DESIGN OF FULLY LATERALLY RESTRAINED BEAMS

1. DESIGN BENDING MOMENT.

Design Action/Load, FEd =1.35Gk +1.5Qk
FEd L2
Design bending moment, MEd =
8

2. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION.

Read tw, tf from the steel table and consider the greatest to be nominal thickness.
Determine fy and fu.
Nominal thickness of the element t (mm)
Nominal steel t ≤ 16mm 16mm < t ≤ 40mm
grade 2
f (N / mm ) f (N / mm2 ) f (N / mm2 ) f (N / mm2 )
y u y u
EN 10025-2
S235 235 360 235 360
S275 275 410 265 410
S355 355 470 345 470
S450 440 550 430 550

3. SECTION CLASSIFICATION.

Table 1.2 Classification of cross-sections for bending and compression

Stress distribution at
Class Definition and limits
maximum bending moment
Class 1: Plastic. Sections which can form a plastic hinge with
Design bending resistance the rotation capacity required from plastic
analysis without reduction of the resistance. fy
M c,Rd = M pl ,Rd = Wpl f y / γ m
Flange outstand c / t f =< 9ε fy
Web in bending d / tw =< 72ε
Web in compression d / tw =< 33ε

Class 2: Compact. Sections which can develop their plastic

Design bending resistance moment resistance, but have limited rotation
capacity because of local buckling. fy
M c,Rd = M pl ,Rd = Wpl f y / γ m
Flange outstand c / t f =< 10ε fy
Web in bending d / tw =< 83ε
Web in compression d / tw =< 38ε
Class 3: Semi-Compact. Sections in which the extreme compression
Design bending resistance fibre can reach the yield strength, but local fy
Mc,Rd = M el ,Rd = Wel ,min f y / γ m buckling may prevent development of the
plastic moment of resistance.
Flange outstand c / t f =< 14ε
Web in bending d / tw =< 124ε fy
Web in compression d / tw =< 42ε

Class 4: Slender. Sections in which local buckling will occur

Design bending resistance before the yield stress is attained. less
Mc,Rd = Weff ,min f y / γ m Flange outstand c / t f > 14ε than
fy
Web in bending d / tw > 124ε
Web in compression d / tw > 42ε less
than
fy
ε = 235 fy 255 265 275 335 345 355
fy ε 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.84 0.83 0.81

235
ε=�
fy

B - 2r - tw
C=
2
4. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTION.
Bending moment.
MEd
≤1.0
Mc,Rd

Since its underclass 1 plastic.

Wpl,y fy
Mc,Rd =Mpl,Rd = x 103 Nmm
γM0

Shear.
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
≤ 1.0�𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 �
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 =
2

For class 1 section, design shear resistance.

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 �𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /√3�
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 𝐴𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 + (𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 + 2𝑟𝑟)𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 ≥ 𝜂𝜂ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 , 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 ≥ 𝜂𝜂ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 , ℎ𝑤𝑤 = ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
Resistance to bending and shear combined.
If 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 > 0.5𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

For this case of a singly supported beam 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0 at mid-span where there is
maximum moment. Thus no check is required.

5. RESISTANCE TO CROSSECTION TO SHEAR BUCKLING.

ℎ𝑤𝑤 72𝜀𝜀
> 𝜂𝜂 = 1.0
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝜂𝜂

To prevent shear buckling, ensure that

ℎ𝑤𝑤 72𝜀𝜀
≤
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝜂𝜂

6. RESISTANCE OF CROSSECTION TO FLANGE INDUCED BUCKLING.

ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝐸𝐸 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤
≤ 𝑘𝑘 �𝐴𝐴
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 = area of the web

𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 = ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = �ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = mm2
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = area of compression flange
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = mm2
E = 210,000 Nmm, fyf = fy,
k = 0.3 for class 1 members, [where the rotation is fully utilized]
7. CHECK FOR WEB BUCKLING [CLAUSE 6.2(1) EC3 PART 1-5]
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = > 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

Where

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = yield strength of the web,

𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = thickness of the web,
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 = partial safety factor, 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 = 1.0

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = Effective length of the web which resists forces and is given by 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜒𝜒𝐹𝐹 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦

VEd = support
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = > 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

At an unstiffened end support (i.e. load type © in Fig. 2.6)

