Complete Report On Roads and Drainage Calculation of Bridge On Creek

KARACHI PORT TRUST
EAST WEST WHARF CONNECTIVITY
BRIDGE PROJECT
ROADS AND DRAINAGE DESIGN CALCULATION REPORT
December, 2020
NATIONAL ENGINEERING SERVICES PAKISTAN (PVT) LIMITED 13TH FLOOR, N.I.C.L. BUILDING, ABBASI SHAHEED ROAD,
SHAHRA-E-FAISAL, KARACHI - 74400, PAKISTAN. Tel : +92-21-99090000, Fax: +92-21-35651994, 99225366, P.O. BOX : 5772
Email: karachi@nespak.com.pk nespakkh@gmail.com
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Salient features of the Proposed Bridge ....................................................................................... 4
2 Geometric Design .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Design Standards .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Geometric Design Criteria and Parameters .................................................................................. 5
2.2.1 Design Vehicle: ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Road/Bridge Design Parameters: ............................................................................................. 5
2.3 Traffic Control devices .................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.1 Traffic Signs .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.2 Road Pavement Markings: ........................................................................................................ 9
2.3.3 Pavement Studs ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.4 Design Calculations .................................................................................................................... 10
3 Pavement Design................................................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Design Standards ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.2 Pavement Design Criteria and Parameters ................................................................................ 11
3.2.1 Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs): .................................................................................. 11
3.2.2 Lane Distribution: .................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.3 Directional Distribution: ........................................................................................................... 12
3.2.4 Design Life: ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.5 Reliability: ................................................................................................................................ 13
3.2.6 Percentage of Trucks .............................................................................................................. 13
3.2.7 Truck Factor ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2.8 Serviceability ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.9 Quality Requirement for Base and Sub-Base Material ........................................................... 13
3.2.10 Structural Layer Coefficient ................................................................................................. 14
3.2.11 Drainage Coefficient ............................................................................................................ 15
3.2.12 Precast Concrete Pavers Thickness: .................................................................................. 15

3.2.13 Design Curve for Precast Concrete Paver Flexible Pavement ........................................... 16
4 Storm Water Drainage Design ............................................................................................................. 17
4.1 Design Standards ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 storm water Drainage Design Criteria and Parameters .............................................................. 17
4.2.1 Drainage of Roads .................................................................................................................. 17
4.2.2 Drainage of Bridges ................................................................................................................ 21

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
The existing Native Jetty Bridge is the only route currently available for traffic at Karachi Port to cross the
China Creek and excess East Wharf and South Wharf. The existing Native Jetty Bridge which has a junction
with Jinnah Flyover links the city road network to the Napier Mole road. This road link provides traffic an
excess to the Oil Pier & Farms, Berth 1-5 (General Cargo berths), Berth 6-9 (Container handling berths of
PICT), Berth 10-13 (General Cargo berths), Berth 14-17 (Liquid Cargo Terminal), Berth 17 a, b & c and
SAPT. The port traffic faces severe congestions and delays on Jinnah Flyover due to non-availability of
alternate land routes. In order to address the situation, a bridge over China Creek have been proposed by
NESPAK which will be constructed parallel to existing Railway Bridge. The new bridge shall be 6 lanes two-
way with mild slopes for easy maneuvering of heavy traffic.
The bridge shall be physically connecting operational areas of the Berth 17c near Napier Mole Gate on
East Wharf to the Berth no. 18 on the West Wharf through a Six (06) lanes bridge. The bridge shall have
ramps on the operational areas of berths on both sides of creek. The bridge portion on the China Creek
shall have minimal gradient with a height of the structure considering Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT).
The last spans of the bridge shall extend over the existing berth structure and shall then be ramped down
to the Berth Levels on both side of the Creek, which will be further continued with a designated route till
Bulk Cargo Terminal and West Wharf road on East and West Wharves respectively.
1.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE
Traffic study of all the routes connecting the Karachi Port have been conducted by NESPAK and presented
in a comprehensive report to understand the current trends of traffic, bottlenecks, route delays and identify
the routes requiring improvement. The report also presents traffic forecast for the existing routes based on
the assumptions made for the futuristic growth of the port and also estimates traffic diversions of traffic to
the proposed roads and routes. For the East West Wharf Connectivity Bridge Project, the traffic analysis
recommends a Six (06) lanes bridge so that the route can operate at desired level of service for next thirty
(30) years. As the large proportion of the traffic on the proposed bridge shall be heavy container trucks and
freight trailers, the bridge is being designed for fast and easy maneuvering of the large trucks and trailers.
2 GEOMETRIC DESIGN
The approach roads to the Bridge shall be constructed in the operational area of the port, the safe operation
of the port equipment and rapid access of traffic to the bridge shall be trade-off. However, the approach
roads are planned without barriers to allow easy maneuvering of the traffic to the bridge.
The bridge is planned to be elevated above approaching berth levels considering Highest Astronomical
Tide. The ramps to the are designed to cater heavy freight traffic with low gradients and smooth curves to
ensure appropriate sight distances at the proposed design speed.
2.1 DESIGN STANDARDS
For the geometric design of Roads and Bridge, internationally accepted design standards have been used.
In order to make it easily adaptable by the general masses and local users, national standards have been
referred for the design of sign, signals and pavement markings. The manuals and standards referred are
listed below:
1. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th Edition published in 2011 by American
Association for State Highways and Transportation Officials, USA.
2. Punjab Traffic and Transport Manual, published in 2008 by Government of Punjab, Pakistan.
2.2 GEOMETRIC DESIGN CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS
2.2.1 Design Vehicle:

 Type: Interstate Semi Trailer WB – 20
 Dimensions
o Height: 3.20 m
o Width: 2.59 m
o Length: 22.40 m
 Weight
o Maximum Gross Weight: 80,000 lbs.
o Weight Category: AA loading
2.2.2 Road/Bridge Design Parameters:

 Design Speed: 40km/hr.
 Lane Width: 3.5m
 Gradient: 3.5% on Ramp (maximum) provided 2.75% or less
 Side Slope: 1.0% - 1.5%
 Turning Radius: 12.5 m (on slow traffic turning sections)
 Width for low speed turning: 13.5m
Figure 1: Minimum Turning path for Interstate Semi Trailer WB-20
Source: AASHTO Geometric Design Manual
 Turning Radius: 47m (minimum on inner edge of the road) provided = 500m or more
 Super elevation = 4% (maximum), provided with reverse crown
Table 1: Minimum Radii for Design Superelevation Rates
 Stopping Sight Distance: 55 m (for gradient 0-3%)

 Passing Sight Distance: 140m (Not applicable on vertical curves)
 Vertical Clearance: 5.5 m (under structure)
 Curb Height: 150mm for bridge walkway
 Barrier Type: New Jersey Barrier (height: 900mm)
 Horizontal Clearance with Rail Tracks: 5.0 m
 Vertical Curve Crest: 12m minimum, provided 50m or more
 Vertical Curve Sag: 18 m minimum, provided 50m or more
Figure 2: Design of Vertical Crest Curve

Figure 3: Design of Sag Vertical Curve
2.3 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
In order to ensure road safety and efficiency, traffic control devices such as traffic signs and pavement
markings have been included in the project. The devices shall provide orderly movement of all road users
on roads and bridge. The national manual used for the design of traffic control devices recommends the
locally accepted practices while modifying it slightly to comply with international standards. The traffic
control devices used on the project are as follows:
2.3.1 Traffic Signs

The size, shape and placement of traffic signs depends upon following design considerations:
 All signs must be reflectorized or illuminated to ensure its legibility, command and attention
both at day and night times.
 The roads in the project are secondary and collector type in service classification, therefore
90cm size have been adopted.
 The traffic signs are proposed to be posted well in advance complying the distance
requirement against speed condition. A safe distance of 75m has been adopted.
 The mountings of signs are proposed to comply the lateral offsets and vertical
distances/heights for the urban roads as recommended by the national standards i.e.
o 0.6m from footpath edge on road side and 2.1m high above footpath pavement for
all regulatory and warning signs and
o 5.5m height above road pavement for overhanging guide signs.
The following signs are provided on the various positions of the road network:
a. Stop Signs:
Applicable at the entrance to the port areas where vehicles are required to get completely
stopped for security checks.
b. Speed Limit Sign

Provided at the start of road and specifically on the bridge entrance and exit.
c. Give Way Sign
The sign is proposed where minor roads are entering the major road imposing slowing
down of traffic on minor roads and prioritizing the traffic on major road.
d. Minor Road Crossing Signs
There are several minor road crossings with the proposed roads. Therefore, the sign shall
serve as an indication of potential crossing of traffic on the road well in advance since no
signals are provided on road junctions.
e. Chevron Signs / Delineators
The chevron signs are provided at all curves on bridge with delineation recommended in
the manual to warn the user against change in horizontal alignment.
f. Traffic Guide/ Information Signs
Traffic guide/ information signs are provided at either side of bridge at entrance/
approaches with area information with turn designations.
2.3.2 Road Pavement Markings:

a. Lane Marking
 Traffic Lane marking with white broken line have been proposed to traffic lanes
where crossing of the lanes is allowed.
 A solid white continuous line is provided on the road sections where crossing
among the lanes is prohibited for safety purpose.
 The width of the marking shall be 150mm.
b. Edge Line Marking
 The edge line shall be yellow colored continuous line on both edges on Bridge
since no parking is allowed on either side.
 The lines shall be continuous with 150mm width.
2.3.3 Pavement Studs

All road studs shall be heavy duty in order to sustain heavy road traffic with high number of repetitions.
Pavement studs of following types are proposed for the project.
1. Type – W: It shall be used with all lane markings/edge lines of white color. This is characterized
with white reflective sheet facing traffic for unidirectional roads
2. Type – Y: It shall be used with all road edge markings with yellow reflective sheet facing traffic for
unidirectional roads
3. Type – R: It shall act as divider and shall be provided with yellow edge marking for roads without
median barrier with yellow reflective face on correct direction and red reflective sheet on the other
indicating wrong traffic directions.
2.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Design Calculation sheets are attached as Annexure – A.

