ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION

FOR

STRUCTURAL STEEL
FABRICATION AND ERECTION

SPEC. NO. : LCES-C312

1 ’13. 08. 30

0 `09, 11. 30 FOR FINAL BY SPEC. TF TEAM

REV DATE DESCRIPTION PREP’D CHK’D APP’D

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REVISION LOG
REV. NO. REV. DATE REVISED PAGE REVISION DESCRIPTION

0 Nov. 30, 2009 FOR FINAL

1 Aug. 30. 2013
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CONTENTS
1. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................... 1

2. APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES ..................................................................... 1

3. MATERIALS ........................................................................................................................... 2

4. CONNECTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 4

5. VESSEL PLATFORMS ........................................................................................................... 5

6. PAINTING ............................................................................................................................... 5

7. GALVANIZING ........................................................................................................................ 5

8. MARKING ............................................................................................................................... 7

9. WELDING ............................................................................................................................... 7

10. SHOP BOLTING ................................................................................................................... 10

11. SHOP DRAWINGS ............................................................................................................... 10

12. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL ........................................... 12

13. ERECTION SCOPE OF ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL ........................................................... 13

14. RECEIPT OF MATERIAL ...................................................................................................... 13

15. ERECTION............................................................................................................................ 13

16. TOUCH-UP ........................................................................................................................... 20

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1. SCOPE

1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of all structural steel, building, pipe supports, vessel
platform, handrails, stairs and treads, ladders and cages, gratings and davits to be installed in
a project site to be developed by LCEPID.

1.2 Shop inspection shall be made prior to shipment.

2. APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES

2.1 Specifications, codes and regulations referred to herein but not dated shall be the edition in
effect on the date of Issue of this specification.

2.2 Fabrication of structural steel shall be in accordance with the following;

2.2.1 AISC "Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for
Buildings"

2.2.2 AISC "Code of Standard Practice"

2.2.3 "Specification for Structural joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts" by the Research
Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural joints as endorsed by AISC

2.2.4 AWS D1.1 "Structural Welding Code-Steel'’

2.2.5 ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers)

B18.2.3.7M "Metric Heavy Hex Structural Bolts"

B18.2.4.6M "Metric Heavy Hex Nuts"
B18.2.4.5M "Metric Hex Jam Nuts"

2.2.6 IFI (Industrial Fasteners Institute) Standard – 100

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2.2.7 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

A6 "General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piling and
Bars for Structural Use"
A36 "Structural Steel"
A307 "Spec. for Carbon Steel Externally Threaded Standard Fasteners"
A325M "High-strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints, Including Suitable Nuts and
Plain Hardened Washers"
A490M "Quenched and Teri1pered Alloy Steel Bolts for Structural Steel Joints"
A123 "Zinc (Hot-Galvanized) Coatings on products Fabricated from Rolled,
Pressed, and Forged Steel Shapes, Plates, Bars, and Strip”

A153 "Zinc Coating (Hot Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware"

A385 "Recommended Practice for Providing High Quality Zinc Coating (Hot Dip)"
A386 "Zinc Coaling (Hot Dip) on Assembled Steel Product"
A563M "Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts"
A780 “Repair of Damaged Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings"

2.2.8 Japanese Industrial Standard

JIS G 3101 "Rolled Steel for General Structure"

JIS G 3016 "Rolled Steel for Welded Structure"
“Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot-rolled
JIS G 3192
steel plates, sheets and strip”
JIS G 3444 "Carbon steel tubes for general structural purposes”

JIS Z 3212 “Covered electrodes for high tensile strength steel”

2.3 Reference Specifications

“Specification for Painting”
“Standard Drawings for Civil and Steel Structure”

3. MATERIALS

3.1 Chemical and mechanical requirements of structural steel shall conform to ASTM A36 or JIS
G 3101 SS 400. Manufacturing tolerances of structural steel shall conform to ASTM A6. All
members shown on the drawings shall be a single continuous rolled piece or standard welded
wide flange section. Splices shall only be used where indicated on the drawing. Structural
steel shall be hot dip galvanized or painted as required by and after fabrication Fabricator
shall submit mill test reports to purchaser on each lot of steel shipped, to certify that material
conforms to ASTM A36 or JIS G3101 SS 400.
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High strength bolts, Nuts and washers shall conform to the chemical and mechanical
requirements of ASTM A325, Type 1 or A490 or F10T. High strength bolts and Nuts shall also
conform to the manufacturing requirements of ASME B18.2.3.7M "Metric Heavy Hex
Structural Bolls" and ASME B18.2.4.6M "Metric Heavy Hex Nuts.” AII A325M or A490 or F10T
bolls shall be supplied with one hardened washer and one load-indicating washer. Additional
washers shall be supplied as required by the referenced specifications. As an alternate,
Tension Control bolts meeting the requirements of ASTM A325, Type 1 as manufactured by
Bethlehem Steel or equal may be used. High strength bolts, Nuts, hardened washers and load
indicating washers shall be galvanized only for connections of galvanized members.

