3/24/2021 Faraday’s Law of

Induction
Lab Report

Group members:
Asfand Yar Khan 352784
Maryam Azher 346584
Aymen Javaid 352558
Ayesha Surrayya 332748
Contents
Voltage: ............................................................................................................................ 2
Electromagnetic induction: ............................................................................................. 3
FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: .................................................... 3
Discovery: ............................................................................................................................ 3
Importance of FARADAY’S LAW: ..................................................................................... 3
Definition: ............................................................................................................................ 3
Mathematical Form: ............................................................................................................ 3
Faraday Law Formula: ..................................................................................................... 4
Induced E.M.F: ................................................................................................................. 5
Theoretical E.M.F: ................................................................................................................ 6
Experimental E.M.F: ............................................................................................................ 6
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 7
 Abstract

The main objective behind performing this experiment was to verify the Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction. In this experiment, Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws are examined.
Voltage is induced in a coil swinging through a magnetic field. Faraday's Law and Lenz'
Law are examined and the energy dissipated in a load resistor is compared to the loss of
amplitude of the coil pendulum. A magnetic wand was used and a permanent magnetic
field was setup. The Wand is attached to a Rotary Motion Sensor which is also the pivot
of the Pendulum. The power dissipated in the resistor is calculated from the voltage and
the energy converted to thermal energy is determined by finding the area under the
power versus time curve. This energy is compared to the loss of potential energy
determined from the amplitude of the pendulum. The principle of this experiment is that
changing area of the coil induces e.m.f.

Theory

Voltage:
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work
such as illuminating a light.
In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V). The term recognizes Italian
physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), inventor of the voltaic pile—the forerunner of
today's household battery.
In electricity's early days, voltage was known as electromotive force (e.m.f.). This is why
in equations such as Ohm's Law and Faraday’s law, voltage is represented by the
symbol E.
A voltage is induced in a coil swinging through a magnetic field. Faraday's Law and
Lenz' Law are examined and the energy dissipated in a load resistor is compared to the
loss of amplitude of the coil pendulum.
 Electromagnetic induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a current can be induced to flow due
to a changing magnetic field.

FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:

Discovery:
Faraday’s Law of Induction describes how an electric current produces a magnetic field
and, conversely, how a changing magnetic field generates an electric current in a
conductor. English physicist Michael Faraday gets the credit for discovering magnetic
induction in 1830.

Importance of FARADAY’S LAW:

It is impossible to overstate the significance of Faraday’s discovery. Magnetic induction
makes possible the electric motors, generators and transformers that form the
foundation of modern technology. By understanding and using induction, we have an
electric power grid and many of the things we plug into it.
Also due to this electric current or its cause voltage and their relationship with the
changing magnetic field is known which is of wide importance and has a lot of practical
application.

Definition:
According to Faradays law;
“The change in flux passing through a coil induces emf (E) in it which is directly
proportional to rate of change of flux provided the no of coils remain same.”

Mathematical Form:
d
E  N
dt
Where E = Induced Emf
N= Number of turns on coil
𝑑∅
= rate of change of flux
𝑑𝑡
where ∅ = 𝑩. 𝑨 for a magnetic field (B) which is constant over the area (A) and
perpendicular to the area. N is the number of turns of wire in the coil. For this experiment,
the area of the coil is constant and as the coil passes into or out of the magnetic field,
there is an average emf given by
 B
E  NA
t .

Faraday Law Formula:

Consider, a magnet is approaching towards a coil. Here we consider two instants at time
T1 and time T2.
Flux linkage with the coil at time,

Flux linkage with the coil at time,

Change in flux linkage,

Let this change in flux linkage be,

So, the Change in flux linkage

Now the rate of change of flux linkage

Take derivative on right-hand side we will get

The rate of change of flux linkage

But according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the rate of change of flux
linkage is equal to induced emf.

Considering Lenz’s Law.

Where:
Flux Φ in Wb = B.A
B = magnetic field strength
A = area of the coil

Procedure

Induced E.M.F:
1: Click start. With the pole plate on the magnet, use the magnetic field sensor to measure
the magnetic field strength between the magnetic poles. Click stop. Note which pole of
the magnet is north pole.
2: Click start and pull the coil wand back and let it swing through the magnet. Then click
stop.
3: Use the magnifier toll to enlarge the portion of the voltage vs time graph where the
coil passes through the magnet.
4: Use the mouse to highlight the first peak and find the average voltage.
5: Use the smart cursor to determine the difference in time from the beginning to the end
of the first peak.

Observations

1. Induced E.M.F:
The following observations were made while performing the experiment, these
readings and observations were calculated using the graphs plotted on Data Studio:
Magnetic Field=B=370 Gauss.
Internal Diameter=Di=1.3cm
External Diameter=De=3.1cm.
Internal Radius=Ri=0.65cm.
External Radius=Re=1.55cm.
Internal Area=Ai=πRi2=2.835cm2.
External Area=Ae= πRe2=7.458cm2.
Time=t1=0.8195s=0.82s.
Time=t2=1.0335s=1.03s.
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2.835 + 7.548
Average Area = = = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝒄𝒎𝟐
2 2
Dt=t2-t1=0.214s
Theoretical E.M.F:
5.91
(370 ∗ 10−4 ) ∗ ( )
𝐸 = 200 ∗ 1002 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟓𝑽
0.214
Experimental E.M.F:
𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒𝑽

1. The coil enters tha magnet at time t1=0.8195s=0.82s and leaves the magnet at time
t2=1.0335s=1.03s.

2. The first peak is positive. The direction in which the induced emf drives current
around a wire loop can be found through the negative sign. However, it is usually
easier to determine this direction with Lenz’s law, named in honor of its discoverer,
Heinrich Lenz (1804–1865). (Faraday also discovered this law, independently of
Lenz.) We state Lenz’s law as follows:

Lenz's Law

The direction of the induced emf drives current around a wire loop to always
oppose the change in magnetic flux that causes the emf.
Lenz’s law can also be considered in terms of conservation of energy. If pushing a
magnet into a coil causes current, the energy in that current must have come from
somewhere. If the induced current causes a magnetic field opposing the increase
in field of the magnet we pushed in, then the situation is clear. We pushed a
 magnet against a field and did work on the system, and that showed up as current.
If it were not the case that the induced field opposes the change in the flux, the
magnet would be pulled in produce a current without anything having done work.
Electric potential energy would have been created, violating the conservation of
energy.

3. The reason the sign of the emf of the second peak is opposite the sign
of the first peak is because as one peak is positive as it is approaching the
plates, then the emf is 0 as the coil is passing through the center of the
plates, it is then leaving the plates and are opposing one another.

4. The emf is zero because the values of the left and right side of the
pendulum cancel out and are equal and opposite in sign.

Conclusion
In the experiment, we calculated the induced EMF in a coil using the Faraday’s Law.
In order to study and demonstrate electromagnetic induction and to verify Faraday’s Law
we performed this experiment. We used an induction wand apparatus for this. In this
experiment we also measured the relationship between the magnitude of induced emf
and the magnetic field. In the coil, EMF is produced when magnetic flux changes in the
coil.