3 PAVEMENT DESIGN
It is observed that the roads and berth operational areas have variety of pavement structures. Presently,
pavement quality concrete, asphalt concrete and precast concrete paver type pavement structures exists
in various areas.
The roads, ramps and bridge shall be asphalt concrete pavements. High quality aggregate has been
proposed to cater the heavy truck / trailer load. Asphalt concrete depths is selected to best suit the repetitive
heavy traffic loadings. The top of the deck on bridge shall also be finished with asphalt concrete. Asphalt
concrete surface with smooth and impenetrable finish and adequate cross slope have been proposed to
ensure quick drainage of the storm water.
Pavements with pre-cast concrete pavers provide efficient load transfer, long term stability and flexible
maintenance solutions. Pre-cast concrete paver roads are known to best perform in the areas under heavy
traffic loading with frequent breaking actions and excessive turning movements. Therefore, the pre-cast
concrete paver road type has been selected for the pavement of the roads near entry exit gate (North Lodge
Gate).
The internally accepted standards of pavement design have been used for the project. The standards and
manuals referred are listed below:
1. AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, published 1993 by American Association for
State Highways and Transportation Officials, USA.
2. MS-1: Asphalt Pavement Thickness Design and MS-2: Asphalt Mix Design Method, published by
Asphalt Institute.
3. Structural Design of Interlocking Concrete Pavement for Roads and Parking Lots, published 2006
by Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute.
3.2 PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS
The approach roads to the bridge shall be designed for the projected traffic volume provided in the Traffic
Survey Report. The design of roads requires following deign parameters as inputs
3.2.1 Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs):

The Traffic Survey Report not only illustrate current situation of traffic on the road network but also provides
traffic prediction for next 30 years. Based on the vehicular distribution of the traffic provided, Equivalent
Single Axle Loads (EASLs) were calculated which is an essential input for the pavement design. The EASLs
calculations is annexed with the design report, refer Annexure B.
3.2.2 Lane Distribution:
Table 2: Lane Distribution of Traffic
Source: AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures
3.2.3 Directional Distribution:

Table 3: Directional Distribution of Traffic
3.2.4 Design Life:

Table 4: Suggested Period for Design Life

3.2.5 Reliability:
Table 5: Suggested Levels of Reliability for Various Functional Classification
3.2.6 Percentage of Trucks

Percentage of Trucks are found to be 7.3375%. We shall use 7.5% for our design calculations.
3.2.7 Truck Factor

Truck factor is calculated based on Structural Layer and Terminal Serviceability levels.
3.2.8 Serviceability
Pi = 4.5
Po =2.5
∆PSI = Pi- Po = 2.0
Table 6: Terminal Serviceability Levels
3.2.9 Quality Requirement for Base and Sub-Base Material

Table 7 : Quality Requirement for Untreated Aggregate Bases and Subbases
Source: Asphalt Institute

3.2.10 Structural Layer Coefficient
Figure 4: Chart for Estimating Structural Layer Coefficient (a1) of Dense Graded Asphalt Concrete
Figure 5: Variation in Granular Base Layer Coefficient (a2)

Figure 6: Variation in Granular Subbase Structural Coefficient (a3)
3.2.11 Drainage Coefficient

Table 8: Drainage Coefficient for Untreated Base and Subbase Material in Flexible Pavements
3.2.12 Precast Concrete Pavers Thickness:

The ICPI precast concrete pavement design guideline recommendations for layer thicknesses are
reproduced below:
 Thickness of Precast Concrete Pavers = 80mm for pavements exposed to vehicular loading
 Compressive Strength of Concrete Pavers = 5.5 MPa
 Thickness of sand bedding = 25mm (min) to 40mm (max)
 CBR of aggregate base = 30%
 CBR of Sub-base = 80%
3.2.13 Design Curve for Precast Concrete Paver Flexible Pavement
Figure 7: Design Curve for Precast Concrete Pavement

Source: ICPI
Design Calculation sheets are attached as Annexure – B.

4 STORM WATER DRAINAGE DESIGN
The effective drainage of roads and bridges is inevitable to ensure safe maneuvering of road users during
and after rain event and also essential for sustainability of the associated pavement structures. In the
projects like ports, where large pavement structures, with obstructions in the natural drainage, are involved;
the collection of rain water and its disposal is highly critical and needs to be properly managed.
At present, storm water drainage network is serving the existing port pavements for drainage collection and
disposal. Since the large part of proposed roads are to be constructed on the already established area, the
rain water of the new roads shall also be collected in the same drainage structures with appropriate
arrangements. However, new drainage collection system and network has been proposed for the bridge.
The internally accepted standards of drainage design have been used for the project. The standards and
manuals referred are listed below:
1. Design of Bridge Deck Drainage, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 21, published in May 1993 by
Federal Highway Administration, USA.
2. Urban Drainage Design Manual, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22, Second Edition, published
in August 2001 by Federal Highway Administration, USA.
4.2 STORM WATER DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS
4.2.1 Drainage of Roads

The cross slopes of the roads are established to facilitate quick drainage of the roads/pavements. In order
to drain the storm water away from the travelled way, a uniform cross slope of 1.5% is used for the road
section throughout the project. The storm water drainage is then dispersed on the adjacent land/ paved
areas to be collected in the existing drains. The longitudinal slopes of the road and proposed pavement
areas are kept similar to the existing pavement/ ground slopes to retain natural drainage pattern.
Since the road surface is topped with impermeable asphalt or precast concrete with jointing sand to make
the joints water tight, eliminating need of subsurface drainage. Moreover, the open graded subbase and
dense-graded base material in proposed pavement structure improves the subsurface drainage quality of
overall road and displays excellent bearing capacity and remain stable under repeated loading.
For the area drainage of the roads, following parameters were considered.
1. Determination of Actual Flow (Qf)