3.2 Torque shear bolt will be used in locations such as high altitude where field erection or access
is hard. Torque shear bolt shall be applied in accordance with JIS Z 3212, ASTM A325 or
equivalent material after LCEPID approval.

3.3 "Unfinished bolts" and "machine bolts" shall conform to the chemical and mechanical
requirements of ASTM A307 or equivalent. AII bolts and Nuts shall be heavy hex type
conforming to the manufacturing requirements of ASME B18.2.3.7M and ASME B 18.2.4.6M.
AII A307 or equivalent bolts shall be supplied with one Standard hardened washer and one
nut. AII A307 or equivalent bolts, Nuts and washers shall be galvanized.

3.4 “Equipment bolts" shall conform to ASTM A325M, Type 1 or A490 or F10T as defined in
section 4.2. Provide two standard hardened washers and one self-locking nut with each boll
except where sliding connections are required. For sliding connections provide two Standard
hardened washers and two Standard hex jam Nuts for each boll. Equipment bolts, nuts and
washers shall be galvanized.

3.5 Self-locking nuts for "Equipment bolts" shall be "prevailing-torque" type Steel hex locknuts
generally conforming to IFI standard-100. Lock Nuts shall be Grade C and provided with hot
dip galvanized finish by their manufacturer. Lock nuts and washers, Jam nuts shall conform to
the manufacturing requirements of ASME B18.2.4.5 M "Metric Hex Jam Nut." Load indicating
washers are not required.

3.6 Welding electrodes shall be AWS E70 series.

3.7 Steel grating shall be resistance-welded with 32 mm x 5 mm bearing bars spaced on 30 mm

centers and cross bars spaced on to centers. Grating shall be plain surfaced and hot dip
galvanized after fabrication. Fasteners for floor grating shall be approved by LCEPID. Stair
treads shall be resistance welded steel grating with 25 mm x 5 mm bearing bars spaced on 30
mm centers and cross bars spaced on 30 mm centers. Grating to be plain surfaced and hot
dip galvanized. AII treads shall be provided with a standard cast abrasive nosing.

3.8 Stainless steel bolts shall be Type 304 STS and shall be a standard hex boll. Hex nuts for
stainless steel bolts shall be of the same alloy. Provide 2 stainless steel washers of the same
alloy with each bolt.

3.9 Pipe material to be ASTM A53, type E or S, Grade B. or equivalent.

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4. CONNECTIONS

4.1 Shop connections shall be welded or bolts.

4.2 Field connections shall be bolted if at all practical. Field connections for galvanized members
shall be bolted. Bolts for field connections shall be supplied by the Fabricator and shall
include 5 % extra per size and length to cover requirements for fit up and erection.

4.3 Bolted connections for main structural steel shall be made with 20 mm diameter high strength
bolts Larger diameter bolts may be required for certain connections, but they shall be used
only with the prior approval of LCEPID’s Engineer. Approval is not required for item 5.5.

4.4 Bolted connections for secondary steel i.e., handrail post, ladders, purlins, and girths shall be
made with minimum 16 mm diameter unfinished bolts.

4.5 Bolted connections for vessel platform brackets shall be made as shown on bracket detail
page 13.
Bracket to vessel clip connection shall be made with 27 mm diameter high strength bolts.

4.6 High strength bolted connections shall be designed as bearing-type or friction-type

connections with threads included in the shear plane.
For high strength bolted friction connections the coating type on the faying surfaces must be
considered in establishing the allowable stresses.
For high strength bolted friction connections for galvanized steel the faying surfaces must be
roughened after galvanizing and prior to assembly by light blasting.

4.7 For painted steel the faying surfaces shall be painted with an inorganic zinc rich paint. All
connections shall have a minimum of two bolts.

4.8 Minimum connections for diagonal bracing shall be tow 16 mm diameter high strength bolts.
Where this capacity is exceeded the load will be indicated on the drawing and the connection
shall be design for this load by the Fabricator and approved by LCEPID’s Engineer.

4.9 Cross bracing members shall be connected at the mid-point.

4.10 Gusset plates shall be not less than 6 mm thick.

4.11 Grating shall be fastened to supporting members with clips. Not less than four clips per
section of grating shall be used. Clips shall be spaced 400 mm on center maximum at
supports. Grating clips, welded stainless steel studs, washers and nuts for field erection shall
be supplied by the Fabricator.
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4.12 Column shall be finished for full bearing at splices and at base plates.

4.13 Nuts, bolts and washers connecting galvanized members shall be galvanized per paragraph
14.2 unless noted otherwise.

4.14 Shop welds on members to be galvanized shall be continuous all around and made before
galvanizing.

4.15 Provide safety connector hole in columns where required.

4.16 Holes shall not be made or enlarged by burning.

4.17 All base plates over 0.3 m2 in areas shall be provided with grout holes.

4.18 For members with horizontal webs provide 10 mm diameter drain Holes spaced at to 1000
mm maximum in the center of web.

5. VESSEL PLATFORMS

5.1 Circular platforms shall be shop-assembled in maximum 1200 sections. Platform sections
shall be shipped with flooring attached Rectangular platforms shall be shop-assembled with
flooring attached in as large sections as practical for shipping.

