Client: XXX Problem Description: Rectangular tank [rectangle in shape] are filled up with Isopropanaol (liquid 1) at the initial

angle in shape] are filled up with Isopropanaol (liquid 1) at the initial temperature of 45 ⁰C and it is required to maintain the liquid temperature at 30⁰C
Project No: XXX Tank is stored in a ouside building and a wind speed of around 2 miles/hr.
Project Title: XXX How long will it take to drop down temperature from 45 ⁰C to 30 ⁰C with/without insulation.
Document: Storage Tank Heat Loss Calculation Colour Key
Sheet Ref: Tank Heat Loss Calcs - Liquid 1 Manual Input
Revision: 0 Results
Last Updated: 3/21/2021 Do not use

Important values
Reference Method Used: Predict Storage Tank Heat Transfer Precisely - By J.Kumana and S.Kothari and calculations

Important Notes:
1) Uniform temperature inside the tank
2) Provision is made to select back wall area - However, to calculate the maximum heat loss back wall area should be considered-- (see the cell number C330 and C335)
3) Provision is made to select insulation thickness --- (See the cell number C221)
Main Data Input
Physical Properties Units Air density at room temperature and pressure

Liquid Air Vapor Room Pressure P 101.325 kPa

Mol. Wt of air M 29 kg/kmol
Liquid in the tank ISOPROPANOL Gas const R 8.31 kJ/kmol K
Density,ρ 790 1.25 1.25 kg/m3 Room Temp t 10 o
C
Specific Heat,Cp 3.0 1.005 1.005 kJ/kg K T 283 K
3000 1005 1005 J/kg K Air Density, PM/RT ρair = 1.25 kg/m3
Viscosity,µ 2.42 - - cP or m.Pa.s
0.00242 1.98E-05 1.98E-05 kg/m.s Thermal Conductivity of ISOPROPANOL
Thermal conductivity,k 0.199 0.0257 0.0257 W/m.K k = 3.56 x 10 -5 x Cp ( ρ4/M)1/3 ------------> from Coulson & Richardson. Vol 6, Page 321
Co-efficient of volumetric expansion, ß 0.00075 0.00343 0.00343 1/K Thermal Conductivity k= 0.199 W/m.K
Molecular Mass of liquid,M 60 - - kg/kmol
Boiling Point, oC 82 - - o
C
355.15 K

Assumed fouling coefficient, hF Units

Dry wall 7000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Wet wall 5000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Roof 7000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Bottom 4000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640

Thermal Conductivities Units

Metal walls (Carbon Steel, max 0.5% Carbon),kM 54 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials
Insulation (Glass wool), kI 0.04 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials
Ground (Earth), kG 1.5 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials

Surface Emissivity Units

Wall and roof, ε 0.9 Assumed - less than 1

Temperature Units

Vapour in tank, TV 33 oC Assumed - just below the liquid temp

Liquid in tank. TL 35 oC Minimum temp requirement by process
Outside air, TA 10 C o
Assumed - as tanks are inside the building
Ground, TG 12 C o
Assumed - just above ambient temperature

Vapour in tank, TV 306.15 K

Liquid in tank. TL 308.15 K
 Outside air, TA 283.15 K
Ground, TG 285.15 K

Gravitional constant, g 9.81 m/s2

Calculation
Calculation for Grashof Number (NGr)
Grashof Number, NGr = L3 x ρ2 x g x ß x ΔT /µ2

NGr for the liquid phase

( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) 7.84E+08
( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) L3 x ΔT 7.84E+08 x L3 x ΔT

NGr for the vapour phase

( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) 1.34E+08
( ρ2 x g x ß x /µ2 ) L3 x ΔT 1.34E+08 x L3 x ΔT

Calculation for Prandtl Number (NPr)

Prandtl Number,NPr = Cp x µ /k

NPr for the liquid phase 36.44

NPr for the vapour phase 0.77

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw

Note: as an initial approximation, assume that the wall temperature is the average of the vapour and outside air temp
Tw = (TV + TA )/ 2 First Guess
Tw 295.9 K After iteration see below

total height of the tank, L 2.55 m

% of liquid full (in terms of height) 95%

L =2.55m
Proportional height in contact with liquid, Lw 2.42 m
ΔT = Tv - Tw 10.25 K Lw
Proportional height in contact with vapour, L - Lw 0.13 m