The following rational formula shall be used for the computation of design flow.
Q = CIA
Ku
Where: Q = Flow, m3/s (ft3/s)

C = dimensionless runoff coefficient
I = rainfall intensity, mm/hr.
A = drainage area, hectares, ha
Ku = units conversion factor equal to 360
2. Run-off Coefficient (C):
The run-off coefficient depends on many factors such as antecedent storm conditions, nature, slope &
size of the contributing area and return period. The run-off coefficient used in the design of the road
drainage are presented following table.
3. Rain fall Intensity (I):
The design rainfall intensity is an average of a storm for which duration is equal to the time of
concentration. The time of concentration is the time it takes for the water to flow from the most remote
point of the contributing area to the point under consideration. The time of surface / sheet flow
representing time of concentration is calculated using:
Tti = Ku nL
I 0.4 √S
Where:
Tti = sheet flow travel time, min
n = roughness coefficient
L = flow length, m
I = rainfall intensity, mm/hr
S = surface slope, m/m
Ku = empirical coefficient equal to 6.92
Figure 8: Runoff Coefficient for Rational Formula
Source: FWHA HEC – 22
Figure 9: Rainfall - Intensity Duration Curve of Karachi
4. Catchment Area (A)
The proposed pavement areas contribute to the total catchment areas of the drainage.
5. Return Period:
The return period of 50 years is assumed for the road drainage calculations whereas, for bridge
drainage 100 years return period has been assumed.
6. Flow in Drain / Channel:
Manning's equation is generally used to estimate average flow in open channels and drains as
follows:
Q= Ku R 2/3 S1/2 A
N
where: n = roughness coefficient

A = Area (m2)
R = hydraulic radius (defined as the flow area divided by the wetted perimeter), m
S = slope, m/m
Ku = 1
Figure 10: Manning's Roughness Coefficients

Source: FWHA HEC – 22
4.2.2 Drainage of Bridges

A vital part of a bridge design is the drainage system. Proper drainage increases safety and prolongs the
lifetime of the bridge. Main aspect of the design is the continuous array of openings (inlets) on bridges. And
the bridge end collectors which are generally catch drains at the down end of ramps on either side of the
bridge to avoid water ponding. As the accumulation of water leads to water-splashing, loss of skid
resistance on road surface/ hydroplaning causing sever traffic congestions and reduced level of service. In
the long-term water logging impose detrimental effects on bridge structure which have their cost
implications.
The following information is necessary for the design of bridge deck drainage systems:
 I = The design rainfall intensity, in/hr.

 Wp = The width of the area being drained, feet. Typically, this is half the width of a crowned deck,
or the entire width of a super-elevated deck.
 S = The longitudinal grade of the deck, ft/ft.
 Sx = The cross-slope of the deck, ft/ft.
 T = The design spread, feet. The spread is the width of flow on the deck.
 n = Manning's roughness coefficient
 C = Runoff coefficient
1. Inlet Design for Bridge
The bridge is drained with the inlets/ vertical drainage scuppers to remove water from bridge deck. The
scupper consists of an inlet chamber for temporary retention of water and a vertical pipe chuting out of
the deck. The inlet is provided with adequate grating to avoid potential clogging of the drainage scupper.
The water collected from scuppers is directly released into the sea underneath. The number of scuppers
and its spacing is optimized by trading off between the hydraulic consideration of higher number of
inlets for effective and efficient drainage, and structural restriction on the number of scuppers to ensure
higher stability of the structure design. The capacity of scupper / down drain is a function of the pipe,
which, in turn, may be limited by the capture efficiency of the grating. Assuming all conditions ideal, the
capacity is calculated by:
Q x = 0.6 Ax 2√ 2gx
where: Qx = Pipe flow capacity, ft3/s.

Ax = Area of the pipe exiting from the inlet box, ft2.
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32.2 ft/s2.
x = Depth of the box plus the depth of water in the gutter, ft.
2. Design of Bridge End Collectors

Bridge end collectors are essential. Properly designed collectors minimize problems such as
ponding, erosion, and conflicts with bridge and roadway structures. To serve the purpose, catch
drains on either side of bridge have been provided to effectively dispose water from ramp area to
the sea. The catch drains with heavy duty covers are designed to bear loaded trailer repetitive
traffic loading. The covers conform to the strength requirement defined in BS EN-124. The flow of
the catch drain is calculated using the Manning’s Formula as described in previous sections.
Design Calculation sheets are attached as Annexure – C.

Annexure A-1
EAST WEST WHARVES CONNECTIVITY BRIDGE PROJECT

GEOMETRIC DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Stopping Sight Distance

SSD on flat terrain 0.278 * V * t + 0.039 * V^2 /a
SSD on grade 0.278 * V * t + 0.039 * V^2 /(f+G)
Vehicle Speed V 40 km/hr
Perception and Reaction Time t1 2.5 sec
Distance to stop 18.4 m 40 km/hr 11.11111 m/sec
Time t2 0.5
Total Time 3.0 sec 9.8 m/sec2
Rate of Acceleration/ Deceleration 3.4 m/sec2
Friction Factor 0.16
Maximum Grade 2.65 %
SSD on flat terrain 51.3 say 52 m
SSD on up-grade 49.8 say 50 m
SSD on down-grade 52.6 say 53 m
Length of Ramps
Maximum Gradient 3.5 %
East Wharf
Gradient provided 2.4 %
Max level on Road 5 m
Max level on Ramp 6.9 m
Level Difference 1.9 m
Length of Ramp 79 m
Length of Vertical Curve 50 m
Total length of ramp including curved portions 129 m
West Wharf
Gradient provided 2.65 %
Max level on Road 4.55 m
Max level on Ramp 6.8 m
Level Difference 2.25 m
Length of Ramp 84.9 m
Length of Vertical Curve 50 m
Total length of ramp including curved portions 135.0 m
Annexure A-2
EAST WEST WHARF CONNECTIVITY BRIDGE PROJECT