6. PAINTING

6.1 Surface preparation and shop coat of paint, when required, shall be in accordance with
“Specification for Painting.”

6.2 AII surfaces of members that are painted and inaccessible after assembly or erection shall
receive two shop prime coats.

6.3 In case where painting has to be executed on-site (field coat), necessary painting procedure
shall be prepared and approved by LCEPID prior to execution.

7. GALVANIZING

7.1 Grating and stair tread to be galvanized after fabrication shall be by hot dip-process in
accordance with ASTM A1 23. Weight of zinc coating shall conform to requirements specified
under 'Weight of Coating" in ASTM A123, A153 or ASTM A386, as applicable.
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7.2 AII A325M and A307 bolts, nuts, hardened washers, load indicator washers and steel
hardware components which require galvanizing shall be galvanized in accordance with
ASTM A153. Weight of zinc coating shall conform to requirements specified under 'Weight of
Coating" in ASTM A153. Nuts to be oversized tapped after galvanizing by the bolt
manufacturer to minimum diametric amounts specified in ASTM A563. High strength bolts for
structural steel joints shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A325M. Galvanized bolts,
washers and nuts shall be shipped in the same container.

7.3 Prior to galvanizing

7.3.1 All fabrication and assembly shall be completed.

7.3.2 Rough spots and burrs are to be removed by grinding.

7.3.3 Welding flux shall be removed by sandblasting.

7.3.4 Steel shall be cleaned of all oil, grease and paint.

7.3.5 Surface rust, mill scale and similar deposits shall be removed by pickling.

7.4 Passivating
Galvanized materials are to be given passivating treatment to prevent wet storage stain (white
rust or white corrosion). Treatment shall consist of quenching newly galvanized material in a
water quench containing not more than 0.2 % sodium dichromate.

7.5 Certification
Furnish Certificates of Compliance with ASTM Specifications, and Standards specified herein
Each certificate shall be signed by LCEPID and Galvanizer certifying that steel materials,
bolts, nuts, washers, and items of iron and steel hardware conform with specified
requirements, and that the galvanizing and/or paint top coats are in full conformance with
these specification.

7.6 It shall be the Fabricator’s responsibility to see that the galvanized steel is delivered to the job
site in a non-warped and undistorted condition.

7.7 Packaging shall be of type to prevent damage to galvanized surface. Handling and storage
shall conform to ASTM A 123.

7.8 Damaged Material

7.8.1 Repair damaged galvanized surfaces by the following method: Over wire brushed
surface, apply a 95 % (by weight) organic zinc rich paint in accordance with ASTM A780.
Dry film thickness of applied repair paint shall be not less than galvanized coating
thickness required by ASTM A123, A 153 or A386 as applicable.

7.8.2 If not repairable, material with damaged coating will be subject to reject.
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8. MARKING

8.1 All structural steel shall be clearly marked for erection identification.

8.2 All marks shall be painted on the steel in a legible fashion with letters and numerals a
minimum of 50 mm high or with a die-stamp using minimum 12 mm high letters and numerals.

8.3 If a marking area of sufficient size is not available, a corrosion-resistant metal tag shall be
securely attached to each individual piece by stainless steel wire or wire with a corrosion-
resistant coating, indicating the item mark.

8.4 Galvanizing members shall be tagged with a metal plate having raised letters so that the mark
shall be visible after galvanizing. This metal plate shall be welded to the member prior to
galvanizing.

8.5 All bolts, washers, etc., shall be shipped in kegs or crates and tagged or clearly marked as to
size, diameter and length.

8.6 Piece marks on beams shall be on the left-hand end as detailed. Beam piece makers on the
erection drawing shall be in the corresponding "in-place" position.

8.7 Piece marks on columns shall be put on the lower end, when "in-place," and shall be on the
north face, whether flange or web.

8.8 Pipe support number, as shown on the design drawings, shall be a part of the piece-marking
on all support.

9. WELDING

9.1 General Requirements

9.1.1 Welded connections shall conform to the requirements of the AWS D1.1 "Structural
Welding Code Steel" and this specification.

9.1.2 Welding terms, symbols, and non-destructive testing symbols shall be in accordance
with the AWS requirements.

9.1.3 Safety measures for the protection of welders and operators involved in welding and
cutting shall be in accordance with ASME Z49.1.

9.2 Procedure and Welder Qualification

9.2.1 Unless otherwise specified herein, noted on the drawings or required by the purchase
order welding, welders, welding operators and weld procedures shall be qualified in
accordance with AWS D1.1 "Structural Welding Code – Steel."
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9.2.2 Qualification testing is not required for welding procedures for structural framing
conforming to the requirements of Section 2, "Design of Welded connections," 3,
'Workmanship," 4, "Technique ，1I 8," Design of new building,"9, New Bridges," or to,
"New Tubular Structures" (Whichever is applicable) of AWS D1.1 for welding prequalified
joints specified by the AWS D1.1. Procedures for welding joint configurations other than
prequalified joints shall be qualified prior to use by testing in accordance with Section 5,
"Qualification" of AWS D1.1. For welding on components other then structural framing,
welding procedures shall be qualified. Qualification tests and essential variable
requirements in accordance with the requirements of Section 5 of AWS D1.1 will be
acceptable to.2.3 A written procedure specification as shown in AWS D1.1, Appendix E,
"Sample of Welding Procedure Form for Prequalified Joints." must be prepared for all
welding procedures and submitted for approval by LCEPID. AII welders and welding
operators shall be qualified to the requirements of AWS D1.1 Section 5, "Qualification."
Qualification records shall be kept on file by Fabricator and made available on request
to.2.4 The Fabricator shall identify all qualified joint details and welding procedures and
non-destructive testing on the detail drawings. Non-destructive testing and welding
procedure number or identification may be shown either in the fabrication drawing notes
or on the applicable weld detail.