NGr 2.85E+06

m
For vertical plates and cylinders, Nusselt Number, NNu

1
3.
NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) -------------Equation 15
NNu 11.81 2.3 m

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw = NNu x k /( L - Lw) Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)
Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 2.38 W/m2 K

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw

Note: Here, neither NPr nor (NGr NPr) falls within the range of application of the below equations. Therefore, again apply equation Equation 15 using average temp Tw

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) ------------- Equation 15

Where, 0.1<NPr<40 and NGr > 10 9

NPr 36.44

NGr NPr 2.64E+11

 hLW =NNu x k/Lw ------------- Eq (a) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft
Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)

Tw = (TL + TA) / 2 First Guess NNu = 0.495 x (NGr NPr)0.25 ----------------- Equation 16
Tw 307.5 oC After iteration see below Where, NPr >100 and 104 < (NGr NPr) < 109
ΔT = TL - Tw 0.649999999999977 K Note: In article, Equation 16 is used but as NPr and (NGr NPr) do not fall in the
range, we can't apply Equation 16 directly. Therefore, used Equation 15

NGr 7.25E+09

NNu 648.79 ------------- USING Equation 15

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw 53.36 W/m K 2

------------- USING Eq (a)

Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr

for the surfaces facing down, NNu = 0.27 x (NGr NPr)0.25 -------------Equation 20 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010
for the surfaces facing down, hVr = (0.27 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.25 ------------- Eq (b) NGr NPr = 5.55E+10 ~ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10

295.9 K First guess

Note: We will apply equation (b) assuming roof of diameter and Tw = 286.6 K After iteration see below Note: Applied Equation 20 as (NGr NPr) is very close to the above range

NGr = 1.34E+08 x L x ΔT
3

Where,
ΔT = Tv - Tw K
ΔT 19.55 K
L =D m Comment Extra Large: Not sure if the Characteristic Length/hydraulic diameter shoud be taken instead. See: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydraulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html
L 3.01 m Calculated equivalent diameter from the roof/bottom area of tank Equivalent Diameter for Roof/Bottom
l 2.3 m
NGr = 7.17E+10 w 3.1 m
Area 7.13 m2
hVr 1.12 W/m K 2
------------- USING Eq (b) Equivalent Diameter 3.01 m

Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb

for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 -------------- Equation 19 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010
for the surfaces facing up, hLb = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33 ------------- Eq ( c) NGr NPr = 4.30E+11 ≠ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10

Tw = (TL + TG) /2 Note: Applied Equation 19, though (NGr NPr) is out of range???
Tw 296.65 K First Guess

Note: We will apply equation (c) assuming tank bottom diameter and Tw = 307.6 K After iteration see below

NGr = 7.84E+08 x L3 x ΔT
Where,
ΔT = TL - Tw K
ΔT 0.549999999999955 K

L =D m
L 3.01 m

NGr 1.18E+10

hLb 63.90 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (c)

Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar

 for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 -------------- Equation 19
for the surfaces facing up, h'Ar = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33 ------------- Eq (d)

Note: Assume Tws = Tw since the roof is uninsulated and get the coefficient for still air from equation (d)
295.9 K First guess
Tws 286.6 K After iteration see below

NGr 1.34E+08 x L3 x ΔT
Where,
ΔT = Tws - TA K
ΔT 3.45000000000005 K

NGr 1.26E+10

h'Ar 2.37 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (d)

Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw

Note: Assume that the temperature drop across the film is one-fourth of the drop from the inside fluid to the outside air (averaged for the wet and dry walls) and use Equation 15 and (e) to find the co-efficient

NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) ------------- Equation 15

h = 0.138 x (NGr) x ((NPr) - 0.55) x k/L
0.36 0.175
------------- Eq (e) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft

ΔT = ((TL + TV ) / 2 ) - TA) / 4
ΔT 6K

NGr 1.34E+08 x L3 x ΔT
where,
L 2.55 m
NGr 1.33E+10

NNu 247.51 ------------- USING Equation 15

h'Aw 2.49 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (e)