SUPERELEVATION DESIGN CALCUALTIONS
Design Speed 40 km/h

Design Superelevation 4 %
Radius Required 47 M
Radius Provided 500 M
Superlevation Required (e d) +1.5 % (Reverse Crown)
Superlevation Required (e Nc) -1.5 %
Width of lane (w) 3.5
Number of Lanes (n) 3
Lane Adjustment Factor (bw) 0.67
Relative Gradient (∆) 0.7
Length of Superelevation Runoff Lr wn (ed) (bw) 15.075 M

∆
Length of Tangent Runout Lt eNc Lr 15.075 M

ed
Curve Number Position Chainage Applicable Cross

Slope Distance
Start of Runout 79.295

-1.5 15.075
End of Runout 94.37

0 0
Start of Runoff 94.37

0 10.05
PC 104.42
Transition 5.025
End of Runoff 109.445 1.5

50.58
1
1.5 5.025
PT 165.05
Transition 10.05
End of Runoff 175.1

0 0

0 15.075
End of Runout 190.175

-1.5 204.44
Annexure A-2
EAST WEST WHARF CONNECTIVITY BRIDGE PROJECT

SUPERELEVATION DESIGN CALCUALTIONS

-1.5 15.075

0 0

0 10.05
PC 419.74
Transition 5.025

44.69
2
1.5 5.025
PT 474.48
Transition 10.05
End of Runoff 484.53

0 0

0 15.075

-1.5 5.54

-1.5 15.075

0 0

0 10.05
PC 530.27
Transition 5.025

59.1
3
1.5 5.025
PT 599.42
Transition 10.05
End of Runoff 609.47

0 0

0 15.075

-1.5
Annexure B-1
PAVEMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Total Estimated Traffic from East to West Wharf 38036

Total Estimated Traffic from West to East Wharf 33279
Total Traffic 71315
Table 6.7 : Summary of Growth Rates*
CAR/JEEP/TAXI/ DELIVERY VAN /

YEARS MOTOR CYCLE RICKSHAW BUS / MINI-BUS TRUCK / TRAILER
PICK-UP/ LOADER PICK-UP
2019 3.9 4.93 2.97 2.28 3.13 3.22

2020 3.71 4.64 2.87 2.22 3.05 3.22
2021 3.55 4.38 2.78 2.17 2.98 3.22
2022 3.4 4.16 2.7 2.12 2.92 3.22
2023 3.26 3.96 2.62 2.07 2.86 3.22
2024 3.13 3.77 2.55 2.03 2.8 3.22
2025 3.02 3.61 2.48 1.98 2.74 3.22
2026 2.92 3.46 2.41 1.94 2.69 3.22
2027 2.82 3.33 2.35 1.9 2.64 3.22
2028 2.73 3.2 2.29 1.86 2.59 3.22
2029 2.64 3.09 2.23 1.83 2.55 3.22
2030 2.57 2.98 2.18 1.79 2.5 3.22
2031 2.49 2.88 2.13 1.76 2.46 3.22
2032 2.42 2.79 2.08 1.73 2.42 3.22
2033 2.36 2.7 2.04 1.7 2.38 3.22
2034 2.3 2.62 1.99 1.67 2.35 3.22
2035 2.24 2.55 1.95 1.64 2.31 3.22
2036 2.18 2.48 1.91 1.61 2.28 3.22
2037 2.13 2.41 1.87 1.58 2.24 3.22
2038 2.08 2.35 1.84 1.56 2.21 3.22
2039 2.04 2.29 1.8 1.53 2.18 3.22
2040 1.99 2.23 1.77 1.51 2.15 3.22
*(Extract from Traffic Forecast Report (Nov 2019) for Port Connectivity Project)
Cummulative Growth Factor 2.28
Annexure B-2