 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 +𝑐𝑐
𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 = 2 + 6 � �≤6
ℎ𝑤𝑤

Stiff bearing length, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = mm, 𝑐𝑐 = 0

ℎ𝑤𝑤 = ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = mm
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 +𝑐𝑐
∴ 𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 = 2 + 6 � �
ℎ𝑤𝑤

Therefore
3
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.9𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸(𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 /ℎ𝑤𝑤 ) = 𝑁𝑁
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚1 =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤

Assuming 𝜆𝜆‾𝐹𝐹 > 0.5

2
ℎ
𝑚𝑚2 = 0.02 � 𝑤𝑤�
𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓
2
𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 = ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐 = 125 + 0 mm
2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ℎ𝑤𝑤
4.26×210×103 ×7.02
= = mm
2×235×332
Hence 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 = lowest value
2
𝑚𝑚1 𝑙𝑙
𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �� + � 𝑒𝑒 � + 𝑚𝑚2 �
2 𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓

Hence 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = mm

𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �(𝑚𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑚2 ) = mm

Hence 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = lowest
𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 172.6×7.4×275
𝜆𝜆‾𝐹𝐹 =� =� = 0.63 > 0.5 OK
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 876602
0.5
𝜒𝜒𝐹𝐹 = �𝐹𝐹 = < 1.0 OK
𝜆𝜆
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜒𝜒𝐹𝐹 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = mm
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = > 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 OK
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

8. DEFLECTION CHECK
5𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘 𝐿𝐿4
𝛿𝛿 = = mm Assuming the beam supports brittle finishes, the maximum
384𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
span 8000
permissible deflection is = = = > 𝛿𝛿 mm OK
360 360
DESIGN OF A LATERALLY RESTRAINED BEAM.

1. DESIGN MOMENT

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = (𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 )udl + (𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 )𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

Design action, = �𝛾𝛾𝐺𝐺 𝑔𝑔𝑘𝑘 + 𝛾𝛾𝑄𝑄 𝑞𝑞𝑘𝑘 � × span + 𝛾𝛾𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘

= KN
(𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 )udl 𝑙𝑙 (𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 )𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙
Therefore design bending moment, 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = + = kNm
8 4

2. SECTION SELECTION
Assume the section is class 1 plastic
Hence, the minimum required plastic moment of resistance about the major axis (y −
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0
y), 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 , is given by 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 ≥
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0
Putting 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 and assuming 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 235𝑁𝑁/mm2 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 ≥ = mm3 = cm3
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
From the steel table (Appendix B), try 356 × 171 × 45 kg/mUB�𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = 775 cm3 �

3. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION
4. SECTION CLASSIFICATION

235 235
𝜀𝜀 = � =� = 1.0
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 235

Flange check

B - 2r - tw
C=
2

𝑐𝑐/𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 =
9𝜀𝜀 =

So 𝑐𝑐/𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 < 9𝜀𝜀 and flange class is Class 1 plastic.

Web check

𝑑𝑑/𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 =
72𝜀𝜀 =

So 𝑑𝑑/𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 < 72𝜀𝜀 and web class is Class 1 plastic. Overall section class for bending is
Class 1 plastic as assumed.

5. RESISTANCE OF THE CROSS SECTION

Bending
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

Since beam section belongs to class 1, plastic moment of resistance,𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , is given by

𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 775×103 ×235

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = =
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 1.0

= 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 KNm > 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂

The steel section is safe against bending.

Resistance of the cross section to shear.

𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
≤ 1.0 �𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 �
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
The design shear force, 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = = KN
2
For class 1 section, design plastic shear resistance,𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , is given by

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 �𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /√3�

𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0
where, 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = shear area = 𝐴𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 + (𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 + 2𝑟𝑟)𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 ≥ 𝜂𝜂ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤

𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = mm, 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = mm, 𝑟𝑟 = mm, 𝑏𝑏 = mm and 𝐴𝐴 = cm2

⇒ 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = mm2

Checking that 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 ≥ 𝜂𝜂ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤

ℎ𝑤𝑤 = ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = mm

∴ 𝜂𝜂ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = mm2 < 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = mm2 OK

Therefore 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = KN
Since 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = KN > 𝑉𝑉Ed = KN OK

The steel section is safe against shear.