Conduction coefficients for ground, metal wall and insulation ( hG, hM, hI)

hM = kM /tM ------------- Equation 21 hM (Heat transfer coefficient for metal) = kM (Thermal conductivity for metal) / tM (Surface thickness for metal)
hI = kI /tI ------------- Equation 22 hI (Heat transfer coefficient for insulation) = kI (Thermal conductivity for insulation) / tI (Surface thickness for insulation)
hG = 8 kG/π*D ------------- Equation 23 hG (Heat trnasfer coefficient for ground) = 8 * kG (Thermal conductivity for ground) / π * D (Diameter of tank)

Where,
tM 6 mm thickness of metal
0.0060 m
tI 25 mm thickness of insulation <------------- ENTER INSULATION THICKNESS
0.025 m
INSULATED
hM (Heat transfer coefficient for metal) 9000.00 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 21
hI ( Heat transfer coefficient for insulation) 1.60 W/m K
2
------------- USING Equation 22
hG (Heat transfer coefficient for ground) 1.27 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 23

Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr)

hR = 0.1713 ε [((Tws + 460)/100)4 - ((TA + 460)/100)4]/( Tws - TA) ------------- Equation 24

For the INSULATED side walls, assume

Tws = TA + 0.25 (Tbulk - TA)

Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is insulated
For the UNINSULATED side walls, assume
Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tbulk - TA)

Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is uninsulated

For the uninsulated roof, [assumed, roof is always

uninsulated]
Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA)

Vapour in tank, TV 306.15 K

Liquid in tank. TL 308.15 K
Outside air, TA 283.15 K
Therefore, Tws for insulated DRYSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (Tv - TA) First Guess
Tws 286.5 K After iteration see below

Therefore, Tws for insulated WETSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (TL - TA) First Guess
Tws 289.6 K After iteration see below

Therefore, Tws for uninsulated roof = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA) First Guess
Tws 286.6 K After iteration see below
Let us find hR for all above using Equation 24

hRd 2.548 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 24

hRw 2.564 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 24
hRr 2.549 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 24

Summary
Coefficient ( W/m2 K) Dry wall Wet wall Roof Bottom

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 2.38 - - -

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw - 53.36 - -
Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr - - 1.12 -
Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb - - - 63.90
Conduction coefficients for ground hG - - - 1.27
Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar [for still air] - - 2.37 - Do NOT use this value
Coefficient of outside air at roof considering wind Obtained by multiplying above value by wind which is obtained from the Graph/
enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity, h*Ar - - 3.08 - enhancement factor 1.3 Figure 2 for the wind velocity of 2 m/hr
Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw [for still air] 2.49 2.49 - - Do NOT use this value
Coefficient of outside air at wall considering wind Obtained by multiplying above value by wind which is obtained from the Graph
enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity, h*Aw 3.24 3.24 - - enhancement factor 1.3 /Figure 2 for the wind velocity of 2 m/hr
Conduction coefficients for metal wall hM 9000 9000 9000 9000
Conduction coefficients for insulation hI 1.6 1.6 - -
Fouling coefficient, hF 7000 5000 7000 4000
Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof
(hRd, hRw, hRr) 2.548 2.564 2.549 -
Overall coefficient,Ud, Uw,Ur,Ub 0.821 1.225 0.932 1.243

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

Overall dry - sidewall coefficient, Ud at wind velocity of 2 m/hr

1/Ud = 1/hvw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRd ) + 1/ hFd

1/Ud 1.218 m2 K/W
Ud 0.821 W/m2 K

Overall wet - sidewall coefficient, Uw at wind velocity of 2 m/hr

1/Uw = 1/hLw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRw ) + 1/ hFw

1/Uw 0.816 m2 K/W
Uw 1.225 W/m2 K

Overall roof coefficient, Ur at wind velocity of 2 m/hr

1/Ur = 1/hVr + tM/kM + 1/(hAr + hRr ) + 1/ hFr

1/Ur 1.073 m2 K/W
Ur 0.932 W/m2 K

Overall bottom coefficient, Ub

1/Ub = 1/hLb + tM/kM + 1/hG + 1/ hFb
1/Ub 0.805 m2 K/W
Ub 1.243 W/m2 K
 Recalculation of Tws and Tw for next iteration