9.3 Welding Process and Filler Metal Requirements

9.3.1 Welding shall only be performed by welding process permitted by AWS. D1.1.

9.3.2 The selection of filler metals shall be in accordance with the requirements specified in
Table 4.1.1, "Matching Filler Metal Requirements" of AWS D1.1, subject to the
restrictions as listed herein. Filler metal employed for materials not listed in AWS D1.1
must be compatible with the base metal and is subject to approval by LCEPID. Storage
of allow hydrogen electrodes and welding fluxes shall be in accordance with the
requirements of AWS D1.1, Section 4.8, "Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc
Weld.”

9.3.3 Certificate of filler metal to conform to AWS specification requirements shall be furnished
to Client on request.

9.4 Weld Joint Preparation

9.4.1 Weld bevels may be prepared by machining, grinding or thermal cutting. The bevel
surface shall be reasonably smooth and true to the malting surfaces.

9.4.2 Backup strips, when required on the design drawings, shall be of the same material as
the base metal.

9.4.3 All surfaces to be welded shall be free of paint, oil, dirt, scale, oxides, and other foreign
materials detrimental to the integrity of the weld.

9.4.4 Flux, weld spatter, and slag shall be removed from each weld bead prior to depositing
each succeeding pass.

9.4.5 Peening is permitted only to the extent required for cleaning the weld.

9.4.6 Cleanliness shall be maintained during fabrication and welding.

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9.5 Weld Contour and Finish

9.5.1 Weld beads shall be contoured properly to permit complete fusion at the root or sides of
the bevel to minimize the possibility of slag entrapment

9.5.2 Welds that are to be examined by non-destructive methods shall be finished as required
for the applicable inspection method.

9.6 Preheat Requirements

9.6.1 The minimum preheat and inter pass temperature used for welding shall be in
accordance with the requirements of Table 4.2 "Minimum Preheat and Inter pass
Temperature" of AWS 01.1. Preheat shall be maintained throughout the welding process.
No welding shall be done on wet surfaces or surfaces exposed to rain or snow

9.6.2 Materials that require preheat for welding shall also require preheat for tack-welding,
thermal cutting or thermal gouging.

9.7 Inspection and Test

The material to be furnished shall be subject to inspection and tests in the mill, shop and field.
However, inspection in the shop or mill will not relieve LCEPID of the responsibility to furnish
satisfactory materials.
Construction allowance shall be as below.

No. Description Allowance

1 Location of Anchor Bolts ± 3 mm
2 Incline of Column 1/500, Less than 15 mm
3 Horizontality of Beam 1/100, Less than 5 mm
4 Bend of Beam 1/1000
5 Column eccentricity ± 5 mm
6 Allowance of story height ± 3 mm

9.7.1 All welds shall be visually inspected to the requirements of Sections 8.15, 9.25 or 10.17
of AWS D1.1 as applicable.

9.7.2 Where the Fabricator is required to provide test information based on non-destructive
inspection, the cost of these tests will be at Client’s expense. Any defects disclosed by
such tests shall be corrected at the Fabricator’s expense.

9.7.3 Where non-destructive testing is required it shall be performed in accordance with the
following;
- Radiographic inspection shall be in accordance with AWS 01.1Section 6 and the
acceptance criteria of AWS D1.1 Sections 8.15, 9.25 or 10.17 as applicable
- Ultrasonic inspection shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1. Section 6 and the
acceptance criteria of AWS D1 .1. Sections 8.15, 9.25 or 10.17 as applicable.
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- Magnetic particle inspection shall be in accordance with AWS 01.1 Section 6 and
ASTM E to 9 and the acceptance criteria of AWS D1.1 Sections 8 15, 9.25 or 10.17
as applicable
- Dye penetrant inspection shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1 Section 6 and ASTM
E165 and the acceptance criteria of AWS D1.1 Sections 8.15, 9.25 or 10.17 as
applicable.

9.7.4 All non-destructive examinations shall be performed in accordance with written

procedures. LCEPID shall examine and approve all written procedures prior to test.

9.7.5 Results of non-destructive examinations shall be reported on Appendix "E'’ forms of AWS
D1.1 and copies of all reports shall be provided to LCEPID for review.

9.7.6 LCEPID will designate on the drawings the extent to which welds are to be non-
destructively inspected, and the Fabricator shall cooperate with inspection personnel so
that welds can be efficiently examined.