Shear force at mid-span= 18.75kN, where the moment is maximum. 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 18.75𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 <
0.5𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.5 × 363 = 181.5KN Ok
therefore the moment of resistance of the section is not affected.

6. SHEAR BUCKLING RESISTANCE

From clause6.2.6(6), the shear buckling resistance of unstiffened beam webs has to be
checked when

ℎ𝑤𝑤 ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
= =
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
72𝜀𝜀 72 × 1.0
=
𝜂𝜂 1.0
ℎ𝑤𝑤 72𝜀𝜀
Since < , thus no check on shear buckling is required. Therefore the section is
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝜂𝜂
safe against shear buckling.

7. FLANGE INDUCED BUCKLING.

According to clause 8(1), EC3 − 5, to prevent the compression of flange from buckling
in the plane of the web

ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝐸𝐸 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤
≤ 𝑘𝑘 �𝐴𝐴
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 = Area of the web

𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 = ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = �ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = mm2

𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = Area of compression flange

𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = mm2

E = 210000

ℎ𝑤𝑤 ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 351.4 − 2 × 9.7

= = = 47.43
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 7.0
𝑘𝑘 = 0.3 For class 1 members, [where the rotation is fully utilized ]
ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝐸𝐸 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤
Since < 𝑘𝑘 �𝐴𝐴
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

Therefore induced buckling will not occur and no check is required.

8. WEB BUCKLING
 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = > 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

At an unstiffened end support (i.e. load type (C) in Fig. 2.6)

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑐𝑐
𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 = 2 + 6 � �≤6
ℎ𝑤𝑤

Stiff bearing length, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 125 mm, 𝑐𝑐 = 0

ℎ𝑤𝑤 = ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = mm
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑐𝑐
∴ 𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 = 2 + 6 � � = < 6 Ok
ℎ𝑤𝑤

Therefore
3
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.9𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸(𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 /ℎ𝑤𝑤 ) = 𝑁𝑁
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚1 = =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤

Assuming 𝜆𝜆‾𝐹𝐹 > 0.5

2
ℎ𝑤𝑤
𝑚𝑚2 = 0.02 � � =
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
2
𝐾𝐾𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 = ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐 = mm
2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ℎ𝑤𝑤
4.26 × 210 × 103 × 7.02
= = mm
2 × 235 × 332
Hence 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 = L𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 mm
2
𝑚𝑚1 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒
𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �� + � � + 𝑚𝑚2 �
2 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
Hence 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = mm

𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 + 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �(𝑚𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑚2 ) = mm

Hence 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = lowest mm
𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜆𝜆‾𝐹𝐹 =� = > 0.5OK
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
 0.5
𝜒𝜒𝐹𝐹 = = < 1.0 OK
𝜆𝜆‾𝐹𝐹
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝜒𝜒𝐹𝐹 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = mm
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = × 10−3 = kN > 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 OK
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 1.0

⇒ The section is safe against web buckling.

9. DEFLECTION CHECK.

Deflection due to variable uniformly distributed loading, 𝑞𝑞𝑘𝑘 = 6kN/m = 6 N/mm and
variable point load.

𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘 = 25𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 25000𝑁𝑁 is

5𝑞𝑞𝑘𝑘 𝐿𝐿4 𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘 𝐿𝐿3
𝛿𝛿 = + = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
384𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 48𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Assuming the beam supports brittle finishes, the maximum permissible deflection is

span
= = mm > 8.4 mm OK
360

DESIGN OF LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

Depth of section, ℎ
Width of section, 𝑏𝑏
Thickness of flange, 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
Second moment of area about the minor axis, 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧
Radius of gyration about z − z axis, 𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧
Elastic modulus about the major axis, 𝑊𝑊el, 𝑦𝑦
Plastic modulus about the major axis, 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦
Warping constant, 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤
Torsional constant, 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇
Yield strength of S275 steel, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Shear modulus, 𝐺𝐺 = 81000 N mm-2

Method for uniform members in bending – General case (Cl. 6.3.2.2)

Elastic critical moment, Mcr

Length of beam between points which are laterally restrained, 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = mm

 1
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 𝐿𝐿2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐺𝐺𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 2
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 � + 2 �
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧
= Nmm

