pared vey ane Abana of Ce-352L Advanced Fuld Machanes Lab mesttonser Irony de dary Ge) suntoene: FZ0IVI720 32 se AL [examine nin nd rb win * peoccuom aed el ce t wre i aa [otrbne oot crm aca atcoine 6 lor PsvcHOMOTOR OOMAIN (3) (CLO-5 4 frtenar be rendings of preaure end | an _| Matric eae et sata Ler kttcteeioss [ing ochometer 2 | aadettarg .so| Mavtearnayects) |" aswrnay O63 \ [AFFECTIVE DOMAINCA wn A) (CLO.3 0) Tore x ten ea | ant nenees om | eet fel cn Noe | [ \ [fous ao es a = - fariemeneonias |» ps 7 ce oaaeoem | a - =| \ * |session (42) (CLO-4) a prey : oS ~ | | cv 1 fees ib repet(A3)(CLO“D | ‘\ Total Marks: Instructor's Signature: Scanned with CamScannerpiMENT NO: | ¢ of un form EXPE diameter (d) and T ip To measure the head loss (li) in a PH to investigate: Critical Reynold’s Number Relationship between hydra gradi Relationship between frietion factor and locity of 08 Number. sit and Ve eynalds 1, Apparatus: 1, Hydraulic Bench 2. Stop Watch 3. Thermometer. 1.1 Related Theory 1, Laminar Flow ticles move in laminations and the paths of the fluid particles The type of flow in which fluid part component of velocity i. in the do not intersect each other. The fluid particles have only one direction of flow. In this flow, viscous forces are dominant. For laminar flow in pipes, Reynolds Number is generally less than 2000. 2. Turbulent Flow The type of flow in which the particles of fluid move in a disorderly manner, and the paths of the fluid particles intersect cach other, In this type of flow, fluid particles do have velocity components in lateral directions. Usually, it is answered that turbulent-flow takes place in pipes when the Reynolds Number exceeds 2000. 3. Critical point It is the point on Log i verses Log V curve at which flow changes from laminar to turbulent or vice versa. ee Scanned with CamScanner4. Critical Velocity Tis the velocity of fo ‘SrEO OF itis Pe at which flow jn the om laminar to turbulent nge! inar to 1 i w pipe changes f orviee versa : fe * Velocity comesponding to critical point. 5: Critical Reynolas Number Itis the Reynold's Number at which flow changes from laminar to turbulent or vice versa or the Reynolds Number Coresponding to critical point yughness. the For normal cases of the flow in straight pipes of uniform diameter and usual rough Critical Reynolds Number ‘Value may be taken as 2000 (Daugherty , 1989) Figure 1.1: Loj smooth- Wall ——- rW@ log plot for flow in a uniform pipe, (n=2.00,rough wall pipe; n=1.75 \e.) (Daugherty, 1989) Scanned with CamScanner6. Higher eri o turbulent. al point sanow enanges romain eis the point on Log (i) Verses Log (V) eu 7. Higher ci ical velocity fo turbulent or the ing to higher at which Mow It is the velocity: of Now in the pipe locity of Now in the pip or it is fl critical velocity. in the ascending order of Mow critical point 8. Hi i e) be ligher Critical Reynolds Number jene in the ascending m laminar to turbul itical point It is the Reynolds number at which Mow changes from order of flow or the Reynolds number corresponding (© higher er a jn circular pips has been maintained up to in (Daugherty, 1989) Iewanie # about ut laminar flow flue is normally about 4000, but sat disturbance 50,000 depending upon the care taken to prevent any 10" 9. Lower Critical point hen flow changes from turbulent fo Jaminar It is the point on Log (i) versus Log (V) curve wh 10. Lower Critical velocity om turbulent to Jaminar or it is the It is the velocity of flow in the pipe at which flow changes fe velocity corresponding to lower critical point. 11. Lower critical Reynold’s Number It is the Reynolds Number at which flow changes from turbulent to laminar or the Reynolds Number corresponding to lower critical point. Its value is 2000. 12. True Critical Reynold’s Number It is the Reynolds Number corresponding to lower critical point. It is true critical Reynolds Number as whatever is the order of flow, flow is always laminar below this point. For all practical purposes Critical Reynolds Number is taken as 2000. 13. Pipe it is a conduit (circular or non-circular) in which a fluid flows under pressure by completely wetting its internal perimeter. Scanned with CamScanner14. Head Itis a y , 7 he energy of water per unit weight. Units of head are m of liquids. 15, Head Loss Itis the loss of energy 4 Per unit weight within a passage of the fluid. Total head loss is the sum of major and minor head losses, hL = hf +E(hm) ‘Where bis the toxl loss of head hr'is the head loss due to ition and (hm) is the surnmation of all minor head losses, 1.2 Fluid Friction Apparatu Tt consists of a long pipe of known diameter (d); one end of the pipe is connected to @ pump ‘wihile the other end is free. A valve is connected to the free end to contzol the discharge. A Container is placed under the free end to collect the water for measuring the discharge. The pipe is connected with a differential manometer at two points near both the ends as shown in Figure 1.3 to measure the difference of pressure heads and then head loss. 1.3 Differential Manometer It is a device to measure the difference of pressure heads between the two sections where it is connected. aa Figure 1.2 Conceptual diagram of the Fluid Friction Apparatus Scanned with CamScanner1.4 Setting of i ntl tubes of DiNTere" The process of removal of air from the setting of Differential Manometer. 15 vernit ie Governing Equations scnae ie moss of the pipe D From the container placed under the free €n Volume Q=—me time ¢ computed a in the pipe can bs Q Vea So the velocity of the flvid flo. ; si Hence putting the values of diameter of pipe. velocity and viseo Reynolds Number. vD RNa red aS ty of the fluid We can find the —..wc— Scanned with CamScannerFluid Friction Apparatus 1.6 Procedure 1. Mei Measure the length of the pipe between the two sections and the room temperature. 2. Switch on the motor of the pump 5. Perform Setting of Differential Manometer. 