9.7.7 LCEPID will designate on the drawings the extent to which welds are to be non-
destructively inspected, and the Fabricator shall cooperate with inspection personnel so
that welds can be efficiently examined.

9.7.8 IPT shall be performed based on the relevant ‘IPT Procedure’ prepared & issued by
Contractor and approved by LCEPID.

9.8 Repairs

9.8.1 Repairs to correct weld defects shall be made using the same procedure used of T.O.S
Indicates Top of Steel CHK’d PL. Indicates checkered floor plate unless otherwise noted.

10. SHOP BOLTING

Shop bolting shall conform to the requirements of field bolting and inspection.

11. SHOP DRAWINGS (Out of Scope by contractor)

11.1 The Fabricator shall furnish checked shop detail drawings including a complete bill of material
with weights and erection drawings for review.
Approval prior to fabrication is required unless stated otherwise in the purchase order.

11.2 The Contractor will review and return one copy of each shop drawing, stamped, signed and
dated, as approved, approved as noted or not approved as resubmitted. The Fabricator shall
make all changes on the approved as noted drawings prior to fabrication. After final approval
the Fabricator shall forward copies of the "as fabricated" drawings to the purchaser.

11.3 Approval of drawings, changes requested by Contractor and/or inspector’s acceptance do not
relieve the responsibility of the Fabricator for his phase of the work.
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11.4 Approval of drawings, changes requested by Contractor and/or inspector’s acceptance do not
relieve the responsibility of the Fabricator for his phase of the work.

11.5 The Review criteria of shop drawing shall be IFI or IFR and does not require ‘APPROVAL’
from LCEPID, unless otherwise designated in other relevant Job Specification of Contract
document.
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12. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL

All symbols and abbreviations shall be defined, prepared and issued as a part of the shop
drawings. For more abbreviation for structural steel, refer to general notes in “Standard
Drawings for Architecture.”

@ : At
A.B or A/B : Anchor Bolt
B.C.D : Bolt Circle Diameter
BLDG : Building
BOT : Bottom
B.O.F : Bottom of Foundation
BKT : Bracket
CL : Center Line
COL : Column
CHK’d PL : Checkered Floor Plate Unless Otherwise Noted
D.B.C. : Diameter of Bolt Circle
DIA : Diameter
DISCH : Discharge
FDN : Foundation
FL : Floor
F.L.P.R. : Floor Load Protection Plate
FTG : Footing
(F) : Structural Steel Member to Be Fireproofed with Top Surface Or
Top Flange Exposed
F : Structural Steel Member to Be Fireproofed with Member
Completely Encased
GRTG : Grouting/Grating
H.P : High Point
H.R : Hand Rail
H.S.B : High Strength Bolt
I.D : Inside Diameter
K.B. : Knee Brace
L.P : Low Point
M.B. : Machine Bolt
M.C. : Moment Connection
MISC. : Miscellaneous
M.S. : Momnet Splice
N.T.S : Not to Scale
O.D. : Outside Diameter
PED. : Pedestal
PL : Plate
PLATE.EL : Platform Surface Elevation
PROJ : Project
REINF. : Reinforcement
REV. : Revision/Revised
S.B. : Shoulder Bolt
S.B.S : Shoulder Bolt In Slotted Connection
SPA. : Space
THK : Thickness
T.O.C : Top of Concrete
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T.O.G : Top of Grout/Grating

T.O.S : Top of Steel
TYP. : Typical
U.O.N : Unless Otherwise Noted
W.P. : Working Point
W/ : With

13. ERECTION SCOPE OF ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL

13.1 This specification covers the erection of all structural steel, vessel platforms, handrails, stairs
and treads, ladders and cages, gratings, floor plate and davits.

14. RECEIPT OF MATERIAL

14.1 Upon receipt and concurrent with unloading, the structural steel shall be inspected for
conformance to bills of loading and determination of damage in transport. AII missing or
damaged pieces shall be immediately reported in writing to LCEPID’s Field Engineer.

14.2 Unloading and "shaking out" operations shall be combined insofar as possible.

14.3 Structural steel shall be stored and handled in such a manner that members are not subject to
any damage.

14.4 Structural steel shall be laid out and segregated to facilitate identification and erection.

15. ERECTION

15.1 General

15.1.1 All steel work shall be erected true and plumb within the tolerance specified in Section
16.1.7 of this specification. All inspection reports shall be submitted to LCEPID before
the next erection work will be commenced.

15.1.2 During erection temporary bracing and guys shall be used wherever necessary to
maintain structural stability. In doing so all the loads the structure may be subjected to
during erection and subsequent construction should be considered.

15.1.3 As soon as possible after plumbing the structure, erection bolts shall be replaced with
permanent bolts and all connections shall be completed.

15.1.4 High strength bolts that have been tensioned and subsequently removed shall not be
reused.

15.1.5 In order to increase accessibility, platform f1ooring, stairways and ladders shall be
installed as soon as practical.
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15.1.6 Items such as davits, trolley beams, etc., which might be used to facilitate construction,
shall be installed as soon as practical.

