Name: Bibek Biswakarma Date: 3 th May 2021

Student id: 19-2-02464 Course: BS BIO 3-1

Development Biology Lab
Laboratory Exercise 16 - Integumentary System

Laboratory Exercise 16 (Integumentary System-5/3)

1. Illustrate by drawing the successive stages of skin development : A, at 4 weeks ;

B, at 7 weeks; C. at 7 weeks; D in a neonate and identify structural layers of the skin.
2. Draw the successive stages in the development of hairs, sebaceous glands, and
arrector muscles of hair. Identifying the approximate weeks of development of these
structures . ( weeks 4,5,12,14,16,  20, 23-28).
3. Illustrate development of mammary glands showing successive stages of breast
development between the 12th  week and birth. (Show transverse section of
developing mammary crest)
4. Make a table illustrating the order and the usual time of eruption of teeth and the
time of shedding of deciduous teeth.

Upper teeth Eruption Shedding

Central incisor 8-12 mos. 6-7 yrs

Lateral incisor 9-13 mos. 7-8 yrs

Canine 16-22 mos. 10-12 yrs

First molars 13-19 mos. 9-11 yrs

Second molar 25-33 mos. 10-12 yrs

Lower teeth Eruption Shredding

Second molar 23-31 mos. 10-12 yrs

First molars 14-18 mos. 9-12 yrs

Canine 17-23 mos. 9-11 yrs

Lateral incisor 10-16 mos. 7-8 yrs

Central incisor 6-10 mos. 6-7 yrs

5. Enumerate conditions and /or  abnormalities of teeth development

 The missing teeth in the anterior maxilla are thought to cause
underdevelopment of the premaxilla. Other dental abnormalities include
hyperplastic upper labial frenulum, peg-shaped front teeth, and small
teeth, enamel hypoplasia, conical-shaped teeth, shortened roots,
taurodontism, and delayed eruption.

6. Identify the numbered structures of an adult skin and its appendages: Figure 9.3 :
A-thin skin/ B- thick skin (Refer to IMG 1039)
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale
6. Dermal papillae
7. Dermis
8. Sweat gland duct
9. Arteriole
10. Venule
11. ----
12. Hair shaft
13. Outer root sheath
 14. Papilla of the hair
15. Root of hair
16. Papillary muscle
17. Sebaceous gland
18. Hypodermis

Appendages of the Skin


 Hair
Papilla-capillaries clustered under follicle
Root -tip of hair embedded in follicle
Shaft-visible part of hair
Medulla -inner core of hair: Cortex-outer portion
Color -results from the different amounts of melanin in cortex of hair
Growth -periods of growth and rest. Grows about 5 inches per year.
Sebaceous glands-oil glands that secrete sebum into follicle
Male pattern baldness

 Nails
Epidermal cells converted to hard keratin
Nail body -visible part of each nail
Root-part of nail in groove hidden by fold of skin, cuticle
Lunula -moon -shaped white area of nearest root
Nail bed -layer of epithelium under
nail body -abundant blood vessels
Growth average: 0.5mm per week or 1 inch per year

 Two types of sweat glands


1. Eccrine glands
Most numerous sweat glands, quite small
Over total body surface
Simple coiled tubular glands
Function entire life
Help body maintain temperature

2. Apocrine glands
Located deep in subcutaneous layer
Limited distribution-axilla, areola of breast, anus
Large 5mm in diameter
Simple branched tubular glands
Function at puberty
Secretion cyclic changes in female with menstrual cycle

7.   Label section of a finger with the appropriate terms. Figure 9.2 (Refer to IMG
1038)
1. Nail matrix
2. Root of nail
3. Eponychium
4. Nail bed
5. Nail body

8. Fill in the blanks (1-20 questions); Fill in the spaces that are blank in the table;
Write a short answer (several complete exercises) to the question: How does thin
skin differ from thick skin.
(Refer to IMG 1042)

Fill in
1. Epidermis
2. Adipose
3. Papillae
4. Keratin
5. Basale
6. Spinosum
7. Dermis
8. Arrector pilli
9. Hypodermis
10. Apocrine
11. Sebum
12. Cuticle
13. Shaft
14. Papillary
15. Stratum germanitivum
16. Stratified squamous
17. Collagenous
18. Lucidum
19. Sebaceous
20. Eccrine

TABLE
Fill in the spaces that are blank

Characteristic Epidermis Dermis

Tissue type Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular
connective tissue
Presence of Does not contain present
blood vessels
Relative 1.5mm thick
thickness
Permeability less more
Relative strength stronger weaker

Short answer
How does thin skin differ from thick skin?
 Thick skin have five strata; and it is in your palms of your hands and in the
soles of your feet; 0.5 mm. Thin skin are like eyelids, and only use 3 or 4
of the strata but not stratum lucidum. Also has hair and covers the rest of
the body; 0.1 mm.