Dry wall Tws,V = (Ud/(hRd + hAw))(Tv-TA)+TA) 286.4 K Put this value manually in cell C253 untill difference approaches zero
Tw,V=Tv-(Ud/hVw)(Tv-TA) 298.2 K Put this value manually in cell C84 untill difference approaches zero
Wet wall Tws,W = (UW/(hRW + hAW))(TL-TA)+TA) 288.4 K Put this value manually in cell C256 untill difference approaches zero
Tw,L=TL-(Uw/hLw)(TL-TA) 307.6 K Put this value manually in cell C119 untill difference approaches zero
Roof Tws,R = (UR/(hVR + hAW))(TV-TA)+TA) 287.0 K Put this value manually in cell C179 untill difference approaches zero
Tw,R=TV-(UR/hVR)(TV-TA) 287.0 K Put this value manually in cell D135 untill difference approaches zero
Bottom Tw,B=TL-(UB/hLB)(TL-TG) 307.7 K Put this value manually in cell D157 untill difference approaches zero

Surface area, A

Dimensions of one tank

Total height, L 2.55 m

L =2.55m
Length, l 2.3 m Lw
Width, w 3.1 m
Thickness, tM 0.006 m

Assumption: % of tank full with liquid 95%

m
1
Wet height, Lw 2.4225 m

3.
Dry height, Ld 0.1275 m

2.3 m
TOTAL dry side wall area, Ad = 2*((L - Lw)*l) + 2* ((L - Lw)*w)
DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES <------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE
Ad 1.38 m2

TOTAL wet side wall area, Aw = 2*(Lw * l) + 2* (Lw * w)

DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES <------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE
Aw 26.16 m2

Roof area, Ar = l * w
Ar 7.13 m2

Bottom area, Ab = l * w
Ab 7.13 m2

Overall Temperature Difference, ΔT

Vapour in tank, TV 306.15 K

Liquid in tank. TL 308.15 K
Outside air, TA 283.15 K
Ground, TG 285.15 K

ΔT for dry side = TV - TA 23 K

ΔT for wet side = TL - TA 25 K
ΔT for roof = TV - TA 23 K
ΔT for bottom = TL - TG 23 K

SUMMARY
Surface U (W/m2 K ) Area (m2) ΔT (K) Individual Heat Loss, q (W)
 Dry wall 0.821 1.38 23 26.00
Wet wall 1.225 26.16 25 801.31
Roof 0.932 7.13 23 152.87
Bottom 1.243 7.13 23 203.76

Total 4.22 41.8 1183.94

Heat loss from one tank, Q 1183.94 W

Q 1183.94 J/sec

Number of tanks 1 ASSUME NUMBER OF TANKS

(Revision note: Note that heat loss is independant of number of tanks)
TOTAL heat loss from all the tanks, Q 1,184 J/sec TOTAL HEAT LOSS WITH INSULATION

HEAT LOSS AFFORDABLE BY LIQUID

Temperature inside the tanks 45 oC

Temperature inside the tanks 318.15 K
Temperature required to be maintained in the tank 308.15 K 21.69
0.90
Specific heat capacity of liquid inside the tank 3000 J/kgK

Mass of liquid in one tank 13.65 T Mass content of liquid in the tank
Total mass of the liquid in all tanks 13.65 T
13,645 kg
Total volume of the tank =Lxlxw
ΔT 10 K L= 2.55
l= 2.3
Overall Heat Loss affordable by tank liquid 409,356 kJ w= 3.1
409,356,473 J Volume = 18.18 m3
Total mass of liquid when tank is
100% full 14,363 kg
14.36 T
Time taken to drop the temperature up to 35 deg C ln((TA-Tstart)/((TA-Tend))= Utot x Atot/(m x Cp) x t 100% liquid height equivalent to 14.36 T
Coulson & Richardson Vol.1 Page 430 95% liquid height equivalent to 13.65 T
78,069.19 sec
21.69 hrs
0.90 days