15.1.7 Erection Tolerances

1) Unless otherwise specified, members of the steel framework shall be considered
plumb, level and aligned if the misalignment does not exceed the following
tolerances.
a) Exterior columns of multi story buildings - 1 to 1000; but not more than 25 mm
towards nor 50 mm away from the building line over the 11 height of the building;
b) Columns adjacent to elevator shafts -1 to 1000: but not more than 25 mm in the
first 20 stories plus 1 mm for each additional story up to a maximum of 50 mm
over the full height of the elevator shaft.
c) Spandrel beams - 1 to 1000
d) AII other pieces - 1 to 500.
2) Shelf angles, sash angles, and lintels specified 10 be provided with adjustable
connections shall be considered within tolerances when each piece is level within a
tolerance of 1 10 1000, when adjoining ends of these members are aligned vertically
within 2 mm and when the locations of these members vertically and horizontally is
within 10 mm of the location established by the dimensions on the drawings.
3) Column splices and other compression joints which depend upon contact bearing,
after alignment shall have at least 65 % of the entire contact area in full bearing and
the separations of any remaining portions shall not exceed 0.5 mm except locally at
toes of flanges where a separation of 0.75 mm is permissible; otherwise corrective
measures shall be taken.
4) The fit-up of joints to be welded in the field shall be within the tolerances shown on
the field assembly drawings before welding is begun.

15.2 Field Bolting

15.2.1 Bolted connections shall be in accordance with fabricator’s drawings.

15.2.2 High strength bolts shall be installed in accordance with the "AISC Specification for
Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts", the latest edition. Load Indicator
Washers shall be used as the approved direct tension indicator. Tension control bolls of
an approved design, equivalents "Bethlehem Steel Load Indicator Bolls", may be
substituted for Load Indicator Washers provided the erector paints the sheared end of
the Tension Control Bolls immediately after tensioning. For galvanized bolts, use cold
galvanizing compound.

15.2.3 Unfinished bolls shall be installed "snug.”

15.2.4 When holes of connecting members do not match and bolts cannot be entered by hand
without driving, such holes are considered unfair and the erector shall observe the
following procedure;
- Lighting drifting is permitted to align holes. Drifting done during assembling shall not
distort the steel or enlarge the holes.
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- If the bolts cannot be entered without driving after light drifting, the unfair holes shall
be brought to the attention of LCEPID’s inspector who shall determine whether the
holes should or should not be reamed. Holes which reaming is acceptable shall be
reamed sufficiently to permit entry of bolts. All reaming shall be normal to contact
surfaces.
- If the diameter of the reamed hole exceeds the original bolt diameter by 5 mm or
more, a larger bolt shall be provided by the erector so that the final hole does not
exceed the diameter of bolt to be used by more than 3 mm. No selection of a larger
diameter bolt shall be made without acceptance of the reamed hole by LCEPID’s
inspector.

15.2.5 Contact surfaces of steel to aluminum shall be coated with bitumastic before bolting.

15.2.6 Erector shall provide all bolting equipment including installation wrenches, sockets, air
supply, air regulators, calibrators, inspection wrenches, and other equipment required for
the bolting operations.

15.2.7 High Strength Bolt Installation

1) AII high strength A325M bolts with one hardened washer and one A325M load
indicator washer shall be supplied by the fabricator. Additional washers shall be
supplied as required by the specifications. High strength bolts, nuts, hardened
washers and load indicator washers shall be galvanized only for those members
which are galvanized. For bolts installed in short slotted holes in the outer ply of the
connection material, an additional standard hardened washer shall be installed under
the head and the nut.
For bolts installed in long slotted holes in the outer ply of the connection material,
two additional plate washers will be supplied by the fabricator. One plate washer
shall be installed under the head and nut. The standard hardened washer shall be
installed over the plate washer and under the turned element.
When the bolt head is the turned element and the load indicator washer is placed
under the nut, one additional hardened washer shall be installed under the bolt head.
2) High strength bolts shall be tightened in properly aligned holes to provide, when all
fasteners in the joint are tight, at least the minimum tension specified below for the
size used:

Bolt Diameter(mm) Minimum Bolt Tension (MT)

M20 12.8
M22 17.8
M24 23.2
M27 25.5
M30 32.3

3) Tightening may be done by turning the bolt head or the nut.

4) The Load Indicating Washer shall be placed on the bolt, under the head, with the
protrusions facing the bolt head. The assembly shall be fitted into place and the nut
installed. Hardened round washers shall be used under the nut to reduce frictional
resistance and the nut shall be the turned element. Special washer requirements of
the general specification, such as those related to slotted and oversize holes, must
be observed. The Load Indicator Washer may not be substituted for such washers
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but should be used with those washers.

