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Education:
Global
vegetation:
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource
Ch1. Introduction….
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resource
Ch1. Introduction….
Water resources:
sources of water that are useful or potentially
useful to humans
needed for life to be exist (flora and fauna)
Use of water:
i. Agricultural
ii. Industrial
iii. Household/domestic
iv. Recreational (swimming, boating, rafting etc.)
v. Environmental
Ch1. Introduction….
Source: encyclopedia
Ch1. Introduction….
Economic aspect of water resource
In early civilizations, water played a relatively
simple role
It was needed for transportation and drinking
and it provided a fishing and hunting source
Hydraulics
A topic in engineering dealing with the mechanical
properties of liquids or fluids.
Concept of hydraulic engineering
Hydraulic engineering is
sub-discipline of civil engineering
concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids
principally water and sewage
use of gravity as the motive force to cause the movement of the
fluids
related to the design of
Bridges
Dams
Channels
Canals
levees (flood water controlling structure)
Concept of hydraulic engineering..
problems dealing with the
i. Collection
ii. Storage
iii. control,
iv. transport, of water=concept of hydraulic Engineering
v. regulation,
vi. Measurement
vii. and use
1. Dams
2. Weirs
3. Barrage
4. Canal head structures
5. Spillways
6. Cross drainage structures
7. Falls
8. River training structures
9. Guide banks etc.
Kaligandaki dam
Sarda Barrage
weir
Hydraulic structure broad classifications
1) Storage structure: to store water e.g. dam, barriers
2) Conveyances structure: to transport water e.g. canal, pipe
3) Navigation and water way: to support water transportation e.g. large
canal for transportation
4) Measurement or control structure: to measure discharge in particular
conduit e.g. weir, gate
5) Energy conversion structure: to transfer hydraulic energy to mechanical
or electrical energy e.g. turbine etc.
6) Sediment or fish control structure: to direct fish, to regulate sediment,
e.g. fish ladder, silt extractor, silt excluder
7) Energy dissipation structure: to control hydraulic energy e.g. spillway,
falls
8) Collection structures: to collect water e.g. inlet in drainage is for
collection of run off water
9) Protection structures: e.g. guide bank, marginal bund, groynes/spur
Dams:
Obstruction of barrier built across the river/stream
At back of it water pool , site called upstream
Other side is called downstream
Lake of upstream called reservoir/dam reservoir/river
reservoir/storage reservoir
Need of dam?
i. Irrigation
ii. Water supply
iii. Recreational
iv. Electricity/mill grinding
v. Navigation
vi. Flood control
vii. War strategy, etc.
Types of Dam:
Older types of dam are
1. Earth dams
2. Rock fill dams
3. Solid masonry dams
Recent types of dams
1. Hollow masonry gravity dam
2. Timber dam (agricultural area)
3. Steel dam (coffer dam)
4. Arch dam (concrete)
5. Buttress dam(concrete)
i. Storage
ii. Conveyance
iii. Control/ flood
iv. Regulate/flow/ rise water level
v. Divert/direct in specified direction
vi. Safety for erosion
vii. Energy dissipate
viii. To convert energy from one to other form
ix. River bank protection
x. Environmental aspects/fish pass etc.
xi. Measure flow of water
End of class #1
The choice of type of dam
1) Vertical joints:
Run through entire height of the dam and extend
through the full width of the dam
Divide the dam length into number of vertical
cantilevers
Normally length of each block 15-30 meter
Joints in gravity dam
2.) Horizontal joints
Developed at each lift
Will extend thorough the entire width of the dam
Run through the entire length of the dam, but shall
be staggered between traverse joints
Construction and contraction joint
1.) Construction joint:
Joint left due to difficulty in laying concrete
Each lift joint i.e. horizontal joint
U/S slope slide due to drawdown D/S slope failure from M.W.L.
D/S slope failure by sliding
Damage of burrowing animal may damage dam
Failure due to spillway
Design criteria of Earth Dam
Design criteria of Earth Dam
1. Fill of sufficiently low permeability should be done from
available materials , so that borrow pit must be close to
the dam site for economy
2. Sufficient spillway and outlets should be provided, to
prevent over toppings
3. Sufficient freeboard must be provided, so that wave
action , wind action and earthquake action can be
reduced
4. Seepage line (phreatic line) should lie within the dam
body
5. there must be no free flow of water from U/S to D/S
site
Design criteria of Earth Dam
6. U/S face must be provided to resist wave action while D/S site
must be safe in heavy rain fall. Rip rap on U/S side and up to
water level in D/S side and berm in D/S site
7. Portion of the dam below central core must be provided with
filter drain
8. U/S and D/S slopes should be designed for the critical load
condition , for U/S sudden drawdown is critical while for D/S
the steady seepage under full reservoir
9. Base width must be designed to take total load safely to
foundation
10. Dam height should be increased considering the effect of the
consolidation of long time ( many years later dam may
consolidate and height may reduce by certain amount),
generally 2-3% dam height is increased initially
11. Stability of embankments and foundation must be safe during
construction and after the construction too
Suitable preliminary section of the earth dam
On the basic of existing preliminary dam of similar characteristic
1. Free board (FB): Vertical distance between MWL and crest
Minimum height of FB= 1.5 hw
USBR recommendation