Table 5.11 :Average Daily Traffic at Road Network Connecting Karachi Port*
NON - MOTORIZED M O T O R I Z E D
TRUCKS TOTAL
VEHICLE CAR / PAJERO/S
ANIMAL MOTOR HIACE MINI BUS / LOADER TRACTOR TRAILER / TRAFFIC
BICYCLE RICKSHAW TAXI / UZUKI BUS
DRAWN CYCLE WAGON COASTER PICKUP TROLLY 2-AXLE 3-AXLE 4-AXLE 5-AXLE &
JEEP PICKUP
Above
LOCATION: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
MAI KULACHI BYPASS 40 79 42847 7574 41640 3857 1136 2354 319 624 88 4579 3382 2346 1765 112631
JINNAH BRIDGE 0 0 18870 4277 13275 2376 1366 443 152 352 4 302 8 1 1 41428
ALLIED BANK M.A JINNAH
261 276 37743 10782 16311 4188 494 3455 428 506 9 182 136 96 53 74920
ROAD
PAK CAR WASH M.T.KHAN
6 42 32703 5475 17837 2939 1462 768 147 435 63 463 785 593 129 63847
ROAD
KPT UNDERPASS 67 224 35739 6375 45710 2847 1357 254 189 56 11 220 76 14 11 93150
ZIA UD DIN HOSPITAL 366 666 20111 6703 11626 1574 518 841 207 407 7 590 586 393 583 45179
ICI CHOWRANGI 627 378 49746 14310 25783 6863 1545 4378 341 1244 18 2653 2740 2187 2270 115084
GUL BAI FLYOVER 81 62 41118 8369 27098 3849 6019 5853 561 3648 948 5960 6761 5503 3465 119296
TOTAL TRAFFIC 1448 1727 278879 63866 199280 28494 13896 18348 2345 7273 1147 14948 14475 11133 8278 665536
*(Extract from Traffic Forecast Report (Nov 2019) for Port Connectivity Project)
Total Traffic 665536
Total Traffic other than trucks 616703
Total Truck Traffic 48834
Percentage of Truck Traffic 7.3375

Annexure B-3

18 Kip EASLs CALCULATION FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN
Individual Estimated
Percetage Estimated Fators Lane Traffic in
Gross Truck Days per Design Cummulative
Vehicle Description of Each Daily Traffic Gross Weight HFxWFxS Distribution Design ESAL's
Weight Factor year Life Year Growth Factor
Vehicle (Tons) F Factor Lane, ADT
(Pounds)
Type (%)
ANIMAL DRAWN 0.22 83 0.22 0.486 0.00 0.848 0.75 52.63 250 30 2.28 0.0 1.216E-05
BICYCLE 0.26 99 0.11 0.243 0.00 0.848 0.75 62.77 250 30 2.28 0.0 0.0007319
MOTOR CYCLE 41.90 15938 0.33 0.729 0.00 0.848 0.75 10136.69 250 30 2.28 18.8 18.764251
RICKSHAW 9.60 3650 0.30 0.661 0.00 0.848 0.75 2321.40 250 30 2.28 227.4 227.40383
CAR / TAXI / JEEP 29.94 11389 3.00 6.612 0.00 0.848 0.75 7243.43 250 30 2.28 41,414.9 41414.916
PAJERO/SUZUKI PICKUP 4.28 1628 4.74 10.447 0.00 0.848 0.75 1035.70 250 30 2.28 34,543.3 34543.257
HIACE WAGON 2.09 794 4.65 10.252 0.01 0.848 0.75 505.09 250 30 2.28 62,196.4 62196.382
MINI BUS / COASTER 2.76 1049 8.00 17.632 0.04 0.848 0.75 666.91 250 30 2.28 308,948.1 308948.08
BUS 0.35 134 22.00 48.488 0.09 0.848 0.75 85.24 250 30 2.28 86,374.9 86374.925
LOADER PICKUP 1.09 416 8.82 19.436 0.07 0.848 0.75 264.36 250 30 2.28 213,095.3 213095.26
TRACTOR TROLLY 0.17 66 3.90 8.596 0.15 0.848 0.75 41.69 250 30 2.28 66,691.0 66691.048
2-AXLE 2.25 854 17.50 38.570 0.66 0.848 0.75 543.33 250 30 2.28 3,899,964.5 3899964.5
3-AXLE 2.17 827 29.50 65.018 1.04 0.848 0.75 526.14 250 30 2.28 5,945,217.5 5945217.5
4-AXLE 1.67 636 39.50 87.058 1.42 0.848 0.75 404.66 250 30 2.28 6,231,736.6 6231736.6
TRAILER / 5-AXLE & Above 1.24 473 62.00 136.648 1.59 0.848 0.75 300.89 250 30 2.28 5,209,572.8 5209572.8
22,100,001.5 22100001
Total EASLs
2.2E+07 22100001
Annexure B-4

Performance Period
Y = 30 years (without rehabilitation)
Seviceability
Initial Serviceability Pi 4.5
Terminal Serviceability Pt 2.5
Delta PSI 2
Consider CBR = 6
Resilient Modulus of Soil Mr 9000 psi
Quality of Drainage Good (Drained in 1 day)
Modifying Structural Layer Coefficient mi

mi 1.35-1.25
Minimum Thickness
For estimated EASLs
Asphalt Concrete 4.0 inch
Aggregate Base 6.0 inch
Provided Pavement Section

D CBR /
Layer ID m a Resilient
mm inch Modulus
Asphalt Wearing 50 2.0 1 0.44 450,000

Asphalt Binder 75 3.0 1 0.44 450,000
Base 200 6 1.25 0.14 80
Subbase 300 8 1.35 0.11 30
Annexure B-5

Results of Asphalt Pavement Design Calcualtor
1. W18 [Accumulated
ESALs] 2.E+07
Zr -1.28 ZR
Std Dev 0.45 S
ΔPSI 2.00 DPSI
2. Subgrade Mr 9000 psi
Surface Aggregate
Layer ID Base mix Subbase
mix Base
ai 0.44 0.44 0.14 0.11
Di, inches 2.00 3.00 6.00 8.00 inches
mi - - 1.25 1.35
3. Reliability, % 90 R
4. Initial and terminal
serviceability Po Pt
ΔPSI 4.50 2.50
Provided SN 3.92
Required SN (Solver will Comments: Pavement Section is found to be Adequate
fill in) 2.95
Annexure B-6