4. Close the valve and not the zero error reading. 5. Slightly open the valve and note down * Time (1), to collect known volume of water, with the help of stopwatch. © Differential monomeric reading (hI and h2). 6. Repeat step 5 by opening the valve gradually till the full valve opening is achieved. 7. Switch off the motor of the pump. 1.7 Precautions 1. Setting of Differential Manometer must be carried out before starting the observation Zero error reading should be observed after carrying out the Setting of the Differential 2. Manometer. — 8 Scanned with CamScannerFapression between SV for | | wwrbulent ow | a)Relationship 0 eR between fand RNfor | Y= 1 f= hu laminar flow met b)Relationship crolt < between F& RN for | = |) f turbulent flow soe tH Table 1.1: Table of Observations Description Values Units Temperature DAD. cedsios lootZTx lo” “4 | | Kinematic Viscosity | ‘Length of pipe | | | —} 1 —-— pipe 0+ 000176 | Volume of container : | ©- 005 re Diameter of pipe Ta Cross sectional area of a Zero correction Scanned with CamScannercr ‘i ions Table 1.2: Table of Observations & Calculat —— —+T7 1 | glee cl a] 2) 28/24 B) 25 2] é eee a a/aa] 2] 2| 2] 23]24 Z/Sc} F] & | 7 [elle 2 = al 4) 2) BI Ne | 2 3\ 8 Mls Timjsec| - | * 1 FOaleT oy s15 S08 2 Pee oy He 3 [35eo"}o-967. 4 hy hes 5-258, 5 Hasvs) . pRbNs p 6 IO DATS . 7 1yle'|o-465 side ; yy 8 5 [r!] 2 Aa 9 \Bixts 9-15? 10 l22oxh'} 1251 Hn 12 | Scanned with CamScannerHa _ ex Scanned with CamScannerGoa tos ao ard depts) Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner"Eee = Goa he Fay aed Ap 0 otc Scanned with CamScannerit Contortiton xh blr Fexp aed y wat: pep eee Scanned with CamScanner1.9 Comments (hy expertmenk ota setking € - , tu vt aa a I Hlowrd ch meromtix van eat hore befow- heed de ts heh Urine wove onery Prolene I ™ sey aby Lenkare Qo weaker in the aPPerekus Th ceve. Covvectina bes ¢ ates aed check inbod uc ed Some ro. which Co Ad Reve Scanned with CamScannerJ Lr School of Engineering Aer st Means 29 ‘Prepared by: Boge Ala Nie CE-352L Advanced Fluid Mechanies Lab Mesttspeinens i PvIre to mentoos Preci¢he aeimattas QZ Beguundoanae Y Lol§\Z2032 se AA bas lo) coonreve postr cent. 4 2) x ates cit Levels orAtsiament a 1 [Esaming laminas nd tutes tein | ag Seamer tome! | Sows fren tcLoen an-15) detertind (26-28), 2 [Peteinee imp foreomdetecirs | ag (gitar Scertate.| “eiassyeniay” | neers EE 1% ‘determing (11-15) ‘determin (16-20), scans beeen spe rg Foieo sath eva | aesesiawer , raat | asta Sree eco f “ [apesvewoworon powats en (0% 4 Siena rdapsstrmnrebed | 20 ‘Stacey pasongco| Jtsere te var weg te «lfc and minnie dcoree | 38 lr pier peaee overesselndsonhngerd rpm ty | gy | tatintr nt © lasing chomeser evened nvaraay (0-10) | le AFFECTIVE DOMAIN (A nA) (CLO on 0 a can rT mi ee > [Fotns ub CLO * a [oe 7 [ramuvimeiereaeton | ve ia ; eave and opentadareasien |g we io Le * Session (A2) (CLO) esis oe inert) . is & '* \icLo4y 1 [sa pe (9) (CLO 2 a i Toast “ou Obtained Mai Instructor's Sigatore: Scanned with CamScannerTo verify the “Impulse Momentum Principle” for a jet of water striking on 90°,120° and 180° deflectors and to investigate the effect of velocity of flow on impulse force of the jet for various deflectors. > Apparatus:- Impact of Jet apparatus with deflectors(90", © Hydraulic Bench Stop Watch 0°, 180°) © Thermometer Related Theory > Impulse Momentum Principle: ‘According to impulse momentum principle, the algebraic sum of all the external forces ‘acting on the contro] volume of the fluid is equal to the rate of change of momentum (Doughlas. 2003) According to the Newion’s second law of motion: Drama Where J F is the net force, m is the mass of object and a is the acceleration or rate of change of velocity. ‘So we can write: aw Fmy And re-arranging: Fe ev FeM (dV) Where M is the mass of flow rate and dV is the change in velocity, Now by Impulse Momentum Principle in y direction: 3 Fy=pQ (V2y-Viy) where p is the density of the fluid Q is the discharge and (V)-Vs,) is the change in velocity in y direction. In the case of deflector of 90° the equation becomes Scanned with CamScannerF=pQcovy Fas pQV=pave Where A is the area of flow and V is the velocity of the fluid. > Impact of Jet Apparatus:- Impact of jet apparatus is a very simple apparatus. The photo; ‘with hydraulic bench is shown in figure Parts of Jet Apparatus:- © Nozale + Valve * Glass Chamber * Vertical Rod having collar on upper part © Flatand Curve Plates(Deflectors) * Weights * Pointer Hydraulic Bench graph of the apparatus Scanned with CamScannerImpact of jet apparatus directly measures the impulse force of the jet by an equivalent Weight placed in the pan. The direction of axis of the jet is vertical. When a j t of steady flowing water strikes a solid surface, the water is deflected to flow along the surface. Unlike the impact of solid bodies there is no rebound and unless the flow is highly turbulent there will be no splashing. In this experiment, the fluid is assumed as in viscid fluid hence friction is neglected. Secondly it is assumed that there is no loss because of shocks. > Procedure: Level the apparatus At zero loads and zero flow rates, adjust the position of the pointer. ‘Switch on the pump Place the load of 100gram and gradually open the valve till collar reaches its original position. Note down the time t to collect the known volume of water. Repeat step 4 for 100gram load increments till the valve is completely opened. Switch off the motor of the pump. Impact of Jet Apparatus 14 Scanned with CamScannerNin and haw Vy As Me Sr OC flew vate) $0, 2¢% Ci) becomes the Mdy __ We kno thek “7 fem of O- y a Ee So Ve OL “op = ™s fot Plt me POL im Ci), ar- LO (du) se er £OCdv) [we i ea Thin doves phlei) W known ow 14 hvodey anim < force . Scanned with CamScanner a a a a a ae i ae ee{Zz » toy Fo" Def feckar : ee =F f0 (us vat) _ -FE O (Vz oO 10 . east Sead : -f© (o-\ poy WOE Xr Oz |Z ——_—_—, Scanned with CamScanneroe ee Fev. Tet De flilo. 