Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Documentatie Unesco
Documentatie Unesco
1
Nomination of the
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Applicant
The Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs
The Municipality of the City of Sibiu
Country, Region
Romania, County of Sibiu
Identification of Property
Sibiu, the Historic Centre
Geographic Coordinates
N 45o 47’ 51”, E 24o 29’ 51”
Verbal Description of the Boundary of the Nominated World Heritage Site
V: Soldiş Bastion, the former Arsenal, the limit of the plots situated between Dârstelor and
Pânzarilor Streets, respectively Cibin Market and Croitorilor Street.
N–V: Cibin Market, Pulberăriei Street, Zidarilor Street.
N: the north end of Ocnei Street, Pielarilor Street and Rotarilor Street.
N–E: Hurmuzache Street, passage to Constituţiei Street, the premises of the blocks of flats.
E: passage to 9 Mai Street, Blănarilor Street.
S–E: Funarilor Street, Manejului Street, Haller Bastion, Corneliu Coposu Bd., Gimnasticii Street,
Berăriei Street.
S: Corneliu Coposu Bd., Unirii Square, Gheorghe Bariţiu Street, enclosure wall facing
“Octavian Goga” High School.
Plan of the Nominated Heritage Site (Size A4) indicating Its Limits and the Buffer Zone
See plan verso
Justification for Inscription/Declaration of Universal Value
The exceptional universal value of the Historic Centre of the City of Sibiu, as evidenced by the
outstanding urbanistic and architectural qualities of the Site, residing in a particularly skillful
adaptation, over a long – mediaeval and modern – process of evolution to the specific features
of the ground, as well as to early settlements and constructions.
Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed
(ii) Exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural
area of the world, on developments in architecture […and] town-planning.
(iii) Bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization
which is living or which has disappeared.
(iv) Be an outstanding example of a type of […] architectural […] ensemble […] which illustrates
a significant stage in human history.
(v) Be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement […] which is representative of
a culture […] when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change.
Names and Contact Persons
Institution: The Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs The Municipality of the City of Sibiu
Address: RO–011347, Bucharest, No. 30, Kiseleff Ave. RO–550024, Sibiu, Nos. 1–3,Victoriei Blvd.
Tel: 0040 21 2242510 0040 269 208800
Fax: 0040 21 2234951 0040 269 208811
E-mail: adrian.iorgulescu@cultura.ro primarie@sibiu.ro
Web Addres http\\www.ministerul culturii.ro http\\www.sibiu.ro
5
6
CONTENTS
7
5.e. Property Management Plan or Other Management System 159
5.f. Sources and Levels of Finance 160
5.g. Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation and Management Techniques 160
5.h. Visitor Facilities and Statistics 164
5.i. Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property 167
5.j. Staffing Levels (Professional, Technical, Maintenance) 178
6. MONITORING 179
6.a. Key Indicators for Measuring State of Conservation 181
6.b. Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring Property 184
6.c. Results of Previous Reporting Exercises 185
7. DOCUMENTATION 187
7.a. Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and Authorization Table and Other Audiovisual
Materials 189
7.b. Texts Relating to Protective Designation, Copies of Property Management Plans or
Documented Management Systems and Other Plans Relevant to the Property 195
7.c. Form and Date of Most Recent Records of Inventory or Property 195
7.d. Address where Inventory, Records and Archives are Held 200
7.e. Bibliography 201
7.f. Glossary of the Romanian and German Names 209
8. CONTACT INFORMATION OF RELEVANT AUTHORITIES 213
8.a. Compilers 215
8.b. Local Institution 217
8.c. Other Local Institutions 217
8.d. Official Web Address 217
9. SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY 219
Signature, Minister of Culture and Religions Affairs 221
Non exclusive concessions 223
8
Fig. 1. Sibiu, Grand Square (Aerial Photo)
FOREWORD
On behalf of the people of the City of Sibiu, Romania, it gives me pleasure to present to the
UNESCO the documentation for the nomination for inscription of the historic city centre of Sibiu
on the World Heritage list.
The enclosed documentation is the result of two years of persistent work that summed up the efforts
and perseverance of decades devoted to the protection of the urban heritage of Sibiu.
Eight years ago, our city embarked on an energetic national and international campaign, aimed at
the highlighting of the invaluable historic centre and at the setting up of an institutional framework
that would allow and encourage measures to protect its valuable public buildings and spaces.
Various instruments have been perfected over the last few years: in 1999 The Charter for the
Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre was set up; in 2001 a new set of Regulations for Local Town-
planning for the Historic Zone was set up and revised in 2005. Also in the year 2001, following a
public debate, The Urban Plan of Action for the Historic Centre 2001-2004 was adopted. A new
document of a similar type was drafted in 2004-2005; as Plan of Management it is attached to this
documentation. Also, in the year 2005, at the initiative of the Municipality of Sibiu, the Sibiu Local
Council adopted a decision, mandating the nomination of the historic centre for inscription on the
World Heritage List.
All these efforts are the expression of the desire of the residents of an eight-century-old city to
conserve, protect and hand down intact to future generations its cultural heritage, represented by its
historic centre.
Our gratitude goes to all the experts, institutions and partners in the work undertaken to compile
this documentation, as well as to those willing to join us in our effort to protect, within an
international framework, the historic centre of the City of Sibiu.
11
1.a Country
1.a Country
Romania
1.b County
Sibiu
13
Fig. 5. Layout of the Nominated World
Heritage Site and of the Buffer Zone
Boundary of the Nominated Property
Buffer Zone
14
15
1 Identification of the Property
1.e Maps and Plans, Showing the Boundaries of the Nominated Property
and Buffer Zone
The Boundary of the site proposed respectively by Cibin Market and Croitorilor
for nomination in the World Heritage List Street.
(Fig. 5, 6, 7) Northwestern limit: Cibin Market (Sagtorbastei),
Western limit: Soldiş Bastion (Soldischbastei), Pulberăriei Street (Pulwergasse), Zidarilor
Arsenal (Kempelkaserne), the boundary consti- Street (Maurergasse).
tuted by Dârstelor Street and Pânzarilor Street, Northern limit: The northern end of Ocnei
16
1.e Maps and Plans, Showing the Boundaries and the Buffer Zone of the Nominated Property
17
1 Identification of the Property
Northeastern limit: The railway tracks, de Cultură a Sindicatelor, the alley between
1 Decembrie 1918 Square, Uzinei Street, the Army Club and “Lucian Blaga” University.
Hermann Oberth Street. Southwestern limit: Banatului Street, Dealului
Southeastern limit: Constantin Noica Street, Street, the Petöfi Sandor Stairs, Turismului
Revoluţiei Street. Street, Ion Neculce Street (up to the south
Southern limit: General Vasile Milea Bd, end of the wooden bridge across the Cibin
Someşului Street, the rear alignment of Casa River).
1.f Area of Nominated Property (ha) and Proposed Buffer Zone (ha)
The overall area of the Nominated Site is 86.50 ha.
The area of the Buffer Zone: 107.00 ha.
18
2 DESCRIPTION
OF THE PROPERTY
19
2.a Description of the Property
21
2 Description of the Property
22
2.a Description of the Property
other mediaeval cities with a well thought-out city where town planning is rigorous, next to areas
plan, Sibiu had four external gates, placed along where planning was less organic.
already existing transit roads: In the LowerTown, pre-existing roads form the
Ø Tower Gate (Sagtor), in the Lower Town; basic structure of the street network – a
Ø Ocna Gate (Burgertor), in the Lower Town; longitudinal road (9 Mai Street, along Faurului
Ø Guşteriţa Gate (Elisabethtor), in the Lower Town; Street and then Târgul Vinului Square) is
Ø Cisnădia Gate (Heltauertor), in the Upper Town. intersected by two main crossroads, situated
The structure of the Historic Centre is based on radially (Turnului Street / Fig. 11, and Ocnei
the pattern of the above-mentioned transit roads, Street). At such intersections of main roads, a small
some predating the city, some appearing during square clearly sets out the general disposition.
the early stages of the initial settlement (Fig. 10). In the centre, there are also longitudinal,
This is the case of the four roads intersecting at “parallel” streets (Valea Mare, Plopilor, Nouă /
Dragoner Square: Fig. 12, Vopsitorilor, Pielarilor, and Movilei); they
Ø The road to Alba Iulia, Turnului Street – are all connected by perpendicular side streets (Fig.
Faurului Street, in the LowerTown; 13). On the eastern side, there are perpendicular
Ø The road to Copşa Mică, along Ocnei Street, in streets of dwellings, of which Magheru Street and
the LowerTown; Constituţiei Street used to connect one of the gates
Ø The road to Rupea and Braşov, along 9 Mai of the Upper Town (Salt Tower) to an outer gate in
Street, in the LowerTown; the LowerTown (Guşteriţa Gate). In the western
Ø The road to the Olt Defile, along the route: areas of the Lower Town, on ground resulting from
Lesser Square – Grand Square –Nicolae the filling in of a lake basin, streets with dwelling
Bălcescu Street, in the Upper Town. houses are predominant.
The structure of the Sibiu street network gives an A common element for most streets, regardless
impression of clarity, although developed in a of their importance, is their variable cross section.
number of successive stages. One can find areas, Some streets display widened-out portions,
23
2 Description of the Property
favourable for obtaining a lateral vantage point, In the Upper Town (Fig. 15), there was only
i.e. more advanced spots compared to the one traditional transit route, which determined
alignment of the street (Avram Iancu, Ocnei, the course of Nicolae Bălcescu Street. This
Vopsitorilor and Faurului Streets). The closed- means that the street network was, for the most
space aspect of the streets is further brought out part, shaped by urbanistic factors. In principle,
by their narrowing down at the end, usually at the network is made up of two “parallel” streets,
the intersection with a major street (Vopsitorilor formed in one area of the town by Nicolae
and Pielarilor Streets with Ocnei Street, Bălcescu and Mitropoliei Streets (Fig. 16), and in
Rebreanu Street with 9. Mai Street, and Movilei the other area by Avram Iancu and General
Street with Aurarilor Square). The areas where Magheru Streets (Fig. 17). All follow a curved
development was mainly shaped by external route, which emphasizes their front lines. They
factors are those in the sloping sector between are connected by means of a transverse square –
the Lower Town and the Upper Town, as well Grand Square, to which Lesser Square and Huet
as those in the proximity of the temporary or Square are a complement. The exact route of the
permanent fortification lines, where the pattern main streets, as well as the way they connect to
of urban development was partly superimposed Grand Square, was determined both by the size
upon their pre-existing outlines (Fig. 14). of the area available on the embanked terrace
In addition, the trace of certain streets in the and by the pre-existing fortress. Consequently,
Lower Town reflects the progressive filling in of they include curved segments, and two of the
a water surface (Kempel), as well as the course four main streets (i.e. Avram Iancu and General
of certain streams. Magheru Streets) converge towards one gate –
24
2.a Description of the Property
25
2 Description of the Property
26
2.a Description of the Property
Salt Tower, where they form a small square. also longer, early plots in the old main streets
(e.g. 9 Mai Street / Elisabethgasse), and
In this area of the town, there are a number
interstitial plots in newer, side streets (Nouă
of longitudinal, “parallel” streets of dwelling
Street / Neugasse and Movilei Street/Neustift).
houses (Centumvirilor (Fig. 14), Xenopol,
Şelarilor, Timotei Popovici, and Tipografilor In the Aurarilor Square area there are also
Streets). In out-lying areas of the Historic Centre, small allotments of a type quite different to any
there are also perpendicular streets of dwelling other kinds of allotments, which influenced the
houses (Tribunei, Gheorghe Lazăr and shape of the surrounding large allotments.
Filarmonicii Streets), as well as perpendicular
connecting streets (Fig. 18) and a small square of Links Between
the same type (Piaţa Schiller). the Upper Town and the Lower Town
Quite important are the passageways, some Both functionally and aesthetically, the
as narrow as 1 metre, that are incorporated connections between the two parts of the town,
within buildings. Such “short cuts” connect consisting of both slopes – with or without
Huet Square and Lesser Square, Lesser Square carriageways (Fig. 21) – and of stairways (Fig.
and Avram Iancu Street, Mitropoliei and 22, 23) are also quite relevant. Wherever there
Xenopol Streets (Fig. 19), and General Magheru is a steep slope, stairways or ramps go up and
and Şelarilor Streets. In general, the allotment down, winding along or cutting through the
pattern (Fig. 20) is dominated by large, hillside. Where the slope is gentle, there are
elongated plots. Although plot size may be ramps or streets that go straight uphill. Such
determined from place to place by the local connections exist both in the central area and in
availability of land, there is a decrease of plot marginal areas of the inner town. A significant
size from the centre to the outskirts. There are feature of the Historic Centre is that, in time,
27
2 Description of the Property
28
2.a Description of the Property
some passages were either abandoned or Here is what things look like today, west to
replaced by others. east (Fig. 24):
29
2 Description of the Property
Some of these passages are quite spectacular, 20th century, the upper half of the passageway
e.g. the two links in the central zone. was rebuilt as a stairway that ends in front of a
At one end of Turnului Street, the slope is gate tower of Enclosure III, beneath which and
negotiated by means of a stairway that reaches by which, one enters the Upper Town.
Huet Square by crossing under the gate tower of The connection between Ocnei Street
Enclosure I (Fig. 25, 26). (Burgergasse) and Lesser Square (Kleiner Ring)
At the same end of Turnului Street lies the was changed several times and it reached its
Stairway Passage (Pempflingergasse), heading current form in the mid-nineteenth century: an
uphill towards the Old Town Hall. To the east, incline flanked by high restraining walls,
its front lines are sided by the tall walls of the connected by means of a cast-iron bridge – the
first defensive line, reinforced over time, and to Liars’ Bridge – one of the symbols of
the west by a row of humble houses; arches contemporary Sibiu. On one side of the
connect both lines. During the first half of the carriageway, there is a stairway that leads up to
30
2.a Description of the Property
31
2 Description of the Property
the bridge, the whole dominated by the square called Dragoner, close to Târgului Street.
impressive bulk of the Town Hall Tower.
These open areas were turned into allotments
The Central Squares as far back as the Middle Ages. These functions,
The centre of the early settlement was situated religious and commercial and with them,
in the Lower Town and it was made up of a implicitely the city centre were moved to the Upper
number of specific areas. An early burial site Town; step by step, a complex of squares (Fig. 27)
was found in a large open area between took shape, which, to this day, constitutes the city
Faurului Street and the Church of the Hospice, centre. The several large spaces of these squares
probably paired with an early religious building are linked by multiple passageways and come
and a market zone situated in the area of a small together in a contiguous space, unique of its kind.
32
2.a Description of the Property
33
2 Description of the Property
34
2.a Description of the Property
35
2 Description of the Property
Upper Town and of its fortifications progressed, – Nicolae Bălcescu (Heltauergasse) and General
Grand Square became the city centre. The square Magheru (Sporergasse) – are narrowed at their
took over the function of a cultural-political centre, ends, because of uneven front lines (Fig. 31).
at the same time serving commercial purposes: Conversely, the other two take us towards adjacent
there are dwelling houses with shops on the spaces. Where Samuel von Brukenthal Street is
ground storey, alongside public buildings (the located, the defensive wall of Enclosure II created
Catholic Church and its Presbytery, the Seat of the highly convex front lines, giving them a “funnel”
Lutheran Bishopric in Romania, the building of the shape. Even more spectacular is the connection
headquarters of the Democratic Forum of with Avram Iancu Street – that is, the connection to
Germans in Romania, the Brukenthal Museum, the convex front line of Enclosure II. Right in front
and its annex building, the Blue House, the former of the main gate tower of the square, along its
head office of Banca de Credit Funciar, currently eastern front, there is a concave protrusion creating
under reconstruction and scheduled to house the a small square that underscores the directioning
future Town Hall). towards the gate. As a result, the city centre is made
As new front lines appeared following the up of the three dominant squares with different
construction of more buildings, the square took on configurations, yet clearly part of the overall
a more coherent shape. The general outline of the compositional pattern of the city.
square fits a rectangle of 100 x 140 m; as in the This central character of the ensemble is also
case of the other two squares, there are no right emphasized by the string of squarelets surrounding
angles. The front lines assumed a gently curved the large squares at distances of 50 – 200 m. They
shape, resulting from houses set back, jutty create a connection between the three squares and
elements, as well as directional changes of the the network of streets. The shape of most of these
front lines. squarelets came about naturally, in a haphazard
Two of the four streets opening onto the square way; no fixed geometrical patterns can be detected,
and in some cases, development side-stepped the
main-street traffic. Clockwise, we have the
following squarelets:
Ø The small square at the crossing of Turnului –
Vasile Tordoşan– Faurului – Târgul Vinului
Streets; its outline is that of a trapeze.
Visually, it is influenced by the connection
with Huet Square and its dominant Lutheran
Parish Church.
Ø Dragoner Square, at the intersection of Ocnei,
9 Mai, and Faurului Streets is an irregular
triangle. The Public Community Scales were
placed in its middle and, later, the Dragoons
Watch were built here; then a row of houses
were built; these were pulled down at the
middle of the 20th century. The square is
closely connected to the Liars’ Bridge and
Lesser Square, and dominated by the
Lutheran Parish Church.
Ø Aurarilor Square, at the intersection of
Argintarilor, Târgului, Movilei Streets and
Fig. 25. Tower Stairs Aurarilor Stairway, has the form of a triangle
36
2.a Description of the Property
37
2 Description of the Property
that narrows down towards the Upper Town, the small square linking them, used to form a
forming a funnel and connecting with 9 Mai distinct little corner of the city, off the
Street through two narrow side streets. neighbouring Grand Square. 18th and 19th-
Ø Dominated by the houses built on the hillside century buildings form serene front lines.
below Lesser Square, Aurarilor Square is
connected with the latter by means of The ensemble of these small squares, together
with enlargements in Konrad Haas, General
Aurarilor Stairway. It offers a spectacular, up-
hill view and its proportions favour foot- Magheru (Fig. 33) and Xenopol Streets emphasize
the unity of the complex of central squares.
walking.
Ø The squarelet in front of the Convent of the
Ursuline Sisters (Fig. 32) at the confluence of The Suburbs
General Magheru and Avram Iancu Streets; in From the second half of the 18th century, suburbs
fact, this square results from the rectangular become a more significant part of the urban
widening of these two streets, both leading to pattern of the city, reflecting at the same time its
Grand Square. Because of the sloping ground, multiethnic and pluridenominational character.
the pavements were placed higher than the Thus, the district called Terezian, in the northern
carriageway; formerly, they were linked by a area of the city across the Cibin River, was
bridge. The square is dominated by the inhabited by Austrian settlers but also by
Church of the Ursuline Sisters, flanked by the Romanians and members of a Roma (Gypsy)
building of the convent. community. Of the places of worship built here
Ø The site of a little park, Schiller Square mention should be made of: the St. Elizabeth
(Schiller Platz) is a rectangular, transversal Roman Catholic Church (1767-1771), the Greek
squarelet placed between Timotei Popovici Catholic St. Peter and Paul Church (1783) and the
and Tipografilor Streets. These two streets and St. Elijah Romanian Orthodox Church (1787).
38
2.a Description of the Property
39
2 Description of the Property
its bridges; of the street and can take the form of a segment
► from Gladiolelor Street. of an inner fortification or a section of a
Moreover, many streets used to have, and some retaining wall, uniting two street ends at uneven
still have, a defensive tower as their vantage heights (in Movilei Street and between
point. This can be a gate tower or an ordinary Centumvirilor and Alexandru Odobescu Streets).
tower (e.g. the Curriers Tower at the end of Here are some of the vantage points
Rimski-Korsakov Street). Sometimes, such dominating certain streets in Sibiu:
“points of interest” are situated on the very axis
40
2.a Description of the Property
41
2 Description of the Property
The picturesque cityscape is rounded off by the these should be added the four main streets of
mountainscape of the Southern Carpathians – the the Upper Town (Nicolae Bălcescu, Mitropoliei,
jagged Făgăraş Mountains –, visible from various Avram Iancu and General Magheru). These
spots in the city. The whole remarkable chain of monuments belong to the category of public
the Făgăraş Mountains is visible in the Buffer Zone buildings, of dwelling houses (most of them
from the upper side of Unirii Square. former Patrician houses), as well as remnants of
the nos. I-III fortified lines.
Distribution of Historic Monuments A smaller number of buildings, mostly
Of the edifices listed as historic monuments (Fig. dwellings of great antiquity, are also listed in the
36), mention should be made of public LowerTown.
buildings, especially churches and monasteries Also within the historic city, there are
in the Historic Centre. Apart from these, the additional remnants of the external fortifications,
majority of the listed monuments are situated i.e. in isolated places in the Lower Town and in
within the central perimeter of the three squares, contiguous areas in the Upper Town (walls,
where practically all buildings are listed; to curtain walls, towers, rondels and bastions).
42
2.a Description of the Property
Fig. 31. The Seat of the High Consistory of the Lutheran Church
43
2 Description of the Property
cityscape of the Historic Centre. aisle being overlooked by a gallery. The tower
The Lutheran Parish Church (situated in Huet initially jutted out against the west façade; later
Square / Fig. 37, 38) is the dominant architectural it was incorporated within a three-aisled
landmark of the Historic Centre – due to its mortuary chapel, called ferula (galilee) that had
monumental size, its spire being the key a similar structure.
architectural feature of the cityscape. In addition to The building was erected over a number of
this functional role, the church is an outstanding successive periods and the final result was a
architectural monument, being the only edifice in conglomerate of many different Gothic features.
southeastern Central Europe that exhibits elements The oldest part of the church is the lower
from all phases of the Gothic style. structure of the tower, in Romanesque style. Its
Originally named St. Mary’s Church, it was west portal, today mounted in a different spot, is
initially Roman Catholic; after the Reformation topped by semicircular arches, whose cornice
came to Sibiu, it was turned into a Lutheran bears the marks of Gothic transformations.
church and from 1867 it became the Cathedral The east wall of the transept shows the
of the Lutheran Church in Romania. The remains of a bricked-up round window, with an
monument is an imposing Gothic edifice; its early Gothic tracery; a round pillar of the
ground plan is a polygonal choir with a nave quadrangle belongs to an initial phase of High
(the remnants of the foundation of a hall-type Gothic. The pillar with an octagonal cross-section
choir are also preserved). To the north, the choir in the southwest quadrangle was probably built at
is flanked by a vestry, to the west, by a transept, a later date. The transept is a powerfully
while to the south we have a number of articulated structure with arched straps and ribbed
auxiliary rooms. Next is the nave flanked by two vaults, indicative of the High Gothic style. The
aisles in a basilica-type disposition, the south tracery of the south window of the transept is also
Fig. 32. Square in front of the Convent of the Ursuline Sisters, view from Avram Iancu Street
44
2.a Description of the Property
preserved, along with a round window in a less leafless vines; the apse vault is even decorated
central spot. The first octagonal pillars with a large sea-shell, typical for the
separating the aisles bear the hallmarks of a Renaissance. At approximately the same time, a
similar style, as well as other decorative turret with winding stairs and a Renaissance
elements, such as three-leaved and four-leaved doorframe was built on the south façade. Later,
tracery. These were re-processed and used when a door was built in the north-east side of the
the nave was raised in a period when, clusters building, in Gothic style, with fillets crossing the
of engaged colonnettes were built around the fragment of a Renaissance lintel.
octagonal pillars of the nave and the aisles were Also present is sculpted and painted
also widened. The bays of the aisles had been artwork. On the south façade of the choir, above
constructed during earlier periods; thus the a Gothic door, we find a bas-relief of “The
system of cross vaults with ogee arches was Prayer on the Mount of Olives.” The bas-relief
preserved. was attributed to a local workshop, inspired
The gallery overlooking the south aisle was from the Central European Gothic sculpture of
built later with a star-vault, typical for Late the last quarter of the 15th century. Inside, in the
Gothic. The gallery was lengthened to cover the north aisle, the ogee arches rest on pillars with
south aisle of the ferula. At the same date, the floral decorations, one of these bearing a human
vestry was enlarged and the church steeple was mask. Similarly, the keystones are decorated
raised by two storeys. There were also more with figurative Biblical representations.
minor works: the north wing of the transept was Noteworthy is the fresco of “The
lengthened and two porches were also built. A Crucifixion,” on the north choir wall, painted in
chapel was built over the south portal, bearing 1445, by Johannes de Rozenaw, of Austrian
the hallmarks of Late Gothic style, i.e. a star- origin, as well as one of the most beautiful
vault with curved ribs, floriated pillars with bronze fonts in Romania, the work of
45
2 Description of the Property
46
2.a Description of the Property
remarkable sculptural collections in a Central public space of the city. The church presents
European building. One of the tombstones is an its long side to the square and its forms have a
example of an attempt to follow the religious remarkable congruence: in spite of the natural
canons of the Eastern Orthodox Church. assymetry resulting from the very ground plan
The organ is of late Romantic conception of the building, its façade has a symmetric
and it is one of the best preserved instruments of design that also incorporates a bay of the
its kind in Europe. The organ has retained its neighbouring building within its concept; for
prospect from the 17th century, but the reasons of urbanistic compositional harmony, a
instrument proper dates from the early 20th skylight tower was erected on the end
century; it was built by Sauer’s of Frankfurt and opposite to the main spire, thus establishing a
it is a very large, electro-pneumatic instrument, rapport between the church spire and an older
which has recently been restored and thus is in tower (the Town Hall Tower) that is part of the
excellent repair. same front line of the square, resulting in an
architectural solution of great elegance.
The Roman Catholic Parish Church (Grand The church was built between 1726 and
Square, Fig. 39, 40) is the second monument in 1733 in baroque style. The building is a
terms of its impact on the cityscape of the rectangular hall church with lateral niches; the
Historic Centre. Even though its spire is also part rectangular choir is incorporated between
of the key elements of the cityscape, its major auxiliary structures. Unlike other Jesuit churches
impact is reflected in Grand Square, the main elsewhere in the Habsburg Empire, this church
47
2 Description of the Property
does not follow the usual Jesuit model of two galleries. The inner space is structured by
towers on the west façade: the church has a massive Tuscan double columns, surmounted
single tower, out of alignment with the hall. by a richly profiled entablature, decorated with
bell motifs, triglyphs, sea shells and volutes. The
From the outside, the monument has an
vaults are barrel vaults, with penetrations,
austere look: there are two rectangular doors in
resting on transverse ribs in the nave and cross
the flank facing Grand Square, providing access
vaults in the choir.
into the church and into the vicarage. The
façades are divided into bays by columns, with Of the art work of great value that can be
Tuscan capitals; the seven windows of varied admired in the interior, we mention: a fresco
dimensions on the ground storey have other decorating the main altar, representing the Virgin
smaller windows superimposed. Inside, three with the Infant, the work of the painter Anton
lateral altars are placed in niches overlooked by Steinwald (1774); the funerary monument of
48
2.a Description of the Property
General Count Otto Ferdinand Traunn de there was an Eastern Orthodox church within
Abensberg (1677-1747) executed by Anton city walls. It was pulled down in the early 20th
Schuchbauer of Cluj (1719-1789); and the stained century, to make room for the Romanian
glass windows made in Budapest in 1901. Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral, which was
built on the site between 1902 and 1906.
The third edifice in terms of its importance The building is of the Greek cross type,
for the architectural heritage of the city is the
patterned on the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople;
Romanian Orthodox Church of the “Holy nevertheless, its longitudinal axis is somewhat
Trinity” (No. 33, Mitropoliei Street, Fig. 41, 42).
elongated. The large dome of the nave is raised
Its main importance resides in the very existence on pendentives and it is supported in the
of such a large Romanian Orthodox church in
longitudinal plane by a group of hemicycles; to
Central Europe, reiterating architectural forms the east we have the apse of the altar and to the
from Constantinople.
west a hemicycle over the gallery and the
Of course, the first Romanian Orthodox narthex. Two towers with a double, bulb-like
churches were erected in the suburbs of the city. roof and a skylight in the middle flank the
These were “The Curch-in-the-Hollow” and entrance and two more octagonal, somewhat
another church situated across the Cibin River. squatter towers are placed beside the lateral
Their external architectural form is closely apses. Access is through a portico, with the piles
related to Transylvanian architectural tradition, surmounted by crockets and three semicircular
even if features common to all Eastern Orthodox openings. Behind the portico and between the
churches are clearly visible inside. In addition, towers, there is an ample, semicircular
49
2 Description of the Property
50
2.a Description of the Property
51
2 Description of the Property
pediment, with a gallery skylight of the same lesser importance for the city’s architecture were
shape, decorated with circular medallions in also erected in Mitropoliei Street: first, we have
mosaic, representing Jesus and the Four the Hungarian Reformed Church (1786) in
Evangelists. The final impression of the building baroque style and, then we have the St. John
is to a large extent given by its external Lutheran Church built in 1912 in Secession style.
trimmings, which are in two-tone ashlar brick The Hungarian Reformed Church (No. 9,
and copper sheeting. Mitropoliei Street, Fig. 43) was built by Samuel
The architects of the church were Virgil Krempels and Johannes Schneider in 1786; it is a
Nagy and Joseph Kamner, of Budapest. The hall church with a semicircular apse and a tower
interior observes the Byzantine tradition and it is in alignment with its street front. The church
dominated by the impressive size of the nave. building has a narrow front with a simple portal
The pendentives, with the Four Evangelists and and windows with stone framework. The façade is
the dome’s intrados, with Christ Pantocrator, divided in four bays by four columns with Tuscan
surrounded by angels, as well as part of the altar capitels and entablature. The sparse interior has
screen sculpted in gilded wood, are the work of walls with double columns bearing entablatures
the celebrated artists Octavian Smighelschi and similar to those outside. The vault is a barrel vault
his assistant, Arthur Coulin. The other paintings supported by transverse ribs. A canopied pulpit is
in the interior are signed by I. Kober. placed on the axis of the choir, decorated with
Two other places of worship of somewhat golden drapes and rose wreaths. The organ is
52
2.a Description of the Property
53
2 Description of the Property
placed in the west side of the church, mounted on Another Orthodox Jewish synagogue is to be
a gallery supported by two massive pillars. found in Blănarilor Street, at a relatively short
distance from the earlier mentioned monument.
The Synagogue completes the range of
It is an extremely simple building, which was
communal religious buildings. It is situated at
sold and rebuilt after the emigration of the Jews,
No. 19, Constituţiei Street (Fig. 44), built by
under the Communist regime.
architect Ferencz Szalay in 1898. The
synagogue is a single rectangular building. The Among the architectural highlights of the
façade exhibits neo-Gothic forms and it is city, two other monuments are extremely
surmounted by a neo-Romanesque frieze with interesting examples of superimposed
triforia. The interior gives the impression of architectural styles; in this case, initial Gothic
decorative abundance; it has the aspect of a hall structures were later rebuilt in baroque style.
church, with nave and two aisles, surmounted The Church of the Ursuline Sisters is today a
by galleries with triforium-shaped arches, and a Greek Catholic church (Magheru Street, Fig. 45);
coffered ceiling, in a vaguely neo-Renaissance it is the second oldest church in Sibiu and, with
style. Placed on the east side of the building, the its imposing size, it is one of the hallmarks of
Ark of the Covenant is in the shape of a the Historic Centre. Initially it was the church of
semicircular apse, flanked by a column and the Dominican Monastery, erected around the
overlooked by a circular window. The dais is year 1475 and reconstructed for the Ursuline
placed centrally, surrounded by a railing whose Sisters, beginning with the year 1728. The
corners are decorated with columns surmounted whole church has a polygonal choir that is
by composite capitels. barrel vaulted and the nave is ceilinged. The
54
2.a Description of the Property
church has massive buttresses, a Late Gothic such as: Gothic frameworks, buttresses and
doorway on its west façade and remains of pilasters, cross vaults, etc.
windows in pointed arch. On the north side, Two of the mediaeval monasteries have
there is a chapel with Gothic starred vaults and been preserved over time. The first is the
windows. The nave today has semi-engaged Convent of the Ursuline Sisters, initially a
columns and the choir has double pilasters, Dominican Monastery from the 16th century. At
surmounted by a Tuscan entablature. Mention the time, it was erected to replace a similar
should be made of the elegant wooden balcony monastery outside the city walls that had been
with wrought-iron railing on the south wall of abandoned. The structure became dilapidated
the choir, overlooking the doorway of the after the Reformation and it was turned over to the
passage to the sacristy and from here to the Order of the Ursuline Sisters (first mentioned in
former convent. Sibiu in 1718) who rebuilted the monastery
starting with the year 1734 and expandit after
Many similarities with the above described
1769. The building is situated at Nos. 34-36,
monument can be noticed in the Franciscan
General Magheru Street and is made up of three
Church (Şelarilor Street, Fig. 46), much smaller
wings: a rectangular edifice with closed precincts,
and still used by Catholic worshipers. This was
a right wing (the current entrance is through this
also initially a Gothic building of the hall type
wing) and a rectangular building reaching to the
with a polygonal choir; it has preserved its
back boundary of the lot. The façade overlooks
massive buttresses, but after 1716 it was rebuilt
General Magheru Street, and it resulted from the
in baroque style. The west façade is dominated
incorporation of two wings; it is three-storeyed
by a tower with a baroque helmet; inside the
and belongs to the eclectic style of the late 19th
church has a barrel vaulted nave with triangular
penetrations, resting on transverse ribs. In the
church we also notice a Gothic sculpture of the
Virgin with the Infant, as well as a number of
funerary monuments.
55
2 Description of the Property
56
2.a Description of the Property
57
2 Description of the Property
58
2.a Description of the Property
59
2 Description of the Property
60
2.a Description of the Property
61
2 Description of the Property
62
2.a Description of the Property
today known under the name of the House of A much more recent edifice is the Hall of the
Arts (Fig. 56). This building was erected at some Craftsmen’s Association at No. 11, Lesser Square,
distance from the wall of the second enclosure at present housing the ASTRA Museum (Fig. 132).
and juts out into Lesser Square, where it is No. It was built in neo-Gothic style, on the site of a
21. With its large size and its long side, former Patrician house, in 1867. The building is
overlooking the square, it dominates the north structured on a closely designed ground plan. The
side of the square. The building is a compact, two façades, overlooking Lesser Square and Huet
two storey construction. The external, probably Square, are dominated by a central jutty, each
wooden stairs are no longer extant. On the ground surmounted by a stepped gable.
storey it has a portico supported by massive Of various buildings housing banks and
columns; its upper storey façade has relatively insurance companies, Banca de Credit Funciar
small windows and bears the coat of arms of Sibiu (the Real Estate Mortgage Bank) has architectural
in the middle, which was probably put up during merit. It was built in Grand Square, in 1906,
repair work in 1787. The building has a steep, placed midway between the Roman Catholic
two-sloped tile roof. Several rooms with barrel Church and the Brukenthal Museum. It is a
vaults, with or without penetrations, have been richly decorated, eclectic building that
preserved on the ground storey, while the large dominates this part of the square.
hall upstairs served for different purposes over the Of widely different shapes and sizes,
centuries. Between 2004 and 2005, the edifice communal buildings are an essential part of the
underwent major restoration work. cityscape of the Historic Centre.
63
2 Description of the Property
Fig. 54. The Courtyard of the Old Town Hall, with the Dwelling Tower
64
2.a Description of the Property
65
2 Description of the Property
type of dwelling, the so-called Patrician house, buildings of this type. It is the result of radical
appeared around the middle of the 15th century. transformations suffered by the original house
This new type of house must be seen in that occupied the site, in the second half of the
connection with the ethnic origin of the Saxon 15th century. The main building has an L-shaped
Patriciate, many of the major families of Sibiu plan, with the shorter arm turned towards the
originating in other parts of Europe. Buildings in square (basement + ground storey + first
this category were erected on plots located in storey). The left wing of the house is older; its
Grand Square but also in other streets that start much broader part overlooking the square and
here (especially Avram Iancu, General Magheru the dwelling tower situated in the courtyard
and N. Bălcescu Streets). They have a have retained Gothic elements. The right wing
characteristic L- or U-shaped ground plan, an of the building overlooking the square and the
increased number of rooms, the main façade in construction that connects it with the tower,
5-6 bays and the roof ridge running parallel to it. have preserved Renaissance elements. The
In certain cases, Patrician houses incorporate a façade of the building, overlooking the square,
dwelling tower (extant at Haller House at No. is structured in 5 bays; its central portal on the
10, Grand Square, and the Old Town Hall at ground storey has a semicircular framing. The
No. 2, Mitropoliei Street and no longer extant in gate-posts are pilasters with Corinthic capitels
the case of Lutsch House at No. 13, Grand and the tympani of the arch are decorated with
Square). Such houses have often preserved trophies in relief and a coat of arms. Above it,
various stone elements, such as framings of there is a pediment, with a circular medallion
gates, doors and windows; in other cases stone representing the profile of a warrior, in its
elements are imitated in wood. centre. The first storey has preserved its
Haller House (No. 10, Grand Square, Fig. rectangular Renaissance windows with broken
62, Fig. 105) is one of the most important pediment and the steep roof is in two slopes,
66
2.a Description of the Property
with its ridge running parallel to the façade. The The Palace
ground storey door frame has a rich and th
In the 18 century, the urban palace appears
variegated ornamentation, its posts decorated which is different from the grand palaces built in
with Renaissance motifs in relief. In the wing the great outdoors, being limited by the size of
overlooking the square, mention should be the initial plots.
made of the barrel-vaulted and the cross-vaulted The patron of this kind of constructions was
rooms on the ground storey, as well as the cross Samuel von Brukenthal, Governor of
vaults and baroque stuccoed ceilings on the first Transylvania, who possessed a considerable
storey. The most important part of the building fortune and who built his main residence,
is the dwelling tower that is not part of the right Brukenthal Palace at No. 4, Grand Square,
wing. It has a rectangular ground plan with three between 1778-1786; the palace is the most
storeys, topped by a triangular tympanon, with a important baroque civil building in the City of
very steep roof in two slopes. Like other wings Sibiu (Fig. 63).
of the house, the tower still preserves Gothic The main structure of the palace proper has
decorative elements. a rectangular ground plan with four wings
Haller House is today the most important enclosing an inner courtyard. A second unit –
Patrician house in Sibiu that is used as a the former stables – erected on the rear area of
dwelling; this type of large edifice is also the plot, lies behind the main structure. At an
illustrated by buildings that had over the time unknown date, the left side of the stables was
changed their destination: Hecht House, the connected to the back wing of the palace. The
Old Town Hall, etc. wings surrounding the first courtyard have a
67
2 Description of the Property
basement, ground storey and two upper storeys; i.e. to house art collections. Following the
the side wings flanking the second courtyard custom of the time, the first storey was reserved
have ground storey and two upper storeys while for ceremonial use; of the remarkable rooms on
the former stables has ground storey and only this storey, mention should be made of the two
one upper storey. apartments flanking the salon (music room)
The main façade of the palace was built in situated centrally and overlooking the square.
the late baroque style, more restrained than high The north and the south lateral wings contain
baroque. The ground storey is decorated with the guest rooms, while the large hall in the
striking ornamental string-course, its ends transversal wing was initially destined to serve
treated with rustication. The central element of as a “terrena room” typical for the palace
the ground storey is the stone framing of the architecture of the time.
gate, supported by Ionic columns and a The walls of the music chamber are covered in
projecting entablature. It is decorated with fine oriental linen tapestry, with floral motifs
carved elements, such as the gilded coat of arms (Fig. 64), while the walls of the flanking rooms
of Samuel von Brukenthal, as well as other are covered in red silk tapestry. The walls of the
baroque features: urns, rosettes, festoons. The side cabinets are covered in Chinese paper
oaken gate frames, are decorated with bas-reliefs tapestry, decorated with oriental motifs: exotic
illustrating symbols from the arts and music, as birds, trees and flower bushes in bloom. The
well as symbols of plenty. The sections of the walls of the next room to the left are decorated
first and second storey of the façade are with camaieu-monochrome painting,
vertically structured by pilaster-strips, with Ionic representing 12 scenes from “The Labours of
caps, balanced by the marked horizontal Hercules”, partly inspired by the engravings of
patterning. The central and lateral parts of the Bernard Picart, illustrating Ovid’s work. While
façade, as well as the third storey windows, are the ground storey is vaulted, the upper storeys
more lightly modulated. The hip roof with an
attic in three steps has richly decorated dormer
windows and is surmounted by pediments,
volutes, pilaster strips, decorative urns, etc.
The main portal leads to an entrance hall,
with three cross-vaulted aisles. The hall narrows
into a passageway that leads to the courtyard
and that gives access to the main stairwell. A
second portal with three gateways is located at
the far end of the first courtyard; the portal is
supported by atlantes, rather than columns (Fig.
74). Access to the household courtyard is by
means of a hall, divided by columns into three
aisles of three bays. The former stables, which
initially had only a ground storey, is in the form
of a large hall, divided lengthways by two rows
of exquisite Tuscan columns that delineate
several cross-vaulted bays.
The disposition of the rooms on all three
storeys is linear, with one room opening onto
the other. This disposition, typical for baroque
architecture, serves the function of the palace, Fig. 58. Böbel House in Avram Iancu Street
68
2.a Description of the Property
have stuccoed ceilings; some of these have the Tholdalaghy Palace (built on the plot that
artistic merit. The framings and the leaves of the later became the site of the Romanian Orthodox
doors, as well as the window sills and the Divinity School, at No. 20, Mitropoliei Street).
shutters were decorated with borders, The style of these buildings is a more restrained
medallions, filets with pearls and rosettes, done baroque, with many classical elements that will
in exquisite style. The most valuable pieces are become dominant in the next century.
the 12 decorative art works above the doors, The Michael and Carl von Brukenthal
executed in gilded lime wood, carved in relief. House (No. 8, Avram Iancu Street) has a
The source of inspiration for eight of these was basement, ground storey and upper storey,
also the work of Ovid. Other features, preserved erected around an inner courtyard. Access to the
unaltered on the first storey, are three stoves and building is through a passageway with a
a faience fireplace. The walls behind the stoves stuccoed ceiling and the inner courtyard
are covered in decorative mural painting. communicates through two symmetrical
Furthermore, numerous windows in the palace passageways with a second, very small
have preserved their original division by lead household courtyard. The inner courtyard is
sticks and their handmade window panes; most surrounded by a loggia with Tuscan columns
of the ironwork – door handles, locks and (Fig. 65) and the stone colonnade supports a
fittings – is also original. running gallery that still preserves its original
Among the many remarkable masters whose wrought-iron railing, executed in a style
work went into this magnificent building, we resembling Empire. The rooms and the staircase
mention Simon Hoffmeyer, sculptor, Johann are richly decorated with baroque stuccowork.
Bauernfeind, cabinet-maker, Ludwig Christian The main façade suffered partial rebuilding (late
Hezel, carpenter, Anton Hertzum, stone-mason 19th century and early 20th century); the first
and Franz Burger, master-mason and carpenter. storey has six bays (windows with 2+2 window
Samuel von Brukenthal was not the only panes) arranged somewhat asymmetrically. The
patron to build such palaces in Sibiu. Other ground storey is decorated with horizontal
members of his family, as well as Hungarian string-course and its main portal is placed in a
aristocrats, allowed to settle in the town after slightly off position; its tympani are decorated
1781, also commissioned buildings of which we with floral motifs. The portal is surmounted by a
mention: the Michael and Carl von Brukenthal sturdy cornice that supports a balcony. The
House (No. 8, Avram Iancu Street) and the Empire ironwork of the balcony is of remarkably
Michael von Brukenthal House (No. 12, high quality, bearing the monogram of the
Nicolae Bălcescu Street), the House with owners. The roof is in two slopes and the ridge
Caryatids, built by the widow of Count running parallel to the street has three, eyebrow-
Gregorius Bethlen (No. 13, Mitropoliei Street) or shaped dormer windows.
69
2 Description of the Property
Enclosure II
In 1224, King Andrew II of Hungary confirmed
the privileges of the Saxons in his Golden Bull.
Afterwards, the city fortifications were extended
and amplified in a northeastern direction,
incorporating Lesser Square. A 13th century coin
found in the ditch of the enclosure is evidence
of this stage.
This enclosure was fortified with more
massive defensive structures and that is
probably why parts of it have been preserved in
better condition. The wall was built of river
stone and the rebuilt portions were brick. To
this phase belong the two extant defensive
towers, the Tower of the Aurarilor Stairway
(No. 24, Lesser Square) and the Town Hall
Fig. 59. House at No. 22, Ocnei Street Tower (No. 1, Lesser Square).
70
2.a Description of the Property
71
2 Description of the Property
72
2.a Description of the Property
Movilei Street.
Another defensive tower is located at the
back end of the plot at No. 23, Lesser Square on
a slope, near the building at No. 5, Aurarilor
Square. It protected a flight of stairs and most
likely, a winding footpath that connected the
Lower Town and the Upper Town. The tower
has a square foundation and three storeys.
Mention should also be made of more
recent fortifications adapted to the use of fire
arms, respectively artillery pieces.
The Thick Tower (Fig. 71), which was built
starting with the year 1540, accommodates the
Philharmonic Society and Thalia Hall (in Cetăţii
Street). It is a massive edifice, with a
semicircular upper structure, built in brick and a
lower structure in stone, with blockhouses
imbedded in the wall, and casemates for guns,
at three different levels. During the recent
restoration, many original casemates and
blockhouses were re-opened. Current diggings
also uncovered two transversal, semi-cylindrical
brick gutters, which probably served as a passage
Fig. 62. Haller House in Grand Square
between the defenders on either side of the tower.
The west façade of the tower still shows the The Haller Bastion can be reached from
guiding grooves of the portcullis. Maternităţii Street; it was erected starting with
The Towers in Cetăţii Street (Carpenters the year 1551, based on the plans of the Italian
Tower, Potters Tower, Felters Tower / Fig. 69) architect, Alessandro Clippa. Especially
were built in the late 15th century, remarkable are the shield-like projections,
complementing the defensive wall in the area.
They have different ground plans, with the lower
levels usually larger and the upper level jutting
out and supported by consoles. The walls of this
level are supported by consoles with embrasures.
Highly decorative elements, in the form of a
frieze of stepped gables hugging the wall, turn
the towers into some of the most expressive
features of the Historic Centre of Sibiu.
The substruction of a fourth, neighbouring
tower (the Tinkers Tower) was discovered
during recent restoration work.
Three defensive towers were built on top of
the walls, now incorporated in the buildings at
Nos. 9, 19, 31, Avram Iancu Street (Fig. 70).
Two of the towers, with a polygonal foundation
are now dwellings and they are also visible from Fig. 63. Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square
73
2 Description of the Property
74
2.a Description of the Property
75
2 Description of the Property
Mayor Johann Reussner Jr, dated 1652. Mention remarkable collection of funeral sculpture in
should also be made of the stuccowork with Romania. Over 60 cenotaphs and epitaphs of
biblical subjects in the Roman Catholic priests, comites and mayors of Sibiu are
Presbytery and the house at No. 14, Turnului preserved here. Of these, the 16th century
Street, as well as a coat of arms dated 1704 at gravestones clearly illustrate the introduction of
No. 6, Turnului Street. the new Renaissance style in architecture. Most
Of remarkable artistic merit are the of them are carved in red or grey marble,
sculptures that decorate two late 18th century occasionally in stone, with the text on the
portals that are certainly the work of the same borders and the centre embellished with coats
artist. These are the atlantes flanking the portal of arms. Eight such funeral stones are the work
in the courtyard of Brukenthal Palace (Fig. 74), of Elias Nicolai, the most important sculptor of
the work of Simon Hoffmaier, as well as the the Transylvanian Renaissance, realized over
caryatids of the house at No. 13, Mitropoliei two decades. Worth mentioning is the
Street (the House with Caryatids). monument of comes Valentin Franck († 1648), a
A special category is funeral sculpture. Most frontal representation of the comes from the
remarkable are the large epitaphs covering the knees up. Another significant artist in this part of
entire north wall of the Lutheran Parish Church; Europe is Sigismund Möss, who is the author of
they contribute substantially to the specific two of the most beautiful epitaphs in the ferula.
character of this monument of major importance The full representations of the two Saxon comites
for the City of Sibiu. Mathias Semriger († 1680) and Andreas Fleischer
Similarly, the Ferula houses the most († 1676) are masterpieces of the genre. Several
76
2.a Description of the Property
18th century funeral stones are either in the ferula Ferdinand Traunn de Abensberg (1677-1747),
or in the nave of the church; we mention the military commander of Transylvania between
cenotaph of the merchant Samuel von Dobosi († 1744-1747, the work of Anton Schuchbauer of
1759), bearing his portrait in its centre, or the Cluj (1719-1789).
polychrome epitaph of comes Simon von Over the years, the City of Sibiu was also
Baussnern († 1742), a full-size representation of endowed with a number of public monuments.
the departed in ceremonial garb. In this category may be included the Crucifixion
There are baroque funeral monuments that preserved in the Holy Cross Chapel. Initially it
have been preserved in two Roman Catholic had been in the open air next to the Dominican
churches. In the Franciscan Church we have the Monastery (Fig. 75). The valuable Gothic
funeral monument of General Count Damian sculpture represents the image of Jesus on the
Hugo von Virmond (1666-1722), imperial Cross, attended by Mary and John, and it is
commander of Transylvania. It is an altar-type signed and dated by Master Petrus Lantregen of
composition, dated immediately after 1722, Austria (1417).
commemorating the general’s feats of arms in At the middle of the 16th century there was a
the Turkish wars. The church also houses a pillory in Grand Square, placed in the east side
cenotaph, dedicated to Baroness Maria Anna of the square; it was a large Gothic pinnacle,
Andlern, née Engelshoffer († 1700), and there crowned by a statue, representing the legendary
are numerous gravestones in the crypt. In the hero Roland, brandishing a sword with both
Roman Catholic Parish Church there is the hands (Fig. 76); the 105 centimetre tall statue
funerary monument of General Count Otto was executed between 1550-1551 by a certain
77
2 Description of the Property
Fig.68. The Inner Fortification Wall, Moat and Outer Earthwork Rampart
Onoforus. The statue is part of the collections of smaller statue, mounted on a lower pedestal,
the Sibiu History Museum. positioned slightly off-centre, close to one of the
The statue of St. Nepomouk (Fig. 77, 78) was corners of the square.
erected in the same square, in 1736. The 3 m tall
statue was placed on a baroque socle, surrounded Painting
by a wrought-iron railing. After the installment of Compared to polychrome ornaments, altars and
the communist regime in 1948, the statue was paintings, the fresco work that has been preserved
removed and subsequently mounted in the is less extensive.
courtyard of the Roman Catholic Presbytery. Mention should be made, first of all, of The
Of the more recent monuments we mention Crucifixion in the Lutheran Parish Church. It is a
the bronze statue of the Lutheran Bishop Georg work of art of large dimensions that covers a
Daniel Teutsch (1817-1893), in front of the whole bay of the choir, from the height of three
Lutheran Parish Church (the work of sculptor metres up to the vault, the creation of the artist
Adolf von Dondorf of Stuttgart, 1899) and a bust of Johannes von Rosenau, 1445.
the poet Friedrich Schiller, in the eponymous The large central field depicts the main event
square, erected in 1905 by the sculptor Th. Khuen. of The Crucifixion. The large cross is flanked by
Archbishop Nicolaus Olahus, an outstanding the crosses of the robbers and under these crosses
representative of Humanism is commemorated by are placed to the left the saints and to the right the
a statue in front of the Church of the Ursuline soldiers. The central scene is surrounded by an
Sisters (sculptor Imre Gyenge, 1982). ample frame in which are inscribed, among
The statue of an important figure of Romanian others, two kings, the mayor, the parish priest and
culture, Gheorghe Lazăr, was executed by the several coats of arms. Above it, we find three
sculptor Radu Aftenie and displayed centrally in smaller compositions, representing The Nativity,
Grand Square; it will soon be replaced by a The Lord’s Baptism and in the centre,
78
2.a Description of the Property
79
2 Description of the Property
A perusal of the list of archaeological sites and structured human settlement emerged; it was
finds of Sibiu County will immediately reveal the characterized by half-burried dwellings,
importance of the zone of the Cibin River terrace discovered in the course of construction work,
throughout the centuries; there is material as well as the result of systematic archaeological
evidence preserved as exceptional proof of the diggings. This settlement supplied rich
intense human habitation of the area. archaeological finds: pottery and weights for a
The oldest artifact, found within the confines loom, as well as bronze pieces, based on which,
of the city, is represented by the fragments of a the site was classified as belonging to the
stone axe, dating from the Neolithic. Coţofeni Culture. Occasionally, such artefacts
A much larger number of discoveries are were discovered in other areas of the city as
recorded to have belonged to the Bronze Age, well; next to the old Military Cemetery
when in the area of the Old Town Hall, of (Christian Street) two bronze axes with winglets
Lesser Square and of Huet Square, a well were found in 1878 and two Late Bronze Age
80
2.b History and Development
pots, attributed to the Noua Culture, were found and the fortifications of the Ocna Gate were also
in the area of Henri Coandă Street. explored. Important evidence was also discovered
In 1834 and in 1870, large discoveries of by the archaeological diggings in the courtyards of
bronze artefacts, dating from the late Bronze Age the History Museum and of Brukenthal Palace,
and the early Iron Age, were found in the Sibiu where remains of wood constructions were
area, in what is today the Guşteriţa district. investigated; these constructions were probably
Macedonian coins were discovered in the same the early homes of the first German settlers in the
area, together with Roman republican and imperial area. Recently, several provision pits have been
coins. Along with other artefacts from the period of discovered in Grand Square. The oldest burial
the Roman rule of Dacia, these discoveries could grounds of the colonists were unearthed at the
prove the existence of the ancient town of Cedonia Hospice Church and at the Lutheran Parish
in the district of Guşteriţa. Church, throwing light on the chronology of the
In addition to the already mentioned Coţofeni- construction of these important cultic places. A
type settlement, the most important archaeological 12th century “rotunda” chapel, probably the oldest
remains, found within the area of the historic city, ecclesiastical monument in Sibiu, was discovered
undoubtedly belong to the mediaeval period. and systematically explored in Huet Square.
Many traces of the old mediaeval city, lost over The ample construction works recently
the centuries, have been investigated, on the undertaken in the historic city have uncovered
occasion of the archaeological monitoring or numerous aspects of mediaeval and pre-modern
emergency interventions, during various daily life and long forgotten elements of town
construction works, as well as systematic diggings infrastructure, i.e. aqueducts and the wooden
(Fig. 79). Two chapels, part of the Huet Square sewer pipes, the old fountain in Grand Square or
complex, which did not survive into later periods, traces of old urban furnishings (the plinths of the
were investigated in this way, as well as a chapel, statues of Roland or St. Nepomouk).
whose foundation was preserved in the area of Important archaeological vestiges still lie
Grand Square. The walls of the old priests’ tower, buried under the ground in Sibiu, especially the
the trace of the enclosure walls in several points early fortress area (Huet Square).
Early mediaeval settlements on this strategically settlements in the area of the Lower Town, and
important site. By around 1100, a borderer later, ca.1200, a third settlement, in the area of the
colonist settlement was probably in place in the future Upper Town.
Lower Town, and gave its name to the future city.
The “central place” emerges. The earliest
The Slavic name of the Cibin River was probably
settlers of the area were mainly craftsmen; they
at the origin of the Romanian and the Hungarian
settled here, at the intersection of two important
name of the city (Rom. Sibiu, Hung. Szeben).
roads, close to the Turnu Roşu Pass, a strategic
Around the year 1150, with the settling of mountain pass across the Carpathians, and this
western “hospites” (guests), a new stage began in proximity brought about a far-reaching change in
the evolution of the city, that is reflected in its the character of the city. For a long time, Sibiu had
German name, Hermannstadt (the City of been no larger than important neighbouring
Hermann, the legendary founder of the settlement, villages; nevertheless, its strategically important
said to have come here from Nürnberg). These location would eventually turn it into the focal
“hospites” founded two, initially independent, point of the region.
81
2 Description of the Property
That the settlement was very important was location unknown), a monastery of the
already evident in 1191, when the Pope Dominican Order, attested in 1241 (on the site
confirmed the establishment by the German of the Chapel of the Cross, in the square of the
colonists in Sibiu of the free provostry of St. present day railway station, later relocated to a
Ladislas, “ecclesia Theutonicorum spot inside the 3rd enclosure, in the Upper
Vltrasiluanorum”. Town), a hospice (documented in 1292, the
Moreover, in 1224, the county of Sibiu, future Hospice), a monastery of the Minorite
“comitatus Chybiniensis,” was founded by Order (located on the corner of present day 9
Royal Charter of King Andrew II. Thereby, Sibiu Mai Street and Constituţiei Street), a convent of
also became the political centre of the initial nuns of the Order of Poor Clares (across the
settlement area of the German colonists in street from the above-mentioned monastery) and
Southern Transylvania. From 1324, after the a convent of the Dominican nuns (in Oraşul de
region was divided into “chairs” (county-like Sus, on the site of the future monastery of the
political and administrative units of the strategic Franciscan Brethren).
border regions of Transylvania), Sibiu became
The political importance of Sibiu increased so
the seat of the “Main Chair,” one of the “Seven
much that in the 15th century, the delegations of
Chairs” of the Germans (Sieben Stühle).
all the “Saxons,” one of the three accepted estates
By 1241, at the time of the first Mongol
or “Nationes” in Transylvania, established their
invasion, Sibiu was already a target of strategic
permanent seats here. By 1486 the “Universitas of
importance and as such, it was taken by storm
the Saxon Nation” (Sächsische Nationsuniversität)
and destroyed by the invaders. When this event
was established, as supreme representative and
was described in the “Cibinium” Chronicles, the
administrative organism of the German
place was called “civitas dictur villa Hermani”;
community, with its seat in Sibiu, which became
it was for the first time that Sibiu was
the court of appeal for Saxons outside the
documented, as yet unofficially, as a town,
province of Sibiu (for example, Bistriţa/Bistritz and
while this status of “civitas” was attributed
Cluj/Klausenburg). The Mayor (occasionally, the
officially in 1326.
royal judge) of Sibiu, was simultaneously the Chief
The urban character became more pregnant
Magistrate of the Saxon Universitas. Between
after the successive establishment of several
general meetings, this dignitary also presided over
monasteries, which were initially erected in the
the delegations of the Saxon estate. Thus, Sibiu
Lower Town. Based on the available records,
was acknowledged and accepted as the Saxon
these were: in 1235, a convent of the Order of
“capital city” (Haupt-Hermannstadt) for a long
the Premonstrant nuns (later disappeared, its
period of time.
Although Sibiu was becoming a centrally
important city, in the 13th century it still disputed
its status in rivalry with the neighbouring
settlement of Cisnădie (Heltau) that was slightly
larger at the time.
As early as the year 1224, however, Sibiu was
using its own local unit of weight, and this was
proof of its ever increasing economic importance.
Later, the numerous privileges (almost as many as
for all the other Transylvanian towns taken
together) were evidence that by the 14th century,
Sibiu had acquired a paramount position in the
Fig. 71. The Thick Tower transit trade with Wallachia and the Levant, but
82
2.b History and Development
83
2 Description of the Property
84
2.b History and Development
85
2 Description of the Property
not reestablish a positive trend for Sibiu. By the after 1526 (the battle of Mohács and the
way, the situation was similar for other cities separate Principality of Transylvania), it placed
with important estates: Braşov and Bistriţa. itself in opposition to the Prince and,
In the region, the Reformation and sometimes, even to the other Saxon towns. This
Humanism spread mostly from Braşov, a city opposition was further reinforced when, in
that by this time had become as powerful as 1611, Prince Gabriel Báthory occupied the city
Sibiu. In 1572, the see of the new Lutheran and temporarily drove away part of its citizens.
Bishop was established in Biertan/Birthälm, a Nevertheless, being the capital city of
relatively isolated place, halfway between Sibiu Saxons, it represented the interests of the Saxon
and Braşov. Nation versus the other two estates. Thus, Sibiu
Throughout the modern period, Sibiu was able to maintain its position as the most
nevertheless remained a centre for education important city of Transylvania, a position that it
and science: its first school was documented in shared with Alba Iulia, a city that had become
1380 and was transformed into a lyceum in the the seat of the Prince of the separate Principality
16th century (today it is the Samuel von of Transylvania and implicitly, a sort of capital
Brukenthal National College/Brukenthalschule); of the country.
also the city had always had numerous public After Transylvania was incorporated in the
and private book collections (Biblioteca Capelei Habsburg monarchy (in 1688 the Transylvanian
/ Kapellenbibliothek). estates swore loyalty to Emperor Leopold I),
During the Habsburg-Ottoman wars, Sibiu because of its proximity to the border, Sibiu
often found itself in an isolated position, became not only a garrison town, seat of the
because of its traditional pro-German and pro- Commanding General of Transylvania, but also
Imperial orientation. Temporarily, especially the headquarters of the Principality’s Governor
86
2.b History and Development
87
2 Description of the Property
Germans remained the majority group until after 1867, the Saxon Universitas was dismantled as a
W.W.II). Sibiu was the seat of the Romanian territorial unit, the foundation that was set up in its
Orthodox Theological Seminary (established in place administered its considerable properties,
1850), the headquarters of ASTRA, the most whose income was directed towards German
important Romanian cultural association cultural, especially educational purposes, up to
(established in 1861) and the see of the Romanian 1923 (the Land Reform Act of the same year).
Orthodox Bishop, who was raised to the rank of Sibiu also maintained its position as the most
Metropolitan of Transylvania, Banat, Crişana and important German cultural centre of Transylvania,
Maramureş in 1864. The most important through the various cultural associations: The
Romanian periodicals and books were also Association for Transylvanian Ethnography (Verein
published in Sibiu. für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde) and The
By the early 19th century, Sibiu once again had Association for Natural Science (Siebenbürgischer
a Jewish population that increased until the mid- Verein für Naturwissenschaften) that had their
20th century, forming two communities. headquarters here, as well as through the many
Nevertheless, the Germans maintained an periodicals and publications that were published
important position in the life of Sibiu, through in the city. Between 1844 and 1887, there was
their numbers and their long tradition. The see of even a Law School in Sibiu, training lawyers in
the Lutheran Bishop was moved from Biertan to German for the community.
Sibiu, and even though, after the Austro- After the Administrative Reform of 1876,
Hungarian dualist monarchy was established in Sibiu retained only part of its central functions,
88
2.b History and Development
Fig. 78. The Statue of St. Nepomuk, the Roman Catholik Presbytery
89
2 Description of the Property
as seat of the newly created County of Sibiu. “Babes-Bolyai” University of Cluj was established
Although the economy of Sibiu flourished to in 1969. In 1976, it became the Sibiu Institute of
some extent, during the Austro-Hungarian dualism Higher Education and in 1990 it was granted
the development of the city fell behind that of Cluj, university status and was renamed “Lucian Blaga”
the main Hungarian city. After the union of University of Sibiu in 1995. The network of
Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania in museums was expanded and a theatre and a
1918, Sibiu still trailed Cluj and Braşov, even philharmonic orchestra were established, building
though between 1918 and 1919, Sibiu was the seat on the city’s earlier cultural traditions.
of Consiliul Dirigent, the provisional government of The election in 2004, of an ethnic German
the territories detached from Hungary. mayor and of a City Council with an ethnic
Later on, between 1940 and 1944, the city German majority in the first round, by a majority
accommodated the Romanian University of Cluj of 89% of votes (the German population
that had been evacuated here. All the same, Sibiu representing about 1%) and the reintroduction in
remained a genuine provincial city, still the capital usage of the German name of the town
of Transylvanian Germans and the centre of all (Hermannstadt) are all echoes of the German
Germans in the new state, as well as a Romanian history of the city.
spiritual centre. A certain economic stagnation that partially
After World War II, the economic also continued under the communist regime,
development of the city was eclipsed by that of meant that the historic city and its remains did not
Braşov (renamed Stalin City), to which it was suffer major changes. Marked changes appeared
subordinated administratively until 1968, being a only at the turn of the new millennium, when
mere district capital, within the Region of Stalin major restoration projects of the historic city of
(respectively Braşov Region). Sibiu were developed.
Similarly to all the other localities in the area, Of the many famous personalities that have
the ethnic and demographic structure of Sibiu their origins in Sibiu, mention should be made of
underwent long-term changes, brought about by the rocket scientist Hermann Oberth and the
forced industrialisation. Furthermore, following ethnologist Emil Sigerus. The following luminaries
World War II and the opening of borders in 1989, also lived and worked in Sibiu: the scholar Israel
a large number of Transylvanian Germans left Hübner, Conrad Haas―one of the first European
their city. The Romany population is increasing builders of rockets, Samuel Hahnemann―the
and Sibiu has become their centre in Romania, founder of homoeopathy, the Romanian Orthodox
especially after the election of a “King” and of an Metropolitan Andrei Şaguna, the historians and
“Emperor,” who both have their residences here. If
in the year 1910, out of 38,061 inhabitants 20,015
were Germans, 10,125 Romanians, 7,297
Hungarians and 1,307 Jews, in the year 1992, out
of 169,610 inhabitants 158,863 were Romanians,
5,605 Germans, 4,167 Hungarians, 688 Romany
and 49 Jews.
In 1968, Sibiu was granted the status of
municipality and its neighbouring villages,
Turnişor and Guşteriţa, were incorporated within
the city limits. Progress was achieved primarily in
education and culture. After the Lutheran
Seminary of the Protestant Divinity School in Cluj
moved here in the 1950s, a Sibiu campus of Fig. 79. Mediaeval Jars
90
2.b History and Development
Lutheran Bishops Georg Daniel Teutsch and Roth and the writers and philosophers Emil
Friedrich Teutsch, the politician Hans Otto Cioran and Constantin Noica.
Stages in the Expansion of the City fronted street (Ocnei Street). On the other
In terms of the allotment pattern of the city hand, there was a new development in the
(Fig. 20), the earliest signs of habitation were Upper Town, involving the fortress that had
found within the confines of the Lower Town, been enlarged by a second enclosure, covering
in the area of Aurarilor Square (Fig. 80), what is now Lesser Square. A second front
consisting of a number of isolated small appeared here, placed at a fair distance, facing
allotments that were later linked by narrow the old one, stretching out so that it led to the
streets. creation of a village green (Anger), between the
Around the mid-12th century, two more two rows of allotments. At about the same time,
inhabited areas appeared that developed in an the first major public buildings were raised in
organized way, also in the Lower Town; their initial form: a church within the confines of
initially these were independent settlements – the fortress, another church that later became
one located close to Faurului Street and the the Parish-church and a church, built downhill
other to 9 Mai Street. Unlike the earlier group from the fortress, which may have been used as
of allotments, these were formed of much a convent for the Premonstratensien Nuns.
longer allotments, arranged in single file, with Before the first Mongol invasion in 1241 and
free space in front of them – a kind of village 1242, population growth and the considerable
green (Anger). expansion of the Upper Town called for a
During the 12th century, these three morecompact development, without large free
settlements expanded further, along the same spaces between quarters of allotments. This was
organizing principles. The one situated the way things evolved in the Upper Town,
opposite Aurarilor Square was in the form of a when the village green was divided into
cluster-settlement, while the other two were in allotments: two “parallel streets” appeared,
the shape of extended rows, following the connected by a “cross square.” The Lower Town
outline of Ocnei Street and 9 Mai Street. The was not yet subjected to such tightly organized
earliest graveyard and possibly, a small chapel development, but the lengthening of the row of
were built in front of one of them. allotments was curtailed, by raising a
Shortly after the year 1200, a pentagonal Dominican Monastery at its end.
fortress and a new graveyard were built on the After the Mongol invasion, the lower district
upper terrace of the city; across from the was restructured and the excessive lengthening
graveyard, the core of a new settlement, the of the early row was abandoned, as a defensive
Upper Town, was taking shape. liability. Instead, a second front of 9 Mai Street
The Lower Town developed by applying the was built. As a result, the fortified Dominican
old pattern of lengthening the existing rows of monastery was left in an isolated position. The
allotments. For the first time, however, new Upper Town suffered only a minor, lateral
town-planning trends appeared in the first half extension that was kept compact.
of the 13th century. In the Lower Town, a new Such compact extension also characterises
pattern is introduced, i.e. the creation of a the subsequent period. As a result, by the end of
straight row of new allotments, facing the the 13th century, the upper district had covered
earlier row and thereby forming a small, two- the whole east area, up to the limit of the later
91
2 Description of the Property
Historic Centre. By the mid-14th century, the nonexistent in that period. However, the land
whole area was built up in other directions as within the confines of the defensive walls was
well. Ca. 1300, the open land in the Lower further sub-divided into plots.
Town was built up in the direction of the Upper Outlying districts appeared only in the 17th
Town and until well into the first half of the 14th and 18th centuries. The lakes and bogs
century, extension was undertaken on surrounding the inner city were gradually
favourable terrain, more closely connected to drained and filled in during the same period.
the upper district. By the second half of the 14th Nevertheless, construction of defensive works
century, a lake that was situated between did not cease; last to be undertaken was the
Alexandru Odobescu Street and Turnului Street, construction of earthen ramparts in front of the
close to the centre of the city, had been defensive and curtain walls and around an
gradually drained and filled in. outlying district. The building of a citadel,
In the same period, monastic settlements were begun at the same time, was later abandoned.
built, first on the lower terrace of the river and The construction of dwellings as well as of
then on the upper terrace; the defensive works of public buildings continued within the historic
the fortress were also reinforced. In the 14th centre. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the most
century, the whole city was fortified, first the important architectural undertakings in the city
upper city area, followed by the lower city area. centre were the building and furnishing of several
In the following period up to the 16th Catholic churches, a Jesuit seminary, a Greek
century, intermittent construction of defensive church and a Hungarian Reformed church. Two
lines was pursued and, among other things, a Romanian Orthodox churches and a Greek-
belt of lakes and bogs was created around the Catholic church were also built in the suburbs.
whole city. The built-up area was not extended Closer to our times, while more and more
beyond city limits, as suburbs were practically residential districts were built outside the limits of
92
2.b History and Development
93
2 Description of the Property
94
2.b History and Development
a second precinct―the present-day Lesser Square were also built in the following 100 years. A major
(Fig. 81). The purpose was the enlargement of the change in the square’s disposition took place in the
built-up space, while keeping a coherent pattern 15th century, when new, mostly public buildings
with defensive function; as a result, the precinct were raised, in line with the fortifications facing
ended up in the form of a crescent. In the 12th them. On the former site of some of these public
century, defensive walls and towers were built buildings, the construction of a Catholic church,
round this precinct. In the early 13th century, a with a Jesuit Seminary adjoining it, began in 1727.
second line of walls was raised, to reinforce the This changed the balance between the various front
initial defensive walls, thereby creating “Zwingers.” lines of the square. The whole square acquired
In the same period, the first public building―the baroque overtones as a result of the demolition of
First Town Hall―was erected within the initial several temporary buildings, the removal of a
precinct. In the 14th century, more buildings, mediaeval statue representing Roland, the erection
especially guildhalls, were raised in the precinct. of the baroque statue of St. Nepomouk, the
Since the precinct served as the city’s main construction of a baroque metal railing around a
marketplace and architectural space, there arose the relocated older fountain and the building of the
problem of structuring this architectural space. To rococo Brukenthal Palace.
suit this purpose, a main wing was built in the 15th Squarelets. Apart from the large squares, a
century, dividing the square into two distinct number of smaller ones also took shape at street
spaces. A fountain further divided one of these intersections, one of the most remarkable such
spaces into two parts. Eventually, these two parts squares being Aurarilor Square (Fingerlingplatz).
were re-united in the 19th century, by demolishing Formed at nodal points of the urban structure, these
both the main wing and the fountain. small squares underwent changes during the
Grand Square is the third monumental public process of gradual building up of the area inside the
space in the Historic Centre of Sibiu. It emerged as city. Such changes occurred in the space across
a “transversal square,” after a portion of the village from the old hospital, where the square at the
green (Anger), adjacent to the defensive works of intersection of Turnului Street (Weinanger) and
the fortress (Enclosure II), was divided up to form Dragoons Watch (Dragonerwacht) took shape, but
allotments. For a long time, these fortifications also occasioned by the building, respectively the
made up one side of the square, to a large extent demolishing of the defensive fortifications between
determining its very outline. Initially, in the first half the upper city and the lower city. This was the way
of the 13th century, only the opposite front line was that Aurarilor Square and the square in front of the
made up of houses; however, lateral front lines Convent of the Ursuline Sisters (Salztor) gradually
95
2 Description of the Property
came into being. built and others demolished over the years.
Ramps and Stairs. To improve traffic flow and However, the various changes did not diminish
meet defensive needs, the links between the their aesthetic value. Here is the list of ramps and
Upper Town and the Lower Town underwent a stairs and their current state:
number of changes, new ramps and stairs being
96
2.b History and Development
97
2 Description of the Property
changes. Initially, houses were disposed, as a Square, close to Aurarilor Stairway (Fig. 83). The
rule, with their ridge at right angles to the street. house has a Gothic portico on the ground storey
Only in a few selected areas, where allotments that can be dated ca. 1500; the first storey has
were exceptionally wide, were certain houses Renaissance window framings, built ca. 1570,
erected with the roof-ridge disposed parallel and the second storey and mansard roof gable
with the street. As buildings became larger and have similar window framings done in mortar.
L and U-shaped ground-plans became the rule, Judging by the roof, the upper part of the
thereby changing the open type building system building was probably erected after 1700.
to a closed type, perpendicular ridges, ending in The record of the modifications and
gables, were gradually abandoned, to a larger reconstructions of houses on the southeast side
extent in the central area of the inner city, and of Grand Square (Fig. 84) is significant in terms
we have documentary evidence that this of the general picture of the changes suffered by
process, of redirecting the ridges, continued buildings in the historic city over time.
until the second half of the 19th century. Another characteristic example is that
The height of the buildings of the city also offered by the evolution of the construction of
changed frequently. Two or three-storey houses the largest house in the city, built on two joined,
were built and old ones were heightened. A but previously distinct plots, taken into custody
typical example is the house at No 25, Lesser by the city at the middle of the 16th century and
98
2.b History and Development
known today as the Old Town Hall (Fig. 85). dwelling tower) was quite impressive in size.
In all probability, wooden structures were The buildings became city property in the
initially erected on the two plots, but there is late mid-16th century and underwent only minor
15th century evidence of a 14th century stone changes after that. The larger wing of the earlier
structure erected on one of the plots. As for the structure was further extended and a
second plot, documents record the existence here monumental outer staircase was added to it,
of a 15th century Gothic structure, with a triangular leading to the Council Hall upstairs.
gable crowned by a fleuron. Behind this structure, The last phase of the enlargement only took
there was a large dwelling tower with ground place in the late 19th century, when the
storey and three upper storeys, and another stone courtyard was closed off completely.
structure, placed perpendicularly, with two loggias Fortifications. The fortifications of the city
facing the garden. also underwent significant changes over the
After the two plots were joined at the years; not only was the enclosure wall fortified,
beginning of the 16th century, a single, large heightened, doubled and later tripled in width,
courtyard resulted. Two new buildings were but additional towers, rondels and bastions were
erected on the site of the courtyard at different also added. Thus, the various constitutive
dates, and one of them (built on top of the wall elements of the fortification system also
of the Upper Town, in the corner opposite the underwent changes.
99
2 Description of the Property
The Town Hall Tower, located in Lesser was heightened by several storeys and outfitted
Square (Fig. 86), is an extreme example in this with four decorative turrets; the main roof was
respect. Most probably, only the lower part of later provided with a skylight turret.
the original tower has been preserved to this Between 1586 and 1588, ample
day. The tower probably dates from the period reconstruction work was done on the tower,
between 1224 and 1241, when the second most probably after the tunnel vault had
fortified enclosure was built (an archaeological collapsed. Later, two side wings were added, to
probe of the moat unearthed a coin, dating from provide an architecturally pleasing, organic
the reign of King Andrew II, and the tower was connection between the tower and the adjacent
erected shortly after the moat was built). buildings. A temporary shortening of the roof
At an early stage, before the 14th century, the became necessary in the 18th century, so a
gate tower probably accomodated the Town mansard roof was built and the four flanking
Hall. At some point, a turret, meant to provide turrets were maintained.
access to the upper storeys of the Town Hall, In 1824, a final heightening of the tower
was built on the wall overlooking the enclosure. was undertaken, and the present baroque bell
The turret was outfitted with winding stairs, roof was added to it.
which started in a loggia on the first storey.
Buttresses supported the main body of the Every building in Sibiu has its own history,
tower, both on the side overlooking the and future investigations will undoubtedly
enclosure and on the front side. reveal valuable details, hidden underneath
Most probably in the 15th century, the tower layers of plaster for so many centuries.
100
3 JUSTIFICATION
FOR INSCRIPTION
99
3.a Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed
The Historic Centre of Sibiu satisfies directly Sibiu is now the most important such centre.
criteria (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) for inscription on the Criterion (iv) according to which, “the site
World Heritage List. should be an outstanding example of a type
of building or architectural or technological
Criterion (ii) according to which, “the site should
ensemble or landscape, which illustrates a
exhibit an important interchange of human
significant stage in human history,” provides
values, over a span of time or within a cultural
a very good argument for the case of Sibiu,
area of the world, on developments in
as it satisfies one of the two basic criteria of
architecture or technology, monumental arts,
application for inscription on the World
town-planning or landscape design,” is
Heritage List: the harmonious forms of the
satisfied by the role of Sibiu as a major centre
central squares – a direct result of the
on the southeastern boundary of Central
planimetry of the fortress –, as well as the
Europe. Given its position on the border
links between these squares that, despite the
between an area of Central, and West-
sharp declivities of the terrain, make up an
European culture, and one influenced by
exceptionally coherent site and offer a
Byzantium and later, partially, by the
paradigm of the evolution of mediaeval
Ottomans, the town had an essential contri-
urban development in this southeastern
bution in the spreading of urbanistic and
corner of Central Europe.
architectural principles, from Western Europe
Criterion (v) best meets the spirit of the city:
to areas to the south and east of Transylvania
Sibiu “is an outstanding example of a
(i.e. beyond the Carpathians) and, later on, by
traditional human settlement or land-use
assimilating Neo-Byzantine features in
which is representative of a culture (or
Transylvania, features that originated in
cultures) especially when it has become
Southeastern Europe).
vulnerable under the impact of irreversible
Criterion (iii) according to which, “the site should
change.” Sibiu, with its low density of
bear a unique, or at least exceptional,
buildings, provides an outstanding example
testimony to a cultural tradition or civilisation,
of a traditional city in the southeast of
which is living or which has disappeared,” is
Central Europe. It is representative of the
satisfied completely by the role that Sibiu
regional culture, which has grown extremely
played in the lives of West-European settlers in
vulnerable as a result of the massive
the eastern and southeastern areas of Central
immigration of its original German settlers.
Europe: the city was the main German centre
in Transylvania, and one of the most important In view of the fact that the above-mentioned
centres of settlers in the area between Eastern criteria are met and a connection with Criteria (i)
and Western Europe. Post-war migration and (vi) being also possible, it is our belief that the
following WW II led to the alteration of nomination for the inscription of the city of Sibiu
cultural characteristics in most of these towns; on the World Heritage List is fully justified.
103
3 Justification for Inscription
over a long evolutionary period, of a large and Romania). Subsequently, the Chamber for Mining
reasonably wealthy city, responding to the and Minting that had been established in the
challenges of a particular terrain. The city walled city of Sibiu produced a quarter of all the
endured because it relied on its earlier gold coins circulating in Europe. The privilege had
architectural and town-planning abilities and to be leased by the Royal Treasury to local
this resulted in organic growth and original Patricians, as the king had no possessions within
features. These features have been preserved the walls of this secure city. Occasionally, the
virtually unspoiled over time (Fig. 87). Patricians could also lease the toll house of the
Turnu Roşu Pass.
General Features But the city’s geographic position was also a
Sibiu’s geographic position was essential in
moulding its character. Situated half-way between
Vienna and Byzantium (today’s Istanbul), the city
was from its earliest days placed at a major
crossroads of Europe and this was a crucial factor
in generating its remarkable prosperity. (Fig. 88)
The city developed excellent commercial
ties prior to the year 1400. At that time, Sibiu by
itself enjoyed trade privileges that amounted to
all the privileges granted to the rest of
Transylvanian cities. These concerned especially
the trade routes. Sibiu Patricians invested in
mines in Transylvania and Oltenia (southwestern Fig. 88. Southeastern Europe in the 15th Century
104
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
105
3 Justification for Inscription
century, an ever-increasing percentage of the city’s Confession) transferred here from Biertan. Eastern
inhabitants. Sibiu’s population also comprised Orthodox Christianity also played an important
Hungarians, Jews, etc., giving it a multiethnic role in the city: after a period during which several
character specific to this transitional zone between churches functioned in this area (worth
Central Europe and the Balkans. mentioning is the “Church-in-the-Hollow”) the
Remarkably, this multi-ethnic character never Orthodox Metropolitan See of Ardeal, Banat,
resulted in major conflicts among the different Crişana and Maramureş was founded in Sibiu,
ethnic groups (a reality which is reinforced underlining the religious importance of the city. As
nowadays by voting patterns that are not far as other religions are concerned, research has
ethnically biased). proved the existence of a synagogue in the 15th
Catholicism was dominant until the century and of a Hungarian Reformed community
Reformation in the 16th century. By the end of the starting with the 18th century.
12th century, the city was the ecclesiastical centre This multi-confessional character is
of a privileged area in southern Transylvania – the fundamentally based upon the tradition of
residence of a Provost and home to an unusually Transylvanian tolerance and is manifest in the
great number of monasteries, belonging to various Historic Centre in the multitude of churches
monastic orders. More recently, in the 19th belonging to different confessions (Fig. 91). Similar
century, Sibiu became the see of the Lutheran to a string of pearls, they form a chain in the inner
Bishop (Evangelical Diocese of Augustan city: starting from west to east, we have first a
106
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
small Lutheran Church, then the great Romanian With such treasures, the cultural importance
Orthodox Cathedral, the Hungarian Reformed and the multi-cultural character of the city are
Church, the imposing Lutheran Parish Church, self-evident. A first Latin school is documented
then the Roman Catholic Church, followed by in the 14th century and a college is founded in
the Church of the Ursuline Sisters, currently the 16th century. Sibiu was the city in which the
serving as a Greek-Catholic Church; next comes first books were printed in Transylvania and it
another Catholic Church and a synagogue; then also had an exceptionally fine library, as befitted
a second synagogue of the Orthodox Jewish a centre of Humanism and later, of the
community that has been used for other Enlightenment in this part of Europe.
purposes following the emigration of the The high cultural refinement of the city, also
overwhelming majority of the community. noticeable in architecture, resulted in the opening
The features of these houses of worship are of schools and museums in the 18th and 19th
widely different: one can notice the Gothic century (special mention should be made of the
profile of the Lutheran Church, the Byzantine Brukenthal Museum, which opened to the public
elements of the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, in 1817, being the first public museum in Europe).
the baroque lines of the Catholic churches, as Theatres in Romanian and in German, as well as
well as the Oriental features of the synagogue. other cultural and scientific bodies also flourished
The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, in (“Verein für Siebenbürgische Landes-kunde”,
particular, gave Transylvania a prototype for the “ASTRA”, “Siebenbürgischer Verein für
spread of Neo-Byzantine architectural style in Naturwissenschaften”); newspapers and journals
this area. were published in various languages.
107
3 Justification for Inscription
108
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
4. The Roman Catholic Church; 5. The Greek Catholic Church; 6. The Synagogue
arrangement of buildings and the distance area in several distinct stages, which are
between them, as well as a policy of open reflected in the city’s planimetry and density of
development in certain areas in the Lower Town allotments. Since each expansion stage
(Fig. 94). originated in a distinct, more or less conscious,
Typical of descriptions of 16th and 17th urbanistic vision, the result was a great diversity
century Sibiu is a text by Johannes Tröster: “In in outlook. Although these are based on the
size, greatness and beauty, the city can be same town-planning principles and pursue the
compared to Vienna in Austria; its population is common goal of organic expansion of inhabited
nevertheless, smaller, for very often, a princely space, the constant concern with the necessity
house that could accommodate up to six of adjusting property boundaries, of improving
households, is inhabited but by one.” on already existing arrangements, etc. meant
This feature has been preserved to our days: that successive visions brought about minor
witness the relatively large size of the historic discrepancies between planimetric elements.
centre, the predominance of single-storied houses Such discrepancies are noticeable in very many
or houses with ground storey only, as well as the mediaeval settlements but they are very frequent
many gardens that still grace the historic city. It in Sibiu, particularly in the Lower Town: it is on
also determines the defining characteristics of the account of them that, quite frequently, one can
site: the ratio between street-width and façade trace disparities in the alignments of fronts and
height and the resulting sunny and luminous the odd curvature of their pattern. However, the
character of public spaces, as well as the ranking total effect is often refreshing, for instance along
of streets in order of their distance from the centre. Ocnei Street.
Certain quarters of the city suggest a very ancient Sibiu’s historic beauty is also a function of its
quality, which, at times, is combined with a semi- adaptation to physical features of the land on
rural touch (Fig. 95). which it was built (Fig. 96). (The great urbanistic
The land-use pattern of the city makes it value of the historic centre is also related, to a
clear that the early settlements were initially large extent, to certain characteristics of the land,
very small, consisting of only 10–20 allotments; which required an adaptation of the inner city’s
but the population increased rapidly. This planimetric scheme.) The different elevations of
process led to the expansion of the inhabited the two terraces on which the city was built called
109
3 Justification for Inscription
110
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
impact on town-planning. Good connections consequence of its two-tier disposition and the
between the Upper Town and the Lower Town urbanistic features that naturally resulted from this:
were assured by building stairways and passages Ø many spots in the city offer views of stairs
at various locations. Passages were, as a rule, going up or down, as well as very
built on a rising slope along the wall, ending in picturesque and eye-catching linking
a gate that allowed access to the Upper Town, passages, such as the Stairway Passage
as is the case of the Stairway Passage or the and the Aurarilor Stairway (Fig. 96, 97);
passages through the Penance Corner Ø certain public buildings in the Upper
(Bußwinkel). Stairs were built, as a rule, on the Town are at the vantage point of
slope with the steepest incline (Aurarilor wonderfully expressive streets, such as the
Stairway/Fingerlingsstiege, the Tower Lutheran Parish Church, along the vista of
Stairs/Sagstiege, etc.). Over time, this resulted in Turnului Street (Saggasse/ Fig. 98) or
interesting architectural features; we can still Ocnei Street;
find abandoned or replaced portions of Ø there are various look-out points in the
passages. That is to say, through these changes, Upper Town offering an interesting and
stairs gradually became highly important parts in picturesque view of the Lower Town,
the planimetric structure of the city. especially its roof panorama;
The cityscape of Sibiu and especially the Ø the superior position of the public
proposed Site, with its unique cultural and buildings in the Upper Town, overlooking
aesthetic value are, beyond any doubt, the the Lower Town, highlights the cityscape
111
3 Justification for Inscription
112
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
113
3 Justification for Inscription
114
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
most felicitously (Fig. 99). unifying the area of the square were attempted
It has to be mentioned that the specific successively – for example by building porticoes
planimetric features of Sibiu were not around it. The result is still one of the most
exclusively the result of solutions adopted to picturesque spaces in the area (Fig. 101).
match the characteristics of the terrain. Another The third square, Grand Square (Großer
extremely important element was the Ring), has always been a representative civic
adjustment of the planimetric structure to pre- space of the city at the foot of the fortress; its
existing buildings and dispositions. This is also shape had always followed this abiding civic
evident in the case of squares. function. From the beginning, city planners
The outlines of the primeval space, i.e. of were intent on applying a specifically urban
the fortress in the church square (Huet Square) planimetric scheme, i.e. the placing of a
were traced taking into account only the relief “transversal square” between two “parallel
and the church to be built in the middle of the streets,” so that only the longer side of Grand
precinct (Fig. 100). Square could continue the line of important
Lesser Square (Kleiner Ring), an extension of streets, such as Nicolae Bălcescu Street
the initial fortress, was adjusted to fit the shape (Heltauergasse) and General Magheru Street
of the Roman castrum nearby, without any (Sporergasse). On the opposite side, the
special attention being paid to a spatial concept fortifications of the fortress formed the limit of
all of its own. Later it was mainly used as a the square, giving it a curved outline favouring
commercial market-place and was treated as an defence. On this side, the two “parallel” streets
organic and unitary space, albeit it had been the could not continue the front of the square
result of considerations of an initially different directly; there is only one continuation of the
character. Different solutions of structuring and traffic toward these streets, i.e. toward
115
3 Justification for Inscription
Mitropoliei Street (Fleischergasse) and, cityscape its unmistakable look (viz. Nouă
respectively, toward Avram Iancu Street Street/Neugasse [Fig. 94] or Pielarilor
(Reispergasse), which actually start from former Street/Lederergasse).
gates of the fortress. This disposition ultimately Aesthetically, the urbanistic solutions
determines the general layout of the square adopted by the builders of Sibiu show a clear
itself: the opening of the space of the square to sense of the different values of built-up spaces.
the corresponding streets at the two corners The dominant feature of the urban
situated in front of the former fortifications and landscape is given by the harmonious unity of
the closing, in mediaeval fashion, of the other the three central squares. They constitute the
two corners only. starting point of the four wide central “parallel”
The central area was planimetrically adapted streets of the Upper Town; two of these streets
to the present general city plan; nevertheless, end in a small square (in front of the Church of
certain important streets maintained their initial, the Ursuline Sisters). Also in the Upper Town,
slightly curved route, as is the case of Nicolae we mention the existence of a second, small
Bălcescu Street. square (Schiller Square/Schillerplatz) that is the
More often in the Lower Town, we focus for a number of side streets, in an off-zone
encounter residential areas that back against of the inner-town. All the other side streets and
curved convex spaces, favourable to defensive lanes are narrow and devoid of such special
purposes. When new residential areas were foci; thus they are implicitly marginal elements
built in the back of already existing ones, their of the street network.
disposition had to be adjusted to the limits of In the Lower Town, the structure of the
the already plotted built area. The result was street network is completely different. Owing to
that curved streets appeared, connecting the the initial semi-rural character and the history of
new residential areas, and this gave the its build-up, a single, important longitudinal
116
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
Fig. 101. The Lesser Square, view from the steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church
street resulted here (9 Mai Street), crossed by Given the city’s size, mediaeval patterns of
two main transversal streets (Ocnei and Turnului structuring public space were decisive in
Streets). This basic scheme is emphasized by the shaping its general outlook. The curved fronts,
presence of a small square placed at their the irregular front lines – now jutting out, now
crossing-point. The rest of the streets also follow stepped back –, the passages that were built
the general disposition; according to their width through or around houses and towers, all result
and route we distinguish: side streets and in coherent, artistically impressive outlines,
connecting streets. even when these structural details were not
In spite of the large size of the historic city, initially employed for strictly aesthetic reasons.
its architecturally shaped hierarchy will gently
The Significance of Sibiu’s Architecture
lead the visitor toward the city centre. The route
of Avram Iancu Street (Fig. 102) is characteristic; Partly, the significance of Sibiu’s architectural
it is slightly curved and as you start walking in heritage lies in the importance of the public
the direction of Grand Square, the high steeple institutions that resided here: the existence of
of the Lutheran Parish Church rises above the the Provost’s office and of the Comitatus made
concave front; when it disappears behind the the erection of appropriate buildings necessary.
roofs, it is now the Town Hall Tower’s turn to This refers, first of all, to the buildings inside
rise at the end of the street, giving a new the fortress, i.e. the former precinct of the
vantage point and, finally, when you approach it church. From the initial defensive works, the
and can no longer see it entirely, the space of pentagonal planimetry, as well as certain other
the street is momentarily obstructed by a fortified elements, i.e. the tower overlooking the
building out of alignment with the front, after Tower Stairs, called “Priests’ Chamber”
which the vista of the square opens up. (Pfarrerstübel), were preserved. These form part
117
3 Justification for Inscription
1 2
Fig. 102. Vantage points in Avram Iancu Street
118
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
119
3 Justification for Inscription
defensive lines; they were also reinforced by preserved on the east side of the Upper Town.
wooden and earthen-work fortifications. Of The inner wall is preserved almost in its total
these defensive structures, ample portions are length on the north side, overlooking the Lower
still preserved. Town; also preserved are a defensive tower, a
These surviving remnants pertain, first of all, gate tower and a spade-shaped bastion, Soldiş,
to the south-east defensive line of the city (in incorporating remnants of an earlier rondel.
Cetăţii Street/Harteneckgasse), where we still Finally, there is also a section of wall still
have three very decorative towers, dating from standing in the south-west side of the Upper
around 1500; two of these towers are still linked Town. In addition, two more towers with
by a surviving segment of wall, with buttresses sections of adjacent walls were preserved in the
on the city side and hoardings running along its Lower Town, facing the Upper Town (the
top. On the outer perimetre of the wall there is a Curriers Tower and the Blacksmiths Tower).
moat, reinforced over a considerable distance Even though most of the old fortifications were
by a rampart topped by a curtain wall. Also part demolished in the 19th century, the parts
of this defensive line is a well-preserved rondel preserved remind us of the huge scope of the
(the Thick Tower) and a spade-shaped bastion defenses of a mediaeval city on the margins of
(Haller), as well as a second rampart, of more Central Europe.
recent construction; the whole is a perfect
illustration of mediaeval and early modern The public buildings of the city that were
defensive systems. later erected outside the premises of the old fort,
Other sections of the mediaeval walls were are living testimony to the importance of
Fig. 104. The Roman Catholic Parish Church and the Old Hall Tower
120
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
121
3 Justification for Inscription
architecture in this area of Europe, where the directional element; combined with a placement
Western and the Byzantine cultures – to which, that is spatially pulled back from the street front
later on, we can also add the Ottoman culture – line, the general plan realizes a harmony
met and mingled. between Greek Orthodox monastic tradition
Principally, these buildings are churches; and the representative functions of a
some of them we have mentioned supra. Metropolitan see that belongs to the highest
To these should be added the Roman ecclesiastical authority of the Romanian
Catholic Parish Church from the early 18th Orthodox Church in Transylvania.
century, which follows the tradition of Jesuit
With the Synagogue, built during the same
baroque architecture; it is an outstandingly
period, a combination of forms from different
monumental hall church with side niches and
geographical areas was also attempted. There is
rostrums and a choir decorated with a
a space around it, separating it from the other
remarkable painting, exhibiting a unique
buildings of the town, as is also the case of the
illusionist effect. Placed between Grand Square
Romanian Greek Orthodox Cathedral. This
and Lesser Square, this church fits organically
gives added loftiness to both buildings.
into the texture created by the flat façades of the
Compared to these symmetrically designed
two squares. The upper part of the church
houses of worship, the 20th century Lutheran
building is ingeniously constructed: it has a
Church in Mitropoliei Street has a free,
richly decorated tower topped by a helmet-like,
asymmetrical volumetric plan that fits into the
baroque structure; the problem that needed a
irregular green areas around it.
solution here was how to harmonize this tower
To conclude, it seems fair to say that the
and the neighbouring, massive Town Hall
importance of the religious architecture of Sibiu
Tower. This was done by inserting between the
goes beyond its local significance. It also
two massive towers a turret on the opposite end
contributes to the creation of a unique cityscape
of the church roof (Fig. 104).
and thus it becomes an important part of
The architecture of the Hungarian Reformed Europe’s cultural heritage.
Church, that is also part of the unfolding fronts The former Jesuit Monastery, situated next to
that shape the outlook of the street, is simpler the Catholic Church, between Grand Square
and dates from the first half of the 18th century. and Lesser Square, built in the first half of the
The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, erected 18th century in a central position in the inner
in the early 20th century, is particularly city, has a completely different architectural
interesting (Fig. 41, 42, 91). Its architecture outlook. Although its constituting elements are
bears traces of the Byzantine tradition of placed around a large inner courtyard, its
Constantinople, as well as the hallmarks of the façades blend into the neighbouring front lines,
architecture of the north-western Balkans. The thus being organically integrated into the
central, dominant dome, similar to the Hagia cityscape.
Sophia of Constantinople, today’s Istanbul, is Finally, things are totally different in the case
harmonized with a gentle emphasis on the of the former town hospice, nowadays used as
longitudinal axis of the building, achieved by an old people’s home. Documented in 1292,
the non-uniform dimensioning of the supporting with its oldest parts built in Early Gothic Style,
half-shells, the one situated along the axis being and others, more recent, dating from different
larger. Over the main entrance, we have an periods, the building situated in one of the city’s
additional stand for the choir, expressed in the oldest parts, is a medley of architectonic styles.
spatial composition of the interior. The main Its value lies primarily in the historic events
façade is completed by a portico, flanked by which marked its evolution.
two side-towers, which further brings out this Other public buildings are important
122
3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
because their typology illustrates the plan, with numerous details built of carved
architectural history of the city and of this area. stone (door and window frames, vault consoles
It is the case of the oldest Town Hall of Sibiu, etc.). But apart from these types of buildings
near the Town Hall Tower – dating as early as well represented in the city, there are others
the beginning of the 14th century –, as well as with a special planimetry. We mention the
the many guildhalls, dating from the same Vicarage, built between the 14th century and the
period. Customarily, they have a portico and 16th century, with a quite compact, bastion-like
commercial spaces on the ground storey and plan, Brukenthal House in Avram Iancu Street,
other rooms (meeting halls, warehouses etc.) dating from around the year 1800 (with an inner
upstairs. Aligned along the fronts of Lesser courtyard surrounded by a Tuscan-style
Square – they are part and parcel of its colonnade bearing a running gallery with a
architectural space, to which they contribute wrought iron railing, in lieu of a stronger
their austere façades and planimetry. cornice) or Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square,
Nevertheless, here and there, we find buildings built at the end of the 18th century (with two
with interesting decorative elements (coats of inner courtyards, richly decorated with details;
arms, cartouches, frescoes etc.). take, for example, the “Baroque Salons,” on the
Of major importance to the city are its private second storey, decorated with variegated
buildings. These show most pregnantly a tapestries, stuccoed ceilings and highly
fundamental feature of Southeastern European sophisticated terracotta hearths).
architecture: formal austerity. The huge sums of In the old part of Sibiu, the Lower Town,
money constantly needed for the defence of this especially in the area of Ocnei Street, important
area against the Turks, spent on fortifications and architectural remains have been preserved, such
arms, restricted the area’s possibilities to pursue as a house with two pediments, in overlapping
other architectural aims. Doubtless, future levels. However, it is not the only area with
research will unearth many valuable details, and such buildings.
yet, large forms and proportions dominate. As the allotment pattern of the old town was
The existence of a substantial segregation of not entirely unitary, differences in the dominant
buildings by size and shape is equally obvious. building systems of various streets were also
The largest buildings are concentrated in the evident – differences that had a certain temporal
Upper Town. Most of them are to be found component. Thus, an open system of building
lining Grand Square (Haller House/Fig. 105, was temporarily maintained in areas where the
Zekelius House, Brukenthal Palace etc.) and at lots were quite wide, for example, along Avram
the beginning of the four streets originating in Iancu Street. This also meant that initially, there
the central squares. Mention should be made of were houses built sideways, with the roof ridges
those in Avram Iancu Street (Weidner House, parallel to the street. Buildings were thus
Brukenthal House). We have evidence of the frequently placed longitudinally along the lot,
existence, in the early 19th century, of houses of with a pediment facing the street. Such
exceptional value, situated at the beginning of structures have been preserved particularly in
Nicolae Bălcescu Street and General Magheru many side streets of the Lower Town, where
Street. And, at the north end of Mitropoliei poorer craftsmen lived. These areas, with open
Street, we still have the extant Old Town Hall building practices, favoured one-storeyed
complex (with a large dwelling tower, open houses with a pediment facing the street. This
loggias and a bow-window etc.), which was the simple, vernacular architecture is closely related
largest private residence in Transylvania during to what we find in the rural part of the area (Fig.
the Middle Ages. As a rule, private dwellings are 94). Its historic and architectural significance lies
two-storeyed houses, with a U- or L-shaped in the fact that it is a proof of the basically
123
3 Justification for Inscription
124
3.c Comparative Analysis
stretches of walled fortifications. On the other within the town walls are small, irregularly
hand, there were several defensive lines, positioned and, presumably, they appeared
crossing the inside of the town and delimiting, around the first defensive precinct. The plots in
for example, the main square with its other areas of the town are well organised,
neighbouring rows of houses. These lines were rectangular and had been grouped in small
preserved until the18th century, influencing the sectors from the beginning. Thus, the
planimetric structure of the town up to the arrangement is compact, well structured and
present time. rather different from that of other, more
spaciously proportioned Transylvanian cities.
From a planimetric point of view, this
As a consequence, Sighişoara is organised in
lower part of the town is quite similar to other
terms of small spaces and narrow, slightly bent
mediaeval Transylvanian localities, being a
streets; the total outlook is highly picturesque
settlement constituted by rows of large, fairly
and of great value.
elongated allotments. Most of the properties
125
3 Justification for Inscription
Sibiu Compared
with Other Transylvanian Cities
Fig. 107. A 16th century map of Transylvania
Given the circumstances described above, a
The defensive walls and towers of the town comprehensive comparative analysis of all the
are almost completely preserved. There are other Historic Centres in the surrounding region
fewer significant architectural monuments than becomes imperative. Thus, there are both
in Sibiu, especially in terms of religious edifices. similarities and distinctions between Sibiu and
In Sibiu’s Historic Centre, there is a large Gothic the most prominent Transylvaniam cities:
church, two former Gothic monasteries, later Braşov, Cluj (currently, Cluj-Napoca), Bistriţa,
rebuilt in baroque style, two baroque churches, and Mediaş (Fig. 107). Nonetheless:
a Romanian Greek Orthodox Cathedral, a Ø Sibiu was one of the most important early
synagogue, etc. Comparatively, the monuments ecclesiastical and political centres in the
preserved in Sighişoara are: a Gothic church, a region. From the late 13th century, it was the
monastery with baroque elements, a 19th seat of a provost, subordinating the
century church rebuilt during the 20th century prosperous settlement area in southern
and a Romanian Greek Orthodox church, Transylvania. Also here was set up the
situated at a considerable distance from the administration of the Province of Sibiu – an
Heritage Site. administrative, territorial and political unit.
Far be it from us to set up a hierarchy of Only the city of Alba-Iulia, see of a bishop,
values. Nevertheless, all the above mentioned but otherwise a minor economic centre,
features point to the fundamentally different had similar functions in the entire
nature of the two Heritage Sites in question. In Principality of Transylvania. The old
the case of Sighişoara, we have a provincial fortified city of Cluj was only for a short
town with outstanding picturesque features, time the administrative centre of a county.
whereas Sibiu is a city of European rank, whose Ø Sibiu has been a multicultural, multiethnic
worth is to be measured according to a different and multi-confessional centre for the past
set of values. The character of the two localities two centuries. The above-mentioned
is complementary, and they both contribute to administrative and political functions
our image of southeast European urban concerned mainly the Transylvanian
civilization. Germans, as Sibiu became their political
and spiritual centre (“Comitatus Saxonum”
Sighişoara is the only Romanian, i.e. and the Lutheran Bishopric of Romania
Transylvanian, urban site representing this part were based in Sibiu). Later, in the 19th
of Europe on the World Heritage List. Six century, Sibiu became the see of the
fortified churches from Transylvania are also Romanian Metropolitan of Transylvania; it
inscribed on the list, in part including the was also the headquarters of the Romanian
126
3.c Comparative Analysis
127
3 Justification for Inscription
128
3.d Integrity and/or Authenticity
The monasteries of the mendicant monks in towns and settlements of Greek Orthodox
Sibiu were built at the outer rim of the inner city, southeastern Europe their specific unitary outlook.
rounding off its area. They did not constitute Finally, the built-in area of Sibiu is marked
independently important sites, in counter-position by the existence of large numbers of mason-
to the dwellings that sprang up around them, as work houses that were built from the 15th
was the case in Oriental Christendom. Churches century on. We cannot talk of a truly ancient
in Sibiu belong to various denominations; the built-in area, as is the case in southern Europe;
central cathedral of the city, built between the 13th nor can we speak of replacement mason-work
and the 16th centuries, rebuilt and transformed by structures that only started in the 18th century.
successive generations, is a uniquely dominant What we have here is an old architectural
feature of the whole cityscape. What is missing in heritage that follows Central European models.
Sibiu is the presence of small parish churches of We hope that these comparisons will prove
the same confession, built as part of a single effort helpful in bringing out the features that make Sibiu
and unchanged to these days, which give the unique among other European cities.
Sibiu’s unique character derives from the The two world wars also bypassed Sibiu. The
irregular but continuous pattern of its major population dislocation following World
development over various epochs: its War II did not affect the city’s urban and
planimetric outline goes back to the 12th–14th architectonic essence or its multiethnic, multi-
centuries; there are many Gothic, Renaissance confessional and multicultural character.
and baroque elements, along with others Changes suffered during the Communist
belonging to architectural styles of the 19th and period, which during the Ceauşescu dictatorship
20th centuries. This is typical of a living city that resulted in the destruction of the majority of the
has developed for centuries on the same Historic Centres of Romania, only affected Sibiu
location. to a minor extent and did not go beyond the
We have here a city that fundamentally was renewal processes that characterise any historic
untouched by external factors. It never suffered period. These changes are concentrated in two
major natural disasters since it is not situated in well-delimited areas in the city. The Historic
a major earthquake area and it rarely suffered Centre suffered few interventions and this also
from major floods of its river, the Cibin. There meant that the city’s architecture had to do
were fires, but since these did not take place in without any significant restoration.
an environment built of wood but one of stone
masonry, the destruction, though remarkable at The Preservation of the Planimetric Structure
times, never went beyond certain limits and and the Allotment Pattern
even in burnt-out areas the stone masonry was The planimetric structure and the allotment
left standing. pattern developed during the early and late
Furthermore, Sibiu was never affected by war. Middle Ages have been preserved almost
In the Middle Ages and the modern era it was unaltered. The final outcome was a uniquely
protected by its favourable natural environment, expressive cityscape that managed to retain its
i.e. the range of the Carpathians and the city’s mediaeval character. There is only one recorded
massive fortifications. It never had to undergo street width adjustment that occurred probably
cycles of destruction-reconstruction caused by in the 17th century, when a single street situated
Ottoman expansion, Habsburg imperial in the Lower Town – 9 Mai Street – was
ambitions, as well as later revolts and rebellions. narrowed. During the 19th and 20th centuries,
129
3 Justification for Inscription
130
3.d Integrity and / or Authenticity
131
3 Justification for Inscription
the initial mediaeval structure. The general plan others following classical models –brings out the
of the present-day city mirrors accurately and expressive quality of the streets and the squares of
homogenously the specifics of its evolution, i.e. the Historic Centre, at the same time showcasing
an alternation between houses that were built the intrinsic value of its architectural heritage (Fig.
all the way from the 15th to the 20th century with 110).
buildings erected in certain periods Even if certain areas of the old centre have
predominating in some areas. There have been no been reconstructed, e.g. the already mentioned
attempts to re-establish any specific image of any areas in the old city centre and a factory was
given period in the history of the city centre; also, implanted in the outskirts of the Lower Town,
there are no striking alterations made in a these developments only affected limited areas
historizing Romantic spirit, likely to alter the with specific features (e.g. some parts of the
original outlook of the buildings – the single Lower Town, where the vernacular style is
exception here, being the Lutheran Parish Church, dominant).
with its outer painting, windows and roof. Old public buildings also fit into the general
The overall effect of all these is not only the picture, playing an essential part in the unitary
preservation of the original character of the image of the old centre. It is important for the
buildings, but also the impression of authenticity authenticity of the nominated site that the
given by the architecture and the outlook of the buildings erected during the first half of the 20th
city. The natural alternation of buildings with century and the communist regime underwent
different characteristics – some older and some little repair or restoration work. Furthermore,
more recent, some built in vernacular style and when such work was executed, it was done
132
3.d Integrity and / or Authenticity
using traditional materials and techniques. This At the same time, emergency repair work
is why the historic substance of architectural has been executed on roofs, coverings, eaves,
monuments has been preserved in a noticeably drain pipes, or to eradicate wall dampness.
unaltered state; the prospects are good for Major repair works are under way to rebuild
restoration according to present-day norms and the infrastructure of the site and retaining walls are
principles, preserving traditional materials and also the object of reconstruction work (Fig. 112).
techniques, with the ultimate goal of enhancing More and more importance is given to the
the historic substance of the constructions. Buffer Zone of the nominated site and its buildings
that affect the cityscape (Fig. 113).
Recent Rehabilitation and Similarly, increased attention is given to the
Restoration Efforts numerous archaeological remains in the
Ample rehabilitation work is required, underground that are affected by the laying or
especially as regards dwelling houses. Action replacement of water and sewage pipes, as well
has been initiated by undertaking the scientific as power and telecommunication cables; an
restoration of specific items (such as doors / Fig. archaeologist is in charge of the permanent
111, and windows), as well as by launching a monitoring of these works.
citizens information effort.
Fig. 113. The cityscape in the area around the Sibiu Central Railway Station
133
4 STATE OF CONSERVATION
AND FACTORS AFFECTING
THE PROPERTY
13
3
4.a Present State of Conservation
137
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
system of the Historic Centre were built at the testing equipment has been purchased to assess
beginning of the 20th century and they have the damage. This equipment will provide the
undergone few alterations since. As a result, necessary information to replace inadequate
138
4.a Present State of Conservation
systems; work on this has already started. Historic Centre during the communist rule: the
Gas pipes, electric cables and telephone cables façades were repainted and some maintenance
have been replaced in certain parts of the historic work was done mainly on the roofs, gutters and
city, and underground TV cables have also been drain pipes.
installed.
The defensive and restraining walls between More consistent development work was
The Upper Town and The LowerTown have undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s; this was
raised more serious problems. As no centered around two locations:
conservational restoration work on these walls Ø The fortification structures. The towers of the
had been done for decades, they were found to Carpenters, the Potters and of the
be in a precarious condition at the end of the Harquebusiers in Cetătii Street, as well as the
90s. Consequently, large- scale restoration work enclosure wall between them were restored.
has been initiated on the Stairway Passage (Fig. Restoration was also undertaken on the wall
117), the Penance Corner and on the street in Blănarilor Street while the curtain wall on
running underneath the Liars’ Bridge. The Corneliu Coposu Bd./Promenade, the Haller
restraining walls of the Tower Stairs and Ocna and Soldisch Bastions underwent less
Stairway have also been restored. extensive restoration work.
Moreover, the pavement of the central Ø The restraining walls underwent maintenance
squares is to be rehabilitated. All this restoration and restoration work on the sections
work has turned the central part of the city into including the Stairway Passage and the Liars’
one large construction site (Fig. 112). Bridge.
Ø The porticoes of the buildings at Nos. 14, 15,
The state of preservation of the buildings 16, 21, 24, 25, 26, and 30, Lesser Square,
Little work was done on the buildings in the dating from the 15th–16th centuries, were
139
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
Buildings demolished
New buildings
Fig. 116. Plan of Rebuilding Work undertaken in the 19th and 20th Centuries
opened and restored. More extensive even after the Directorate for Historic
restoration work was undertaken on the Monuments was closed down in 1977); the
buildings at no. 21 (the former Butchers building would later house the History
Warehouse) and no. 26 (the former building Museum.
of the apothecary “To the Black Bear”) as The state of the architectural ensemble after
well as on the Town Hall Tower, where 1990. Given the insufficient restoration work
several museum halls were opened. undertaken during the Communist rule, many of
Ø The building of the Old Town Hall the buildings were found in 1990 to be in a
underwent general restoration (continued dilapidated state, which endangered their
140
4.a Present State of Conservation
stability as well as the preservation of certain involves approximately 45% of the 1050
decorative elements and traditional trimming. buildings (or plots on which buildings are
Their precarious condition was mainly due erected) in the Historic Centre, playing an
to the lack of any maintenance work over the important part in reducing the effects of
years, at the level of the roof sheathing and of dampness.
the drainage system. It was also due to
Interest in such developments has increased
improvised interior work that was required by
after 1999 when the publication of the Charter
the excessive subdivision of certain apartments
for the Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of
after the 1948 Law for Nationalization.
Sibiu marked the beginning of a partnership
Substantial leakage at the level of the water
between the Municipality and the GTZ
supply system and the sewerage system was the
Consultancy Office. The restoration work done
main cause of dampness that affected about
by this partnership, partly subsidized by GTZ,
70% of the buildings.
includes (Fig. 118):
Problems of building stability mainly
Ø Shoring up buildings through local structural
involved the uneven ground areas at the
provisions and (or) the rehabilitation of
boundary between the Upper Town and the
frameworks and roof sheaths. Work on 35
Lower Town and they affected several buildings
buildings has been completed or is now in
(some of them very significant) in Lesser Square,
progress.
Huet Square and the neighbouring streets. The
Ø Dampness control and the rehabilitation of
same area was affected by even more serious
façades. Work on 29 buildings has been
problems, sometimes involving partial
completed or is in progress.
crumbling of certain sections of the inner
Ø Rehabilitation of façades (4 buildings)
fortifications, in places like: the Stairway
Ø Rehabilitation of interiors and of sanitary
Passage, the Liars’ Bridge, the wall between
facilities (8 buildings)
Movilei Street and Avram Iancu Street, as well
Ø Restoration of historic gates (58 gates).
as the wall on Centumvirilor Street.
Given the fact that some of the buildings
After 1990, restoration started with some have benefited simultaneously from two or
delay due mainly to insufficient funding and to
the lack of adequate legislation in the field. The
restoration process was further hindered by the
fact that the buildings in the historic city had a
large inhabitant population that would have had
to be evacuated before any large-scale
restoration work could begin.
The first measure taken by the recently
reinstated Directorate for Historic Monuments
was to order all demolition work in Constitutiei
Street stopped, thus sparing the buildings at
Nos. 1, 3 and 5, Constitutiei Street, as well as
Nos. 79, 81 and No. 83, 9 Mai Street. All these
buildings were included in the protected list.
Furthermore, small scale work involving the
restoration of roof sheaths and drainage systems
has been undertaken and has proved essential
for the preservation of the buildings. The Fig. 117. Rehabilitation work of the Stairway
restoration work is currently in progress and it Passage, from upper end to lower end
141
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
more types of restoration, it can be estimated pavement will also be restored by using
that approximately 10% of the buildings have traditional materials and certain public
undergone some form of restoration as part of monuments will be reinstalled, based on
the GTZ co-operation project. findings of archaeological excavations. Such
Other restoration initiatives have been infrastructure restoration is also in progress in
supported by private funding; the buildings at Alexandru Odobescu, Ocnei and Rimski
Nos. 25 and 28, Nicolae Bălcescu Street, Nos. Korsakov Streets.
3-5, Ocnei Street, Nos. 2, 5, 16, Grand Square
Restoration of churches. The Church of the
and Nos. 1, 3, 6, Avram Iancu Street have had
restoration of the façades executed, meant to Hospice has undergone extensive work of
consolidation, dampness control and
diminish the size of openings and thereby
restore the original outlook of the façade. restoration, subsidized by the Ministry of
Culture and Religious Affairs and, more
Starting with the year 2000, major recently, by GTZ. At the Lutheran Parish
development of the infrastructure has been Church, the Roman Catholic Parish Church in
undertaken, especially in the three squares of Grand Square, as well as at the Church of the
the Historic Centre. A major cause of dampness Ursuline Sisters the façades and the roofing
will be eliminated once the current water supply were restored. The ground storey of the Roman
and sewerage systems are replaced. The Catholic Presbytery at No. 2, Grand Square was
Fig. 118. Record of the GTZ-Consulting Activity (the GTZ Office in Sibiu)
142
4.a Present State of Conservation
renovated and the initial systems of openings, as the Tower Stairs is under way.
well as the baroque decorative elements of the
stairwell were restored. Other repair work is less extensive:
The Franciscan Church has been Ø the wall behind the Lutheran Vicarage;
recommended for a consolidation project on the Ø the wall at No. 6, Movilei Street.
basis of a technical survey and the project is The walls and towers in Cetăţii Street have
about to be implemented. also undergone maintenance work.
Fortifications. The most consistent funds
The restoration of public buildings. Progress
have been allotted to the restoration of such
was made in the restoration of a number of
monuments, given their dilapidated condition;
buildings in 2004, such as:
the funds were used in two areas:
Ø The Thalia Hall – the Old Theatre of the
Ø The Liars’ Bridge (in Ocnei Street), where the
city/Altes Stadttheater - built on a former
consolidation and restoration of the two
rondel (the Thick Tower), where the
restraining walls and of the stairs that connect
restoration process is to be completed this
the Upper Town and the Lower Town is soon
year (Fig. 71, 119);
to be completed. The water supply and
Ø The building at Nos. 11, 12, Lesser Square
sewerage, and public illumination systems, has been restored and given a new
as well as the pavement in the neighbouring destination (formerly a dwelling house, it
areas have also been restored. has been turned into a museum).
Ø Stairway Passage, where work of consolidation Ø The building at No.16, Lesser Square –
and restoration, as well as of rehabilitation of Luxembourg House/Schaaser Haus –
143
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
formerly a dwelling house, has been Technical surveys of the buildings at Nos. 24,
consolidated and restored. 25, 26, Lesser Square, Nos. 5, 7, Avram Iancu
Further general restoration work is in progress at: Street and No. 6, Aurarilor Square have been
Ø the building at No. 21 (House of Arts) made, serving for future restoration work. For
Ø the building at No. 22, which is currently the buildings at No. 13, Vopsitorilor Street and
being fitted out for future use as a School of No. 10, Grand Square (Haller House), plans are
Architecture and Restoration. in progress; in the case of the latter, provisional
144
4.b Factors Affecting the Property
consolidation work has also been undertaken. In the 20th century, archaeological vestiges
were affected mostly by the digging of ditches
Archaeological Vestiges
for various urban projects (water, sewerage,
The City of Sibiu is also the site of many valuable
electricity, phone and TV cables). The finds
vestiges located underground (Fig. 120). Most of
occasioned by these works were published at
these vestiges have not been affected by recent
the time and gave important clues to the
restoration work which is mostly restricted to
understanding of the birth and growth of the
certain well-circumscribed areas and, as a rule, is
mediaeval city.
accompanied by the necessary archaeological
investigations. Other recent interventions are connected to
Such archaeological investigations were the current project, under execution, of
lacking only in the case of interventions executed complete renewal and replacement of the
in the 19th century. A major intervention aimed at pavement of the central squares; the involved
the vertical systematization of Huet Square was areas are thoroughly investigated and cleared by
executed in this period; on this occasion the teams of archaeologists. Results of these
northeastern side of the churchyard of the ongoing investigations are not yet available, but
Lutheran Parish Church was impacted. will, no doubt, be published in due time.
145
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
At present, there are no extreme pressures of Site (Andrei Şaguna Street – Route 1) and the
environmental factors on the Site; however, north-eastern limit (Constituţiei Street). This
certain aspects will be permanently monitored. situation is caused by transit traffic passing
directly through the city—150 m away from the
Air pollution Historic Centre—and through the recently
The Regional Agency for Environmental rebuilt area at its limits. As of 2007, transit traffic
Protection is in charge of monitoring will no longer be a problem, once the ring road,
environmental quality in Sibiu. Monthly whose construction began in 2004, is opened.
measurements, taken between 2002 and 2004 In conclusion, Sibiu enjoys good air quality,
by the Regional Agency for Environmental which does not jeopardize the preservation of
Protection, placed Sibiu among cities with a low building materials. There is one exception,
level of air pollution. though, i.e. several sculptures, made of natural
Reports of the Agency show that monthly stone (e.g. caryatids, atlantes, etc.), have
and yearly average values of the concentration deteriorated through the centuries.
of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide do not In the year 2000, the Local Council of the
exceed normal values or produce acid rains. City of Sibiu adopted Decision no. 191, which
There are occasional increases in the prohibits investments that produce waste and
concentration of carbon monoxide. industrial residues, soil- and air-polluting
High-concentration gas emission is caused substances; also prohibited are industrial
by heavy traffic at the south-western limit of the activities that generate pollution (phonic
146
4.b Factors Affecting the Property
pollution included), in the field of wood of the retaining walls in the Liars’ Bridge area, of
processing, ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical the retaining walls and flying buttresses between
engineering, and cement industry, in the the Lutheran Parish Church and the Stairway
western Industrial Zone of Sibiu. Passage, as well as of certain buildings on the
Nevertheless, in view of the evolution of north side of Lesser Square.
economic activities over the past three years, the
Initially, landslides were considered to be the
Local Environmental Action Plan for Sibiu
cause of such deterioration, but a number of geo-
proposes to keep air quality under strict and
technical studies, as well as diggings executed
permanent monitoring.
between 2001 and 2003, on the occasion of the
Water pollution restoration of Luxembourg House (No. 16, Lesser
Square), prove that damage was caused by rain
The River Cibin, flowing close by the
water infiltration, from the surface ground of
northwestern limit of the Historic Centre, has a
Lesser Square and Huet Square, towards the
slight upstream pollution, placing it in category II,
Lower Town.
while downstream the water is category III, as a
result of collecting partially-treated waters from the Between 2002 and 2003, the Municipality
city’s industrial activity. The water stream turns rehabilitated the drainage and sewerage systems in
normal only downstream of the Mohu water- Huet Square, in order to eliminate these causes;
treatment station, 10 km from Sibiu. In conclusion, work will continue in Lesser Square only after the
surface-water pollution has no visible impact on ground has been reinforced on both sides of the
the general condition of buildings in the passageway to Ocnei Street. At the moment,
Nominated World Heritage Site. several state-owned buildings, situated on the
north side of Lesser Square, are being restored. As
Rain water infiltration part of the Romanian-German Project
During the second half of the 20th century, the “Rehabilitating the Historic Centre of Sibiu-
substructure of the Historic Centre was neglected Hermannstadt,” private owners can also get advice
by the Communist regime, with visible and financial assistance for the consolidation of
consequences in the 1990s, such as: deterioration endangered buildings.
(iii) Natural Disasters and Risk Preparedness (Earthquakes, Floods, Fires, etc.)
147
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
personnel and is located within short distance The LowerTown. These are caused, on the one
from the site (900 metres) and, in case of fire, hand, by the ground-water sheet that is too close
can act promptly. The Fire Brigade is endowed to the surface and, on the other, by pipe
with the equipment necessary for locating and blockage and insufficient drainage capacity.
extinguishing fires: water trucks, water cannons, The municipality-owned water company
utility vehicles with special ladders. S.C. Apă-Canal S.A. offers emergency services
In 2003, the Municipality initiated a program (pumping and draining excess water) to limit the
to replace fire cocks in the pavement (less visible impact of water on basements and walls.
and easily blocked by parked vehicles) with fire
The Municipality has also initiated two
cocks above the pavement, thus facilitating
flood-prevention programmes. The medium-
firemen’s access to the water network.
term programme, started in 2004, is for
checking and unsilting pipe sewerage, with
Flood
water jet under pressure, using remote-
Although the bed of the Cibin River is at the north-
controlled minirobots. The long-term
western limit of the Historic Centre, Romanian
programme, initiated in 2002, is mainly aimed
National Waters Company does not consider the
at the rehabilitation and modernization of the
Site endangered by surface water floods.
sewerage system in the Historic Centre.
Sibiu municipal grounds are protected by
partial damming and the existence of a reservoir Two other programmes have also been
on the Cibin River, situated at Gura Râului that initiated, as part of the Romanian-German Project
takes up rainy-season surplus water and drains it “Rehabilitating the Historic Centre of Sibiu-
under control. The water-flow of Trinkbach, an Hermannstadt,” to offer advice and financial
affluent of the Cibin River is also regulated. assistance to private owners, for the use of efficient
Abundant rainfall sometimes causes isolated waterproofing and dampness prevention
cases of flooded basements in the northwest of technologies in the maintenance of walls.
Currently available data show that there are no accommodate 500 more tourists.
major or potential risks for the site, in spite of The nomination of Sibiu as European Cultural
the increasing number of tourists in recent years. Capital for the year 2007 will attract an increased
number of tourists. Even though the Sibiu Tourism
Capacity Association has not yet provided any estimated
The Historic Centre of Sibiu is a relatively robust figures, Sibiu will probably not be confronted
urban area, with a good capacity to welcome with any accommodation problems, even if the
visitors. The streets are narrow—a hallmark of all number of visitors doubles. Considering
mediaeval cities— yet public squares are wide, monthly occupancy figures, hotel rooms in Sibiu
allowing access for large numbers of visitors. have never been fully occupied, since according
On the whole, the Heritage Site is a large and to information provided by the Department of
spacious compound, with a good capacity to Statistics of Sibiu County, the occupancy rate in
accommodate tourists. the peak months (July-August) of 2003 was
In terms of accommodation facilities, Sibiu 40.5% and 45.6% and, for the year 2004 the
has a total of 1,374 places in hotels, both within rate was 43.6% and 52.8%, respectively.
and outside the Historic Centre, as two hotels Taking into account the fact that three
are situated within the Historic Centre and two more hotels will be opened in close proximity
outside it. Motels and boarding-houses can to the Historic Centre, thereby doubling the
148
4.b Factors Affecting the Property
149
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
(v) Number of Inhabitants within the Property and the Buffer Zone
(vi) Miscellanea
Physical and chemical factors they are in good condition, since there is no water
with impact on buildings infiltration. On the other hand, in rainy periods,
The state of utilities: up to the present, these there are recurring problems in the Lower Town.
installations have been replaced in Grand The state of foundations: there is no survey
Square, Lesser Square, Huet Square, and of the entire area. Case to case technical surveys
Alexandru Odobescu Street. can provide information on specific buildings.
Phreatic-water level: there is a higher level in
Physical and chemical factors
the Lower Town and there is a “lens of water” in
the Upper Town, in the area of Grand Square. Although there is no acid rain in Sibiu, some
Dampness: frequent in buildings in the elements of the buildings in the Historic Centre
Historic Centre, caused by: damaged water (e.g. masonry, sculpted elements and stone
pipes inside walls, uncontrolled water leakage frames, tile roofing) are affected by a number of
and neglected repair work, lack of horizontal atmospheric factors, such as: temperature
isolation at the basis of walls, wall coating done variations, wind, and humidity. Atmospheric
with unsuitable materials (e.g. tiles, sandstone), humidity and pluvial water have the most
plastering with modern materials that prevent noticeable effect, especially in the context of
walls from breathing, asphalt pavement successive cycles of frosting-defrosting (Fig. 122).
extending to the walls, clogged-up gutters not As part of the programme “Rehabilitating the
connected to street sewage. Various Historic Centre of Sibiu” a number of projects,
interventions will be necessary in this respect. in the form of demonstrations but also of co-
The state of basements: in the Upper Town financing of works, have been initiated, to
150
4.b Factors Affecting the Property
151
4 State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
prevent or stop deterioration caused by these permanently lived in or used, thus ensuring a
factors. These programmes focus on emergency modicum of maintenance and ventilation of the
roof repair work, meant to eliminate pluvial attics, and helping the preservation of the
water infiltration and redirect rainfall, away from wooden elements of roofs.
vulnerable elements. The Municipality is responsible for the
The Office for Planning and Survey of the prevention and control of this risk factor. Any
Historic Centre provides consultancy and intervention on buildings that are part of the Site
assures that materials specific to the site – same requires permits from the Municipality of Sibiu
dimension, colour, shape, and granulation – are and, among other things, these are conditional
used for repair and restoration work. on biological surveys.
Biological factors Current regulations in constructions
mandate the replacement of damaged wooden
The widespread use of wood as a construction
parts. The Office for Planning and Survey of the
element in most buildings of the Historic Centre
Historic Centre of the Municipality of Sibiu
entails the action of biological factors (e.g.
provides advice and checks repair work done in
microorganisms, insects, fungi) in the Heritage Site.
the Heritage Site; preservation and
The most serious danger is represented by
consolidation work should follow the
Merulis Lacrymans, a fungus which destroys
regulations for construction security, and these
cellulose, causing brittleness in wooden
interventions should remove as little material as
structures (e.g. frameworks, floors/platforms,
possible from wooden structures.
loggias, sculpted ornaments). Fortunately this
fungus appears only in a few isolated cases. Sibiu has specialized laboratories (e.g. the
Historic frameworks are in relatively good Restoration Laboratory of the Brukenthal
condition and so far, there has been no large- National Museum and the Regional Laboratory
scale deterioration. The reason for this is that, for Preservation and Restoration of the ASTRA
for many decades, unlike other European Museum), as well as companies that specialize
Historic Centres, the Sibiu Site has been lived in in undertaking surveys, providing consultancy
uninterruptedly. Almost without exception, for repair work on buildings in the Historic
buildings in the Heritage Site have been Centre, and implementing pest control.
152
5 PROTECTION
AND MANAGEMENT
OF THE PROPERTY
151
5.a Ownership
5.a Ownership
The buildings in the Historic Centre are: 2. According to the inventory of buildings in the
- the public or private property of the state Nominated World Heritage Site, compiled by
or of the City of Sibiu, GTZ (German Technical Cooperation) in the
- the private property of individuals or year 2004, the situation of ownership is as
legal entities, follows:
- mixed property. - private property (single ownership) 21%
- private property (joint ownership) 45%
1. According to the data of the 2002 census, - state property 2%
published by the Statistics Office of the - mixed property 28%
County of Sibiu, the ownership of apartments - the property of religious institutions 4%
in the protected area is broken down as A rather undesirable situation is that of houses
follows: that belong to more than one owner, as a result
- private property 82.9% of retrocession (re-privatization). Ensuring that
- state property 11.7 % they revert to single ownership is a medium-
- property of religious institutions 5.4% term objective.
155
5 Protection and Management of the Property
156
5.c Means of Implementing Protective Measures
157
5 Protection and Management of the Property
1350–1530
1530–1700
1700–1825
1825–1875
1875–1925
1925–2004
158
5.d Existing Plans Related to Municipality and Region in which the Property is Located
Lesser Square, Sports Hall, Al. Odobescu Town Hall Tower, rehabilitation of the
Street, Thalia Hall, rehabilitation of the towers in Cetăţii Street.
Concepts for the General Development of the City and of Its Monuments
The Charter for The Rehabilitation Charter was first published with the purpose of
the Rehabilitation preserving the physical and cultural heritage of the Historic Centre of
of the Historic Sibiu. It offers a frame of reference and it brings together a set of
159
5 Protection and Management of the Property
Centre of Sibiu guidelines for the rehabilitation of the architectural heritage of Sibiu. The
(2000) Charter emphasises eight priority directions of action, including: the
preservation of the cityscape of the historic city, tourism and cultural
activities, traffic limitation, and public spaces. This document is the first
of a series of planning and management instruments that provide a
political framework for the main public and private entities in Sibiu.
Urban Action The 2001-2004 Urban Action Programme is an official planning
Programme for document for a period of four years, which sets out immediate strategic
Sibiu elements and urban development projects for Sibiu. The document is
2001-2004 organised according to a sectorial approach, including the following
chapters: dwelling, technical infrastructure, public spaces, traffic, tourism,
commerce, and crafts. Each chapter contains short and medium-term
strategic plans or projects, both for the Historic Centre and for the entire
City. This document was updated in 2004 and will be published in 2005
under the title “The Management Plan of the Historic Centre of Sibiu.”
Local Action Plan The Local Long-term Development Plan, elaborated by the Municipality
21 – The Local of Sibiu, with international assistance, provides a short analysis of the
Longterm urban context and sets out a series of strategic objectives that will assure
Development Plan a lasting development of the city.
(2004)
The City of Sibiu: The Guide comprises the main directions for city policies in the main
Development fields of activity. It sets out strategic objectives and represents the basis for
Guide (2004) the modernising process of the entire city.
A Category Sites (of national importance): - Nicolae Bălcescu Street: 12, 40 (A), 2, 7, 14, 16,
The archaeological site in Sibiu; 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 34, 38, 42 (B).
The fortifications of the mediaeval city, Enclosure - Samuel von Brukenthal Street: 1, 2 (A), 3, 4 (B).
I, Enclosure II, Enclosure III, Enclosure IV, Late - Cetăţii Street: 5 (B).
Fortifications; - Constituţiei Street: 19 (B).
Historic Centre. - Faurului Street: 18 (A), 6, 12, 16, 20 (B).
- Huet Square: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 17, The Lutheran
A Category Buildings (of national importance) and Parish Church (A): 16 (B).
B Category Buildings (of regional importance) in - General Gheorghe Magheru Street: 4, 34-36 (A),
the protected area: 2 (B).
- 9 Mai Street: 43 (A), 14, 22, 30, 36, 75, 83 (B). - Grand Square: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14,
- Aurarilor Square: 3, 10 (A), 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 16 (A), 11, 13, 15 (B).
(B). - Lesser Square: 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21,
- Argintarilor Street: 1 and 9 (B). 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, the iron bridge (A),
- Arhivelor Street: 2 (B). 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 29 (B).
- Armelor Square: 10 (B). - Mitropoliei Street: 2a, 7, 9, 13, 17, 20-24, 33-35
- Avram Iancu Street: 1-3, 5, 7, 8, 8. 11, 14, 16 (A), 8, 11, 15, 18, 19, 75 (B).
(A), 2, 4, 6 (B). - Moş Ion Roată Street: 6 (B).
- Azilului Street: 2, 4 (A), 3 (B). - Movilei Street: 1 (B).
160
5.e Property Management Plan or Other Management System
- Ocnei Street: 3-5, 8, 22 (A), 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 17, - Tipografilor Street: 4, 23 (B).
19, 24, 30 (B). - Turnului Street: 6, 14 (A), 1, 4, 7, 12 (B).
- Papiu Ilarian Street: 10 (A). - Vopsitorilor Street: 13 (A), 21 (B). Buildings in
- the Stairway Passage: 1, 2, 3, 4 (B). the Buffer Zone:
- Şcolii Passageway: 2 (B). - Constantin Noica Street: 48 (A).
- Şelarilor Street: 12-14 (A). - The Roman Catholic Chapel of the Holy
- Târgului Street: 3 (A), 4a (B). Cross (A)
The management plan was drawn up by IHS version of the site description included in
Romania in 2004. It is attached to the present the UNESCO Nomination Report.
documentation. The specific aims of the · The second part describes the key
Management Plan include: management issues that should be dealt with
– to provide management guidance and over- in respect to the conservation and protection
all coordination of existing initiatives, of the Historic Centre.
instruments and programmes for the · And finally, the Site Management Action
preservation and restoration of the Site; Plan maps out the strategic objectives and
– to guide and control development to ensure detailed actions/ projects for the following
that the values of the Site are not harmed; sectoral issues: Conservation of the cultural
– to highlight the priority actions of the heritage, Technical infrastructure and public
Municipality of Sibiu for the next five years. services, Trafic management, Public spaces
and squares, Tourism and an Action Plan
The elaboration of the management plan is a
„Erlebnisraum”. The action plan for each of
participative process, where all stakeholders,
the sectoral issues includes an
lead by a community based task force are
implementation timeframe and allocates the
involved in its different stages. The Municipality
main responsabilities and tasks. A thematic
plays a leading role, but representatives of
map illustrating the proposed actions and
municipal agencies, of the local community, the
projects accompanies each page.
private sector and NGOs are also participating
in identifying key management issues,
development objectives and projects. A series of
The Historic Centre Management Plan
workshops and intranet debates on management
complements and further details existing
issues were organised with municipal staff.
planning and policy documents that have been
Interviews with representatives of the
developed in the recent past, namely:
community brought up important aspects
concerning these issues and contributed to the · The „Rehabilitation Charter for the Historic
formulation of strategic objectives. Center of the City of Sibiu” (Carta
Consultation with the community will Reabilitării Centrului Istoric al oraşului
continue to be an important characteristic of this Sibiu), first published in 2000.
plan, during its implementation stage. · The Municipal Action Programme 2001–
2004 (Program Urban de Acţiune Sibiu
This Management Plan is organised in 3 parts:
2001–2004).
· The first part includes a description of the
· The Development Guide for Sibiu (Ghid de
Site, including the relevant maps and
dezvoltare), published in 2004.
illustrations. This chapter is a summary
161
5 Protection and Management of the Property
For a long time, the Historic Centre of Sibiu has field of rehabilitation of historic monuments.
made the object of studies of cultural history Certifications. Furthermore, the Ministry of
that resulted in a number of scientific papers. Culture and Religious Affairs introduced special
However, only a limited number of local provisions for the certification of qualifications
historians were able to publish their work required to work in the rehabilitation of historic
during the Communist Regime. On the other buildings. Meanwhile, all architects, civil
hand, during that period local architects found it engineers, and site supervisors involved in
all but impossible to gain experience in the field activities of rehabilitation of historic buildings
of rehabilitation of historic monuments. Until have to undergo further training (M.A. courses), as
the late 1990s, the rehabilitation of the Historic well as a yearly certification process at the
Centre did not exist as a field of activity for Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. Special
architects, construction firms and city permits have been issued for construction
administration alike. companies undertaking such projects. These
The situation has changed considerably certificates attest training for certain categories of
starting with the year 1999. The Ministry of traditional crafts.
Culture and Religious Affairs recognised the
importance of preserving the Historic Centre of Qualified Personnel within the Administration
Sibiu and requested the assistance of the Municipality. The City administration has a
Government of the Federal Republic of special “Bureau for Monitoring and Planning for
Germany in a programme of technical co- the Historic Centre.” This department is run by
operation, whose aim was to create the the Chief Architect of the city who is also a
necessary competence for the Municipality in lecturer in the Department of Restoration and
view of the rehabilitation of the historic area. Conservation of the School of Architecture; his
The project of co-operation between the Assistant has an M.A. degree in Restoration
Municipality and GTZ (Society for Technical Studies.
Cooperation) initiated a series of emergency The Regional and National Committee for
actions, allowing designers and workers to Historic Monuments. All planned rehabilitation
acquire onsite, specialized knowledge in the measures concerning historic monuments have
162
5.g Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation and Management Techniques
163
5 Protection and Management of the Property
This group of consulting architects is constantly in the historic building at No. 22, Lesser Square,
increasing. Architects from different regions of the College of Architecture and Restoration has
the country have also been involved in this functioned in Sibiu since September 2003. The
rehabilitation project. For the past four years, College concentrates on the teaching of the
the consulting architects have been working rehabilitation of buildings and of historic
intensely on the historic building rehabilitation monuments, being the only institution of its kind
programme using traditional techniques and in the country. After the first year of study,
materials; as a result, they have acquired practical experience is emphasized, including
considerable experience in rehabilitation work. actual field work•partly carried out on building
sites•, with building materials and technologies
Construction Companies involved. specific to construction work on historic
Construction companies in the region have buildings (Fig. 124). As a further step in this
discovered this new market and have regularly direction, cooperation is envisaged with the
been sending their workers to training courses. crafts training and demonstration centre
In the late 1990s, there was only one organized by the “House of Arts.”
construction company that executed
“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of
rehabilitation work, whereas currently nine
History and Heritage Conservation. The “Nicolae
large construction companies have a special
Lupu” Faculty of History and Patrimony of “Lucian
department for rehabilitation work. Four of these
Blaga” University of Sibiu has three specializations:
companies employ workers that have graduated
– conservation – restoration,
successfully from a stonemason-training course.
– history (archaeology),
At present, there are five companies that
– history and a foreign language.
undertake restoration of historic gates and doors
and employ carpenters who have completed
training courses. Training Courses for Traditional Crafts
The Chamber of Commerce, Industry and
Agriculture of Sibiu, in co-operation with the
Training Courses for Architects Chamber of Commerce of Mainz, started a project
The GTZ Project. This project offers consulting in the field of handicrafts six years ago. Given the
architects onsite training, as well as assistance local demand for traditional craftsmen, the project
and support. The project has conducted focused on training courses for carpenters and
stonemasons with special emphasis on multi-stage
seminars –often over several time periods – for
training courses for stonemasons, in the employ of
architects, as well as for construction workers or several Sibiu construction companies. These
companies on certain selected topics, such as courses will continue through 2007.
dampness control or wood preservation. These
The GTZ Project. The training courses orga-
courses will continue through 2006.
nized as part of the GTZ Project focused mainly
M.A. Studies in Restoration and Rehabilitation on the rehabilitation of historic gates and doors
Work. “Babes – Bolyai” University of Cluj-Napoca (Fig. 125). A total of 69 joiners from 23 companies
and “Ion Mincu” University of Bucharest offer took part in these training courses. Later, courses
two-year Master Programs in restoration and in the restoration and rehabilitation of historic
windows and shutters were also organised.
rehabilitation of historic monuments. Architects
and engineers need to graduate from these M.A. The Romanian–German Foundation. In
courses, in order to receive permission to work addition to the above mentioned courses, the
on projects for historic monuments. Foundation also offers different training courses for
The Sibiu Campus (College of Architecture traditional handicrafts, such as carpentry.
and Restoration) of “Ion Mincu” University of The “Mihai Eminescu” Trust. The training
Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest. Housed course with practical applications for façade
164
5.g Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation and Management Techniques
165
5 Protection and Management of the Property
rehabilitation, based on traditional technologies No. 21, Lesser Square, its purpose being to
using plaster or lime-based paints, was initiated by attract architects, practising craftsmen, and
the GTZ Project in co-operation with the “Mihai superintendents of work, through exhibitions
Eminescu” Trust. Rehabilitation work on several and training courses. Through illustrative boards
façades in the Historic Centre was undertaken as and exhibits, the standing exhibition will
part of the project. provide information related to all the traditional
After the completion of these projects, the techniques and building materials used for
foundation’s main focus reverted to its initial area repair work. It will also present modern
of interest: rural architecture; nevertheless, future techniques, suitable for rehabilitation work, as
collaborations are definitely not excluded. well as case studies of rehabilitated items,
The Crafts, Training and Demonstration accurate in terms of workmanship and
Centre of the “House of Arts”. The Centre is a complying with the regulations on historic
new project, housed in the historic building at monuments.
Accommodation and Services Offered tourist services in Sibiu (hotels modernised and
The successful programmes of preservation of refurbished, new tourist information centre in
the cultural heritage create a connection Grand Square, etc.). Efforts are being made to
between tourism, museums, art, natural harmonise the interests of the public and the
resources, and other elements of interest, private sector, in the choice of tourist
necessary for the establishment of strong attractions to be encouraged in the Historic
partnerships, with the preservation, Centre of Sibiu. A common strategy will also
improvement, promotion and administration of be agreed upon, taking into consideration both
these unique resources as their main objectives. future advantages and disadvantages of
The likelihood of Sibiu successfully entering increased tourist industry.
the circuit of cultural tourism depends largely on Close cooperation between local
the city’s ability to foster regional links with the authorities and tour operators will be
fortified Saxon Churches in Transylvania and with necessary in the future, to assure the
other important Transylvanian cities, such as economic development of the city on the one
Sighişoara, Alba-Iulia, Târgu-Mures, and Cluj- hand and the preservation of the cultural
Napoca. heritage and of the unique features of the
The first visible effect of the inscription of Historic Centre on the other. The Tour
Sibiu on the World Heritage List of UNESCO is Operators Association, the Association for
expected to show in the area of tourism. Rural Tourism, and the Association for
Favourable developments, such as better Tourism in Sibiu are the main NGO’s active in
business opportunities for service providers and the field of tourism, that collaborate with the
more jobs are likely to have an important impact 2007 Association, founded to organize the
upon the whole local community. However, “Sibiu/Hermannstadt – Cultural Capital of
hidden downsides, such as the suddenly inflated Europe 2007” event. These associations will
number of visitors to the Historic Centre, will contribute to the planning of a long-term
have to be considered and solutions devised, development strategy for the Historic Centre.
especially for problems such as increased strain At the same time, close cooperation will be
on public utilities and disturbance of the essential for the improvement of the range of
residents’ customary way of life. tourist activities and services on offer, both in
Upward trends are visible in the quality of the immediate future (2007) and in the long run.
166
5.h Visitor Facilities and Statistics
167
5 Protection and Management of the Property
with quality services at competitive prices). region for many centuries. Offering a wide
These initiatives have increased the city’s range of shops for both locals and tourists, the
capacity to meet new, increased demands. district is vitally important for the economy of
the city.
Bars and Restaurants The Historic Centre of Sibiu has a variety of
The restaurants and terraces in the Historic Centre shops, sharing the same premises and
are probably the most dynamic commercial sector combining their resources to provide an
in Sibiu. The range of services offered caters to attractive range of offers to customers.
different tastes and budgets, with services and Compared to 2001, investments in the Historic
amenities covering a wide range. Centre have increased three to four fold, a
Most restaurants offer traditional Romanian positive signal that the Historic Centre has
food, as well as international cuisine, while become a more favourable location for trade,
vegetarian dishes are not prominent on the and that shop owners feel more encouraged to
menu. From spring to late autumn, there is a invest in commercial spaces.
dense network of terraces in the main squares Out of a total commercial area of 16.890 m2
and in the Nicolae Bălcescu pedestrian precinct currently available in the Historic Centre, shops
and they appeal to young and elderly alike. occupy a larger area than cafés, restaurants, and
other businesses. In addition, it should be
Shops and Boutiques mentioned that 75% of the commercial
Shops in the Historic Centre of Sibiu have establishments in the entire city carry on their
served its population and that of the whole business in the Historic Centre.
168
5.h Visitor Facilities and Statistics
Investments made by banks, agencies and Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Sibiu /
various offices, as well as owners of restaurants Hermanstadt,” is currently being undertaken.
and cafés have increased six fold compared to An overview of the existing parking lots in the
2001. The resulting upturn in real-estate prices has Historic Centre (Fig. 126) is given in the table
given a powerful boost to the economic life of below:
the city.
The results of surveys and polls taken in Number Number
2002 and 2003 among businesses engaged in Type of Parking Lot of Parking of Lots
retail trade and services in the central area of the Lots
city help form a clearer picture of this type of Parking Lots for Resi- 21 581
business activity. The surveys did not include dents / Season Tickets
the entire historic city but only the streets more Free Parking Lots/ 23 627
frequently used by locals and tourists. without any facilities
Fee Paying Parking
Field 2002 2003 Lots / with facilities 4 243
Food Stores 18 16 Private Parking Lots / 1 42
Restaurants/Cafés/Confectionaries 22 28 Fee paying
Services and Consumer Goods 136 140
Consumer Goods /Medium-Term 60 86 Public Toilets
Consumer Goods /Long-term 17 27 Public toilets in the historic city are located in:
Commercial Banks 3 6 · “Astra” Park
Total 256 303 · Lesser Square – in the restraining wall
· Tineretului Park
Parking Lots
· The Central Railway Station area – in the
There are several factors impacting the basement of the building located in the centre of
management of traffic in the city, as the private the square
and the public sectors sometimes have On the occasion of public events organised
conflicting interests. Several studies by in the summer season, environmental toilets are
Romanian and foreign experts, commissioned placed in various areas.
by the local authorities, have dealt with traffic-
connected problems and difficulties and their Medical Emergency Services
management.
The City of Sibiu has a fleet of 23
A study of traffic in the historic area,
ambulances.
financed by the Romanian - German project: “The
169
5 Protection and Management of the Property
170
5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property
Regulations for Local Town-planning suggests information about the current projects for the
feasible measures to preserve the value of rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Sibiu.
buildings and to avoid any factors that might In the rooms of the Inspectorate for Culture
diminish it. Leaflets and various related topics as well as the lobby of the future Town Hall in
were published, written in a clear and Grand Square exhibitions on town-planning and
accessible style. They have been delivered to rehabilitation of the Historic Centre have been
the inhabitants in the Historic Centre. The press organized regularly over the past years;
campaign “Dos and Don’ts” and the cycle of architectural contests are held frequently. In the
nine TV episodes in 2004, “Man and His spirit of transparency and cultural awareness, ‘in
Enviromment – Public Attitudes” have taken situ’ demonstrations of rehabilitation works are
place to the same purpose. also offered.
The GTZ office also provides technical In September 2002, on the occasion of the
advice to the inhabitants. To this purpose International Symposium for the Rehabilitation
several publications have been published, of Historic Centres for the first time an award for
providing both information about the project as the preservation of historic monuments was
such and concrete assistance for the given to honour contributions to this cause. The
rehabilitation of historic buildings. contest generated great interest among the
These publications cover a great variety of inhabitants of Sibiu and was instrumental in the
topics, covering the correct rehabilitation of realization of a number of projects. The 2001
gates and doors, obtaining a building/demolition contest, organized with the aim of finding a
permit or the translation of technical literature slogan for the Historic Centre of Sibiu, also
into Romanian. encouraged the citizens to identify with the
image, the past and the future of their home-
The official opening in the House of Arts of town. Thus, the chosen motto, “The Past of
“The Demonstration and Training Centre” will Sibiu Becomes the Future” (Fig. 130) highlights
take place in 2005 in collaboration with the Astra the importance of the Historic Centre.
Museum. An exhibition will publicize the subjects The children’s interest in the Historic Centre
of rehabilitation work via posters and mock-ups and its significance was also stimulated by
for lay persons. Specialists will be given the organizing a contest for them. Around the
possibility to attend further refresher courses. central idea “beautiful and ugly in the Historic
The Sibiu Directorate for Culture, Religious Centre,” the children were encouraged to give
Affairs and National Cultural Heritage will also free vein to their artistic inclinations by making
set up an information centre in Grand Square. drawings and collages. So much enthusiasm was
Tourists and local population are invited to seek generated by the contest that authorities are
171
5 Protection and Management of the Property
now giving serious thought to the introduction group of experts for the elaboration of a
into the school curriculum of a subject entitled preliminary study, budgeted for 2004.
“Sustainable Urban Renewal”. These two major events of the year 2003
The first initiative to inscribe the Historic were followed by numerous working sessions
Centre of Sibiu on the World Heritage List was throughout the year 2004.
launched on the occasion of the Symposium:
Another important aspect that we would like
“European Confluences,” organized in 1998
to underline is the visit of the Deputy Director
under the patronage of the then President of
General of UNESCO, Mr. Mounir Bouchnaki, in
Romania, Emil Constantinescu, and UNESCO.
2004. The aim of his visit was to inspect the
Preliminary work in view of the inscription main sites of the Historic Centre of Sibiu and to
of Sibiu on the World Heritage List continued; meet members of the working group charged
in September 2003 a public forum and debate with the elaboration of the UNESCO
was organized, entitled “The Ensemble of documentation.
Historic Squares in Sibiu on the World Heritage
List.” The conclusions of this debate were used The Development of Cultural Tourism
to fundament a Decision of the Local Council to It is undoubtedly true that Sibiu has
start preliminary proceedings for the inscription considerable potential for the development of
of the ensemble of historic squares in Sibiu on tourism. It has a unique urban heritage in the
the World Heritage List. Central European area and is situated in a
A second proviso of the decision concerns pleasing natural enviromment; this urban
the city’s firm commitment to the preservation heritage is paralleled by the presence of many
of the authenticity and integrity of the site, while highly diversified museums. All these are
the third proviso concerns the setting up of a essential components for a durable development
172
5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property
of cultural tourism. Thus, not only is Sibiu the At present the Brukenthal National Museum
museum city, as its numerous visitors often call it, includes:
but it is also a city of museums. · The Art Gallery
Considering the number and the value of the · The Library
heritage items, Sibiu joins the most important · The History Museum
museum centres in southeastern Europe. · The Museum of National History
Mention should be made of the fact that the · The Zonal Restoration Laboratory
permanent exhibitions in the Sibiu museums, Brukenthal Palace houses the Art Gallery, whose
except the open-air “Folk Art Museum” in collection of paintings boasts works by European
Dumbrava and “The Museum of Weapons and masters of the Flemish, Dutch, German, Italian,
Hunting Trophies,” are located in the Historic French, Spanish and Austrian Schools. The Art
Centre of the city (Fig. 131, 132). Gallery has 1070 paintings as well as a large
The Brukenthal National Museum (4-5 collection of etchings and sculptures and fine art
Grand Square) was at the origin of the entire examples of the decorative arts. The Gallery of
Sibiu network of museums. Baron Samuel von National Arts, formed during the 20th century,
Brukenthal’s collection of rare books, contains remarkable pieces of art created on the
antiquities, paintings and sculptures, coins and territory of Romania, from the Gothic to the
paleonthological finds were of paramount Renaissance and up to contemporary artists.
importance in the setting up of the Museum. Brukenthal Palace also houses the Brukenthal
It was in order to house and exhibit his Library that, with its collection of over 280.000
collections, that Samuel von Brukenthal, former books, of which we must mention 386 incunabula,
Governor of Transylvania, built his palace in as well as numerous manuscripts, is one of the
Grand Square. The fine arts gallery was opened most valuable libraries in Romania.
here in 1790 and under the last will and The History Museum is housed in the group of
testament of the Baron the Palace-Museum was buildings of the Old Town Hall (No.2 Mitropoliei
opened to the public in 1827. This makes it the Street) and considered one of the most important
oldest Museum in Romania and one of the ensembles of civil Gothic architecture in
oldest on the Continent. Transylvania. The museum exhibits archaeological,
Fig. 130. General View of the City of Sibiu in 1809 by Franz Neuhauser
(Details of this image are presented on the cover pages of the chapters)
173
5 Protection and Management of the Property
historical and numismatic collections comprising Natural Sciences (Siebenbürgischer Verein für
about 60.000 coins, 39.000 exhibits with Naturwissenschaften) which they started in 1849.
archaeological or historical character, 14.000 The initial collection contained 100.000 exhibits
exhibits pertaining to the guilds and 1.900 weapons and it has grown to its current size of 1.093.000
that are a treasurehouse for anyone seriously exhibits in the fields of Botany, Zoology, Geology-
interested in the history of Transylvania. Paleontology, Cynegetics and the History of
The Museum of Natural History, opened in Pharmacy. The Museum has permanent
May 1895, in a building specially raised for that exhibitions: Taxonomy of the Animal World (No.
purpose in Cetăţii Street. The opening was 1, Cetăţii Street), the Museum of the History of
facilitated by the availability of the collections of Pharmacy (No. 26, Lesser Square) and the Museum
the members of the Transylvanian Society of of Weapons and Hunting Trophies (No. 4, Şcoala
174
5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property
de Înot Street / Schwimmschulgasse). Civilisation (No. 11, Lesser Square) was founded
in 1993 and its purpose is to show the
The National Astra Museum (Nos. 11-12,
Transylvanian culture and folk civilisation from
Lesser Square); the Dumbrava Forest (Junger
an interethnical and interdisciplinary point of
Wald) (Fig. 133). It was established in the year
view. Its collection includes about 30.000 items
1990, when the former ethnography and folk art
of folk costumes, textiles, ceramics, religious
branch separated from the Brukenthal Museum.
objects made of wood, bone or iron.
It follows the tradition of the Association for the
The “Emil Sigerus” Museum of Transylvani-
Literature and Culture of Transylvanian
an Saxon Ethnography (No. 12, Lesser Square)
Romanians (ASTRA), which originally set up the
was founded in 1997 and houses about 7.000
Museum of the Transylvanian Society in 1905.
items of the “Emil Sigerus” collection from the
At present it includes:
collections of the former Museum of the
The “Franz Binder” Museum of Non-
Transylvanian Carpathian Society (Museum des
European Ethnography (No. 11, Lesser Square)
Siebenbürgischen Karpatenvereins).
houses the collection of exotic objects and new
collections of world ethnography. Founded in
The Project:
1993, it is the first museum of non-European
Sibiu – Cultural Capital of Europe 2007
ethnography in Romania.
The Astra Museum of Transylvanian In 2004, the Council of Ministers of the
175
5 Protection and Management of the Property
European Union decided that Sibiu, together preservation of the monuments and historic
with Luxembourg, will be the Cultural Capital of heritage of the ensemble. These will constitute
Europe in 2007. In order to put this project into sources of touristic and cultural desirability and
practice the non-governamental organization attractiveness as well as strong investment
“Sibiu-European Cultural Capital of Europe in incentives for domestic and foreign capital.
2007 Association” was set up. It has been the Furthermore, the success of the two projects
most ambitious project for the local community would be a step forward in the integration of
over the last decades, which will undoubtedly Romania into the European Union.
have an impact on tourism. One of the planned
activities is “The Ecumenic Conference of the Participation in International Fairs
European Churches,” which will hold its third and City Presentations
session (after the important meetings held in The promotion of the international image of
Geneva and Graz); this was decided by the Sibiu has been more intensive after the
relevant international bodies. International Conference “Sibiu – European
There is a close connection between this Confluences” held in 1989 (organized under the
Project, “Sibiu – Cultural Capital of Europe” aegis of UNESCO), and after the Romanian
and the “Proposal for the Nomination for the Government issued the Government Ordinance
Inscription of the Historic City of Sibiu on the whereby the City of Sibiu and its surrounding
World Heritage List.” The major work of area were declared sites of national interest
rehabilitation of the infrastructure and the (1999). As a consequence of this Governmental
monuments of the historic town, the decision the Interdepartmental Committee
modernization of the International Airport and “Sibiu 2000” was set up.
of the Railway-Station, the Project for the Under these favorable circumstances, Sibiu
rehabilitation of markets, passageways, public had its own special stand in the Romanian
illumination and marking of the monuments Pavilion at the “Hannover 2000” World Fair.
(including multi-media techniques) are just a Sibiu was also present with its own
few of the targets set by both projects. In the exhibition stands at the “Tourism Fair”
short term they marshall the financial, (Bucureşti, 2003), at the “Salon of Tourism for
economic and socio-cultural efforts of the Central and Southeastern Europe” (Deventer,
community, but also of the national authorities. 2004), as well as the “Tourism Fair in
In the medium and long term, the projects are Bergamo” (Bergamo, 2004).
an additional factor for the optimal
Thematic Tours
The disposition of the various monuments and
historic sites on the ground and long practical
experience in the visitor’s capacity to take in
the sights and cityscape on offer resulted in a
number of preferred tours, selected by
specialists and tourists (Fig. 134):
176
5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property
177
5 Protection and Management of the Property
Grand Square (the square with Haller Passage - Centumvirilor Street – Poştei
House, the Roman Catholic Church and Street - Mitropoliei Street - Papiu Ilarian
Brukenthal Palace) – the Old Town Hall - Street – Schiller Square.
Huet Square (the square with the Lutheran
· The Thematic Tour for specialists –
Parish Church).
“Religious buildings” (Duration: 2.5
· The Cultural Tour for Tourists, part of the hours): The Lutheran Parish Church - the
“European Cultural Itineraries” Project Hungarian Reformed Church - the
(Duration: 3 hours): Luxembourg House - Romanian Orthodox Cathedral - the
Huet Square with the Lutheran Vicarage, Roman Catholic Parish Church - the
the Lutheran Parish Church - Lesser Square Church of the Ursuline Sisters - the Chapel
with the Town Hall Tower, the Museum of of the Cross - the Synagogue - the
the History of Pharmacy - Aurarilor Square Franciscan Church.
- Dragoner Square - the Hospice – the
· The Thematic Tour for specialists –
Stairway Passage House (with “The
“Dwellings” (Duration: 2.5 hours): Liars’
Golden Cask” Inn) – the Old Town Hall -
Bridge - the buildings at Nos. 3, 22,
the Hungarian Reformed Church - the
Ocnei Street - the buildings in Nouă Street
Romanian Orthodox Cathedral - the Astra
- the buildings in Târgului Street - the
Library – the former Cisnădia Gate -
buildings at Nos. 23, 24, 25, 26, Lesser
Cetăţii Street (with the defensive towers) -
Square - the buildings at Nos. 5, 7, 8, 11,
Grand Square (with Lutsch House and
16, Avram Iancu Street - the buildings in
Czekelius House) - Avram Iancu Street
Şelarilor Street - the dwellings at No. 4,
(with Brukenthal House, Weidner House,
Magheru Street - the buildings at Nos 2, 8,
Böbel House, the Convent of the Ursuline
10, Grand Square - the Lutheran Vicarage
Sisters) - Lesser Square (with the House of
in Huet Square) - the building at Nos. 2,
Arts).
13, Mitropoliei Street.
· In the management plan another tour is
· The Thematic Tour for specialists
offered (Duration: 4 hours): Huet Square –
“Fortifications” (Duration: 2.5 hours): the
Lesser Square – Grand Square –Schiller
Liars’ Bridge – the Penanace Corner – the
Square – Cetăţii Street – Papiu Ilarian Street
Curriers Tower – the Stairway Passage -
– Nicolae Bălcescu Street – Xenopol Street
Centumvirilor Street - the Soldisch
– Mitropoliei Street – the Stairway Passage –
Bastion -the towers in Cetăţii Street – the
Turnului Street – Faurului Street – Azilului
Thick Tower - the Haller Bastion –
Street– Ocnei Street – 9 Mai Street –
Manejului Street - Avram Iancu Street -
Argintarilor Street – Aurarilor Square –
Lesser Square.
Aurarilor Stairway – Lesser Square – Avram
Iancu Street – Grand Square.
The Production of Films
· The Thematic Tour – “Urban cityscape for In order to promote the image of Sibiu both
specialists” (Duration: 2.5 hours): Liars’ domestically and internationally, films and CDs
Bridge - Huet Square - Lesser Square - were produced along with Guide-books,
Grand Square - Avram Iancu Street – leaflets, posters and other promotional material.
Şcolii Passageway - Movilei Street - Of these films, we would like to mention the
Aurarilor Square - 9 May Street – documentary “Sibiu-Hermannstadt,” directed by
Brutarilor Street - Nouă Street - Plopilor Dumitru Budrală and the following CDROMs:
Street – Turnului Street – the Stairway
·“Mediaeval Sibiu in the Böbel Album”
178
5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property
·“Cultural and Touristic Itineraries in Sibiu” · “La Strada” International Festival of Non-
conventional Art;
·“Sibiu-Hermannstadt”
· The Jazz Festival;
Cultural Events in the Historic Centre · The National Festival of Romanian Folk
The inner town is still where the action is in Tradition;
Sibiu. Here are located about 80% of the
· “Songs of the Mountains” Folk Festival;
stores, administrative and cultural institutions
and the best known schools (the “Gheorghe · “The Identity of Europe – The Europe of
Lazăr” National High School, the “Samuel Identities” Festival;
Brukenthal” National High School), as well as · The Pottery Fair;
most of the old churches.
· “Transylvanian Fortresses” Mediaeval Festival;
It is only natural that the squares and
· Brass Band, Folk and Rock Concerts, etc.
esplanades of the city should still be the main
venu of its community and cultural life. Concerts and performances are given in the
Historic Centre, the Baroque rooms of the
The most representative cultural events that
Brukenthal Museum, in the Lutheran Parish
are organised in the Historic Centre are:
Church and in the newly renovated Thalia Hall
· The International Theatre Festival; of State Philarmonic Orchestra (Fig. 135).
179
5 Protection and Management of the Property
The Municipality has hired qualified personnel There is also qualified staff in charge of the
to handle problems connected with the Historic records of historic monuments and the issuing of
Centre and its monuments. construction permits for any type of work on the
monuments.
180
6 MONITORING
179
6.a Key Indicators for Measuring State of Conservation
By the end of the year 2004, the Sibiu local The monitoring system of the Historic
authorities had elaborated the integrated Centre was based upon HICOS, with the
monitoring system called “The Historic Centre purpose of ensuring a better monitoring of the
Monitoring System” to facilitate monitoring stability of all historic buildings within the
building stability and trends of economic nominated World Heritage Site and of
development within the Historic Centre, to surveying the effects of socio-economic
serve as the basis for case to case restoration changes in the area.
work on buildings, and for the quick and timely The most important indicators of this
briefing of the relevant higher authorities on the integrated monitoring system can be broken
current status of the site. This monitoring system down into seven sections:
relies on the results of the HICOS monitoring · State of Conservation;
system of the Historic Centre (see 6 c). HICOS
· Housing and social infrastructure;
was implemented in the year 2000 to facilitate
· Demographics and socio-economic data;
the activity of consultancy and rehabilitation
within the Romanian-German project “The · Tourism;
Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre · Local government and administration;
Sibiu/Hermannstadt,” as well as to monitor the · The real-estate market;
relevant direct and indirect results of the project. · Presentation of the site.
Institution in
Subject Source Timetable
charge
The overall state of the buildings in the site: Complete Historic Every three
inventory Centre project years
Renovated; Good condition; Fair condition;
Advanced state of dilapidation
183
6 Monitoring
184
6.a Key Indicators for Measuring State of Conservation
4. TOURISM
Tourism County Office Annually
No. of tourists (international/domestic); No. of Inventory for Statistics
nights spent (per year); No. of beds; No of
restaurants/bars
5. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
Administrative structure
185
6 Monitoring
Presentation
186
6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises
cases and co-financing requests, funding The report for the previous year, on the
operations for rehabilitation, etc.); monitoring of building stability level and
· full inventory made every 3 years (e.g. full economic trends in the Historic Centre will be
inventory of the structural state of all buildings published in the first quarter of the current year.
in the Historic Centre, etc.); After assessing the data collected through the
· social and economic surveys done every 3 monitoring system, the group involved in the
years (e.g. the analysis of social and economic project will first submit it to the relevant
information on residents and modernization and authorities. In collaboration with authorities, the
rehabilitation works completed); group will draw up recommendations
· statistical yearbooks (e.g. number of concerning possible action plans, before the
residents, real-estate price changes, situation of results are officially published. The official
the development of tourist industry, realty sales, publication of the results of monitoring will take
motor vehicle ownership, etc.) place no later than the end of the first quarter of
· press review, etc. the year.
187
6 Monitoring
focus was mostly on the evaluation of the results buildings fall into the category “recently
obtained by the Project in the meantime. Social renovated,” 25% of the buildings are in “good
and economic surveys are scheduled for the condition,” 52% are in “fair condition,” 14% are
future, at three-year intervals, targeting 500 in “dilapidated condition,” and 1% are in a state
previously surveyed buildings, to monitor changes of advanced deterioration.
in habitation patterns, building status, as well as
the financial condition of the residents. HICOS—The Monitoring of the Historic Centre
188
7 DOCUMENTATION
18
7
7.a Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and Authorization Table
Note 1. Non exclusive concesion: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit / Reabilitarea centrului istoric Sibiu,
RO-550183 Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str., Phone: 0040 269 211988,
fax 0040 269 211671, e-mail office@gtzb.ro
Note 2. Non exclusive concesion: Municipality of Sibiu, RO-550024 Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Str., Phone:
0040 269 208800, fax 0040 269 208811, e-mail primarie@sibiu.ro
191
7 Documentation
192
7.a Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and Authorization Table
52 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
53 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
54 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
55 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
56 50/50 Sibiu, The Reformed Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
57 50/50 The Greek Catholic Church, Ursuline 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
58 50/50 Sibiu, The Greek Catholic Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
59 50/50 Sibiu, The Franciscan Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
60 50/50 Sibiu, The Franciscan Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
61 50/50 Sibiu, The Franciscan Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
62 50/50 Sibiu, The Synagogue 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
63 50/50 Sibiu, The Asylum 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
64 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Vicarage 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
65 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Vicarage, Portal 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
66 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran High Consistory 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
67 50/50 Sibiu, The former Saxon University 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
68 50/50 Sibiu, The Old Town Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
69 50/50 Sibiu, The Thalia Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
70 50/50 Sibiu, The Museum of Natural History 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
71 50/50 Sibiu, The Astra Museum 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
72 50/50 The Orthodox Divinity School 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
73 50/50 Sibiu, Brukenthal College 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
74 50/50 Sibiu, The Art Lyceum, Inner Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
75 50/50 Sibiu, The Butchers Market Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
76 50/50 Böbel House, No. 16, A.Iancu Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
77 50/50 House at No. 13, Vopsitorilor Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
78 50/50 Sibiu, House at No. 22, Ocnei Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
79 50/50 Sibiu, House at No. 26, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
80 50/50 Altemberger House (The Old Town Hall)2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
81 50/50 Altemberger House (The Old Town Hall)2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
82 50/50 Haller House at No. 10, Grand Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
83 50/50 House at No. 16, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
84 50/50 Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
85 50/50 Brukenthal House at No. 8, Iancu Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
86 50/50 The Tower of the Tower Stairway 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
87 50/50 Sibiu, The Town Hall Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
88 50/50 Sibiu, The Town Hall Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
89 50/50 Sibiu, The Towers in Cetăţii Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
90 50/50 Built-in Tower at No. 7 A. Iancu Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
91 50/50 Sibiu, Wall in Centumvirilor Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
92 50/50 Sibiu, The Curriers Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
93 50/50 Sibiu, The Thick Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
94 50/50 Sibiu, The Ditch along Cetăţii Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
95 50/50 Fresco in the Lutheran Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
96 50/50 Stained Window in the Cath. Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
97 50/50 Crucifix in the Chapel of the Holy Cross 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
98 50/50 Sibiu, The Statue of Roland 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
99 50/50 Sibiu, The statue of St. Nepomouk 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
100 50/50 Sibiu, Atlantes, Brukenthal Palace 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
Note 1. Non exclusive concesion: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit / Reabilitarea centrului istoric Sibiu,
RO-550183 Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str., Phone: 0040 269 211988,
fax 0040 269 211671, e-mail: office@gtzb.ro
193
7 Documentation
194
7.a Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and Authorization Table
52 12/8 The First Town Hall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
53 24/17 The Old Town Hall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
54 24/17 The Courtyard of the Old Town Hall 1998 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
55 9/8 The House of the Universitas Saxonum 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
56 11/17 The Butchers Guildhall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
57 12/17 House in Vasile Tordosan Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
58 11/8 Böbel House in Avram Iancu Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
59 11/8 House at No. 22, Ocnei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
60 7/8 House in Vopsitorilor Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
61 11/17 Houses in Lesser Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
62 12/8 Haller House in Grand Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
63 8/8 Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
64 10/8 Concert in the Brukenthal Palace 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
65 12/16 Brukenthal House in Avram Iancu Str. 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
66 12/16 The Town Hall Tower, Lower Section 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
67 12/16 Movilei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
68 11/16 The Inner Fortification Wall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
69 24/16 Cetăţii Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
70 6/8 No. 9, Avram Iancu Street, Courtyard 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
71 6/8 The Thick Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
72 24/16 The Curriers Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
73 24/16 The Portal of The Lutheran Vicarage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
74 11/8 Atlantes at the Brukenthal Palace 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
75 11/16 Crucifix (by Petrus Lantregen) 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
76 16/8 The Statue of Roland 2004 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes
77 13/16 The Statue of St. Nepomouk ≈1935 ? PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
78 24/16 The Statue of St. Nepomouk 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
79 6/8 Mediaeval Jars 2004 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes
80 24/16 Evolution of the Historic Centre 1976 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
81 5/16 The Evolution of Lesser Square 1976 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
82 12/16 The Evolution of the Lutheran Church 1984 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
83 12/8 House at No. 25, Lesser Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
84 12/16 The south-east Side of Lesser Square 2002 Ioan Bucur PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
85 4/16 The Evolution of the Old Town Hall 1984 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
86 7/16 The Evolution of the Town Hall Tower 1974 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
87 11/16 The Historic Center 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb.-Inst. Note 3 Yes
88 6/8 The south-east of Europe, 15th Century 2004 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
89 10/8 Open-air Market at the Town Hall Tower≈1800 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes
90 13/16 An Open-air Market in Sibiu ≈1800 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes
91 16/18 Multiconfessionalism in Sibiu 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
92 12/16 The City of Sibiu in the 17th Century 1699 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
93 8/8 Constitutive Elements of the City 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
94 12/16 Nouă Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
95 12/17 Louxembourg House 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
96 24/17 Târgului Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
97 23/16 Stairway Passage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
98 23/16 Turnului Street with the Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
99 11/16 The City of Sibiu, from Ocnei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
100 11/16 Huet Square, with the Lutheran Church 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb.-Inst. Note 3 Yes
101 11/16 Lesser Square, View from the Steeple 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
102 5/16 Vantage Points in Avram. Iancu Street 1984 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
103 23/16 The Lutheran Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
104 12/16 The Catholic Church and the Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
105 24/16 Haller House – the Dwelling Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
106 16/16 The Historic Center of Sighişoara 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb. Inst. Note 3 Yes
195
7 Documentation
107 6/7 A 16th century map of Transylvania 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
108 6/7 Locations in the Republic of Slovakia 2004 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
109 8/8 Blocks of Flats in Constituţiei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
110 8/8 The Lutheran Church from the North 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
111 24/16 Gate restored by GTZ 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
112 12/16 Building Site in Lesser Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
113 12/16 The cityscape from Railway Station 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
114 21/16 Johann Böbel’s Plan of the City ≈1850 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 1 Yes
115 11/16 Grand Square in the 1930s ≈1935 ? PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
116 19/16 Rebuilding Work (19th-20th Centuries) 1990 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
117 9/8 Rehabilitation of the Stairway Passage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
118 13/16 Record of the GTZ-Consulting Activity 2004 GTZ Sibiu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
119 13/16 The Rebuild Theater 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
120 21/16 Archaeological Plan of the City 2004 Florin Blezu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
121 4/16 Shop Windows in N. Bălcescu Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
122 24/16 The Stairway Passage in Winter 1985 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
123 22/16 The Age of the Buildings in City 2004 Ioan Bucur PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
124 16/12 The Summer University in Sibiu 2003 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
125 23/16 Gates Restored by GTZ 2004 GTZ Sibiu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
126 12/16 The Parking Lot in Xenopol Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
127 11/8 The Route of the Visiting Tours 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
128 5/16 Vedute by Morando Visconti 1706 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
129 11/16 An 1864 Engraving by L. Rohbock 1864 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
130 8/16 General View of the Sibiu in 1809 1809 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes
131 17/16 Location of Museums and Exhibitions 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
132 12/16 The Museums of the City of Sibiu 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
133 6/8 The Dumbrava Open-air Museum 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
134 16/16 Plan of Thematic Tours 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
135 12/16 Performance in the History Museum 1996 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes
136 24/16 General Town-Planning Project 2004 Planwerk, Cluj PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
137 16/16 The Architectural Value of the Buildings 2004 Ioan Bucur PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes
Note 1. Non exclusive concesion: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit / Reabilitarea centrului istoric
Sibiu, RO-550183 Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str., Phone: 0040 269 211988,
fax 0040 269 211671, e-mail: office@gtzb.ro
Note 2. Non exclusive concesion: Municipality of Sibiu, RO-550024 Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd.,
Phone: 0040 269 208800, fax: 0040 269 208811,
e-mail: primarie@sibiu.ro
Note 3. Non exclusive concesion: Siebenbürgen-Institut, D-74831 Gundelsheim, Schloßstr. 41,
Phone: 0049 6269 42100, fax 0049 6269 421010,
e-mail: info@siebenbuergen-institut.de
CD: Municipality of Sibiu, RO-550024, 1–3 Victoriei Bd., Phone: 0040 269 208800,
fax 0040 269 208811, e-mail: primarie@sibiu.ro
Films: Sibiu Hermannstadt Dumitru Budrală Muzeul Astra, RO-550182 Sibiu, 11 Lesser Square,
Phone: 0040 269 218195, fax 0040 269 218060, e-mail: office@muzeulastra.ro
Sibiu Dumitru Budrală: Idem
196
7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designation
197
198
Quasi
a a
199
7 Documentation
- Detailed town planning project, the listing, as well as the regulations for the
Historic Centre of Sibiu (PUD) and local historic area).
city planning regulations, The Historic Other documents, some of an earlier date, refer
Centre (RLU), Szabolcs Guttmann dipl. to particular areas of the Historic Centre:
arch., Sibiu 2000 (the project includes 1. Study for the rehabilitation of the historic
among others, documents establishing the area delimited by Lesser Square, Aurarilor
boundaries of the historic area, marking Square, Movilei Street, Şcolii Passageway
the listed monuments and candidates for and Avram Iancu Street (1972).
200
7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records of Inventory or Property
Segmental Study (D.S.) – The Historic Centre 2. A Guidebook to the Regulations for Local
(1982); it includes elevations on four levels Town-planning the Historic Centre of Sibiu,
at a scale of 1:200 of the façades in Nicolae 2003;
Bălcescu Street, a cadastral survey 3. Information regarding the rehabilitation/
emphasizing the allotment plan. restoration of historic gates, doors and
2. Segmental Study (D.S.) and a restructuring windows, 2003;
survey of the mediaeval area of Sibiu (1989- 4. A list of materials: paving materials for the
1990): they concern the area with the highest Historic Centre, 2003;
number of monuments in the Upper Town 5. Leaflets on various issues of interest in the
(the three squares and Nicolae Bălcescu field (13), 2004;
Street) and part of he Lower Town (Faurului 6. A set of 7 pamphlets on the rehabilitation of
Street, Azilului Street and Piaţa Aurarilor); historic buildings, 2004.
they include general elevations and detailed
mappings of the buildings. List of historic monuments
4. A Restoration Survey of the Fortress Wall, The list was approved by Order No. 2314 / July
along the section including Movilei Street – 8th 2004 and published in the Official Gazette
Stairway Passage – Centumvirilor Street – is. 646/July 16th 2004.
Conrad Haas Street up to the former Arsenal The list contains 206 positions for the City of
(1996); it includes a survey of the interior Sibiu in the following categories:
fortifications (the north side of enclosures I, II Ø A category (monuments of national interest):
and III), partly incorporated in the pattern of • archaeological sites (positions 1to5)
present-day allotments. • the city’s fortification system (position 165)
5. A survey of the consulting and rehabilitation • defensive enclosures (positions 166 to 170)
activity of the Romanian - German • the Historic Centre (position 171)
Cooperation Project/The Rehabilitation of • 84 buildings in the Historic Centre
the Historic Centre of the city of Sibiu (multiple positions)
between September 2000 and March 2004 Ø B category (monuments of regional interest):
(vast documentation including numerous • 85 buildings in the Historic Centre (various
mappings etc.). positions)
201
7 Documentation
The above Inventories are kept at the following in Transylvania. The City of Sibiu, the
institutions: Historic Centre, red. Cristoph Machat, Köln,
Ø Census of population and dwellings for the 1999 are kept at:
year 2002 as well as Cards for historic Siebenbürgen-Institut a.d. Universität
monuments between the years 1965–1970 Heidelberg Gundelsheim
are kept at: D – 74831 Gundelsheim, Schloßstr.
The Municipality of the City of Sibiu 41, Phone 0049 6269 42100, fax
RO – 550024 Sibiu, No. 1-3, Victoriei 0049 6269 421010, e-mail:
Bd., Phone 0040 269 208800, info@siebenbuergen-institut.de
fax 0040 269 208811;
e-mail: primarie@ sibiu.ro Further Documentary Material is available at:
Ø Inventory of Buildings in the historic centre The State Archives, No. 3, Arhivelor Street, RO-
of the City of Sibiu done in 2003–2005 by 550164 Sibiu, telephone: 0040 269 431356;
GTZ Sibiu is kept at: Sibiu County Directorate for Culture,
Gesellschaft für Technische Religious Affairs and National Cultural
Zusammenarbeit, Reabilitarea centrului Heritage, No. 6, Tribunei Street, RO-550176
istoric Sibiu Sibiu, Phone 0040 269 210113, e-mail:
RO – 550183 Sibiu, No. 11, Avram Iancu cultura@logon.ro;
Street, Phone 0040 269 211988, fax The History Museum of Sibiu,
0040 269 211671; e-mail: office@gtz.ro No. 2, Mitropoliei Street, RO-550179 Sibiu,
Ø The Documentary Material on which the Phone 0040 269 218143;
Book is based: ALEXANDRU AVRAM, IOAN The Brukenthal National Museum,
BUCUR, Denkmaltopographie No. 4, Grand Square, RO-550163 Sibiu,
Siebenbűrgen. Stadt Hermannstadt, Die Phone/fax: 0040 269 211545,
Altstadt / The Topography of the Monuments www.brukenthalmuseum.ro;
202
7.e Bibliography
7.e Bibliography
ABRUDAN, PAUL and SONTAG, FRITZ. Sistemul Monuments of Sibiu] published in Studii şi
de apărare al cetăţii Sibiului în secolele XV şi comunicări. Galeria de artă. Muzeul
XVI – expresie a conceptului războiului Brukenthal [Studies and Papers. The Art
popular [The Defensive System of the Fortress Gallery. The Brukenthal Museum], Sibiu,
of Sibiu in the 16th and 17th Centuries – An 1978, No. 1, pp.169-182.
Expression of the Popular War Concept] AVRAM, ALEXANDRU and BUCUR, IOAN.
published in Studii şi Materiale de Denkmaltopographie Siebenbürgen. Stadt
Muzeografie şi Istorie Militară [Studies and Hermannstadt. Die Altstadt. Köln, 1999.
Items of Museography and Military History], AVRAM, ALEXANDRU and RILL, MARTIN.
Bucureşti, 1974-1975, No. 7-8, pp.121-140. Betrachtungen zum Gebäude des ersten
ALBRICH, KARL. Die „Kapelle“ in Hermannstadt, Spitals in Hermannstadt, published in
in Korrespondenz-blatt des Vereins für Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde,
Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, vol. 13, Köln, Wien, 1990, pp. 62-74.
1898, No.21, pp.96-99. AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Edificiul Primăriei
ALBU, IOAN. Inschriften der Stadt Hermannstadt Sibiului în secolele XIV-XVI (Lesser Square nr.
aus dem Mittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit, 31) [Sibiu’s Town Hall Building during the 14th
Hermannstadt, Heidelberg, 2002. – 16th Centuries (31, Lesser Square), published
Alte Häuser in Hermannstadt. Nationalgebäude; in Artă, istorie, cultură. In honorem Marius
Hallerische Haus; Bischofshaus; Porumb [Art, History, Culture. In honorem
Brukentha’lsche Palais; Eckhaus an der Marius Porumb], Cluj-Napoca, 2003, pp. 73-
Sporergasse: Zivil- u. Militärkasino; Haus der 81.
„Hermannstädter allg. Sparkassa.“ (Lokalhist. AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Palatul Brukenthal
Skizze.), published in Siebenbürgisch- [Brukenthal Palace], Sibiu, 1996.
Deutsches Tageblatt, Hermannstadt, 1899, AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Sibiu. History and
No. 7717, 7724, 7746. Monuments, Sibiu, 2001.
ANTONI , ERHARD. Der Kleine Ring in BAUMANN, FERDINAND. Theather in
Hermannstadt. Zeugnis für die Baukultur der Hermannstadt, in Kirchliche Blätter,
Vergangenheit, in Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Hermannstadt, 1895, pp. 20-21.
Tageblatt, Hermannstadt, 1944. BERTALAN, KARIN. Memoria arhitecturii sibiene
ARMBRUSTER, ADOLF. Opera culturală a lui în lucrările lui Johannn Böbel [Recollections of
Samuel von Brukenthal la Sibiu [Samuel von Sibiu Architecture in Johannn Böbel’s Works],
Brukenthal’s Cultural Work in Sibiu], published in Revista muzeelor şi
published in Revista de istorie [Journal for monumentelor, Seria muzee [Journal of
History], Bucureşti, 1978, vol. 31/4, pp. Museums and Monuments, Museums Series],
651-671. Bucureşti, 1978, pp. 21-30.
ARZ VON STRAUSSENBURG, ALBERT. Das BEŞLIU, PETRE. Istoria unei biserici de mănăstire
Wappen von Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt, din Sibiu [The History of a Sibiu Convent
1931. Church], published in Revista Monumentelor
ARZ VON STRAUSSENBURG, ALBERT. Der Istorice [Journal of Historic Monuments],
Bebauungsplan von Hermannstadt, Bucureşti, 1991, pp. 78-84.
Hermannstadt, 1928. BIELZ, EDUARD ALBERT. Die Verlegung des
AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Monumente sibiene Amtssitzes des evangelischen
dispărute în viziunea lui Johannn Böbel Superintendenten A. B. Von Birthälm nach
[Johann Böbel’s View of Disappeared Hermannstadt, in Transsilvania,
203
7 Documentation
204
7.e Bibliography
DOLTU, M. Muzeul de istorie naturală Sibiu – Patricians in Sibiu in the Closing Stages of the
125 de ani de la înfiinţare [The Natural Middle Ages] published in Revista muzeelor şi
History Museum of Sibiu and Its 125th monumentelor, Seria monumente istorice şi
Anniversary], published in Studii şi de artă [Journal of Museums and Monuments,
Comunicări. Ştiinţe Naturale. Muzeul Historic and Art Monuments Series],
Brukenthal [Studies and Papers. Natural Bucureşti, 1974, No. 43/1, pp. 43-53.
Sciences. The Brukenthal Museum], Sibiu, vol. FABINI, HERMANN. Un monument medieval din
19, 1975, pp. 25-35. Sibiu astăzi dispărut [A Lost Mediaeval
DUMITRESCU-JIPPA, NISTOR, NICULAE. Sibiul Monument of Sibiu] published in Revista
şi ţinutul în lumina istoriei [Sibiu and Its Parts muzeelor şi monumentelor, Seria monumente
in the Light of History], vol. I., Cluj-Napoca, istorice şi de artă [Journal of Museums and
1976. Monuments, Historic and Art Monuments
FABINI, HERMANN and ALIDA. Hermannstadt. Series], Bucureşti, 1991, No. IX/1, pp. 74-8,
Porträt einer Stadt in Siebenbürgen, 377-8.
Hermannstadt and Heidelberg, 2000. FABINI, HERMANN. Valorificarea fondului de
FABINI, HERMANN. Baugeschichtliche arhitectură gotică civilă din Sibiu [Putting to
Entwicklung von Alt-Hermannstadt im Spiegel Account the Secular Gothic Architecture of
historischer Stadtbilder, Hermannstadt, 2001. Sibiu] published in Revista muzeelor şi
FABINI, HERMANN. Das Brukenthalpalais in monumentelor, Seria monumente istorice şi
Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt, 2001. de artă [Journal of Museums and Monuments,
FABINI, HERMANN. Das Hermannstädter Alte Historic and Art Monuments Series],
Rathaus., in Forschungen zur Volks- und Bucureşti, 1975, No. 44/2, pp. 40-41.
Landeskunde, vol. 32/2, Hermannnstadt, FABINI, HERMANN. Vechea primărie sibiană
1989, pp. 41-59. [The Old Town Hall of Sibiu] published in
FABINI, HERMANN. Die europäische Dimension Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice
Hermannstadts im Mittelalter., in Forschungen [Newsletter of the Board for Historic
zur Volks- und Landeskunde, vol. 32/2, Monuments], Bucureşti, 1997, No. 1-4, pp. 6-
Hermannnstadt, 1980, pp. 76-94. 16.
FABINI, HERMANN. Gotik in Hermannstadt, FABRITIUS, KARL. Bilder aus der inneren
Bucureşti, 1989. Geschichte Hermannstadt’s in der ersten
FABINI, HERMANN. Piaţa Republicii din Sibiu – Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts published in
un studiu de istorie şi urbanism [Republic Archiv des Vereinns für Siebenbürgische
Square in Sibiu – A History and Town- Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, 1863. vol. 6/1,
Planning Study] published in Buletinul pp. 1-27.
Monumentelor Istorice [Newsletter of Historic FABRITIUS-DANCU, JULIANA. Spaziergang
Monuments], Bucureşti, 1973, No. 42/1, durch Alt-Hermannstadt. Aquarelle, Sibiu,
pp.49-52. 1983.
FABINI, HERMANN. Studiu privind restaurarea FILTSCH, EUGEN. Das deutsche Theater in
turnului-locuinţă de la the Old Town Hall din Hermannstadt. Geschichtliche Skizzen zur
Sibiu [Study on the Rehabilitation of the 100 jährigen Jubelfeier des
Inhabited Tower of the Old Town Hall] Hochmeisterischen Schauspielhauses unnd
published in Buletinul Monumentelor Istorice Stadttheaters in Hermannstadt, Hermanstadt,
[Newsletter of Historic Monuments], 1887.
Bucureşti, 1972, No. 41/1, pp.23-39. Gedrängte Beschreibung der königlichen Freystadt
FABINI, HERMANN. Turnuri de patricieni în Sibiu Hermannstadt im Großfürstenthume
la sfârşitul evului mediu [Towers Erected by Siebenbürgen published in Neuer gemischter
205
7 Documentation
Kalender für Siebenbürgen, 1829, pp. 30-75. HERBERT, HEINRICH, Die Reformation in
GÖLLNER, CARL. Samuel von Brukenthal. Sein Hermanstadt und dem Hermanstädter Capitel,
Leben und Werk in Wort und Bild, Bucureşti, Hermannstadt, 1883. Hermannstadt,
1977. Bucureşti, 1968.
GÖLLNER, CARL. Stadtarchitektur 1912, Historisch-Topographische Beschreibung der
published in Forschungen zur Volks- und königlichen freyen Haupt-Hermannstadt,
Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, 1988, vol. 31/2, published in Siebenbürgische Zeitung,
pp.102-3. Hermannstadt, 1784, pp. 52-77.
GÜNDISCH, GUSTAV. Die Grabsteine in der HOREDT, KURT. Die obere Promenade in
Ferula der evangelischen Stadtpfarrerkirche in Hermannstadt, 1938, pp. 108-109.
Hermannstadt published in Mitteilungen aus IONESCU, GRIGORE. Ansamblul urbanistic
dem Baron Brukenthalischen Museum, central al oraşului Sibiu [The Central
Hermanstadt, 1947, No. 12, pp. 10-33. Urbanistic Complex of the City of Sibiu],
GÜNDISCH, GUSTAV. Hermannstädter Bucureşti, 1964.
Messestiftungen im 15. Jahrhundert, published IRIMIE, CORNEL and BUCUR, CORNELIU.
in Siebenbürgische Vierteljahrsschrift, Muzeul tehnicii populare la zece ani (1967-
Hermannstadt, 1941, pp. 29-37. 1977) [The Folk Technology Museum at Its
GÜNDISCH, GUSTAV. Peter Haller. 10th Anniversary], published in Cibinium
Bürgermeister von Hermannstadt und 1974-1978, The Brukenthal Museum, 1979.
Sachsengraf (1500-1569), published in ITTU, GUDRUN LIANE. Geschichte des
Sürostdeutsches Archiv, vol. 32-33, 1989- Brukenthalmuseums von den Anfängen bis
1990, pp. 5-89. 1984, Sibiu – Hermannstadt, 2003.
GÜNDISCH, KONRAD. Das Patriziat JIKELI, FRITZ. Unsere gute, alte Heltauergasse in
siebenbürgischer Städte im Mittelalter, Köln, Hermannstadt um die Jahrhundertwende,
Weimar, Wien, 1993. Hermannstadt, 1994.
HALDNER, ANNAMARIA. Renaissanceportale in JUGĂREANU, VETURIA. Biblioteca Muzeului
Hermannstadt, published in Forschungen zur Brukenthal din Sibiu [The Library of the
Volks- und Landeskunde, Hermanstadt, vol. Brukenthal Museum in Sibiu], Bucureşti,
13/1, 1970, pp. 86-91. 1957.
Handbuch der Historischen Stätten. KERTESZ, ANDREI. Hermannstadt in
Siebenbürgen, Harald Roth (ed.), Stuttgart, Siebenbürgen.
2003. KERTESZ-BADRUS, A. and SOTELECAN, V.
HELTMANNN, H. and GÜNDISCH, FR. Der Restaurierungsarbeiten des
siebenbürgische Verein für Brukenthalmuseums, published in
Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt, Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde,
published in Forschungen zur Voks- und vol. 24/2, 1981, pp. 80-90.
Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, vol. 11/2, 1968, KLIMAKOWICZ, MARITIUS V. Alt-Hermannstadt.
pp. 100-110. Eine entwicklungs-geschichtliche Studie,
HENRICH, CARL. Aufgefundene Reste d. Ältesten published in Archiv des Vereins für
Befestigungen (Burg) in Hermanstadt, Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, Hermannstadt,
published in Kirchliche Blätter, Hermanstadt, 1911, vol. 37/2, pp. 241-170.
1909, pp. 68-70. KLIMAKOWICZ, MARITIUS V. Studien zur
HENRICH, CARL. Zur Baugeschichte der Baugeschichte der evangelischen
evangelischen Pfarrkirche in Hermannstadt. Stadtpfarrkirche in Hermanstadt, in Archiv des
Kritische Bemerkungen, published in Kirchl- Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde,
iche Blätter, Hermanstadt, 1911, pp. 17-23. Hermannstadt, 1913, vol. 39/2, pp. 477-508.
206
7.e Bibliography
KLIMA, HELMUT. Zur Geschichte des Arhiepiscopia Sibiului – pagini de istorie [The
Hermanstädter Kapitelshauses, in Kirchliche Metropolitanate of Sibiu – Pages of History]
Blätter, Hermannstadt, 1987, no. 16/6, p. 6. MICLEA, ION. Sibiu, Cluj, 1972.
KÖNIG, HEIDRUN. Die Jakobskapelle am MÖCKESCH, SAMUEL. Die Pfarrkirche der
Huetplatz. Ein Pilgerweg.-Aufklärung eines Augsburgischen Confessions Verwandten zu
alten Irrtum, in Hermannstädter Zeitung, Hermannstadt, Hermanstadt, 1839.
14.01.2000, 21.01.2000. MÜLLER, GEORG. Zur Baugeschichte der
KRABS, F., DIMITROWITZ, F. Plan der Stadt Marienkirche in Hermannstadt, in Kirchliche
Hermannstadt, Hermanstadt, 1875. Blätter, Hermannstadt, 1898, pp. 123-124.
KRASSER, OTTO FRITZ. Hermannstadt. Von MÜLLER, HEINRICH. Sächsisches
seinen Häusern und Menschen, Kronstadt, Nationalmuseum, in Korrespondenzblatt des
1927. Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde,
Kurze topographische Beschreibunng der Stadt Hermannstadt, 1989, pp. 123-124.
Hermannstadt, in Siebenbürgischer MUNTEANU-BEŞLIU, PETRE. O capelă de curte
Volkskalender, 1800, p. 8. din Sibiul medieval [A Courtyard Chapel in
LĂZĂROIU, GHEORGHE. Hermannstadt, Sibiu, the Mediaeval City of Sibiu], in Transilvania,
1993. Sibiu, 2002, no. 1, pp. 15-18.
LIVEZEANU, DAN. Documente referitoare la MUNTEANU-BEŞLIU, PETRE. The Old Town Hall
organizarea şi funcţionarea Companiei din Sibiu. Das alte Rathaus in Hermannstadt.
greceşti din Sibiu [Records of the Structure and [The Old Town Hall in Sibiu], Constanţa,
the Activity of the Greek Company in Sibiu] in Sibiu, 2000.
Revista Arhivelor [The Archives’ Review], MUNTEANU-BEŞLIU, PETRE. The Town Hall
Bucureşti, 1990, no. 67/4, pp. 405-411. Tower din Sibiu [The Town Hall Tower of
LUPEA, CORNELIA. Sibiul în colecţia de grafică a Sibiu], in Sargetia, Deva, vol. XXX, 2001-
MuzeuluiBrukenthal [The City of Sibiu as 2002, pp. 169-284.
Illustrated in the Collection of Engravings of MUŞLEA, ION. Muzeul Astrei [The Astra
the Brukenthal Museum] in Studii şi Museum], in Transilvania, Sibiu, 1942, no.
comunicări. Galeria de artă. Muzeul 73/2-3, pp. 130-135.
Brukenthal [Studies and Papers. The Art Muzeul Brukenthal [The Brukenthal Museum],
Gallery. The Brukenthal Museum], Sibiu, Bucureşti, 1975.
1978, No. 1, pp.183-187. Muzeul Brukenthal. Galeria de artă plastică [The
LUPU, NICOLAE. Aus der Tätigkeit des Brukenthal Museum. The Art Gallery],
Brukenthal-Museums in Hermannstadt, in Bucureşti, 1964.
Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, NÄGLER, THOMAS, RILL, MARTIN, BEŞLIU,
Hermannstadt, 1959, vol. 2, pp. 164-174. PETRE. The Old Town Hall – turnul de locuit
LUPU, NICOLAE. Cetatea Sibiului [The Sibiu [The Old Town Hall – The Inhabited Tower],
Fortress], Bucureşti, 1966. in Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice
LUPU, NICOLAE. Sibiu und seine historischen [Newsletter of the Board for Historic
Bauten, Bucureşti, 1969. Monuments], Bucureşti, 1997, No. 1-4, pp.
MACHEDON, E. Lucrări de restaurare a zidurilor 50-54.
cetăţii Sibiu [Rehabilitation Works of the Neuer Plan des Munizipiums Hermannstadt,
Defensive Walls of the Sibiu Fortress], in 1934, Sibiu, 1934.
Arhitectura [Journal of Architecture], NEUGEBOREN, JOHANNN LUDWIG. Die
Bucureşti, 1955, no. 6, pp. 27-36. Hauptkirche der evengelischen
MARCU, G. Catedrala mitropolitană din Sibiu Glabensgenossenn Augsburgischer Confession
[The Sibiu Metropolitan Cathedral], in in Hermannstadt. Eine Festgabe zur feierlicher
207
7 Documentation
208
7.e Bibliography
209
7 Documentation
210
7.e Bibliography
211
7 Documentation
212
7.f Glossary
213
8 CONTACT INFORMATION
OF
RELEVANT AUTHORITIES
8.a Compilers
8.a Compilers
The Documentation was compiled under the auspices of THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY /
Institutul de Cercetări Socio-Umane Sibiu / Institute for Social and Human Research
RO-550024 Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd., Phone 0040 269 212604, fax 0040 269 216605,
e-mail icsusib@artelecom.net
Coordination: Consultants:
Name: Paul Niedermaier Name: Dennis Rodwell
Title: Professor, Ph.D., Member of the
Romanian Academy Address: Greenside Park, St. Boswells
Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. Melrose Roxburghshire
City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania City, Country: TD6 0AH Scotland, U.K.
Phone. 0040 269 212604 Phone: 0044 (0)774 0871043
E-mail: icsusib@artelecom.net E-mail: dennis@dennisrodwell.co.uk
General supervision:
Name: Steffen Mildner Name: Tereza Sinigalia
Title: Lic. rer. reg. Title: Associate Professor, Ph.D.
Address: GTZ Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str. Address: INMI, 16 E. Văcărescu Str.
City, Country: RO-550183 Sibiu, Romania City, Country: 040157 Bucureşti, Romania
Phone: 0040 269 211988 Phone: 0040 021 3366073
E-mail: office@gtzb.ro E-mail: tereza.sinigalia@inmi.ro
Authors of Chapters
217
8 Contact Information
English version by: Eugen Gergely, Ph.D. and Dan-Şerban Sava, Ph.D.
Also collaborated:
Nadia Badrus, Ph.D., Carla Fabian, Prof. Dumitru Iacob,
Gudrun-Liane Ittu, Ph.D., Gabriela Panczel-Cenuşer, Ph.D. (ICSUS)
Arch. Jochen Gauly, Arch. Gabriele Mersch, Cristina Muntoiu, econ. (GTZ)
218
8.b Local Institution
6 Tribunei Str., RO–550176 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 210113, e-mail: cultura@logon.ro
Institutul de Cercetări Socio-Umane Sibiu / Institute for Social and Human Research
40 Victoriei Bd., RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania, Phone: 0040 269 212604;
e-mail: icsusib@artelecom.net
Astra Museum
11 Lesser Square, RO-550182 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 218195, e-mail office@muzeulastra.ro
S. C. Kultours s.r.l.
16 Lesser Square, RO-550182 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 216854, e-mail info@kultours.ro
S. C. Globtours s.r.l.
9 Nicolae Bălcescu Str., RO-550159 Sibiu, Phone: 433422, e-mail globtour@tinet.ro
http://www.ministerul culturii.ro
Name: Dan Nicolae, Architect
E-mail:dan.nicolae@cultura.ro
http://www.sibiu.ro
Name: Prof. Klaus Werner Johannis, Mayor
E-mail: primarie@sibiu.ro
219
9 SIGNATURE
ON BEHALF OF
THE STATE PARTY
221
Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs
…………………….
ADRIAN IORGULESCU