Pir Mehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Office of the controller of Examinations
Final Exam / Spring 2020 (Paper Duration 48 hours)
THEORY
To be filled by Teacher

Course No.: PHYS-102 Course Title: Veterinary Physiology II

Total Marks: 36 Date of Exam: 08-08-2020
Degree: DVM Semester: 2nd Section: MORNING (A)
Marks
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Obtained/
Total Marks
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Obtained
Q.No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
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Obtained
Total Marks in Words:
Name of the teacher: Dr Mansur Abdullah/ Dr. Evelyn Saba
Who taught the course: Signature of teacher / Examiner:

To be filled by Student

Registration No.: 19-ARID-2248

Name: SIDRA ZAMIR

Answer the following questions. Limit your answers to the given space only (5 lines).
Any answer exceeding these limits will be cancelled.

Q.No.1. What will happen with the normal digestive process if stomach combines
directly with Ileum? (2)
The normal digestive functioning will be impaired if ileum is directly connected to stomach. This is
because the major digestion of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates occurs in the duodenum and
jejunum of small intestine. When these parts are absent the food remains undigested causing
maldigestion and upon its entrance into ileum its absorption will not occur properly resulting in
malabsorption, as a result of which the required amount of nutrients are not absorbed in the blood.
Q.No.2. Explain briefly in what condition both insulin and glucagon will be high in
circulation? (2)
 In case of pancreatic cancer the level of both glucagon and insulin will be high in the circulation. The
cancer will increase both beta and alpha cells in pancreas. The pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
causes the over production of these hormones. This tumor either lead to over-production or under
production of horrmones so in case where insulin and glucagon are high in circulation then it is due
to over production of these hormones cause be pancreatic tumors.
Q.No.3. What is the outcome of caecum colon removal from non- ruminants’(Equine)
body? (2)
The outcome of the removal of hindgut (caecum and colon) from equines is that they are unable to
digest the cellulose and fibers eaten by the horse, this is because the bacteria in hindgut of equines
carries fermentation and digestion of cellulose producing volatile fatty acids. The horse will become
Weak and because VFA’s are not formed which provides then with energy. There will be poor feed
utilization and lack of use of dietary essentials.
Q.No.4. What will be fate of digestion if entire gall bladder is removed from the body
and also explain its management? (2)
The main function of gall bladder is to store and concentrate bile, without gall bladder, the bile will not
be stored in it and water will not be absorbed from it, making it dilute. It will quickly pass from liver
into small intestine reducing its stay time in the small intestine. This will cause impaired and less fat
digestion and diarrhea, due to its fast flow of dilute bile. It can be managed by eating less fat and high
protein diet to increase BMI and in case of diarrhea drink water and probiotic (yogurt) can be eaten,
Q.No.5. What will be digestive problem, if the entire large intestine is removed from the
body? (2)
If large intestine is removed by colectomy the patient may suffer from some digestive problems such
as watery stool, diarrhea because the main function of large intestine is to absorb the remaining
water and electrolytes, if there is no large intestine then they will not be absorbed back into the blood.
Also, their will be electrolyte-imbalance in the body as they are not absorbed into blood due to
absence of large intestine. Although, survival is possible by crafting a fecal pouch to collect wates.
Q.No.6. Explain the management of a patient with complete gastrectomy? (2)
Patients with gastrectomy (stomach removal) can survive with minimized digestive dysfunction if they
are given Vitamin B12 injections once a month because vitamin B12 absorption by intestine is
important to produce mature blood cells and for neurological functioning. Intrinsic factor production is
only stomach function necessary for life thus, must be injected in patients. Eat six small meals and
properly chew with no water intake in between. Eat protein and avoid fat and carbohydrates.
Q.No.7. What is the composition of colostrum in bovines? If it is not available to the
new born animal, what are the alternatives? (2)
 In bovines, colostrum is composed of protective immunoglobulins (IgA),proteins( casein, albumin and
globulin), vitamins (A, E, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and pantothenic acid), fat, small amounts
of carbohydrates (lactose) and antimicrobial factors (lysozymes, lactoferrin and lacto peroxidase).
If colostrum is not available then calf can be given frozen colostrum (which was from another animal)
or savour colostrum i.e. yogurt ( a probiotic) to increase the immunity of newborn calf.