5). Citys . h cose fo (ve Coe ar sy ft £00, “all2e)e Ww i J). Scanned with CamScannerons and Calculations:= 4 isthe intereert Consider a e where m is a slope and ‘equanon of straight li From graph of log (Fa) verses Log Vestope ofthe tine 1 Log: (Fey) © mon (V9 *C Let CaLog (K) 1 becomes Then the equatt Loe «k) sentence aR |, Base Log (Fag) = Log (V") LO differen Pek" Jalee > Observations and Calculations: 6 ~ aPorondm eoS L Gr T= S Jikee => Orool m = k 20°C Deflector | SrNo | Mass FaeMe | Time] O-velt | V=QIA a [te] 5 ai | A 1 VW 4 1p i AbOLG | ! J tr |¥ 1339] | els Ag Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerpe. FEBS. scno0t of engineering ait Aa Soe Prepared by Ringe Abdalla Nazi (CE-352L Advanced Fluid Mechanics Lab risettapetae ( hlom Whid spot ‘amerenenes Fol 01012- we Al a |) Cocxrrive pomans «co (cLo-t & ex ray pet we ae peta deemined 15) ener Maasoutie 4+ [stance ne renting of prewore aa | ne | cmon) mi ae “xe weerercinvaed |Oow cniewctmsptraed | fora w.cwelhn nd paitom of pour ‘ » ‘wsiatnined aceuraicly (O— Sree pee “ « fomememetmseentnaser rombr | ag | eam] “terme 8) lo AFFECTIVE DOMAIN A nd 3) (CLOO3 ant 0 \ fe criteria Aaesiet | aaitctry satiny om | a \ 7 frown 03) (€103) e 7 at =| 1 [Follows tab Iastroctions (A2) (CLO-3) ” a3 aot | Bebaves and ecoperstes during the lab o a te | * session (AZ) (CLO) [soins in group internetions (42) . "\c04) 71 Pee repo 9) (CLO-D Tos Ma Instructor's Signature: Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO.3 “ To make the study of the ‘Pelton Wheel’ Turbine. 3. Theory 3.1 Introduction ever generation means production of eesti ene, which is the most usefil form of ene and can easily be transmitted from one place to another just by using cables, The compon hydropower plants where turbines and generators are installed is called Powerhouse. 3.2 What is meant by study of machine? 3.3 Turbine It’s a machine, which converts hydraulic ener available in the river in the form of head the shaft of the turbine gives a fet ‘gy into mechanical cnergy. Hydraulic energy is (usually raised) and discharge, whereas the rotation of ig of the mechanical energy. 3.4 Types of Turbine @ Impulse Turbine / Velocity Turbine Gi) Reaction Turbine / Pressure Turbine Impulse Turbine In this type the total energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy water by providing nozzle at the end of the penstock. This jet strikes on th of the turbine, which applies an impulse force on the buckets and torque on the runner of the turbine, which rotates the turbine runner, As runner is Keyed to the shaft so this mechanical In field the shaft of the turbine is coupied with the shaft of the _— CL ———— 17 eee Scanned with CamScannerSenerator and hence mechanical energy produced by the turbine is transmitted to the generator. The jet of water is open to atmosphere, so the pressure energy of the jet high kinetic energy that's why ‘Impulse Turbine" is also called as “Veloci 3.5 Types of Impulse Turbine zero, it has only very Turbine’. (i) Pelton Wheet (ii) Turgo Wheel 3.5.1 Pelton Wheel Pelton wheel was first introduced by Lester A. Pelton (1829-1908) in California (Massey. 1990). In Pelton wheel the total available energy of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy in the form of jet of water by providing a nozzle, Jet of water strikes on the splitter of the buckets, which are ‘mounted on the periphery of the wheel. The laboratory layout of the Pelton wheel is to be drawn in 3.1 given space. Splitter of the bucket divides the jet of water in to 2 parts, half of the water slides on one side and half on the other side of the bucket, exerting an impulse force on the ‘buckets and torque on the runner, which will produce rotation of the wheel. In this way hydraulic energy is converted into mechanical energy. The photograph of the Pelton wheel is shown in Figure 3.2, As jet of water is divided into 2 parts so shaft of the turbine is free of any axial thrust. Scanned with CamScannerF “Tangential Flow AAs jet strikes tangentially to the wheel so Pelton wheel is also known as “Tangs Turbine”. 3.5.1.1 Main Components of Pelton Wheel ‘The Pelton Wheel consists ofthe following components: 1) Nozzle 2) Spear Headed Nozzle 3) Runner 4). Shaft 5) Casing 6) Braking Drum 7) Tachometer 8) Drum Cooling Pipes 9) Bourdon Gaug 1) Nozzle It isa converging tube fited at the end of penstock. The nozzle is so designed that contraction ratio is optimum for least losses, hence maximum efficiency. Function It converts total energy of water into the kinetic energy in the form of jet of water. Scanned with CamScanner2) Spear Headed Needle {Cis the conical needle kept inside the nozzle and can axially move in forward and backward direction by turning the handle accordingly (in the fild by governor), tacts as a valve for nozzle. The backward and forward movement of thé needle increases and decreases the arca of flow, respectively, which in tum changes the flow fate through the nozzle. Function To regulate the flow through the nozzle keeping constant diameter of the jet. 3) Runner ‘The runner of the Pelton wheel consists of a number of double cupped buckets, hemispherical ‘or ellipsoidal in shape, fixed to periphery of the wheel at equal spacing. The buckets may be bolted to the wheel if the diameter is too large or cast monolithically for small sizes. Each ‘bucket has a sharp edge at the mid in the radial direction called the splitter. The jet strikes the splitter and is divided into 2 parts, thus avoiding any unbalanced thrust on the shaft. AS in Figure 3.3 ‘The splitter ofthe bucket is to bear full impact of jet hence it is made very strong. Therefore, it is not practical to provide a sharp edge and zero angles a the center ofthe bucket. Usually this angle is kept 3-6 degrees. The photograpin of the runner of the Pelton wheel turbine is in Figure 34. Scanned with CamScannerjae the frictional ¢ smooth to minim! ‘The runner is made of brass. Its internal surface is made smooth to losses, p 1 (Consult For figure 3.5, sketch orthographic projections for the bucket of the Pelton Whee! ( Lewitt (1993), Page 600). Function its this mechanical Runner converts hydraulic energy in to mechanical energy and transmits this mechan’ energy tothe shaft 4) Shaft . eghaft It is the rotating rod of the turbine supported by the bearings. The runner is keyed to the shat which is made of mild steel Function Ittansmits mechanical energy from the runner to the braking drum (Generator in the field). 