For class 1 sections 𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = × 103 mm3

𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜆𝜆‾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 =� =
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2
Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.5 �1 + 𝛼𝛼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �𝜆𝜆‾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 0.2� + ����
𝜆𝜆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �
1
𝜒𝜒𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = = < 1.0 OK
Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 2
��Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝜆𝜆‾2𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �
𝜒𝜒𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1
= Nmm
= KNm < 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = KNm

Since buckling resistance of the beam = kNm is less than the design moment (M Ed =
kNm), the beam section is unsuitable.
Solution is to restrain at mid span to reduce lcr by a half
𝛼𝛼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Table 2.11 Recommended values of imperfection factors for lateral torsional buckling
curves (Table 6.3, EC3 )

Buckling curve 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑

Imperfection factor, 𝛼𝛼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

Table 2.12 Recommended values for lateral torsional buckling curves for cross-section
using equation ( 2.3 ) [based on Table6.4, EC 3

Cross-section Limits Buckling curve

ℎ/𝑏𝑏 ≤ 2.0 𝐚𝐚
Rolled I sections
ℎ/𝑏𝑏 > 2.0 𝐛𝐛

ℎ/𝑏𝑏 ≤ 2.0 𝐜𝐜
Welded I sections
ℎ/𝑏𝑏 > 2.0 𝐝𝐝

Other cross sections − 𝐝𝐝

DESIGN OF COULOUMS

COMPRESSION MEMBERS
1. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION
2. SECTION CLASSIFICATION
From the table 1.2 for grade S275 steel

235
𝜀𝜀 = �
𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦

Flange check

𝑐𝑐/𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 =
9𝜀𝜀 =

(Where 𝑐𝑐 = (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 − 2𝑟𝑟)/2 = mm )

So 𝑐𝑐/𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 < 9𝜀𝜀 and flange class is Class 1 plastic.

Web check in compression

𝑑𝑑/𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
33𝜀𝜀
So 𝑑𝑑/𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 < 33𝜀𝜀 and web class is Class 1 plastic. Overall section class for compression is
Class 1 plastic.

3. RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTION TO COMPRESSION

Design resistance for uniform compression, 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , for class 1 section is given by

𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = 𝑁𝑁 = KN > 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 1400KN OK
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0

Where A = Effective area of the section

Section is safe against compression force.
4. BUCKLING RESISTANCE.
Effective length of column about both axes is given by

𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = 1.0𝐿𝐿 = mm

The column will buckle about the weak (z-z) axis. Slenderness value to determine
relative slenderness, 𝜆𝜆1 , is given by

𝐸𝐸
𝜆𝜆1 = 𝜋𝜋�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

Slenderness ratio about z − z axis (𝜆𝜆𝑧𝑧 ) is

𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1
𝜆𝜆‾𝑧𝑧 = � = � �� �
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆1

ℎ 209.6
= = 1.02 < 1.2 And 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 14.2 mm < 100 mm. Hence, from Table3.2, for buckling
𝑏𝑏 205.2
about z − z axis
buckling curve 𝑐𝑐 is appropriate and from Table 3.1, 𝛼𝛼 = 0.49

‾ − 0.2) + 𝜆𝜆𝑧𝑧
Φ = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝜆𝜆𝑧𝑧 ‾ 2�
1
𝜒𝜒 = = < 1.0 OK
Φ + ��Φ2 − 𝜆𝜆‾𝑧𝑧 2 �

Hence design buckling resistance, 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , is given by

𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = < 1400𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1
The section is therefore unsuitable to resist the design force.

ANALYSIS OF A COLOUM WITH TIE BEAM AT MIDSPAN.

1. RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTION TO COMPRESSION.

Design resistance of section for uniform compression, 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = KN , as above.

2. BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF MEMBERS.

Buckling about 𝐲𝐲 − 𝐲𝐲 axis

Effective length of column about y -y axis is given by

𝐿𝐿eff ,𝑦𝑦 = 1.0𝐿𝐿 = 1.0 × 6000 = 6000 mm

Slenderness value to determine relative slenderness, 𝜆𝜆1 , is given by

𝐸𝐸
𝜆𝜆1 = 𝜋𝜋�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

Slenderness ratio about y − y axis �𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦 � is

𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1
𝜆𝜆‾𝑦𝑦 = � = � �� �
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦 𝜆𝜆1

ℎ 209.6
= = 1.02 < 1.2 And 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 14.2 mm < 100 mm. Hence, from Table 3.2, for
𝑏𝑏 205.2
buckling about y − y axis
buckling curve 𝑏𝑏 is appropriate and from Table 3.1, 𝛼𝛼 = 0.34

Φ = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝜆𝜆‾ − 0.2) + 𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦

‾ 2�
1
𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 = = < 1.0 OK
2 ‾
Φ + ��Φ − 𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦 �2

Hence design buckling resistance about the y -y axis is given by

𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = > 1400KN = 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 OK
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1
Buckling about 𝐳𝐳 − 𝐳𝐳 axis

Effective length of column about z − z axis, 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 , is equal to 3000 mm

Slenderness ratio about z − z axis (𝜆𝜆𝑧𝑧 ) is

𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 1
𝜆𝜆‾𝑧𝑧 = � =� �� �
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆1

ℎ 209.6
From above = = 1.02 < 1.2 and 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 14.2 mm < 100 mm. Hence, from Table
𝑏𝑏 205.2
3.2, for buckling about z − z axis buckling curve 𝑐𝑐 is appropriate and from Table 3.1,
𝛼𝛼 = 0.49

Φ = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝜆𝜆‾z − 0.2) + 𝜆𝜆‾𝑧𝑧 2 �

1
𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 = = < 1.0 OK
‾ 2�
Φ + ��Φ2 − 𝜆𝜆𝑧𝑧

Hence design buckling resistance about the z -z axis is given by

𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = =× 10−3 = KN > 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 OK
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

Hence, compression resistance of column is > kN OK

DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL FORCE AND BENDING

1. DESIGN SUMMARY.

Axial permanent action = 600kN

Axial variable action = 0kN
Permanent bending action = 0kN
Variable bending action = 300kNm
Grade S275 steel Effective length factors for both axial and lateral torsional buckling
are unity

2. ACTIONS

Factored axial load is

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = A P A × 1.35 = kN

Factored bending moments at top, middle and bottom of column are

𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡 = V B A × 1.5 = kNm
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 = kNm
2
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑏𝑏 = 0kNm

3. STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION

4. SECTION CLASSIFICATION.
From the table 1.2 for grade S 275 steel

235
𝜀𝜀 = �
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

Flange check

𝑐𝑐/𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
9𝜀𝜀

(Where 𝑐𝑐 = (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 − 2𝑟𝑟)/2 = ( mm)

So 𝑐𝑐/𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 < 9𝜀𝜀 and flange class is Class 1 plastic. Web check in compression

𝑑𝑑/𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
33𝜀𝜀

So 𝑑𝑑/𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 < 33𝜀𝜀 and web class is Class 1 plastic. Overall section class for compression is
Class 1 plastic.

5. RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTIONS: BENDING AND AXIAL FORCE.

Since cross-section is class 1 check

𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ≤ 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
0.25𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.25 × = × 10−3 = > 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = KN OK
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0
0.5ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
= × 10−3 = KN < 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = KN
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0

Hence, allowance needs to be made for the effect of axial load on the plastic moment
of resistance moment about the y − y axis.
 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑛𝑛 = =
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 �𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 �
�𝐴𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 �
𝑎𝑎 = = < 0.5OK
𝐴𝐴
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = × 10−6 = KNm
𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0

Since 𝑛𝑛 < 𝑎𝑎

1−𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � � = KNm < 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = KNm > 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 450KNm OK
1−0.5𝑎𝑎

6. RESISTANCE OF MEMBER: COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION

For buckling about 𝐲𝐲 − 𝐲𝐲

Effective length of column abouty − y, 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 , is given by

𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 = 1.0𝐿𝐿 = mm
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 = 2 = 𝑁𝑁
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜆𝜆‾𝑦𝑦 = �
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦

ℎ 320.5
= = 1.04 < 1.2 and 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 21.7 mm < 100 mm. Hence, from Table 3.2, for
𝑏𝑏 308.7
buckling about y − y axis
buckling curve 𝑏𝑏 is appropriate and from Table 3.1, 𝛼𝛼 = 0.34

