the syringe with the mixture.

6. Collect a volume of the mixture for injection.

a. Submerge the needle into the vial of mixture one
last time.
b. Draw up approximately 0.2 L of liquid. It is not
critical that the volume be exactly 0.2 L; a tiny bit
more or less volume is all right.
c. After collecting your sample, gently wipe
the needle from barrel to tip, with a Figure 2
Kimwipe.
7. Prepare for injection and the start of data collection. It is important for you and your lab
partner to divide the tasks in this step. One person will operate the syringe and the
other person will operate the computer controls.
a. When the Mini GC has reached the correct start temperature and
pressure, the message reads, “Inject and select Collect
simultaneously”, and the LED on the Mini GC is green.
b. To insert the needle of the syringe into the injection port of the
Mini GC, hold the syringe with one hand and steady the needle
with your other hand. Insert the needle into the injection port
until the needle stop is fully seated, as shown in Figure 3. If the
needle sticks, rotate it slightly while inserting. Do not move the
plunger yet.
c. Simultaneously, depress the syringe plunger and select Collect to
begin data collection. Pull the needle out of the injection
port immediately. Figure 3

8. While the data collection proceeds, repeat Step 4 to thoroughly clean the syringe and needle.
It may take more than three flushes to feel the syringe plunger move smoothly again, which
is your indicator that the syringe and needle are both suitably clean.
 9. Data collection will end after 10 minutes.
10. Analyze your chromatogram and write your comments in your lab notebook. Consider these
points when you make your comments:
 How long does it take for all of the peaks to appear?
 How well are the peaks separated from each other?
 How sharp are the peaks?

Create a table to organize your results. Your table should include headings such as “Run
number”, “Number of peaks”, “Retention time of the final peak”, “Degree of peak
separation”, and “All peaks present? (Y/N)” You will need this information to help you
answer the questions at the end of the lab. Take detailed notes.
11. When you have data that you consider to be good, store the data by choosing Store Latest
Run from the Experiment menu in Logger Pro. The data will appear in the background on
your next run. If the run does not give good results you do not need to store the data.

12. Change the temperature/pressure profile for the next run.

a. Click Collect in Logger Pro to bring up the Temperature-Pressure profile. Change the
parameters to match the information for Run 2, given in Step 3. Click OK to initiate the
Mini GC profile.
b. While the Mini GC adjusts to its new Temperature-Pressure profile, repeat Steps 5 and 6.
c. After the Mini GC is ready, repeat Steps 7–11 using your sample.
d. If the data is better than what you stored you can hide the previous run. Choose Hide
Data Set under the Data menu. Select the run to be hidden. Now only the latest run
should appear on your graph.
13. Repeat Step 12 until you have completed Run 6. Print the graph that shows the run with the
best data. Go to File and Print Graph. Be sure to hide all of the other runs before printing
and label your printout with the appropriate run number.

14. Devise your own operating conditions to optimize the performance of the Mini GC with
your mixture. Write these new settings in your data table and get your instructor’s OK before
conducting your test. The chart below shows the available range for each setting.
Parameter Range
Temperature 30–120C
Ramp rate 1–10C
Pressure 1–20 kPa

15. Repeat the necessary steps to conduct your test. Time permitting, you may wish to test a
different set of parameters to further optimize your results. Print the chromatogram of
your optimized run.

16. When you have completed your final data-collection run, turn off the Mini GC and clean up
your lab area as directed.
CONCLUSIONS:

If we had run samples of each of the pure components in your mixture, we could have
shown that they came off in this order: methanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate,
2- pentanone, propyl acetate, and 4-methyl-2-pentanone. Do you see any exceptions to the
general trend you found? If so, what do you notice about the bonded groups (functional
groups) in these exception molecules?

REFERENCES:
file:///E:/LAB%20REPORTS/x02gc2012.pdf