Precast Concrete Pavement Design
Assumed CBR of Subgrade = 6%

Modulus of Rupture Mr = 1500*CBR
9000 psi
From Chart the Thickness requirement of Aggregate Base = 500mm
= 19.685039 say 20inches
Conversion Factor from Aggregate base to Granular Subbase Course = 1.8
Conversion Factor from Granular Subbase Course to lean Concrete= 2.3
Providing Aggregate Base = 0 in 0

Converting complete thichness i.e. 20
in of Aggregate Base Course to
Granular Subbase = 30 in
Providing Granular Sub-Base = 24 in 610 mm
Converting rest of thichness i.e. 6 in
of of Granular Subase Course to
Lean Concrete = 13.8 in 360 mm
Annexure - C1
STORM WATER DRAINAGE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Channel, Chamber and Pipe Design
Overall Drainage General

Parameters
Q CIA/Ku
Ku 360
C 0.9
(for 100yrs return period

I 9.5 in/hr 241.3 mm/hr with 5min rainfall)
n 0.012 for smooth concrete
S 3.5 % 0.035
Ramp on East Wharf
L1 129.000
Time of Concentration
T1 (6.92/(I^0.4))*((nL/(S^0.5))^0.6)
2.74 min
I 14 in/hr 355.6 mm/hr

(for 100yrs return period)
T1 (6.92/(I^0.4))*((nL/(S^0.5))^0.6)
2 min
A1 3289.5 sq.m. 0.32895 hectares
Q1 0.292 m3/sec
Rect. Drain with Grating

W 0.600
D 0.600
S' 0.300
A 0.270
n 0.012
P 1.500 (0.15m free board)
R 0.180
Q (1.0/n)*A*R^(2/3)*S'^(1/2)
0.393 > 0.292 m3/sec
Pipe for the outfall East

D 0.59 m provide 700 mm
S' 0.15 Internal Dia 675 mm
A 0.36
n 0.012
P 1.8055
R 0.198097826
Q (1.0/n)*A*R^(2/3)*S'^(1/2)
0.392 > 0.292 m3/sec
Channel, Chamber and Pipe Design
Ramp on West Wharf
Time of Concentration
I 10 in/hr 254 mm/hr
L2 135.000 (for 100yrs return period with 10min rainfall)
T21 (6.92/(I^0.4))*((nL/(S^0.5))^0.6)
3 min
I 14 in/hr 355.6 mm/hr

(for 100yrs return period with 2min rainfall)
T22 (6.92/(I^0.4))*((nL/(S^0.5))^0.6)
2 min
A2 3442.5 sq.m. 0.34425 hectares

Q2 0.306 m3/sec
Rect. Drain with Grating

W 0.600
D 0.600
S' 0.450
A 0.300
n 0.012
P 1.500 (0.15m free board)
R 0.200
Q (1.0/n)*A*R^(2/3)*S'^(1/2)
0.574 > 0.306 m3/sec
Pipe for the outfall West

D 0.62 m provide 700 mm
S' 0.2 Internal Dia 675 mm
A 0.35
n 0.012
P 2.1195
R 0.165133286
Q (1.0/n)*A*R^(2/3)*S'^(1/2)
0.393 > 0.306 m3/sec
Chamber
H 1
L 1
B 1
Vol 0.85
Time of Retention East 2.91 sec
Time of Retention West 2.78 sec
Annexure - C2
Bridge Deck Drainage Design
Vertical Scupper Capacity

Dia of Exiting Pipe 6 in 0.5 ft
Radius 0.25 ft
Area (Ax) 0.196
Qx 0.6Ax(2gx)^0.5 Eq 10 Section 6.4
0.722 ft3/sec
Bridge Deck Flow

Q CiLeWp eq 11 section 7.2
43560
C 0.9
i 9.5 in/hr (for 100yrs return period and tc=5min for all flat bridges)
Le or Lb 426 m 1397.706 ft
Wp 12.75 m 41.83 ft
Q 11.477 ft3/sec
Overland Time of Concentration

to 0.93*(Wpn)^0.6 Appendix A
(Ci)^0.4*S^0.3
S 0.05 % 0.0005 ft/ft
to 2.549 min
Time in gutter (Gutter is not provided but the side lane is considered to have sheet flow)
tg 484 * Sx T^2
Ci*Wp
Sx 1.5 % 0.015 ft/ft
T 16 ft (One and a Half the last lanes)
tg 5.196 min
Total Time of Concentration

tc=to+tg 7.746 min
Qf 3.175
Lo 495.629737
I 8 in/hr
Try i = 8 in/hr
(Ci)^0.4*S^0.3
S 0.05 % 0.0005 ft/ft
to 2.731 min
tg 484 * Sx T^2 Appendix A

Ci*Wp
Sx 1.5 % 0.015 ft/ft
tg 6.171 min
Bridge Deck Drainage Design

tc=to+tg 8.901 min
from IDF Curve for 9 min 7.200 in/hr close enogh to assumed 8in/hr
Try i = 7.2 in/hr