Φ𝑦𝑦 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼�𝜆𝜆‾𝑦𝑦 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆‾2𝑦𝑦 �

1
𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 = = < 1.0 OK
Φ𝑦𝑦 + ��Φ𝑦𝑦 − 𝜆𝜆‾𝑦𝑦 �
2 2

For buckling about the minor axis, z − z

Effective length of column about z − z, 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 , is given by

 𝐿𝐿𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼,𝑧𝑧 = 1.0𝐿𝐿 = mm
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = 2 = 𝑁𝑁
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜆𝜆‾𝑧𝑧 = �
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧

ℎ 320.5
= = 1.04 < 1.2 and 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 21.7 mm < 100 mm. Hence, from Table 3.2, for
𝑏𝑏 308.7
buckling about z − z axis
buckling curve 𝑐𝑐 is appropriate and from Table 3.1, 𝛼𝛼 = 0.49

Φ𝑧𝑧 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼�𝜆𝜆‾𝑧𝑧 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆‾2𝑧𝑧 �

1
𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 = = < 1.0
Φ𝑧𝑧 + ��Φ𝑧𝑧2 − 𝜆𝜆‾2𝑧𝑧 �

𝑴𝑴𝒚𝒚,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = Nmm = KNm

where 𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 (= 2300 cm3 ) for class 1 cross-sections

1
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 𝐿𝐿2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐺𝐺𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 2
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 � + 2 �
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧

𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜆𝜆‾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 =�
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

ℎ 320.5
From above, = = 1.04 < 2.0 and 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 21.7 mm < 100 mm. Hence, from Table
𝑏𝑏 308.7
2.12, for buckling buckling curve 𝑎𝑎 is appropriate and from Table 2.11, 𝛼𝛼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.21

Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �𝜆𝜆‾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆‾𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 2 �

1
𝜒𝜒𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = =< 1.0 OK
2 ‾2
Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + ��Φ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝜆𝜆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �

𝑴𝑴𝒁𝒁,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = Nmm = KNm

Equivalent uniform moment factor, 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (Table 3.4)

 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.6 + 0.4Ψ ≥ 0.4
Ψ = 0 ( for bending about y − y)
⇒ 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.6

Considering bending about y − y and out of plane supports Ψ = 0 (for bending about y-
y)

⇒ 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.6

𝒌𝒌y , 𝒌𝒌zyy
For class 1 cross-sections

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �1 + �𝜆𝜆‾𝑦𝑦 − 0.2� � ≤ 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �1 + 0.8 �
𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
≤ 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �1 + 0.8 �
𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1
Hence 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
0.1𝜆𝜆‾𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 0.1 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑘𝑘zy =1− × ≥1− ×
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 0.25 𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 0.25 𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

0.1 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
≥1− ×
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 0.25 𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1
Hence 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 0.97

Interaction equations

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

� � + 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 � � + 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 � � ≤ 1.0
𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 𝜒𝜒𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

= 0.18 + 0.48 = 0.66 < 1.0 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
� � + 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 � � + 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 � � ≤ 1.0
𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 𝜒𝜒𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

= 0.21 + 0.76 = 0.97 < 1.0 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂

Hence the selected section is suitable.

ANALYSIS OF A COLUMN BASEPLATE (EC 3)

Since the plate is between 16 − 40 mm thick and is made of S275 steel, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 =
265Nmm−2 (Table 1.1) Additional bearing width, 𝑥𝑥, is
1
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡 � � = mm
3𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0

1 1
Check that 𝑥𝑥 < �𝑙𝑙𝑝𝑝 − ℎ� = (500 − 314.5) = 92.75 mm OK
2 2
The figure assumed is ok. Where

𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗 = 𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2/3 × 1.0 × 30/1.5 = 13.3Nmm−2

𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = (ℎ + 2𝑥𝑥)(𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑥𝑥) − �ℎ − 2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 − 2𝑥𝑥�(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 )

AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY

Axial load capacity of baseplate = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗

= > 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

BENDING IN BASEPLATE

Bending moment per unit length in baseplate, 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 , Is

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = �𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 � = KNmm/mm
2 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑡𝑡 2 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Moment of resistance, 𝑀𝑀𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 is 𝑀𝑀𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = Nmm/mm = KNmm/mm > 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 OK
6𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0