TOTAL TIME TAKEN TO DROP DOWN TANK TEMPERATURE AT DESIRED LEVEL WITH INSULATION
c-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html
and ΔT of 25 oC

and ΔT of 25 oC
 Thermal Conductivity
-k-
W/(m K)
(Btu/(ft h °F))
Temperature
Material/Substance 25 C
o
125 oC 225 oC
(77 F)
o
(257 F)o
(437 oF)

0.16
Acetone
0.0925

0.018
Acetylene (gas)
0.0104

0.2
Acrylic

0.116

0.0262 0.0333 0.0398

Air, atmosphere (gas)
0.0151 0.0192 0.023
0.02
Air, elevation 10000 m
0.0116
10.9
Agate
6.3
0.17
Alcohol
0.0982
36 26
Alumina
20.8 15
Aluminum
121
Aluminum Brass
69.9
30
Aluminum Oxide
17.3

0.0249 0.0369 0.0528

Ammonia (gas)
0.0144 0.0213 0.0305
18.5
Antimony
10.7

0.39
Apple (85.6% moisture)
0.225

0.016
Argon (gas)
0.00925
0.744
Asbestos-cement board 1)
0.43

0.166
Asbestos-cement sheets 1)
0.0959
2.07
Asbestos-cement 1)
 Asbestos-cement 1)
1.2
0.15
Asbestos, loosely packed 1)
0.0867
0.14
Asbestos mill board 1)
0.0809
0.75
Asphalt
0.433
0.048
Balsa wood
0.0277
0.17
Bitumen
0.0982
0.5
Bitumen/felt layers
0.289
0.43 - 0.48
Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture)
0.248 - 0.277
0.16
Benzene
0.0925

Beryllium
8.1
Bismuth
4.68
0.17
Bitumen
0.0982
0.02
Blast furnace gas (gas)
0.0116
1.2 - 3.5
Boiler scale
0.693 - 2.02
25
Boron
14.4
Brass
0.10 - 0.20
Breeze block
0.0578 - 0.116
1.31
Brick dense
0.757

0.47
Brick, fire
0.272
0.15
Brick, insulating
0.0867
0.6 -1.0
Brickwork, common (Building Brick)
0.347
1.6
Brickwork, dense
0.925

0.004
Bromine (gas)
0.00231
Bronze
0.58
Brown iron ore
0.335
0.2
Butter (15% moisture content)
0.116

Cadmium
 0.05
Calcium silicate
0.0289
1.7
Carbon
0.982

0.0146
Carbon dioxide (gas)

0.00844

0.0232
Carbon monoxide
0.0134
Cast iron
0.23
Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenerated
0.133
0.17 - 0.33
Cellulose acetate, molded, sheet
0.0982 - 0.191
0.12 - 0.21
Cellulose nitrate, celluloid
0.0693 - 0.121
0.29
Cement, Portland
0.168
1.73
Cement, mortar
1
Ceramic materials
0.09
Chalk
0.052
0.084
Charcoal
0.0485
0.13
Chlorinated poly-ether
0.0751
0.0081
Chlorine (gas)
0.00468
16.3
Chrome Nickel Steel
9.42
Chromium
0.42
Chrom-oxide
0.243
0.15 - 1.8
Clay, dry to moist
0.0867 - 1.04

0.6 - 2.5
Clay, saturated
0.347 - 1.44
0.2
Coal
0.116
Cobalt
0.54
Cod (83% moisture content)
0.312
0.184
Coke
0.106
0.1 - 0.3
Concrete, lightweight
0.0578 - 0.173
0.4 - 0.7
Concrete, medium
0.231 - 0.405
 1.0 - 1.8
Concrete, dense
0.578 - 1.04

1.7
Concrete, stone
0.982
23.3
Constantan
13.5
Copper
1.06
Corian (ceramic filled)
0.613
0.043
Cork board
0.0248
0.044
Cork, re-granulated
0.0254
0.07
Cork
0.0405
0.04
Cotton
0.0231
0.029
Cotton wool
0.0168
Carbon Steel
0.029
Cotton Wool insulation
0.0168