(Ci)^0.4*S^0.3
S 0.05 % 0.0005 ft/ft
to 2.85 min
tg 484 * Sx T^2 Appendix A

Ci*Wp
Sx 1.5 % 0.015 ft/ft
tg 6.86 min
tc=to+tg 9.70 min
from IDF Curve for 9 min 7.1 in/hr close enogh to assumed 7.2in/hr
Bridge Deck Flow

Q CiLeWp eq 11 section 7.2
43560
C 0.9
i 7.2 in/hr (for 100yrs return period and tc=5min for all flat bridges)
Le or Lb 426 m 1397.706 ft
Wp 12.75 m 41.83 ft
Q 8.698 ft3/sec
Number of Scuppers Required 12.04 Say 13

Efficiency of Scupper 75 % (considering 50% effeciency of scuppers)
Number of Scuppers provided 17
Total Capacity of Scuppers provided 9.388 > 8.698 ft3/sec
Spacing of Scupper 24.5769 Use 25

Annexure - C3
Invert Calculations
East Ramp Catch Drain

Attempt 2
Point 1 FPL 5
(Start of Grated Drain) IL 4.2 (considering top of cover and slab 200mm + depth of drain 600mm)
Point 2 FPL 5
(End of Grated Drain) IL 4.122 Consider S= 0.3
Point 3 FPL 5
(Chamber and start of pipe drain) IL drain pipe 4.022 (considering IL difference of 50mm b/w drain and pipe)
IL Chamber 3.8 0.222 (Pipe above bottom of Chamber)
Depth of Pipe 1.678 (Top of pipe is 1.68 below the Existing Road)
Point 4 FPL 5.5
(End of pipe drain) IL 3.8285 Consider S= 0.15
MHHW 3.2 0.6285 2.0621085 25 in (dif of IL from MHHW)
West Ramp Catch Drain

Attempt 1
Point 1 FPL 4.55
(Start of Grated Drain) IL 3.75 (considering top of cover and slab 200mm + depth of drain 600mm)
Point 2 FPL 4.55
(End of Grated Drain) IL 3.63 Consider S= 0.45
Point 3 FPL 4.55
(Chamber and start of pipe drain) IL drain pipe 3.63
IL Chamber 3.35 0.28 (Pipe above bottom of Chamber)
Point 4 FPL 5
(End of pipe drain) IL 3.363 Consider S= 0.2
MHHW 3.2 0.163 0.535 6 in (dif of IL from MHHW)

Complete Report On Roads and Drainage Calculation of Bridge On Creek

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Complete Report On Roads and Drainage Calculation of Bridge On Creek

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KARACHI PORT TRUST

EAST WEST WHARF CONNECTIVITY

ROADS AND DRAINAGE DESIGN CALCULATION REPORT

1.1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Salient features of the Proposed Bridge ....................................................................................... 4

2 Geometric Design .................................................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Design Standards .......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Geometric Design Criteria and Parameters .................................................................................. 5

2.2.1 Design Vehicle: ......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2.2 Road/Bridge Design Parameters: ............................................................................................. 5

2.3 Traffic Control devices .................................................................................................................. 8

2.3.1 Traffic Signs .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.3.2 Road Pavement Markings: ........................................................................................................ 9

2.3.3 Pavement Studs ........................................................................................................................ 9

2.4 Design Calculations .................................................................................................................... 10

3 Pavement Design................................................................................................................................. 11

3.1 Design Standards ........................................................................................................................ 11

3.2 Pavement Design Criteria and Parameters ................................................................................ 11

3.2.1 Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs): .................................................................................. 11

3.2.2 Lane Distribution: .................................................................................................................... 12

3.2.3 Directional Distribution: ........................................................................................................... 12

3.2.4 Design Life: ............................................................................................................................. 12

3.2.5 Reliability: ................................................................................................................................ 13

3.2.6 Percentage of Trucks .............................................................................................................. 13

3.2.7 Truck Factor ............................................................................................................................ 13

3.2.8 Serviceability ........................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.10 Structural Layer Coefficient ................................................................................................. 14

3.2.11 Drainage Coefficient ............................................................................................................ 15

3.2.12 Precast Concrete Pavers Thickness: .................................................................................. 15

3.3 Design Calculations .................................................................................................................... 16

4 Storm Water Drainage Design ............................................................................................................. 17

4.1 Design Standards ........................................................................................................................ 17

4.2.1 Drainage of Roads .................................................................................................................. 17

4.2.2 Drainage of Bridges ................................................................................................................ 21

4.3 Design Calculations .................................................................................................................... 23

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE

2.1 DESIGN STANDARDS

2.2 GEOMETRIC DESIGN CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS

2.2.1 Design Vehicle:

2.2.2 Road/Bridge Design Parameters:

Source: AASHTO Geometric Design Manual

 Stopping Sight Distance: 55 m (for gradient 0-3%)

Figure 2: Design of Vertical Crest Curve

2.3 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

2.3.1 Traffic Signs

b. Speed Limit Sign

2.3.2 Road Pavement Markings:

2.3.3 Pavement Studs

2.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Design Calculation sheets are attached as Annexure – A.

3.1 DESIGN STANDARDS

3.2 PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS

3.2.1 Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs):

Source: AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures

3.2.3 Directional Distribution:

Source: AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures

3.2.4 Design Life:

Source: AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures

Source: AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures

3.2.6 Percentage of Trucks

3.2.7 Truck Factor

Table 6: Terminal Serviceability Levels