5) When it is required to use the Load Indicator Washer under the nut, a hardened
round washer shall be fitted between the Load Indicating Washer and the nut. After
the bolt is installed in the connection, the Load Indicating Washer shall be placed on
the bolt with the protrusions facing the nut; the nut is installed. For this assembly,
tightening is continued until the average gap 0.4 mm if the bolt head is turned during
installation and to at least 0.125 mm if the nut is turned in accordance with the
procedure given above.
For galvanized bolts, the minimum gap shall be 0.125 mm, irrespective of which
elements is turned.
6) If the load indicating Washer must be placed under the head, and the head must be
turned, then a hardened round washer must be used between the load indicator
protrusions and the bolt head. For this fastener assembly, the average gap between
the load indicator and the hardened round washer should be closed to 0.125 mm.
7) A hardened flat washer shall be used under the turned element to facilitate tightening
regardless of the location of the load indicator washer.
8) Sufficient bolts in the joint shall be “snugged” to draw the connecting members into
close contact, then all bolts shall be tightened until the average gap between the face
of the load indicator Washers and the underside of the turned element is reduced to
at least the gap indicated in this specification.
9) Tightening shall progress systematically from the most rigid part of the joint to its free
edges until the Load Indicator Washers on all bolts are closed to at least the required
gap. The gap shall be checked with a feeler gauge. For tension control bolts
tightening shall proceed until the control groove shears off.
10) The following average load indicator gap provides the required minimum tension.

Load Indicator Fitting Under Bolt Head GAP

Block Finish Bolts 0.40 mm
All paintings except Galvanized bolts 0.40 mm
Galvanized bolts 0.125 mm
Under Nut with hardened washers 0.125 mm
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11) Load Indicator Washers and tension control bolts shall not be reused.

15.2.8 High Strength Bolt Inspection

1) A qualified inspector will be provided by LCEPID to ensure that all bolting procedures
and complete installation are satisfactory. Inspection by LCEPID’s inspector does not
relieve the erector from the overall responsibilities for the adequacy of installation
2) The erector shall cooperate with LCEPID’s inspector to ensure a satisfactory
installation.
a) The inspector shall be provided with freedom of access to all bolted connection.
b) The bolting crews shall mark, in a manner acceptable to the inspector, each
connection as completed to ensure that no connection will be overlooked for
inspection.
3) Inspector will review and observe all bolting operations including;
a) Calibration of equipment and materials by acceptable procedures
b) Bolting operation on by acceptable equipment and procedures
c) Installation of a washer adjacent to nut or bolt head, whichever is the turned
element
d) Tightening sequence in all connections to ensure that initially tightened bolts are
not loosened by the tightening of surrounding bolts.
e) Condition of bolts as received at the jobsite. Any shipments containing used,
corroded, damaged or dirty bolts, nuts, washers or load indicator washers shall
be rejected.
f) Material storage to ensure that stored material will not become corroded or dirty
or otherwise unsuitable before being used.
g) Material handling procedures to ensure that bolts are not damaged en route from
storage to connection.
h) Installation by acceptable procedures where unfair holes are encountered
i) Special washer requirements of the specification have been followed.
4) Visual inspection will normally be done where a load indicator washer or tension
control bolt is used. Use of the metal feeler gauge will be done to check large load
indicator gaps in order to compare the rest by eye. For tension control bolts visual
check of shearing off of the torque control groove is required.
5) A high strength bolt connection will be judged correct if the average load indicator
gap is equal to or less than that shown in Section 16.2.7, 10 of this specification,
complete closure of a gap may not be a cause for rejection.
6) The inspector shall required and witness quality control inspection of load indicators
Washers and/or Tension Control Bolts to insure that the direct tension indicator will
provide the specified tension when properly installed. This inspection shall consist of
tension three random samples from each shipment of bolts in a device capable of
indicating the bolt tension.

15.3 Field Welding

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15.3.1 General Requirements

1) Welded connections shall confirm to the requirements of AWS D1.1 “Structural
welding Code Steel” and this specification.
2) Welding terms symbols and non-destructive testing symbols shall be in accordance
with AWS requirements.

15.3.2 Procedure and Welder Qualification

1) Unless otherwise specified herein, noted on the drawings or required by the
purchase order, welding, welders, welding operator and weld procedures shall be
qualified in accordance with AWS D1.1.
2) Welding connection shall be made in accordance with the fabricator’s drawings and
approved welding procedures.
3) Changes to fabricator’s welding procedures may be requested by submitting a new
written procedure prepared by the erector and submitted for approval by LCEPID
prior to any field work. Qualification records shall be kept on file by the erector and
made available to LCEPID on request.

15.3.3 Welding Procedure and Filler Metal Requirements

1) Welding shall only be performed by welding process permitted by AWS D1.1.
2) The selection of filler metals shall be in accordance with requirements specified in
Table 4.1.1, "Matching Filler Metal Requirements" of AWS D1.1, subject to the
restrictions as listed herein. Filler metal employed for materials not listed in AWS
D1.1 must be compatible with the base metal, and subject to approval by LCEPID.
3) Certificate of filler metal conformance to AWS specification requirements shall be
furnished to LCEPID on request.
4) Erector shall furnish all field welding electrodes. Welding electrodes shall be AWS
E70 series.

15.3.4 Weld Joint Preparation

1) Weld bevels may be prepared by machining, grinding, or Thermal cutting. The bevel
surface shall be reasonably smooth and true to the mating surface.
2) Backup strips, when required on the design drawings, shall be of the same material
as the base metal.
3) AII surfaces to be welded shall be free of paint, oil, dirt, scale, oxides, and other
foreign materials detrimental to the integrity of the weld.
4) Flux, weld spatter, and slag shall be removed from each succeeding pass.
5) Peening is permitted only to extent required for cleaning the weld.
6) Cleanliness shall be maintained during fabrication and welding.