5) Casing ‘The cover provided around the Runner is known as casing. It is made of cast iron; its upper Part can be easily removed as itis bolted with the lower part. The pressure of the water inside the casing is atmospheric (Douglas, 1989). Functions Casing does no! maintain any hydraulic pressure. Following are its main functions: (i) To provide safety around the runner or to avoid accidents, (i) To limit splashing of water and to guide it to tailrace channel Scanned with CamScannerFigure 3.4: Photograph of ranner of Pelion Wheel ©) Braki System A rotating system used to measure the brake power of the turbine. One side of the system has clamp for application of tbraking torque and on the other side there is @ lever system arrangements for measuring this torque by applying known weights Function Itis used to measure the brake power or output of the turbine, 7) Tachometer A gauge used to measure the revolution per minute (1pm) of the runner is termed as tachometer. It is attached on the far end of the shaft by a belt and gives a direct reading. Function It gives the rpm of the shaft at un-braked and various braked positions. 8) Bourdon Gauge It is a gauge, which is used to measure the pressure head of water at the base of the nozzle, H=Hg+Z Where, H is the head available at the base of the nozzle, Hg is the head given by the gauge at its centroid and Z is the vertical distance between the center of the nozzle base and the center of the bourdon gauge.( Elevation Correction) Scanned with CamScanner_ pre Figure 3.5: Bourdon Gauge fitted over the base of the nozzle Scanned with CamScannera Manoa rare: ge: Abi NaF Tieoterpeimee Cuferinent on pelten w \atll (CE-3S2L Advanced Fluid Mechanies Lab lm) cocxmrve OMAN (cn coe &e ie ee me rixhinamiaan | ue, 1 [Examine tina sod turbaent ow in Sand tr ie ro eres JA fae fr iret lines (CLO-D) ao | Risteedneteraimeens | Rovere dermnt { sence _2 | Peterimoe the impals fore on defectors jo diterent gies (cLO-02) so |éebes na deers = peer aioe tern he sen ped re jecLo-02) ite ® lorrsvcHoMorox poNAR on ey fine tpmemnins | 5 ns [oscar one 3 “Posecatemaanconmmne | |Myatoecgsai® | toacante™*| Sie, as aoe: 20 | saaintnined wecerately (0 — est sceursiely (maintained accurately (16 ee = incon at | Jonenesctauontmcranety | ag [,_tupunemen | ttn ttn et ni oa EG on haa |/ecrmcreeia los AFrECTIVE pOMAIN (2 9 43)(CLOAS 0 = cri asst [tam cmhecen | + [raion ves 96109) 7 wo i | 1s [Follows lab Instructions (42) (CLO-3) wo 0-3 4-7 se \ y Betars a open ring tb Qi G rf ve | mare — esi ep irero ) 2 ws o | cto we Porta eer 4311.04) 3 Ga ue | ‘Total Marks: Toa Oba Mase instructor's Signature: Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIME) To perform experiment on Pelton Wheel and hence to plot its Characteristics Curves. 4.1 Apparatus 1. Pelton Wheel 2.Weights 3 Discharge Measuring Tank 4.Tachometer 5. Stop Watch 4.2 Related Theory 4.2.1 Introduction In this type of turbine totat energy of the fluid is converted into the kinetic energy in the form of jet of water through nozzle and then the jet of water impinges on spliters of the series of buckets, which are mounted on the wheel, A torque will be produced equal to the product of force and radius, which rotates the runner. As the runner is keyed with the shaft, so mechanical energy is transmitted to the shaft and from there to Braking Drum. Impulse turbine is ¢ tangential flow turbine. 4.2.2Braking Torque Product of lever arm length and weight or load is called Braking Torque. It is applied to the rotating drum to apply brake on it T=WxL Where, T is the braking torque, W is the weight in the pan and L is the lever arm. 4.2.3. Brake Horse Power (B.H.P) Iris the output power available atthe shaft of Pelton Wheel and is measured by applying brakes to the rotating braking drum. P =B.H.P = 2nNT/60 Where P is the output power or brake power, Nis the np.m of the shaft at braked position and T is the braking torque. 1 H.P. is the rate of performing 550 fi-Ibs of work per second. (1 HP.=746 watts). a 24 Scanned with CamScannerTable 4.1: Observations& Calculations for 10 0% Gate opening Unit —| Parameter Value Hg eof water Zz inches ___| H=Hg+Z ih of water L inches Temp °C Y ; Nina Tank Dimension = inches Tank Vol. Onos m3 Time to fill the tank. t $47 sec Q=Voi/t Siyie 3 /ooe Pin= YQH LY ba Watts Sr.No. Ww T=WxL N Po= == les | N Wm) (rpm) | 2nNT/60 | (Po/Pin)100 - (Watts) (%) 1 O n S Bo 2 755 ~ 5 + 5 6 7 8 3 10 11 Scanned with CamScanner---§--= datal Scanned with CamScanner~--&-- data3 quadratic Scanned with CamScanner: f set verte i 5 aan SUNT LL A 0 1000 “2000 1" BQ00! 