30
Cupronickel 30%
17.3
1000
Diamond
578
0.06
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel)
0.0347
0.12
Diatomite
0.0693
Duralium
1.5
Earth, dry
0.867
0.17
Ebonite
0.0982
11.6
Emery
6.7
0.15
Engine Oil
0.0867
0.018
Ethane (gas)
0.0104
0.14
Ether
0.0809
0.017
Ethylene (gas)
0.00982
0.35
Epoxy
0.202
0.25
Ethylene glycol
0.144
0.034
Feathers
 Feathers
0.0196

0.04
Felt insulation
0.0231
0.04
Fiberglass
0.0231
0.048
Fiber insulating board
0.0277
0.2
Fiber hardboard
0.116
1.4
Fire-clay brick 500oC
0.809

0.0254

Fluorine (gas)
0.0147

0.045
Foam glass
0.026
0.007
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (gas)
0.00405
0.09
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (liquid)
0.052
0.15
Gasoline
0.0867

1.05
Glass
0.607
0.18
Glass, Pearls, dry
0.104
0.76
Glass, Pearls, saturated
0.439
0.96
Glass, window
0.555
0.04
Glass, wool Insulation
0.0231
0.28
Glycerol
0.162
Gold
1.7 - 4.0
Granite
0.982 - 2.31

168
Graphite
97.1

0.7
Gravel
0.405

1.4
Ground or soil, very moist area
0.809

1
Ground or soil, moist area
0.578
0.5
Ground or soil, dry area
0.289
 0.33
Ground or soil, very dry area
0.191
0.17
Gypsum board
0.0982

0.05
Hairfelt
0.0289
0.15
Hardboard high density
0.0867
0.16
Hardwoods (oak, maple..)
0.0925

12
Hastelloy C
6.93
0.142
Helium (gas)
0.0821
0.5
Honey (12.6% moisture content)
0.289

0.013
Hydrochloric acid (gas)
0.00751
0.168
Hydrogen (gas)
0.0971
0.013
Hydrogen sulfide (gas)
0.00751
2.18
Ice (0oC, 32oF)
1.26
15
Inconel
8.67
47 - 58
Ingot iron
27.2 - 33.5
0.035 - 0.16
Insulation materials
0.0202 - 0.0925
0.44
Iodine
0.254
147
Iridium
85
Iron
0.58
Iron-oxide
0.335
0.034
Kapok insulation
0.0196
0.15
Kerosene
0.0867
0.0088
Krypton (gas)
0.00509
Lead
0.14
Leather, dry
0.0809
1.26 - 1.33
Limestone
0.728 - 0.769
Lithium
 0.07
Magnesia insulation (85%)
0.0405
4.15
Magnesite
2.4
Magnesium
70 - 145
Magnesium alloy
40.5 - 83.8
2.08 - 2.94
Marble
1.2 - 1.7
Mercury, liquid
0.03
Methane (gas)
0.0173
0.21

Methanol
0.121

0.71
Mica
0.41
0.53
Milk
0.306
0.04
Mineral wool insulation materials, wool blankets ..
0.0231
Molybdenum
Monel
0.046
Neon (gas)
0.0266
0.05
Neoprene
0.0289
Nickel
0.0238
Nitric oxide (gas)
0.0138
0.024
Nitrogen (gas)
0.0139

0.0151
Nitrous oxide (gas)
0.00873
0.25
Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6
0.144
0.15
Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50
0.0867
0.17
Olive oil
0.0982
0.024
Oxygen (gas)
0.0139
70.9
Palladium
41
0.05
Paper
0.0289

0.25
Paraffin Wax
0.144
 0.08
Peat
0.0462
0.031
Perlite, atmospheric pressure
0.0179

0.00137
Perlite, vacuum
0.000792
0.15
Phenolic cast resins
0.0867
0.13 - 0.25
Phenol-formaldehyde moulding compounds
0.0751 - 0.144
110
Phosphorbronze
63.6
159
Pinchbeck
91.9
0.13
Pitch
0.0751
0.24
Pit coal
0.139
0.2
Plaster light
0.116
0.47
Plaster, metal lath
0.272
0.71
Plaster, sand
0.41

0.28
Plaster, wood lath
0.162
0.65 - 0.8
Plasticine
0.376 - 0.462
0.03
Plastics, foamed (insulation materials)
0.0173
Platinum
Plutonium
0.13
Plywood
0.0751

