Provinces and territories of Canada - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada

Provinces and territories of Canada

The provinces and territories of Canada are sub-national divisions within the geographical
areas of Canada under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian
Provinces and territories of Canada
Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the
Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—united to
form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history,
Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the
original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. Together, the provinces and
territories make up the world's second-largest country by total area.

The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their
power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly[1] called The British North America
Act, 1867), whereas territorial governments are creatures of statute with powers delegated to them
by the Parliament of Canada. The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the
Government of Canada (the federal government) and the provincial governments to exercise
exclusively. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces
requires a constitutional amendment, whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be
performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government.
Category Federated state
In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign within
10 provinces
certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government Number
3 territories
within the Constitution Act 1867, and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian
Crown, the lieutenant governor. The territories are not sovereign, but instead their authorities and
responsibilities are devolved directly from the federal level, and as a result, have a commissioner that represents the federal government.

Contents
Provinces
Territories
Population
Territorial evolution
Government
Provincial legislature buildings
Territorial legislature buildings
Provincial political parties
Ceremonial territory
Proposed provinces and territories
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Provinces

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Flag, name, and

Cities Entered Official Area (km2)[5] Seats[6]
Population[a]
postal abbr. Confederation[2] language(s)[3]
Capital[7] Largest[8] Land Water Total Commons Senate

 Ontario[b] ON Toronto July 1, 1867 English[c] 14,755,211 917,741 158,654 1,076,395 121 24

Quebec
 Quebec QC
City
Montreal July 1, 1867 French[d] 8,575,944 1,356,128 185,928 1,542,056 78 24

 Nova
Scotia
NS Halifax[e] July 1, 1867 English[f] 979,449 53,338 1,946 55,284 11 10

 New English,
NB Fredericton Moncton July 1, 1867 782,078 71,450 1,458 72,908 10 10
Brunswick French[g]

 Manitoba MB Winnipeg July 15, 1870 English[c][h] 1,380,935 553,556 94,241 647,797 14 6

 British
BC Victoria Vancouver July 20, 1871 English[c] 5,153,039 925,186 19,549 944,735 42 6
Columbia

 Prince
PE Charlottetown July 1, 1873 English[c] 159,819 5,660 0 5,660 4 4
Edward Island

 Saskatchewan
SK Regina Saskatoon September 1, 1905 English[c] 1,178,832 591,670 59,366 651,036 14 6

 Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary September 1, 1905 English[c] 4,436,258 642,317 19,531 661,848 34 6

 Newfoundland NL St. John's March 31, 1949 English[c] 520,438 373,872 31,340 405,212 7 6
and Labrador
Total provinces 37,922,003 5,490,918 572,013 6,062,931 335 102

Notes:

a. As of Q1 2021.[4]
b. Ottawa, the national capital of Canada, is located in Ontario, near its border with Quebec. However, the National Capital Region straddles the border.
c. De facto; French has limited constitutional status.
d. Charter of the French Language; English has limited constitutional status in Quebec.
e. Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted.
f. Nova Scotia has very few bilingual statutes (three in English and French; one in English and Polish); some Government bodies have legislated names
in both English and French.
g. Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
h. Although Manitoba has above average constitutional protections for the French language, it is not an official language.

Territories
There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated
to them by the federal government.[9][10][11] They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay and all islands north
of the Canadian mainland (from those in James Bay to the Queen Elizabeth Islands). The following table lists the territories in order of precedence (each
province has precedence over all the territories, regardless of the date each territory was created).

Another territory, the District of Keewatin existed from October 7, 1876 until September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became
the Keewatin Region. It was east of the North-West Territories, occupying the area that is now the Kenora District of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and the
eastern half of Nunavut. Government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament.

Flag, name, and Cities[7] Entered Area (km2)[5] Seats[6]

Official languages Population[a]
postal abbr.
Capital Largest Confederation[2] Land Water Total Commons Senate
Chipewyan, Cree,
English, French,
Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun,
 Northwest NT Yellowknife July 15, 1870 Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, 45,136 1,183,085 163,021 1,346,106 1 1
Territories North Slavey, South
Slavey, Tłįchǫ[12]

 Yukon YT Whitehorse June 13, 1898 English, French[13] 42,192 474,391 8,052 482,443 1 1

Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut,
NU Iqaluit April 1, 1999 39,407 1,936,113 157,077 2,093,190 1 1
 Nunavut English, French[14]
Total territories 126,535 3,593,589 328,150 3,921,739 3 3

a. As of Q1 2021.[4]

Population
The majority of Canada's population is concentrated in the areas close to the Canada–US border. Its four largest provinces by area (Quebec, Ontario,
British Columbia and Alberta) are also (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous; together they account for 86% of the country's
population. The territories (the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon) account for over a third of Canada's area and are home to 0.3% of its
population, which skews the national population density value.[15]