4000 5000 bite 6000 i Peon Hy POM | iT i - Scanned with CamScanner42.4 Indicated Horse Power (LH.P.) "ris the input power supplied to the Peon wheel i hydaul Pin= 1. W= ron form, Where ¥ js f Niet sthe specific weigh of water, Q isthe discharge though the nozale and isthe head a lable at the base of the nozzle (H=Hg+Z). Hg is the pressure head given by the Bourdon: auge and Z isthe elevation correction 423 Efficiency {Wis the ¢éage ratio between the output power available at the shaft of pelion Wheel (B.H.P) and input power supplied to it (LHP) T=PolPinx 100 = 4.2.6 Gate Opening It is the opening of the nozzle mouth in % age. Suppose if 6 turns are required in anticlockwise j Girection for 100%gate opening then 3 tums in clockwise direction are required for 50% gate opening. ‘This experiment is being performed on two gate openings i.e. 100% of 50% 4.2.7 Characteristic Curves It is the graphical representation of the response of Pelton Wheel at varying speed (0-Nmax) for efficiency. output power and braking torque. Characteristics curves are required to study the behavior of the machine under varying speed and to determine the important parameters of the machine, like maximum efficiency of the machine. normal speed, maximum braking torque, ‘A turbine is always designed and manufactured to work under a given set of conditions such as discharge, head of water, speed, power generated, efficiency etc. but a turbine may have to be used under conditions different than those for which it has been designed. It is essential that exact behavior of turbine under varied conditions should be predetermined. This can be predicted graphically by means of the characteristics curves. These curves are drawn for constant head and discharge or constant input power. The characteristics curves are provided by the Manufacturer of the turbine and are essentially required at the time of its purchase. ES Scanned with CamScanner4.2.8 Normal Speed Its the speed of the shaft of the turbine (r,p.m.) corresponding to its maximum efficiency. 4.2.9 Procedure 1. Switch on the motor of the pump. Adjust the spear headed needle to have the 100% gate opening. 3. Note down the head available the bourdon gauge. 4. Note down the atmospheric temperature and determine the specific weight of water corresponding to that temperature. 5. Note down the r-p.m. of the revolving shaft with the help of Tachometer. 6. Observe the time required to fil the tank of known volume, 7. Put some load on the pan and apply brakes to the drum by tightening the clamp, which will reduce the r.p.m. of the shaft. Note down the weight applied and corresponding speed in to the table. 8, Switch off the motor of the pump. 4.3 Results Results of the experiment (characteristics curves) are shown and in Table 4.5 in Tabular form. 4.4 Comments In Ahi enpermarhs UX vals t dde coeg ak different Cpm vere (ou, 633%, Wary, SOM, V4 Bory ah ov) ¢ ff rieres ney eet voy high oy thee team’ ‘ wall staal Hn ne bith hed fudhne) ne mo hed & \ivbice trou gene tho, Scanned with CamScannerts) Cocsrrmve powars (C4) (C10. 4 03) CE-3S2L Advanced Fluid Mechanics Lab Vein Expermaene: 7 [so] nn Lees ot Ansinment \ & 1 [Examine ine ad tat Soa tances [RSID eer San be erm (chon) 20 | geen) fo. | 1 2 |Peerimae tempat force on dec, pana oineren sae (CLO) * cannery Prime teens spd & wre Toners | 2 lors aS = SS eeial cides) ace J FSvcromoTOR DOMAIN CLO 4 |Mensore tbe readinesotsremre ead | 2» | omar om, JOtserve the varios weight on he fe ae we, «| etctrs and mintninthe dchrge ai | eeeeeren [ere pint poston «¢ [Ooarve the ons on banger pty ing tachometer os le) AFFECTIVE DOMALN (Az and A3) (CLO. and 4) & Tae ane A Criteria ee Satatcry mt 2 7 Prete ab es 429 (CL0-) 1" 7 7 1 [Fators a estrone (43) (C103) © oo = 110 | [Betas aod conperates doing he ib va 7 session (42) (CLO-4) vo [ses ingroup interactions (42) it i a6 cro) 11 [votes ab report (A3) (CLO) » 7 te “otal Mark ‘Total Obtained Mark Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT No. 5 To make study Characteristic C 5. Theory of “Francis Reaction Turbine” and to plot its ‘urves, 5.1 Reaction Turbine in this turbine water is supplied to the runner with pressure energy’ well as kinetic energy. I ‘Works due to the drop in pressure energy between the inlet and outlet of the casing. Water glides ver the vanes and applies a torque on the runner, which produces the rotation ofthe shaft. 5.2 Types of Reaction Turbine 1. Francis Turbine 2. Kaplan Turbine 5.3 Types of the reaction Turbine according to the direction of flow 1, Axial Flow Reaction Turbine (Kaplan Turbine) 2. Radial Flow reaction Turbine (i) Inward radial Flow Reaction Turbine (Francis Turbine) Gi) Outward Radial Flow Reaction Turbine. 3. Mixed Flow Reaction Turbine (all modern types of turbines are mixed flow) In Radial Flow Reaction Turbines, the fluid flows mainly in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the rotation (James, 2003). 5.4 Francis Reaction Turbine It is an inward radial flow reaction turbine in which vanes are radial at inlet and discharge is radial at outlet, 5.5 Main Components/ Parts of the Francis Reaction Turbine 1. Spiral Casing Guide Mechanism (i) Fixed Guide Blades (ii) Moveable Guide Blades. eC 28 Se ————— —— Scanned with CamScannerWN. Ww ee ei 3. Runner 4. Shaft 5. Draft Tube 6. Braking System 7. Tachometer Figure 5.1: Photograph of the Francis Reaction Turbine pee al =o noha . 3 sPired Caring bebe ~UGR i. (ahem hesewor) Figure 5.2: Laboratory Layout of Francis Reaction Turbine. —_—__. 29 SS Scanned with CamScanner(Undue own 4 bo Figure 5.3: Section of the scroll easing showing the Guide Mechanism and Runner. 1. Spiral Casing It is a closed (air tight) chamber, which accommodates the guide mechanism and runner, cross-sectional area of the casing, reduces in the direction of flow. which converts pressure energy of water into kinctic energy. Pressure energy at the inlet of the casing is above atmospheric and at the outlet of the casing itis below atmospheric (-ve. 2. Guide Mechanism These are the guide blades, which guide the water to foow towards the runner with least losses of energy. Guide Mechanism consists of the following: i Fixed Guide Blades. + ii Moveable Guide Blades. i Fixed Guide Blades ‘These are the'blades, which are fixed in position, and they guide the flow of water towards movable guide biatles in proper direction with the minimum loss of energy. Scanned with CamScannerii Moveable Guide Blades e about their frictionless Moveable guide blades consist of the number of blades, which can rotate about their Functions \ in proper direction for i To guide the water coming from thre fixed guide blades to the runner in proper dire shock less entry to the runner. i eed of the turbine. 