CONNECTION

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Types of Connections
Simple Connections Eccentric Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Common Bolts High Strength Bolts

Filet Weld

Slip Critical Groove Weld

Bearing Type

68402/61420 Slide # 7
Types of Connections

Simple Connections Eccentric Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Elastic Ultimate Moment Elastic Ultimate Moment

Analysis Analysis Resisting Analysis Analysis Resisting

68402/61420 Slide # 8
Simple Bolted Connections

• There are different types of bolted connections. They can

be categorized based on the type of loading.
• Tension member connection and splice. It subjects the bolts to
forces that tend to shear the shank.
• Beam end simple connection. It subjects the bolts to forces that
tend to shear the shank.
• Hanger connection. The hanger connection puts the bolts in
tension

68402/61420 Slide # 9
 Simple Bolted Connections

P P
Tension member
Connection/ splice

P P

Beam end
Simple shear connection

68402/61420 Slide # 10
Simple Bolted Connections
P P

Hanger connection Moment resisting

(Tension) connection
68402/61420 Slide # 11
Simple Bolted Connections
• The bolts are subjected to shear or tension loading.
• In most bolted connection, the bolts are subjected to shear.
• Bolts can fail in shear or in tension.
• You can calculate the shear strength or the tensile strength of a bolt

• Simple connection: If the line of action of the force acting on the

connection passes through the center of gravity of the connection,
then each bolt can be assumed to resist an equal share of the load.
• The strength of the simple connection will be equal to the sum of
the strengths of the individual bolts in the connection.

68402/61420 Slide # 12
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Elastic Analysis

Pc = P/n
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Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Bolted Connections
 The following conclusions were also shown:
F
 Failure rotation does not happen around the elastic center but
around an instantaneous centre (IC)
 The IC does not coincide with the EC
e  The deformation of each bolt is proportional to its distance from
the IC
 Similar to the elastic analysis, the connection capacity is
governed by the force in the farthest bolt

ri
EC
M
≡ IC
F
e
ro
68402/61420 Slide # 27
 Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Bolted Connections
M Fe
ri
Measured at the elastic centroid EC
rb
b   max IC
rmax F
e
Experiment ally  8.6 mm e
 At failure
n

F x
 zero ≡ R
i 1
xi  Fx Eqn (1)

F y
 zero ≡ R
i 1
yi  Fy Eqn (2)

 M IC  zero ≡  Rni .rni  F ( e  e ) Eqn (3)

i 1
68402/61420 Slide # 28
Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Bolted Connections
ri
EC
IC
F
e
e
 Therefore, getting the maximum force in the farthest bolt requires determining
the unknown “e´”

 Because of the non-linear relationship, e´ can be determined by trial and error

 A spreadsheet can be used to determine e´

68402/61420 Slide # 29
 Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts with Eccentricity
on the Faying Surface
• Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of
Rotation Method)
R = Rult(1 – e-0.394)0.55
Pu
e’ e
R = Nominal shear strength of 1 bolt at a deformation , k
Rult= Ultimate shear strength of 1 bolt, kN
1 R1 2
 = Total deformation, including shear, bearing and
d1 d2 R2 bending deformation in the bolt and bearing
IC CG deformation of the connected elements, in. (max = 8.6
mm for 20 mm ASTM A325 bolt)
d4
3 d3 4 1/d1 = 2/d2 = … = max/dmax

R3 R4 e = 2.718…base of the natural logarithm

68402/61420 Slide # 30
Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of
Rotation Method)

• Trial and error:

• Assume e’
• Compute i = dimax/dmax (max is assumed for bolt at farthest
distance from IC) r
b  b
 max
• Compute Ri=Rult(1- e-0.394i)0.55 rmax
• Check for: Pu=( Rd)/(e’+e)
Rb  Rult (1  e  b )
• If not satisfied, repeat with another e’

68402/61420 Slide # 31
Ex. 6.4 – Eccentric Connections – Ultimate Method

Determine the largest eccentric force Pu for which the design shear
strength of the bolts in the connection is adequate using the IC
method. Use bearing-type 20 mm A325X bolts
e = 100 Pu
e’=60 mm mm - Design shear strength per bolt (Ex. 7-1)
Ru =  Rn= 77.8 kN
1 R1 2
75 -After several trials, assume e’= 60 mm.
d1 d2 R2 mm Bolts 2 and 4 are furthest from the IC,
IC CG therefore 2 = 4 = max = 8.6 mm
75
d4
d3
mm - Compute i and Ri in tabulated form:
3 4

R3 R4
75 mm 68402/61420 Slide # 32
 Ex. 6.4 – Eccentric Connections – Ultimate Method
Bolt h v  Rd
d (mm) R (kN) Ry (kN)
# (mm) (mm) (mm) (kN.mm)
1 22.5 75 78.3 5.47 72.7 20.9 5692

2 97.5 75 123 8.6 77.8 61.67 7585

3 22.5 75 78.3 5.47 72.7 20.9 5692

4 97.5 75 123 8.6 77.8 61.67 7585

=
 = 26554
165.14

Check:
Pu= (Rd)/(e’+e) = (26554/(60+100))
= 166 kN ~ Ry = 165.14 kN (OK)
68402/61420 Slide # 33
 CONNECTION
Elastic Analysis
Main assumption:
the fastener load–deformation relationship is linear and that the yield stress is not
exceeded.

Ultimate Strength Analysis

The ultimate strength of the connection is based on the
following assumptions:
1. At failure, the fastener group rotates about an
instantaneous center (IC).
2. The deformation of each fastener is proportional to its
distance from the IC
and acts perpendicularly to the radius of rotation.
3. The capacity of the connection is reached when the
ultimate strength of the
fastener farthest from the IC is reached. (Figure 8.7 shows
the bolt forces as
resisting forces acting to oppose the applied load.)
4. The connected parts remain rigid.
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 Prying
Action

•Bolt tension B0 B
•Prying force Q
•The corresponding bolt
force, including the effects
of prying, is Bc

38
Figure 7.27
 Prying
Action

Tb  M aa  Qa

M bb  Qa

Bc  T  Q

39
Figure 7.28
Prying Action
 pt 2f Fu 
M a a  design  strength  b M b  b  
 4 
 
  b 
Bc  T  Q Bc  T 1  
 1    a 

M bb

M aa

d' net  area  at  bolt  line

  1 
p gross  area  at  stem  face
40
 Prying Action
 pt 2f Fu  4Tb'
b    Tb' tf 
 4  (1   ) b pFu (1   )
 

4.44Tb'
Re quired  t f  LRFD Solution
pFu (1   )

For Evaluation: For back checking:

B   1a'  1  4.44Tb' 

  2  1
 1  B T   1a' b'
 T b'
  pt f Fb 

Sequi Example 7.8 41