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Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the 2006 and 2011 censuses. Except for New
Brunswick, all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In
terms of percent change, the fastest-growing province or territory was Nunavut with an
increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by Alberta with 11.6% growth, while
New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%.[16]

Generally, Canadian provinces have steadily grown in population along with Canada.
However, some provinces such as Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and
Newfoundland and Labrador have experienced long periods of stagnation or population
decline. Ontario and Quebec have always been the two biggest provinces in Canada, with
together over 60% of the population at any given time. The population of the West
relative to Canada as a whole has steadily grown over time, while that of Atlantic Canada
has declined.[15]

Territorial evolution
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when several British
North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing
the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.[17] Prior to this, Ontario and Quebec were united as the
Province of Canada. Over the following years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward
Island (1873) were added as provinces.[17]

The British Crown had claimed two large areas north-west of the Canadian colony, known as Rupert's Land and
the North-Western Territory, and assigned them to the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1870, the company
relinquished its claims for £300,000 ($1.5 million), assigning the vast territory to the Government of Canada.[18]
Subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.[18] The
Northwest Territories were vast at first, encompassing all of current northern and western Canada, except for the
British holdings in the Arctic islands and the Colony of British Columbia; the Territories also included the
Territorial evolution of the borders and
northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec, and almost all of present Manitoba, with the 1870 province of the names of Canada's provinces and
Manitoba originally being confined to a small area in the south of today's province.[19] The British claims to the territories
Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880, adding to the size of the Northwest Territories. The year of
1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories
surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1, 1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the
60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.[19] In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec,
Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and
Quebec's to encompass the District of Ungava.[20]

In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with
Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.[21]
In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.[22] In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with
Newfoundland facing a prolonged period of economic crisis, the legislature turned over political control to the
Newfoundland Commission of Government in 1933.[23] Following Canada's participation in World War II, in a
1948 referendum, a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31,
1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.[24] In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and
Labrador.[25]

In 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary.[26] This was one of only
two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a
boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec's
expense—this land returned to Canada, as part of the province of Newfoundland, in 1949.[27] In 1999, Nunavut
was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories.[28] Yukon lies in the western portion of
Northern Canada, while Nunavut is in the east.[29]

All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739   km2 "O Canada we stand on guard for thee"
(1,514,192 sq mi) in land area.[5] They are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and Stained Glass, Yeo Hall, Royal Military
economic purposes.[30] For much of the Northwest Territories' early history it was divided into several districts College of Canada featuring arms of the
for ease of administration.[31] The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after Canadian provinces and territories as of
which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.[32] In 1999, it 1965
was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.

Government
Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care,
education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.[33] They receive "transfer payments" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as
exacting their own taxes.[34] In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For
instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare, provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to
required medical treatment.[34]

Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate. Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as legislative
councils, with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968.[35] In most provinces, the
single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber
is called the House of Assembly, and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly.[36] Ontario has a Legislative Assembly but its members are called
Members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.[37] The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the House of Commons of Canada. The

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head of government of each province, called the premier, is generally the head of the party with the most seats.[38] This is also the case in Yukon, but the
Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.[39] The Queen's representative in each province is the Lieutenant
Governor.[40] In each of the territories there is an analogous Commissioner, but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch.[41]

Federal, Provincial, and Territorial terminology compared

Jurisdiction Legislature Lower house Members of lower house Head of Government Viceroy
Canada House of Commons Member of Parliament Prime Minister Governor General
Parliament
Ontario Legislative Assembly Member of the Provincial Parliament*

Quebec Legislature National Assembly† Member of the National Assembly†

Nova Scotia General Assembly House of Assembly
New Brunswick
Legislature
Manitoba
Premier Lieutenant Governor
British Columbia Parliament Member of the Legislative Assembly§
Legislative Assembly§
Prince Edward Island General Assembly
Saskatchewan
Legislature
Alberta
Newfoundland
General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the House of Assembly
and Labrador
Northwest Territories Assembly
Yukon Legislature Legislative Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly Premier‖ Commissioner
Nunavut Assembly

* Members were previously titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".

† Quebec's lower house was previously called the "Legislative Assembly" with members titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly". The name was
changed at the same time Quebec's upper house was abolished.
§Prince Edward Island's lower house was previously called the "House of Assembly" and its members were titled "Assemblyman". After abolition of its
upper house, assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed "Legislative Assembly". Later, this practice was abolished so that all members would
be titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".
ǁ In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled "Government Leader".

Provincial legislature buildings

British Columbia Alberta Legislature Saskatchewan Manitoba Legislative Ontario Legislative Quebec Parliament
Parliament Buildings Building Legislative Building Building Building Building

Confederation New Brunswick Province House Province House

Building Legislative Building (Nova Scotia) (Prince Edward
(Newfoundland and Island)
Labrador)

Territorial legislature buildings

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Yukon Legislative Northwest Territories Legislative Building

Building Legislative Building of Nunavut

Provincial political parties

Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the
federal parties that share the same name.[42] For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to
the federal Conservative Party of Canada, and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada.