Q.No.8. A cow suddenly stopped lactation; however, it is still experiencing

mammary gland engorgement and leakage. Why? (2)
Enlarged teat orifice (Free Milker) or Leaker is the anomaly present in the cow teat due to which the
cow experiences mammary gland engorgement and leakage even after the lactation has stopped.
This condition occurs due to relaxed or traumatized sphincter. This leads to loss in milk. It can be
treated by injecting small quantities of sterile mineral or lugol’s solution around the teat orifice more
than once to obtain desired size for milk flow. Teat stenosis(blockage)can occur if it is overcorrected.
Q.No.9. Justify how the renal functioning is managed by one kidney only. (2)
Compensatory hypertrophy and compensatory hyperplasia causes the size of kidney to
increase with increased cell division as a result of increased functional demand till this single
kidney attains the Combined size of two kidneys. Thus, the renal functioning is managed only by one
kidney in a way that it changes its size according to the demand of body and functions it has to
carry out all by itself.
Q.No.10. Why does pancreas secrete some enzymes in IN-ACTIVE forms and where
are they being activated? (2)
The pancreas produces enzymes as zymogens (inactive forms) because they will digest the
Pancreas (the proteins of cells in which they are formed) as it occurs in pancreatitis. These enzymes
are activated into their active forms in the duodenum such as the protein-digesting enzymes. While,
trypsinogen is converted into trypsin by enzyme enteropeptidase in intestinal brush border which
then converts procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into active forms.
Q.No.11. Why ADH is also called vasopressin? (2)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) released from posterior pituitary is also called as vasopressin because
Apart from its water reabsorption function from the kidney it also acts on the blood vessels causing
Vasoconstriction (pressor agent). ADH converts into AVP (arginine vasopressin) which then enters
In to the circulation in response to decreased blood volume and pressure or increased osmolality.
In blood, AVP constricts the arterioles increasing peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure.

Q.No.12. Describe the control of blood carbonic acid levels through the respiratory
system. (2)
Respiratory acid-base control is the second line of defense when chemical buffers are not able to
 prevent blood pH changes. It balances the level of acid and bases in blood by eliminiating or
reataining the carbondioxide through lungs. The hydrogen ion combines with bicarbonate, producing
Carbonic acid, which is then disassociated by carbonic anhydrase into water and carbon dioxide in
RBCs which is then exhaled. This system causes a rapid change in pH.

Q.No.13. Which vessels and what part of the nephron are involved in countercurrent
multiplication? (2)
The Loop of Henle ( containing Descending limb and Ascending limb) is the part of nephron and
vasa recta are the vessels (surrounding the Loop of Henle) which are involved in the counter-current
multiplier mechanism. It is called counter-current because the direction of fluid in the two limbs is
opposite and multiplier due to action of solute pumps of multiplying sodium ion and urea
concentration deep in the medulla.

Q.No.14. How does the renal portal system differ from the hypothalamo–hypophyseal
and digestive portal systems? (2)
Normally, in portal system the two capillary beds are joined together by venules or veins so the blood
does not goes towards the heart from the capillary, instead it enters into a second capillary bed
before going towards the heart like in digestive and hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. But the
renal portal system differs in that the two bed of capillaries are joined together by the arteriole not
the vein while in above two systems the two capillary beds are joined by venules or veins.

Q.No.15. Why are females more likely to contract bladder infections than males? (2)
In females the urethra is shorter as compared with males, due to this little distance the bacteria has
has to pass through only a short distance and takes little time to reach up to the bladder. Thus,
women are at higher risk of urinary tract infections such as urethritis (infection of urethra), cystitis
(bladder infection) and pyelonephritis ( infection of kidneys).

Q.No.16. Give the approximate osmolarity of fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule,
deepest part of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts. (2)
In case of dilute urine formation the approximate osmolarity of fluid is about: (300 mOsm/L) in
Proximal tubule, (600 mOsm/L) in deepest part of loop of Henle, (100 mOsm/L) in distal tubule and
(50 mOsm/L) in collecting ducts. Whereas, in case of concentrated urine formation, the approximate
Osmolarity in Proximal tubule is(300 mOsm/L), in deepest part of loop of Henle is (1200 mOsm/L),
In distal tubule is (300 mOsm/L) and in collecting ducts is (1200 mOsm/L).
Q.No.17. If innervation to the adrenal medulla were disrupted, what would be the
physiological outcome? (2)
 The response of adrenal medulla to stress will be reduced i.e during any fight or flight condition the
gland will not respond to the hypothalamus. As a whole the response to stress will be diminished.
This is because the hormonal release from adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress is
mediated by(neural input) sympathetic nervous system. Thus,any disruption in innervation will reduce
Hormonal flow,epinephrine and norepinephrine to the medulla resulting in no response to stress.
Q.No.18. Explain why someone with a parathyroid gland tumor might develop kidney
stones? (2)

Chief cells within the Parathyroid gland produces the parathyroid hormone which increases blood
calcium level when it is low. Parathyroid gland tumor causes impaired functioning of chief cells within
the gland with increased parathyroid hormone production in blood. When this blood passes from
the kidney increased amounts of calcium is filtered from the blood due to its high amounts in blood,
causing calcium level in urine to be high, resulting in kidney stones.