1i To regulate the flow of water to the runner and to maintain the constant speed of th is rotating wheel of the Francis Reaction Turbine, which is keyed to the shaft of the ul it ists of series of curved vanes connected with circular dises on both sides. ‘The surface of the made smooth to minimize the losses due to friction. For low heads, the runner may be, is made of steel or alloy. The photograph of the runners of ‘ure (Duncan, 1960), runner made of cats iron, for higher heads the Francis Reaction Turbine is shown in Function converts the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. 4. Shaft I Js a rotating rod supported by the bearings. It transmits mechanical energy ftom runner to the Braking Dram. 5. Draft Tube It is a diverging pipe which connects the oulet of the casing and the tail race level. (TRL). Lower end of the Draft Tube is kept submerged. Pressure at the inlet of the Drafi Tube is —ve and at outlet itis atmospheric, Functions 1 enables the turbine to be installed above the tail race level without losing any appreciable loss of energy (head) to facilitate the easy inspection and maintenance an d to prevent from rusting. ii As the area of flow of the Draft Tube gradually increases so it increases the Pressure energy from —ve at the inlet to. atmospheric at outlet of the Draft Tube.©. Braking System A rotati g dram used 1 measure the brake power of th called as Braking Drum, One side F the Drum has a clamp for the application of br aye on the inner side there is a {ever system arrangements for measuring this torue by apply ing known weights 7. Tachometer X rauge used to measure the speed of rotation of the runner in terms of revolutions per rvinute ("P.N). Its attached to the shaft through a belt and gives a direct reading 32 eS SSS SSE Scanned with CamScanner5.6 Water Circulation in F un Reservoir Pump Pen Stock Scroll Casing Moveable Guide Blades Runner Vv Draft Tube Vw Underground Reservoir re rr 33 a Scanned with CamScanner5.7 Braking Torque Product of lever arm length and weight or load is called Braking Torque. Its applied to the rotating drum to apply brake on it T=WxL torque, W is the weight in the pan and L is the lever arm. Where, T is the braki rakes. 5.8 Brake Horse Power (B.H.P) available at the shaft of Francis turbine and is measured by apply It is the output pow: to the rotating braking drum. P = B.H.P = 2xNT/60 Where P is the output power or brake power, N is the r.p.m of the shaft at braked position and T is the braking torque. 1 H.P. is the rate of performing 550 fi-Ibs of work per second. (1 H.P.=746 watts). ee Scanned with CamScannerExp: 5 LZ s& Calculations for 100% Gate opening Table : Observa —terameter L Value P 3 - = YH,H=P/y __m of water L Inches Temp °C y N/m Tank Dimension Inches. ___ Tank Vol m3 Time to fill the tank,t | Sec Q=Vol/t ™3/oo Pin= YQH Watts Sr.No. | M w oT N Po= = g ke N) =WXL] (pm) | 2aNT/60 | (Po/PinyL00 (N-m) (Watts) (%) 1 ) Joto fo S472 [0 0 | 2 [90 fo) Toit oo? | Sars VW6o [We [3] o-e74 [| B47 T1867 [ty i 45 oo | Wot 14-6) | 26:34 5 | oi? \j02 oro | 26°42 [6 alot 60 3) | raze [7 22] Hy 4 bo 1v-84 | 8 ore 269 227 | a6 [9 1S yy 18) [10 » 267 0 0 {i Scanned with CamScanner4 Masirougn Power Cw) | Man ef frieney Cv) 26-92 BAT. —\VRo2 ‘Mow. Aorwe. Gn cm). Vt U6 an ter wl oN) Maw Seed CR: em _N ovmal Sted (2m) joe = For loow ny | *| a ieeuecun neal 4000-1800 i ee ae csScanned with CamScanner5.9 Comments Qn Ania bovbine » odd a f ianide Vern and produeed = o.| ve to 199 ONT, of8Y 0-22] runner. AL Ahene and oul put Scanned with CamScannerwat yd Mesias ‘Advanced UREN sp Maral \:. School of Engineering eared: Bag. Abdul NE Se? reser CE-352L Advanced Fluid Mechanics Lab : tilan “Tvving sein Tike of Experinen \caphan Turd 2 Rerisraton sas F2o\)/i203% se A} wee [scoovrrnowarnece ct0.01 8.) x Marks ne ome Les otAtimeat Fv » RO, Fand ML for different | RN, fund ML for dierent + [Pete mine and ai oa x totic | sy [Pipes (CLO-01 20 | news no determina (0-10) 18) ‘dutormind (16-28 Nfencterspraay | "weber acorsiy ‘ermiedc-20) rcewsyet ore | geese stoi parity" gy sand 6 2 [Peterimee he impulse teres on deters | 4g of itereat aglee (CLO) ‘Meine 19) Deterimne the efceny, peed & torque 3 for a Terbine fermi! Noe 3) a | [0 PsycHomoToR DOMAIN (r3 (CLO-5 - Musared Manemeivic. | Mesnred Marowtric Manan eines wet | see poraty [ding racer 16- 4 |Mtennare te readies ofpressre bead | 29 |trregacasagon)| Mn re = worms va aed cra [Observe the varius weight 9 the Sees « Joencors sa » oe osaae heeds anger 8p Lents posture | Ln andy ones ‘ (eigmcteaser mY] os erocaraycretg) | “aco 6-30 Joy AFFECTIVE DOMAIN (2 an 3) (CLO a 09 ina Bint ] Criteria ane Vasetectre Satetiiry Geos ey 1 [Fotow ib rales (42) (C103) 5 ws = to + [fates aarcines 2}(c103) | ~ S | [Bator ool peat eb |g wo ns ne senso (42) (CLO) yp [lie roe teractions (43) . wo wo cu 1 [Os tb epee A) (CLO-I " a u ‘Total Obtained Marks: 1 ‘Total Mae Instructor's Sigaatare: Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT No. 6 lot its To make study of “Kaplan Turbine” and hence to p! Characteristic Curves, 6. Theory 6.1 Kaplan Turbine The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades . i he] developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, who combined automatically — Propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a Wi rt of flow and water Jevel. Kaplan turbine is a low head turbine and used for heads of less than meters. It is a pure axial flow turbine. 6.2 Theory of Operation ‘The Kaplan turbine is an outward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. Power is recovered from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic ener: combines features of radial and axial turbines, ‘gy of the flowing water. The design The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, spin. causing it to The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and recover ki energy. 