Concept of Atomic Structure

(Different Atom Models)

 Planck’s Theory of Radiation
Energy is radiated or absorbed by a body
discontinuously in a definite fundamental unit or
integral multiple of fundamental unit.

This unit of energy was called by planck “a

quantum”. Energy of radiation is proportional to
frequency.

E  
E = h • n

E = Unit of energy,
h = Planck’s Constant,
 = Frequency of radiation
 Postulates of Bohr’s Atom Model contd.

Bohr’s theory consist of following postulate:

1. Postulate of Energy levels

(a) An atom has a number of stable orbits in which
an electron can revolve without the radiation of
energy. These energy orbits are referred to as
“Energy Levels”. The electron in these orbits
possesses an integral multiple of the quantum of
energy i,e., h, but do not radiate it.
 Postulates of Bohr’s Atom Model contd.

(b) If the electron moves in a circular orbit, its

motion is subject to the ordinary laws of electrical and
centrifugal forces. These orbits are decided by the
condition that the angular momentum of the electron in
such orbits must be an integral multiple of h , That
is , 2π

h
mvr = n.
2π

Where m is the mass of the electron, v is its

velocity r is the radius of the orbit and n is 1,2,3,4,5
etc. (h is the planck’s constant)
 Postulates of Bohr’s Atom Model contd.

2. Postulate of Frequency or Radiation

An electron can jump from one orbit to another. An

atom radiates energy as light only when an electron
passes from a higher energy level to another lower
energy giving definite spectral lines in emission
spectra.

The jump of an electron from a lower energy level to

that of a higher energy level is manifested by
absorption of energy giving dark lines.

The quantity of energy radiated or absorbed is equal

to the difference between the energies the atom
possessed before and after the electron changed
orbits.
 Postulates of Bohr’s Atom Model contd.

The quantity of energy radiated or absorbed is equal

to the difference between the energies the atom
possessed before and after the electron changed
orbits.

If E1 and E2 are the energies of the electron in the

initial and final levels respectively, the difference of
energy radiated when the electron passes from the
higher to the lower energy level by the relation:

E2 – E1 = h

Where h is the Planck’s constant and  is the

frequency of radiation.
Calculation of radius of orbit and energy
of a electron in any orbit

m r
e w
v
m r
v
Calculation of radius of orbit and energy
of a electron in any orbit contd.

m
Calculation of energy of a electron
in any orbit
Calculation of radius of orbit and energy
of a electron in any orbit contd.
 Limitations of Bohr theory

Bohr Theory was eminently successful in explaining

the spectrum of hydrogen but failed to predict the
energy states of more complicated atoms in which
there are more than one election.

Bohr presented a somewhat pictorial

representation of the fact and is far from exact
physical reality. Periodic motion around the central
body usually follows an elliptic path rather than a
circular path which has been assumed in the case of
Bohr Theory. If electrons follow elliptical path, the
velocity along the path does not remain constant.
 Limitations of Bohr theory Contd.

According to Heigenberg, both the position and

the momentum of an electron in an atom cannot be
fixed simultaneously.

High resolving power spectroscope shows mulple

lines in the atomic spectra and the multiplicity of
lines has been explained by Bohr Theory.

The mass of an electron, m, moving with great

speed v is not the same as the mass at rest m0.
Thank you