15.3.5 Weld Contour and Finish

1) Weld beads shall be contoured properly to permit complete fusion al the root or sides
of the bevel to minimize the possibly of slag entrapment.
2) Welds that are to be examined by nondestructive methods shall be finished as
required for the applicable inspection method.
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15.3.6 Preheat Requirements

1) The minimum preheat and interpass temperature used for welding shall be
accordance with the requirements of Table 4.2 “Minimum Preheat and interpass
Temperature” of AWS D1.1. Preheat shall be maintained through the welding process.
No welding shall be done on wet surfaces or surface exposed to rain or snow.
2) Materials that require preheat for welding shall also require preheat for tack-welding,
thermal cutting, or thermal gouging.

15.3.7 Inspection and Tests

1) All welds shall be visually inspected to the requirements of Section 8.15, 9.25 or
10.17 of AWS D1.1 as applicable.
2) Where the erector is required to provide test information based on nondestructive
inspection, the cost of these test will be at LCEPID’s expense. Any defects disclosed
by such tests shall be corrected at the erector’s expense.
3) Where nondestructive testing is required it shall be performed in accordance with the
following.
a) Radiographic inspection shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1 Section 6 and
the acceptance criteria of AWS D1 .1 Sections 8.15, 9, 25 or 10.17 as applicable.
b) Ultrasonic inspection shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1 Section 6 and the
acceptance criteria of AWS D1.1 Sections 8, 15, 9, 25 or 10.17 as applicable.
c) Magnetic particle inspection shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1 Section 6 and
ASTM E109 and the acceptance criteria of AWS D1.1 Sections 8.15, 9.25 or
10.17 as applicable.
d) Dye penetrant inspection shall be in accordance with AWS D1. 1 Section 6 and
ASTM E165 and the acceptance criteria of AWS D1.1 Sections 8, 15, 9.25 or
10.17 as applicable.
e) AII nondestructive examinations shall be performed in accordance with written
procedures. LCEPID shall examine and approve all written procedures prior to
test.
f) Results of nondestructive examinations shall be reported on Appendix "E'’ forms
of AWS D1. 1 and copies of all reports shall be provided to LCEPID for review.
g) LCEPID will designate on the drawings the extent to which welds are to be
nondestructively inspected, and the erector shall cooperate with inspection
personnel so that welds can be efficiently examined.

15.3.8 Repair
1) Repairs to correct weld defects shall be made using the same procedure used for the
original weld, or a designated weld repair procedure.
2) The repaired areas shall be re-examined using the same inspection procedures by
which the defect was originally detected.
3) Field welding of non-pressure attachments to equipment that has been ASME code
stamped is not permitted.

15.4 Grating
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15.4.1 Grating will be prefabricated sections.

15.4.2 Grating shall be fastened, furnished by the fabricator. Not less than four clips per section
of grating shall be used. Clips shall be spaced 400 mm centers for each supports. A
minimum of two clips for each support member of the grating shall be required, Clips
shall be secured to the supports with stainless steel Nelson studs, stainless steel
washers and stainless steel hex nuts - all fabricator supplied. Erector shall weld the
Nelson studs only after using 3/8 diameter center punch 10 remove galvanizing, and
after a thorough cleaning of that surface. Welding of Nelson studs shall be in accordance
with the written instruction of the stud manufacturer.

15.4.3 Holes in grating less than 150 mm in diameter shall be cut in the field. All cuts of three or
more bearing bars shall be banded.

15.4.4 Field cut openings shall clear the insulation by a minimum of 25 mm.

15.5 Equipment Bolls

15.5.1 Bolls shall be brought to a "snug light" condition except where sliding connections are
required.

15.5.2 Where sliding connections are required at equipment supports lack weld the head of the
equipment bolt to the underside of the flange of the supporting member. Provide a
minimum clearance of 2 mm between the equipment support and the lower nut after the
upper and lower nuts have been jammed.

15.6 Floor Plate

15.6.1 Floor plate will be in prefabricated sections.

15.6.2 Floor plate for lower platforms shall be fastened to brackets with 1/2 “ diameter button
head cap screws.

15.6.3 Floor plate for other areas shall be fastened to supporting members using 1/4 " x 2 " long
let welds where crossing all supports and at 24 “ maximum centers on continuous
supports around the perimeter of each section of plate, and with a weld at each corner of
the plate. Continuous seal welding between fillets will not be required unless shown on
drawings.

16. TOUCH-UP

16.1 All galvanized surfaces which have become damaged during erection shall be repaired by the
erector using the following method;
Wire brush the affected surface and after removing all scale and foreign matter, apply a 95 %
(by weight) organic zinc rich paint in accordance with ASTM A780. Dry film thickness of repair
paint shall be not less than galvanized coating thickness required by ASTM A123, A153 or
A386 as applicable.
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16.2 All fireproofed surfaces which have become damaged during erection shall be repaired, by
the erector.