6.3 Main Components/ Parts of the Francis Reaction Turbine 1. Spiral Casing 2. Guide Mechanism (i) Fixed Guide Blades (ii) Moveable Guide Blades, 3. Runner 4. Shaft 5. Draft Tube 6. Braking System ee” Scanned with CamScanner7. Tachometer Figure 6.1: Photograph of the Kaplan Reaction Turbine 6.4 Working Principle Water under pressure flushes draft tube through the guide vanes and falls on the adjustable blades, which enables to adjust the flow. After crossing propeller, the kinetic energy of water converted into rotational motion shaft. The shaft powered generator and produce electric power. 6.5 Classification of Kaplan Turbine The Kaplan turbine can be divided in double and single regulated turbines. A Kaplan turbine with adjustable runner blades and adjustable guide vanes is double regulated while one with only adjustable runner blades is single regulated. The double regulated Kaplan turbines can werk i 38 | SS Scanned with CamScannerscan etweati 1 gulated turbine ‘and 100% of the maximum design discharge and the single re only work between 30% and100 percent of the maximum design discharge» 6.6 Advantages of Kaplan turbine: Runner vanes are adjusted in the Kaplan Very low heads are required Very small no of blades are used nearly 3 to 8 blades Less resistance has to be overcome. 6.7 Disadvantages of Kaplan Turbine: Position of the shaft is only in vertical + Speed of the turbine is 250 to 850 + High speed generator is required Large Flow rate must be required 6.8 Detail of Different Parts of Kaplan Turbine 1. Spiral Casing It is a closed (air tight) chamber, which accommodates the guide mechanism and runner, cross-sectional area of the casing reduces in the direction of flow, which converts pressure energy of water into kinetic energy. Pressure energy at the inlet of the casing is above atmospheric and at the outlet of the casing it is below atmospheric (-ve) 2. Guide Mechanism These are the guide blades, which guide the water to flow towards the runner with least losses of energy. Guide Mechanism consists of the following: i Fixed Guide Blades. ii Moveable Guide Blades. i Fixed Guide Blades These are the blades, which are fixed in position, and they guide the flow of water towards movable guide blades in proper direction with the minimum loss of energy. ii Moveable Guide Blades Moveable guide blades consist of the number of blades, w! pivots ich can rotate about their frictionless 39 Scanned with CamScannerFunctions ') To guide the water coming from there fixed guide blades to the runner in proper direction for shock less entry to the runner. ii) To regulate the flow of water to the runner and to maintain the constant speed of the turbine. 3. Runner It is rotating wheel of the Kaplan Turbine, which is keyed to the shaft of the turbine. It consists of series of curved vanes connected with circular dises on both sides. The surface of the runner is made smooth to minimize the losses due to friction. For low heads, the runner may be made of cast iron, for higher heads it is made of steel or alloy. The photograph of the runners of the Francis Reaction Turbine is shown in Figure (Duncan, 1960). Function Weonverts the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. 4, Shaft It is a rotating rod supported by the bearings. It transmits mechanical energy from runner to the Braking Drom. 5. Draft Tube It is a diverging pipe which connects the outlet of the casing and the tail race level. (T-R.L). Lower end of the Draft Tube is kept submerged. Pressure at the inlet of the Draft Tube is —ve and at outlet it is atmospheric. Functions i It enables the turbine to be installed above the tail race level without losing any appreciable loss of energy (head) to facilitate the easy inspection and maintenance an d to prevent from rusting, ii As the area of flow of the Draft Tube gradually increases so it increases the pressure energy from —ve at the inlet to atmospheric at outlet of the Draft Tube 6. Braking System ‘A rotating drum used to measure the brake power of the turbine is called as Braking Drum. One side of the Drum has a clamp for the application of braking torque on the inner side there is a 40 Scanned with CamScannerlever system arrangements for measuring this torque by a Tachometer 5 i inute A gauge used to measure the speed of rotation of the runner in terms of revolutions per min (p.m). Its attached to the shaft through a belt and gives a direct reading 6.9 Water Circulation in Kaplan Turbine Underground Reservoir Pump Pen, Moveable Guide Blades | Runner . Underground Draft Tube — Reservoir 41 Scanned with CamScannerFigure 6.2: Runner of the Kaplan Turbine 6.10 Braking Torque Product of lever arm length and weight or load is called Braking Torque. It is applied to the rotating drum to apply brake om it T=WxL ‘Where, T is the braking torque, W is the weight in the pan and L is the lever arm. 6.11 Brake Horse Power (B.H.P) It's the output power available atthe shaft of Kaplan turbine and is measured by applying brakes to the rotating braking drum. P = B.H.P = 2nNT/60 Where P is the output power or brake power, N isthe is the braking torque. | HLP. is the rate watts). pn of the shaft at braked position and T of performing 550 ft-lbs of work per second, (1 H.P. =746 Scanned with CamScannerTable : Observations& Calculations for 100% Gate opening Parameter Value tat 4 P i Ty Be _ P 12) Pa (N/m*) P= YH,H = P/Y¥ W492 m of water t vol, Inches Temp Zo °C r 470 - Nia Tank Dimension = Inches A ___Tank Vol. 0-005 m3 Time to fill the tank, t q4 Sec_ Q=Vol/t v2 elo) ™3 [coe L Pin=YQH 61-44 Waus Table : Observations & Calculations for 100% Gate Opening Sr. No. N Po= = (rpm) | 2nNT/60. | (Po/Pin)100 (Watts) (%) 1 si To o 2 A ¥ Ds 3 25 1 4 Mo Wy] Oro 5 4 5 W962] o ro S4 2-2 +6 6 vipa oro? orb \02 7 benz] on 38 oO ° 8 \ 9 { \ 10 \ i L \ Scanned with