Provincial New Democratic Parties, on the other hand, are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party—meaning that provincial parties
effectively operate as sections, with common membership, of the federal party.

The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with Atlantic Canada provincial Liberals in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and
Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Other provincial Liberal Parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart.[42]

Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent, such as the Alberta Party and Saskatchewan Party.

The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between sovereignty, represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire, and
federalism, represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party.[43] The Coalition Avenir Québec, meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the
question and does not support or oppose sovereignty.

Currently, the two minority provincial/territorial governments are held by the PCs in Prince Edward Island and the Liberals in Newfoundland and
Labrador.

The governing political party(s) in each Canadian The governing political party(s) in each Canadian
province. Multicoloured provinces are governed by a province by political position
coalition or minority government consisting of more
than one party.

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Current provincial/territorial governments (as of June 2021)

Majority/ Lieutenant Governor/

Province/Territory Premier[44] Party in government[44] Party political position
Minority Commissioner[45]

Alberta Jason Kenney United Conservative Right-wing populist[46][47] ◕ Majority Salma Lakhani

British Columbia John Horgan New Democratic Centre-left ◕ Majority Janet Austin

Manitoba Brian Pallister Progressive Conservative Right-wing ◕ Majority Janice Filmon

New Brunswick Blaine Higgs[48] Progressive Conservative Centre-right ◕ Majority Brenda Murphy

Newfoundland and Labrador Andrew Furey Liberal Centre ◕ Majority Judy Foote

Nova Scotia Iain Rankin Liberal Centre ◔ Minority Arthur Joseph LeBlanc

Ontario Doug Ford Progressive Conservative Centre-right ◕ Majority Elizabeth Dowdeswell

Prince Edward Island Dennis King Progressive Conservative Centre-right ◕ Majority Antoinette Perry

Quebec François Legault Coalition Avenir Québec[49][50] Centre-right ◕ Majority J. Michel Doyon

Saskatchewan Scott Moe Saskatchewan Party Centre-right politics[51][52][53][54] ◕ Majority Russell Mirasty

Northwest Territories Caroline Cochrane Consensus government Nonpartisan Margaret Thom

Nunavut Joe Savikataaq Consensus government Nonpartisan Eva Aariak

Yukon Sandy Silver Liberal Centre ◔ Minority Angélique Bernard

Ceremonial territory
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, near Vimy, Pas-de-Calais, and the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland
Memorial, near Beaumont-Hamel, both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.[55] In 1922, the
French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of
Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".[56] The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel
site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland.[55] These sites do not, however, enjoy
extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law.
The Canadian National Vimy
Proposed provinces and territories Memorial, dedicated to those killed,
missing, and presumed dead in
Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The World War I
Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province[57] but the creation of a new
territory requires only an act of Parliament, a legislatively simpler process.[58]

In late 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status
"eventually". He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic, particularly as global warming
could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes.[59]

See also
Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies  Canada portal –  Ontario portal
Canadian adjectival and demonymic forms of place names

Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories

List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States
List of regions of Canada
List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures YT
Commonwealth Local Government Forum-Americas NT NU
Provincial museums of Canada
List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories
BC AB
NL
List of Canadian provinces and territories by area SK MB QC
ON PE
List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product NBNS
List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols
List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate
Population of Canada by province and territory History by province or territory

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Provinces and territories of Canada - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada

Further reading
Brownsey, Keith; Howlett, Michael (2001). The Provincial State in Canada: Politics in the Provinces and Territories (https://books.google.com/books?id
=j3Ky0-JAAbYC&pg=PP1). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-368-5.
Moore, Christopher; Slavin, Bill; Lunn, Janet (2002). The Big Book of Canada: Exploring the Provinces and Territories (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=0Dmi_sb_ufgC&pg=PA1). Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-88776-457-8.
Pross, A. Paul; Pross, Catherine A. (1972). Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces: a Prescriptive Study (https://archive.org/details/govern
mentpublis0000pros). Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-1827-0.
Tomblin, Stephen (1995). Ottawa and the Outer Provinces: The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada (https://books.google.com/books?id=mU
nFSlFnGZUC&pg=PR1). James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-1-55028-476-8.

External links
Provincial and territorial government web sites (https://archive.is/20130806101230/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/common/provterr.shtml) –
Service Canada
Provincial and territorial legislature web sites (http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/provinceterritory/Provincialterritoriallegislatures.aspx) –
Parliament of Canada
Difference between provinces and territories (https://web.archive.org/web/20140227162009/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=
provterr&sub=difference&doc=difference-eng.htm) – Intergovernmental Affairs
Provincial and territorial statistics (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/reference/province-eng) – Statistics Canada
Provincial and territorial immigration information (https://web.archive.org/web/20171122105414/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/newcomers/pt/) –
Citizenship and Immigration Canada
Canadian governments compared (http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/en/nav.aspx?sortcode=2.0.0) – University of Public
Administration

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