Advance, and never halt, for advancing is perfection.

Advance and do not fear the thorns in the path, for they draw only corrupt blood.
Khalil Gibran
17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader
Types of Loads
Beam
A beam is normally horizontal and the
loads vertical. Other cases which occur
are considered to be exceptions.

Concentrated load
A Concentrated load is one which can be
considered to act at a point although of
course in practice it must be distributed
over a small area.

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

Distributed load
F N/m
A Distributed load is one which is spread
in some manner over the length or a
significant length of the beam. It is xm
usually quoted at a weight per unit length
of beam. It may either be uniform or vary
from point to point.

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 R=FL N
F N/m

L  m L/2 m

1
F N/m R= FL N
2

L  m 2
L  m 1
L  m
3 3

L  2L  A1=FL
HN/m A1   +A2  
2  3  1
x=   A2 = HL
A1+A2 R=A1+A2 2

F N/m

L  m x

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader
When a beam is loaded by forces or couples, internal stresses and strains are created. To determine
these stresses and strains, we first must find the internal forces and couples that act on cross sections of
the beam. F1 F2
a

A B
a
The internal forces in a section of a body are those forces which hold together two parts of a given body
separated by the section. Both parts of the body remain in equilibrium. It follows that internal forces
which exist at a section are equivalent to all external forces acting on the particular part of the body.
VB F1 F2
MB
NB NB

A VBB MB B
NB Normal force Acts perpendicular to the cross Prevent relative axial translation between the two
section segments
VB Shear force Tangent to the cross section Prevent relative vertical translation between the two
segments

MB Bending moment Couple moment Prevents relative rotation

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

Sign convention
Positive sense
MB MB
B B
Left section Right section
NB NB
VB VB

NB creates tension in its segment

VB will cause its segment to rotate

clockwise

MB will cause its segment to bend

in a concave upward manner

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

Sign convention
Negative sense

B NB NB B
Left section Right section
VB MB VB
MB

NB creates compression in its

segment

VB will cause its segment to rotate

counterclockwise

MB will cause its segment to bend

in a concave downward manner

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader
 500 N 200 N 300 N

A C B D E

2m 1.3 m 1.3 m 2m 0.66 m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 500 N 200 N 300 N

A Bx
C B D E

NA
2m 1.3 m 1.3 m 2m 0.66 m
By
R x =Bx =0
Ry =NA -500-200+By -300=0
MB =-NA  4.6  +500  2.6  -300  2.66  =0

NA =109.13 N, By =890.87 N

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 500 N 200 N 300 N
A C B D E
109.13 2m 1.3m 1.3m 2m 0.66m
890.87

300 N
VC
500 N M 200 N
NC NC M
A C B D E
C
2m 1.3m VC 1.3m 2m 0.66m
890.87
109.13

left to the student

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 500 N M
A NC
C

2m 1.3m VC
109.13

R x =NC =0

Ry =109.13-500-VC =0  VC =-390.87 N

MC =-109.13  3.3  +500 1.3 +M=0  M=289.87 N-m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

Following the same procedure as above, calculate the internal forces at point D

500 N 200 N 300 N

A C B D E

109.13 2m 1.3 m 1.3 m 2m 0.66 m

890.87

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

Find the axial force, shear force, and bending moment acting internally on the
beam at point D, E, and F.

C
F
2kN/m
3m 1m
A E B
30o
D
2m
2m 2m 4m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 P
8kN C

2kN/m

Ax A B
30o
D
4m
2m 2m member BC is a two force member
Ay

Rx =Pcos30+A x =0
Ry =Psin30-A y -8=0
MB =A y  8  + 8  6  =0
Solving the above equations yields
P=4 kN, A x =-3.46 kN, and , A y =-6 kN

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 4 kN
C
6 kN

2kN/m
3.46 kN A B 30o
D
2m 2m 4m
4 kN
C
6 kN

2kN/m 2kN/m
3.46 kN A ND B 30o
D ND D
M 2m 4m
2m M
VD VD

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 6 kN

2kN/m

3.46 kN A
D ND
M
2m
VD

Rx =ND -3.46=0  ND =3.46 kN

Ry =6-4-VD =0  VD =2 kN

MD =-6  2  +4 1 +M=0  M=8 kN.m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 4 kN
C
6 kN

2kN/m
3.46 kN A E B 30o
2m
2m 2m 4m
4 kN
C 30o
6 kN
M
2kN/m
A NE NE
3.46 kN
E E B 30o
2m 2m
2m 2m M
VE VE

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 4 kN
C
6 kN F 1m
3m
2kN/m
3.46 kN A B 30o

2m 2m 4m

4 kN
M NF C 30o
6 kN F
M F
1m
3m
2kN/m NF
A B 30 o VF VF
3.46 kN
2m 2m 4m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at a section passing through
point C in the beam

3kN/m

A
C

B
6m 12 m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 27kN

Ay 3kN/m

Ax B

12 m 6m
By
R x =A x =0
Ry =A y +By -27=0
MA =-27 12  +By 18  =0
Solving the above equations yields
A x =0, A y =9, By =18

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

Step Two: internal forces at C

3kN/m
9
L kN/m
A B
C
17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader
6m 12 m

6 L 18
=
18 3
L=1 kN/m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader

 9kN
9kN 3kN
MC
1 N/m
C NC
A A
6m C
4m 2m

R x =NC =0 VC

Ry =9-3-VC =0  VC =6 kN

MA =-3  4  -VC  6  +MC =0 MC =48 kN-m

17MECH01C-17MECH03C Dr. Amr Abdel Kader