Data Management

Structured Query Language – part 2

 SQL JOIN OPERATORS

• CROSS JOIN
• Perform relational product (Cartesian product) of two tables
• Same with old-style Join Tables, without WHERE clause
• Syntax : SELECT columnlist FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table 2
 SQL JOIN OPERATORS
• INNER JOIN
• Returns only rows that meet the join condition (not limited to two tables)
• Can be written in many types of syntax
• NATURAL JOIN
• Returns only rows with matching values in the matching columns (must have same name and
data type)
• SELECT columnlist FROM table1 NATURAL JOIN table2
• JOIN USING clause
• Returns only rows with matching values in the columns indicated in the USING clause
• SELECT columnlist FROM table1 JOIN table2 USING (common-column)
• JOIN ON clause
• Returns only the rows that meet the join condition indicated in the ON clause
• SELECT columnlist FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON join-condition
• ON clause same with WHERE clause in old-style join (comparing PK and FK)
 SQL JOIN OPERATORS

• OUTER JOIN
• Returns not only the rows matching the join condition (rows with matching values in
the common column), it also returns the rows with unmatched values
• LEFT JOIN
• Returns rows with matching values and includes all rows from the left table (T1) with
unmatched values
• SELECT columnlist FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON join-condition
• RIGHT JOIN
• Returns rows with matching values and includes all rows from the right table (T2) with
unmatched values
• SELECT columnlist FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON join-condition
 SQL examples

• SELECT VENDOR.V_CODE, V_NAME, P_DESCRIPT FROM VENDOR CROSS

JOIN PRODUCT
• SELECT VENDOR.V_CODE, V_NAME, P_DESCRIPT FROM VENDOR
NATURAL JOIN PRODUCT
• SELECT VENDOR.V_CODE, V_NAME, P_DESCRIPT FROM VENDOR JOIN
PRODUCT USING (V_CODE)
• SELECT VENDOR.V_CODE, V_NAME, P_DESCRIPT FROM VENDOR JOIN
PRODUCT ON VENDOR.V_CODE = PRODUCT.V_CODE
• SELECT VENDOR.V_CODE, V_NAME, P_DESCRIPT FROM VENDOR LEFT
JOIN PRODUCT ON VENDOR.V_CODE = PRODUCT.V_CODE
• SELECT VENDOR.V_CODE, V_NAME, P_DESCRIPT FROM VENDOR RIGHT
JOIN PRODUCT ON VENDOR.V_CODE = PRODUCT.V_CODE
 RELATIONAL SET OPERATORS

• UNION
• Combines rows from two or more (SELECT) queries without including duplicate rows.
• The SELECT statement must be union-compatible (return the same number of
attributes and similar data types)
• Syntax :
SELECT column list FROM T1 [WHERE clause]
UNION
SELECT column list FROM T2 [WHERE clause]
 RELATIONAL SET OPERATORS

• UNION ALL
• Combines rows from two or more (SELECT) queries, including duplicate rows.
• The SELECT statement must be union-compatible (return the same number of
attributes and similar data types)
• Syntax :
SELECT column list FROM T1 [WHERE clause]
UNION ALL
SELECT column list FROM T2 [WHERE clause]
 RELATIONAL SET OPERATORS
• INTERSECT
• Combines rows from two or more (SELECT) queries, returning only rows that appear in
both sets.
• The SELECT statement must be union-compatible (return the same number of
attributes and similar data types)
• Syntax :
SELECT column list FROM T1 [WHERE clause]
INTERSECT
SELECT column list FROM T2 [WHERE clause]
• Syntax alternatives: using IN and subquery in WHERE clause
 RELATIONAL SET OPERATORS

• MINUS
• Combines rows from two or more (SELECT) queries, returning only rows that appear in
the first set but not in the second.
• The SELECT statement must be union-compatible (return the same number of
attributes and similar data types)
• Syntax :
SELECT column list FROM T1 [WHERE clause]
MINUS
SELECT column list FROM T2 [WHERE clause]
• Syntax alternatives: using NOT IN and subquery in WHERE clause
 SQL Example

• SELECT V_CODE FROM VENDOR UNION

SELECT V_CODE FROM PRODUCT
• SELECT V_CODE FROM VENDOR UNION ALL
SELECT V_CODE FROM PRODUCT
• SELECT V_CODE FROM VENDOR WHERE V_CODE IN (SELECT DISTINCT
V_CODE FROM PRODUCT)
• SELECT V_CODE FROM VENDOR WHERE V_CODE NOT IN (SELECT
DISTINCT V_CODE FROM PRODUCT WHERE V_CODE IS NOT NULL)
 CUSTOMER
EXERCISE
CUST_NUM CUST_LNAME CUST_FNAME CUST_BALANCE
1000 Smith Jeanne 1050.11
1001 Ortega Juan 840.92

CUSTOMER_2
CUST_NUM CUST_LNAME CUST_FNAME
2000 McPherson Anne
2001 Ortega Juan
2002 Kowalski Jan
2003 Chen George
INVOICE
INV_NUM CUST_NUM INV_DATE INV_AMOUNT
8000 1000 23-mar-12 235.89
8001 1001 23-mar-12 312.82
8002 1001 30-mar-12 528.10
8003 1000 12-apr-12 194.78
8004 1000 23-apr-12 619.44
 EXERCISE

1. Write the query that will generate a combined list of customers (LNAME
and FNAME) from the tables CUSTOMER and CUSTOMER_2 that do not
include the duplicate customer records.
2. Write the query that will generate customers (LNAME and FNAME) only
the records that are unique to the CUSTOMER_2 table
3. Write the query to show how the invoice number, customer number,
customer name, invoice date, and invoice amount for all customers in the
CUSTOMER table with a balance of $1,000 or more.