Experiment no:1

1.1 Objective:
To investigate load deflection characteristics for tension spring and to show that the
deflection is proportional to 1/d4.
1.2 Apparatus:
 Tension spring
 Vernier caliper
 Hanger
 Weight

Fig (4.1)

1.3 Introduction:
In this experimental we have given the set up of the compression and tension spring
and we have to illustrate the compression and tension in the spring and the deflection
occur in the spring due the applied load. vernal caliper is used to measure the
diameter of the springs. The scale on the adjacent side of spring will tell us about the
deflection of the spring.
1.4 Theory:
There are many types of the spring depends on the application. We use different
spring for performing different operations. The most common type of springs are
compression and tension spring. The tension spring is also known as extension spring
Tension spring:
This is the type of spring which is used so that the out-side force can create tension in
spring then use this energy to pull the component to gather. There is hook is attached
at the end of the extension spring for the attachment purpose. We can see this type of
spring in the garage doors.

Fig (4.2)
They are very tightly wounded. If the excessive load is applied on the spring it ill
damage and unable to return to its initial position. It is made on the wide variety of
the size. It has also the wide range of uses in many industries for many important
applications like in automobile, agriculture and in many medical devices.
The spring as shown in the figure is helical. The line which is forming the spring is
also helix on the surface of the cylinder.

Fig (4.4)

Let the angle of helix is “α’’

The load W is acting axially along the central axis of the cylinder.
As;
Radius of the cylinder = R
The bending moment produced = Mx = W R cosα = T
My =W R sinα
This will cause the bending moment about the y- axis
Open coil spring:
The deflection occurs due to the applied force on the spring cam be determined by
Ᵹ = R (cosα T I/jG +sinα MI/EI)
= WR2I (cos2α/jG +sin2α/EI)
Where,
J =πd4/32 n = no of effective coils
I =πd4/64 d = diameter
Ᵹ =64WR3n Secα/d4 (Cos2α/G +2Sin2α)/E
Closed coil:
Helix angle is negligible so Sinα ----> 0 and Cosα -----> 1
Then,
Ᵹ = 64WR3n/Gd4
1.5 procedure:
1. For tension spring put the spring hook on the cross head on the screw adjuster
and cross head
2. Put the hanger on another end of hook. Make sure the Vernier is zero by
adjusting the spring moving up and down with the help of adjuster.
3. For compression spring, first un screw the hook from the cross head.
4. Move the cross head up and remove the existing spring. Then insert the spring
which to be test, insert hook from below and connect the weight hanger.
5. Slide the main scale until it reached the zero Vernier reading.
6. Put the weight of increasing 5 kN weight up 25 kN on the hanger and note the
deflection.
7. Similarly note the deflection for unlading, then subtract the loading and the un
loading change in length we get the deflection in spring.
1.6 Observation and calculation:
For tension spring:
No of turns = n = 13
Modulus of rigidity of steel = G =78 G pa
Thickness of wire = d =2.5mm
Mean radius = R= Do +Di/4 = 11.4mm

Load Extension “Ᵹ’’ (mm) Ᵹth =64WR3n/Gd4

W Loading Un-loading mean
5 0 0 0 0
10 1 1.5 1.25 4
15 4 4 4 6
20 6 6.5 6.25 8
25 8.5 9 8.75 10
30 11 11 11 12

1.7 Graph:

tension spring
12 11

10
8.75

8
Deflection"Ᵹ''

6.25
6
4
4

2 1.25

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
load "W''

Graph (4.1)
 graph between " Ᵹ and 1/d4
12 11

10

8
delection" Ᵹ"

6.25
6
4
4

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
1/d4

Graph (4.2)
1.8 comments:
The small difference in the theoretical and the experimental value may be cause due
to following reasons,
 Instrumental fault
 Fraction
 Personal error
 Calculation error etc.
1.9 references:
1. Mechanical engineering design by Shigly 9th edition
2. https://www.quora.com/topic/deflection in spring.
3. www.engineeringmaterial.com