0.19
Polycarbonate
0.11

0.05
Polyester
0.0289

0.33
Polyethylene low density, PEL
0.191

0.42 - 0.51
Polyethylene high density, PEH
0.243 - 0.295
0.13
Polyisoprene natural rubber
0.0751
0.16
Polyisoprene hard rubber
0.0925
0.17 - 0.25
Polymethylmethacrylate
 Polymethylmethacrylate
0.0982 - 0.144
0.1 - 0.22
Polypropylene, PP
0.0578 - 0.127
0.03
Polystyrene, expanded
0.0173
0.043
Polystyrol
0.0248
0.03
Polyurethane foam
0.0173
1.5
Porcelain
0.867
1
Potassium
0.578

0.55
Potato, raw flesh
0.318
0.015
Propane (gas)
0.00867
0.25
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
0.144
0.19
Polyvinylchloride, PVC
0.11
1.005
Pyrex glass
0.581
3
Quartz mineral
1.73
0.0033
Radon (gas)
0.00191

Red metal
Rhenium
Rhodium
7-Feb
Rock, solid
1.16 - 4.05
0.5 - 2.5
Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff)
0.289 - 1.44
0.045
Rock Wool insulation
0.026
0.32
Rosin
0.185

0.045
Rubber, cellular
0.026
0.13
Rubber, natural
0.0751
Rubidium
0.5
Salmon (73% moisture content)
0.289
0.15 - 0.25
Sand, dry
0.0867 - 0.144
0.25 - 2
Sand, moist
0.144 - 1.16
 4-Feb
Sand, saturated
1.16 - 2.31
1.7
Sandstone
0.982
0.08
Sawdust
0.0462
Selenium
0.039
Sheep wool
0.0225
0.02
Silica aerogel
0.0116
0.15 - 0.32
Silicon cast resin
0.0867 - 0.185
120
Silicon carbide
69.3
0.1
Silicon oil
0.0578
Silver
0.042
Slag wool
0.0243
2.01
Slate
1.16
0.05 - 0.25
Snow (temp < 0oC)
0.0289 - 0.144
Sodium
0.12
Softwoods (fir, pine ..)
0.0693
1.1
Soil, clay
0.636
0.15 - 2
Soil, with organic matter
0.0867 - 1.16
0.6 - 4
Soil, saturated
0.347 - 2.31
50
Solder 50-50
28.9
0.07
Soot
0.0405
0.0184
Steam, saturated
0.0106
0.0188
Steam, low pressure
0.0109

2
Steatite
1.16
Steel, Carbon
Steel, Stainless
0.09
Straw slab insulation, compressed
0.052
0.033
Styrofoam
0.0191
0.0086
Sulfur dioxide (gas)
Sulfur dioxide (gas)
0.00497
0.2
Sulfur, crystal
0.116
0.087 - 0.22
Sugars
0.0503 - 0.127
Tantalum
0.19
Tar
0.11
4.9
Tellurium
2.83
Thorium
0.17
Timber, alder
0.0982
0.16
Timber, ash
0.0925
0.14
Timber, birch
0.0809
0.12
Timber, larch
0.0693
0.16
Timber, maple
0.0925
0.17
Timber, oak
0.0982
0.14
Timber, pitchpine
0.0809
0.19
Timber, pockwood
0.11
0.14
Timber, red beech
0.0809
0.15
Timber, red pine
0.0867
0.15
Timber, white pine
0.0867
0.15
Timber, walnut
0.0867
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
0.021
Urethane foam
0.0121
Vacuum 0
0.065
Vermiculite granules
0.0376

0.25
Vinyl ester
0.144
0.606
Water
0.35
0.0267 0.0359
Water, vapor (steam)
0.0154 0.0207
 0.45
Wheat flour
0.26

35 - 70

White metal
20.2 - 40.5

0.12
Wood across the grain, white pine
0.0693
0.055
Wood across the grain, balsa
0.0318
0.147
Wood across the grain, yellow pine, timber
0.085
0.17
Wood, oak
0.0982
0.07
Wool, felt
0.0405
0.1 - 0.15
Wood wool, slab
0.0578 - 0.0867
0.0051
Xenon (gas)
0.00295
Zinc