CamScanner[vinnie Power CWI 7: _ Maen ef fivency. c: a — Man SPeed CR: Rew Ths 4 / Q9 tne ne nn cnn Scanned with CamScanner Nowe speed (0-0) | Ugol Mow tovwe On wm) Orodh — wl. 0: owlne 1000 | 2000‘Scanned with CamScanner9 1000 (2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 N | Scanned with CamScanner4% 342A 02% acd vey seal beceve aed oc hgh fle rodvead |, ( Scanned with CamScanner{zZ Advanced Pat Mechanes Lad ‘ab Maca reparaby ag. Abdallah Nase CE-352L Advanced Fluid Mechanies Lab Bwectrpeimer Awl 4)... TWwobine Spates, *) Retiontoana: PT olf isi2 see DV [CONTE pomary, {C4 (CLO-O1 & 02) : [sz | + |tstnnetninrsosnusnreme ™ Greta ene [Beth or ret jircwcexoceny a | evince, [Revie | Soa = [Pein timp rete Tacenaae” \"Zicepeocy” of different ansies (CLO.03) ‘determing (14-18) Aetermind (16-20) iam an GT cama aemn) ERS » [fren eatoncweszom | Fart erm | are eae cio = rneclrrety [ec eerie |mPsvcHomoron pow em (clog \ Means Mmwmete | Maret Maem 4 |Mensare the readings of preasure bead ae | Maswoste readlon oat | reads re partally ecrredccraan(o-30] OB we ari tom stewr eign | tw rae «¢ [Observe toe losds en banger & rpm by ssing tachometer co Teaccerany (Ine 15) | — necerataly (6-20) lc) AFFECTIVE DOMAIN (A2 and A3)(CLO-E3 and 0) ie Criteria Niet | Vaattactery sess | nt \ ae 7 [roltows ta rates (A2)(C1.0-3) 1° os rz | 1s [Fottows lab Tastructions (A2) (CLO-3) 10 13 1 | \ | |Betaves and conperatrderingtbenb |g ao oe | vue | seston (A2)(CLO-®) vy bs in rupert) . a o | \ (cto) 11 [tsa pert (43) (CLO-1 ” as oe \ Tota tonnes Instructor's Sigoatare: Scanned with CamScannerIMENT No. 7, «ow e to plot To make study of “Axial Flow Impulse Turbine” and hence to Pp! its Characteristic Curves. 7. Theory 7.1 Axial Flow Impulse Turbine impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid jet. The resulting impulse Spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid in the turbine blades (the moving blades), all the pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles). ‘Newton's second law deseribes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines. 7.2 According to the type of energy at inlet In the impulse turbine, the total head of incoming fluid is converted in to a large velocity head at the exit of the supply nozzle. That is the entire available energy of water is conserved in to Kinetic energy. ‘The fluid leaves the nozzle at very high velocity Impulse Turbine——_> High Head, Low flow rate device Reaction Turbines Low Head, High flow rate device. 7.3 Main Components/ Parts of the Axial Flow Impulse Turbine 3. Spiral Casing 4. Guide Mechanism (i) Fixed Guide Blades (i) Moveable Guide Blades. 3. Runner 4. Shaft 5. Drafi Tube 6. Braking System 7. Tachometer —— ——— 45, Scanned with CamScannerFigure 6.1: Photograph of the axial flow impulse Turbine “+ Different Water turbines Pelton turbine, a type of impulse water turbine. Francis turbine, a type of widely used water turbine. Kaplan turbine, a variation of the Francis Turbine Turgo turbine, « modified form of the Pelton wheel. Cross-flow turbine, also known as Banki-Michell turbine, or Ossberger turbine. Scanned with CamScannerImpulse turbine IMPULSE TURBINE YS REACT! Reaction turbine > The steam completely expands in the nozzle and its pressure remains constant during its flow through the blade passages expands partially in the > The ste YT ie nozzle and further expansi place in the rotor blades © The relative velocity of sicam passing over the blade remains constant in the absence of friction } The relative velocity of steam passing ‘over the blade increases as the steam ‘expands while passing over the blade >_ Blades are symmetrical Blades are asymmetrical > The pressure on both ends of the moving blade is same © For the same power developed, as pressure drop is more, the number of stages required are less The blate efficiency curve is less lat } The pressure on both ends of the moving blade is different > For the same power developed. 3 pressure drop is small, the number of stages required are more The blade efficiency curve is more flat The steam velocity is very high and > The steam velocity is not very high and therefore the speed of turbine is low. therefore the speed of turbi 7.4. Operational Mechanism of Impulse Turbine — Splitter vege Section through bucket Scanned with CamScanner7.8 Water Circulation in Axial Flow Impulse Underground | Renervolt MZ AP GH Scroll casing Fixed Guide Blades Moveable Guide Blades Runner Underground Reservoir Scanned with CamScanner7.6 Braking Torque Prohict of lever arm length and weight load called Braking Torque Wt is applied ro she rotating drum to apply brake on it T=Wxh Where. Tis the braking torque, Wis the weight in the pan and L. is the lever arm: 7.7 Brake Horse Power (B.H.P) flow impulse turbine and is measured by It is the output power available at the shaft of axial applying brakes to the rotating braking drum. P = B.H.P = 2nNT/60 m of the shaft at braked position and T Where P is the output power or brake power. N is the rp. ficlbs of work per second. (1 H.P. =746 is the braking torque. 1 H.P. is the rate of performing 550 watts) 49 Scanned with CamScannerUnit | Bar Po Pain’) P=YHH=P/y_ | m of water : 7 7 r Temp 5 y 978% Wag [Tank Dimension | - Inches a ___ Tank Vol. Oroud m3 Time to fill the tank, t qv) Sec Yslvle m3 5 Sec. Ty-07 Watts Sr. No. | M Ww T N Po= = ke D NT =WXE| (pm) 2nNT/60 | (Po/Pin)100 pe ik (N-m) (Watts) | (%) [1 [o [o Jo jo a [0 Oo [2 | te]ot fol 0-037 | 763) | told \S¥o | ; 3 | toe | Tei | 24-33 [4 f= TU 16-74 [| 28-67 Los] 630 lo 1) | Vol [ve | 6 Lz? [Ut [7 34 oF 163 fC 8 oO ° 2 | 9 [ 10 u Scanned with CamScannercence aime — Desey a tkiva | Mawiaye Power WD! 16 1S oe ef frvency | Cu) l a4 ‘35 aw SPeed CR. § (Rem 3142 Noval 5 sted (En) 0 a4 Mon torwe Cn. a Je Novyve | Cn Fas) Scanned with CamScannerined with CamScannerhfe =o = y 4 : t i i : : 4 Gee Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner