Sultanate of Rum - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum

Sultanate of Rum
The Sultanate of Rum[a] or Rum Seljuk Sultanate
(Persian: ‫سلجوقیان روم‬, romanized:   Saljuqiyān-e Rum, lit. 
Sultanate of Rûm
'Seljuks of Rome') was a Turko-Persian[7][8][9][10] Sunni Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti
Muslim ruled state, established over major cities and ‫سلجوقیان روم‬
territories of Anatolia conquered from the Eastern Saljūqiyān-i Rūm
Roman (Byzantine) Empire by the Seljuk Turks
following the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and a 1077–1308
subsequent temporary collapse of Byzantine power. The
name Rûm was a synonym for the Byzantine Empire and
its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. It derives
from the Arabic name for ancient Rome, ‫ الُّروُم‬ar-Rūm,
itself a loan from Koine Greek Ῥωµαῖοι, "Romans,
citizens of the Eastern Roman Empire".[11]
Double-headed eagle used Lion and Sun
The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Great Seljuk by the Rum Seljuks adopted by
Kaykhusraw II
Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077, just six
years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia
were conquered at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). It had
its capital first at İznik and then at Konya. It reached the
height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th
century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports
on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east,
the sultanate reached Lake Van. Trade through Anatolia
from Iran and Central Asia was developed by a system of
caravanserai. Especially strong trade ties with the
Genoese formed during this period. The increased
wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish
states that had been established following the conquest Expansion of the Sultanate c. 1100–1240
of Byzantine Anatolia: Danishmendids, House of
Status Sultanate
Mengüjek, Saltukids, Artuqids.
Capital Nicaea (İznik)
The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and (1077-1096)
eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the
Iconium (Konya)
1243 Battle of Köse Dağ. For the remainder of the 13th
(1096-1308)
century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate.[12]
Sebastia (Sivas)
Their power disintegrated during the second half of the
13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the (1211-1220)
Ilkhanate, Mesud II, was murdered in 1308. The Common languages Arabic (religion)[1]
dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small Persian (official,
Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them court, literature)[2][3]
that of the Ottoman dynasty, which eventually Old Anatolian
conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Turkish (spoken)[4]
Ottoman Empire. Byzantine Greek
(chancery)[5]

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Religion Sunni Islam

(official), Greek
Contents Orthodox (subjects)

History Sultan  
Establishment • 1077–1086 Suleiman ibn
Crusades Qutalmish
Mongol conquest • 1220–1237 Kayqubad I
Disintegration • 1303–1308 Mesud II
History  
Culture and society
Dynasty • Division from the 1077
Seljuk Empire
See also • Battle of Köse Dağ 1243
Notes • death of Mesud II 1308
References • Karamanid conquest 1328

Sources Area
External links 1243 400,000 km2
(150,000 sq mi)

Preceded by Succeeded by
History
Seljuk Anatolian
Empire beyliks
Danishmends Ilkhanate
Establishment
Mengujekids
Saltukids
In the 1070s, after the battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk
Artuqids
commander Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, a distant cousin of
Malik-Shah I and a former contender for the throne of
the Seljuk Empire, came to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, he
captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (İznik) and Nicomedia
(İzmit). Two years later, he declared himself sultan of an
independent Seljuk state and established his capital at İznik.[13]

Suleiman was killed in Antioch in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk

ruler of Syria, and Suleiman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned.
When Malik Shah died in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and
immediately established himself in his father's territories.
Conquest of the Seljuks
Crusades

Kilij Arslan, although victorious in the People's Crusade of

1096, was defeated by soldiers of the First Crusade and
driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his
state with capital in Konya. He defeated three Crusade
contingents in the 1101 Crusade. In 1107, he ventured east
and captured Mosul but died the same year fighting Malik
Shah's son, Mehmed Tapar. He was the first Muslim
commander against the crusades. Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in 1190.

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Meanwhile, another Rum Seljuk, Malik Shah (not to be confused with the Seljuk sultan of the same
name), captured Konya. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son, Mesud I, took the city with the help of the
Danishmends.

Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate controlled nearly all of central Anatolia. Mesud's son, Kilij
Arslan II, captured the remaining territories around Sivas and Malatya from the last of the
Danishmends. At the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176, Kilij Arslan II also defeated a Byzantine army
led by Manuel I Komnenos. Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the Holy Roman
Empire's forces of the Third Crusade, the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power.[14]
During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with Kaykhusraw I
fighting to retain control and losing to his brother Suleiman II in 1196.[14][15]

Suleiman II rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, with an army of
150,000-400,000[16] and encamped in the Basiani valley. Tamar of Georgia quickly marshaled an
army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort, David Soslan. Georgian
troops under David Soslan made a sudden advance into Basiani and assailed the enemy’s camp in
1203 or 1204.[16] In a pitched battle, the Seljukid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the
Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the
Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuk ranks. Süleymanshah himself was wounded and
withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but
coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians.[16]

Suleiman II died in 1204 [17] and was succeeded by his son Kilij
Arslan III, whose reign was unpopular.[17] Kaykhusraw I seized
Konya in 1205 reestablishing his reign.[17] Under his rule and
those of his two successors, Kaykaus I and Kayqubad I, Seljuk
power in Anatolia reached its apogee. Kaykhusraw's most
important achievement was the capture of the harbour of Attalia
(Antalya) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Kaykaus
captured Sinop[18] and made the Empire of Trebizond his vassal
in 1214.[19] He also subjugated Cilician Armenia but in 1218 was The Sultanate of Rûm and
forced to surrender the city of Aleppo, acquired from al-Kamil. surrounding states, c. 1200.
Kayqubad continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean
coast from 1221 to 1225.

In the 1220s, he sent an expeditionary force across the Black Sea to Crimea.[20] In the east he defeated
the Mengujekids and began to put pressure on the Artuqids.

Mongol conquest

Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbakır, but in 1239 he
had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak. After three years, when he had
finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had
weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the
expanding Mongols. The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan
was crushed by Baiju in the Battle of Köse Dağ (a mountain between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan),
and the Seljuk Turks were forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals.[12] The
sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the 1243 battle, where he died in 1246, his death starting a
period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.

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The Seljuk realm was divided among Kaykhusraw's three sons.

The eldest, Kaykaus II (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area
west of the river Kızılırmak. His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV
(1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the
regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October
1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia
became officially subject to Möngke Khan. In 1260 Kaykaus II
fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV
was executed in 1265, and Kaykhusraw III (1265–1284) became
the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power
exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.
The sultanate expanded towards the
east during the reign of Kayqubad I.
Disintegration

The Seljuk state had started to split into small emirates (beyliks)
that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and
Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the
Mamluk Sultan Baibars raided Anatolia and defeated the
Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan,[21] temporarily replacing them
as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. But since the native
forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest
themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his The declining Sultanate of Rûm,
home base in Egypt, and the Mongol administration was re- vassal of the Mongols, and the
assumed, officially and severely. Also, the Armenian Kingdom of emerging beyliks, c. 1300
Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia,
as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni, from the Seljuk in the
1240s.

Near the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct
sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks
(including the early Ottoman state) and Seljuk governors of
Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy
of the sultan in Konya, delivering the khutbah in the name of the
sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the
sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, the Pride of
Islam. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuk
dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which Hanabad caravanserai in Çardak
lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, Mesud II, (1230)
established himself as sultan in Kayseri. He was murdered in
1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to
the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands
conquered by the Karamanids in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly
longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used
throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the Ottomans.

Culture and society

The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and

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cultural heritage on the Perso-Islamic tradition and Greco-Roman tradition,[22] even to the point of
naming their sons with Persian names.[23] Though of Turkic origin, Rum Seljuks patronized Persian
art, architecture, and literature[24] and used Persian as a language of administration.[25] One of its
most famous Persian writers, Rumi, took his name from the name of the state. Moreover, Byzantine
influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Byzantine Greek aristocracy remained part of the
Seljuk nobility, and the native Byzantine (Rûm) peasants remained numerous in the region.[26][27]

In their construction of caravanserais, madrasas and mosques,

the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of
bricks and plaster into the use of stone.[28] Among these, the
caravanserais (or hans), used as stops, trading posts and defense
for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built
during the Anatolian Seljuks period, are particularly remarkable.
Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable
effect,[29] Seljuk architecture was inspired by local Byzantine
(Rûm) architects, for example the Gök Medrese (Sivas), and by
Armenians.[30] As such, Anatolian architecture represents some Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) built between
of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire 1221–1226 by Kayqubad I in
history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture Alanya.
would be inherited by the Sultanate of India.[31]

The largest caravanserai is the Sultan Han (built in 1229) on the

road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of
Sultanhanı, covering 3,900   m2 (42,000   sq   ft). There are two
caravanserais that carry the name "Sultan Han", the other one
being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from
Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to
caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in Kangal, Durağan,
Hekimhan and Kadınhanı, as well as the township of Akhan
within the Denizli metropolitan area. The caravanserai of
Ince Minaret Medrese, a 13th-
Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription
century madrasa located in Konya,
in Arabic with information relating to the edifice, two further
Turkey
inscriptions in Armenian and Syriac, since it was constructed by
the sultan Kayqubad I's doctor (hekim) who is thought to have
been a Christian by his origins, and to have converted to Islam.
There are other particular cases like the settlement in Kalehisar (contiguous to an ancient Hittite site)
near Alaca, founded by the Seljuk commander Hüsameddin Temurlu, who had taken refuge in the
region after the defeat in the Battle of Köse Dağ and had founded a township comprising a castle, a
madrasa, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the
16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered, was explored in the 1960s by the
art historian Oktay Aslanapa, and the finds as well as a number of documents attest to the existence of
a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463 Ottoman firman which instructs the headmaster of the
madrasa to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai.

The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with ghulams (plural ghilmân, Arabic: ‫)ِغْلَمان‬,
enslaved youths taken from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine
territories. The practice of keeping ghulams may have offered a model for the later devşirme during
the time of the Ottoman Empire.[32]

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Dynasty
As regards the names of the sultans, there are variants in form
and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one
source or the other, either for fidelity in transliterating the
Persian variant of the Arabic script which the sultans used, or for
a rendering corresponding to the modern Turkish phonology and
orthography. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use
alternatively in reference to their legacy. While the two palaces
built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names Kubadabad Palace
and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as
Alâeddin Mosque and the port city of Alanya he had captured as
"Alaiye". Similarly, the medrese built by Kaykhusraw I in Kayseri,
within the complex (külliye) dedicated to his sister Gevher
Nesibe, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by
Kaykaus I in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese. Gök Medrese (Celestial Madrasa) of
Sivas, built by a Greek (Rûm)
subject in the periodic capital of the
Sultanate of Rum

Dirham of Kaykhusraw II, minted at

Sivas 1240–1241 AD

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Sultan Reign Notes

Contended with Alp Arslan for succession
1. Qutalmish 1060–1064
to the Imperial Seljuk throne.
1075-1077 de facto rules Turkmen around İznik
2. Suleiman ibn Founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
and İzmit; 1077–1086 recognised Rum Sultan by
Qutulmish with capital in İznik
Malik I
3. Kilij Arslan I 1092–1107 First sultan in Konya
4. Malik Shah 1107–1116
5. Masud I 1116–1156
6. 'Izz al-Din Kilij
1156–1192
Arslan II
7. Giyath al-Din
1192–1196 First reign
Kaykhusraw I
8. Rukn al-Din
1196–1204
Suleiman II
9. Kilij Arslan III 1204–1205
Giyath al-Din
1205–1211 Second reign
Kaykhusraw I
10. 'Izz al-Din
1211–1220
Kayka'us I
11. 'Ala al-Din
1220–1237
Kayqubad I
After his death, sultanate split until 1260
12. Giyath al-Din
1237–1246 when Kilij Arslan IV remained the sole
Kaykhusraw II
ruler
13. 'Izz al-Din
1246–1260
Kayka'us II
14. Rukn al-Din Kilij
1248–1265
Arslan IV
15. 'Ala al-Din
1249–1257
Kayqubad II
16. Giyath al-Din
1265–1284
Kaykhusraw III
17. Giyath al-Din
1284–1296 First reign
Masud II
18. 'Ala al-Din
1298–1302
Kayqubad III
Giyath al-Din Masud
1303–1308 Second reign
II

See also
Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
Babai Revolt
Byzantine–Seljuk Wars
Rûm Province, Ottoman Empire

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Notes
a. Modernly referred to as Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, Sultanate of Iconium, Anatolian Seljuk
State (Turkish: Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti) or Seljuk Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Selçukluları)[6]

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ails/historicalencycl01rodr). ABC-CLIO. p. 306 (https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr/p
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External links
Yavuz, Ayşıl Tükel. "The concepts that shape Anatolian Seljuq caravanserais" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20070704025025/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf)
(PDF). ArchNet. Archived from the original (http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/
DPC1304.pdf) (PDF) on 2007-07-04.
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