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Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals
Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals
8 Improper Integrals
3
Integration by Parts
In this section you will study an important integration technique
called integration by parts. This technique can be applied to a wide
variety of functions and is particularly useful for integrands involving
products of algebraic and transcendental functions.
Every differentiation rule has a corresponding integration rule. For
instance, the Substitution Rule for integration corresponds to the
Chain Rule for differentiation. The rule that corresponds to the Product
Rule for differentiation is called the rule for integration by parts.
The Product Rule states that if f and g are differentiable functions,
then [f(x)g(x)] = f(x)g(x) + g(x)f(x) 4
Integration by Parts
In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes
6
Integration by Parts
7
Example 1 – Integrating by Parts
Find x cos x dx.
= xsin x + cos x + C
Example 1 – Solution cont’d
x cos x dx = x cos x dx 9
Example 1 – Solution cont’d
u v v du
= x (sin x) – (sin x) dx
= xsin x – sin x dx
= xsin x + cos x + C
10
Example 2 – Integration by Parts
Find
Solution:
To apply integration by parts, you need to write the integral in the
form
There are several ways to do this.
2
Because the derivative of u = is simpler than u, and dv = sin 4x
x
dx is the most complicated portion of the integrand, then
let
u=x 2 dv = sin 4x dx.
1
Then du = 2xdx v = cos4x
4
and so
1 1
2
x cos 4 x cos 4 x 2xdx
4 4 13
Example 3 – Solution
1 1
2
x cos 4 x cos 4 x 2xdx
4 4
1 2 1
4 2
x cos 4 x x cos 4 xdx
By parts again
15
Tabular Method
In problems involving repeated applications of integration by parts,
a tabular method, illustrated in Example 3, can help to organize
the work. This method works well for integrals of the form
16
Example 4 - Using the Tabular Method
Find
Solution:
2
Begin as usual by letting u = x and dv = v' dx = sin 4x dx. Next,
create a table consisting of three columns, as shown.
17
Example 7 – Solution cont'd
18
Integration by Parts
5
1 1 π
1 ln3
3. arc tan ( 1 / x ) dx 5 tan
2 4
5
1
x
e 2 cos 3x dx 3 2x 2 2x
4. e sin 3 x e cos 3 x C
13 13
1 2 1
x cosh x sinh x C
2 2
3 2
x sinh x dx
5. 2 2
20
1/2
sin 1 x dx 1
6 . Ans. ( π 12 6 3 )
12
0
2
2
(ln x ) dx 2
2(ln2 ) 4 ln2 2
7.
1
xe x
x
8. ( x 1 )2 dx xe
x 1
x
e C
21