5/7/2013

What is your mind set up ? 

Developing a research mind:  Worker ? Independent thinker  

 If your mind wait 
A different way of thinking ! always others 
?
opinion.  If your brain processes everything 
 If you wait for your  you read, you observe and listen.
supervisor decision?   If you can rise question yourself.
Guest lecture 
Western Region Campus  If you do not have   If you make a plan yourself follow 
Tribbuvan University  your own argument.  and modify it. 
7 May 2013
 If you borrow others   If you propose further steps 
logic.  yourself. 
 If you can criticize the idea 

Ramesh Pokharel
M.Eng
(The University of Tokyo 2012)   3

How much creative your mind ?
Think differently : raise the question 
yourself   Does your mind think about a solution 
 Who am I? of a problem around you ? 

?
 What will be my standing   Do you want to participate in a debate 
ground after 10‐15 years? 
 What is my motivation to  of any subject matter ?
study?   Does your mind think proactively ? 
 Why should I approach that 
personality?   Do you have a curiosity about 
 What is my current study  something ? 
process? Is it ok for my future? 
 Do you have imaginative thinking 
process ?
Find your answer too …. 4
2

1
 5/7/2013

How much proactive you are ?  What is research ? 
Reactive Proactive

There’s nothing I can do Let’s look at our alternatives.
Raise the right question 
That’s just the way I am I can choose a different approach
Who…? What…? When….? Where… ? 
He makes me so mad I control my own feelings

They won’t allow that I can create an effective presentation Why …..?   How ….? 

I have to do that I get to do that

I can’t I choose
Search for the answer …..
I must I prefer

If only… I will
5 7

Does your mind think scientifically ? How much you can raise the question in your mind ?

The questioning mind in science 

Most people think that genius is the primary

determinant of intellectual achievement. Yet three of the
most distinguished thinkers had in common not
inexplicable genius, but a questioning mind. …. Through
skilled deep and persistent questioning they redesigned
our view of physical world and the universe.
6 8

2
 5/7/2013

How to raise the right question ?  The Practical problem

If you want to solve the real  Congestion in Kathmandu 
practical problem 
If you want to address the 
issue  No connection in remote 
district/area 

9 11

A practical problem is caused by some condition 
that makes the difficulties, cost and problem  Raise the research question for :
in regular life of people.
Problem related: What kind of problem you 
want to solve ?

Feasible : time and resources

Clear: free from ambiguity 

Originality: Is it new ?

10 12

3
 5/7/2013

Literature review: What has been done in your 
field of problem ?
Critical paper reading style 

Methodology/ result 
Introduction background 
/Literature review 
Conclusion/Discussion 

Abstract 

13 15

Critical analysis of others research

14 16

4
 5/7/2013

Narrow down your topic What was my research ?

Raise the specific research question 
Evaluation of road network from 
reliability perspective: An accessibility 
Make new argument 
importance and network closure 
Fill the gap of existing body of 
knowledge  vulnerability approach”
Solve the problem which is unsolved 
until now

17 19

Background 
Due to Great East Japan Earthquake on  2011‐03‐11
Wrong practice  15 expressway routes and 
69 section of National highway
If you do not have specific research question  Were closed in Tohoku region  
Gather data aimlessly and endlessly • Multiple links damage in single 
Struggle to decide what to include  disaster event
Accumulate notes • Many section of roads become 
impassable 
Summarizes  • City/Town/village become isolated
Description of differences and similarities  • Detour route 
Conflicted storyline  •
•
Higher transportation cost 
Problem on post disaster support 
• Problem on rescue and evacuation 
• Congestion in survived route. 
This is not a research  • Loss on economy.
Road network becomes “Unreliable” 
only a data dump  18 20
Source:http://www.road.or.jp/english/news/pdf/111003.pdf

5
 5/7/2013

Background  Research question 
Dry weathered road  All weathered road 

1. What has been done in the field of road network 
reliability research ?

2. What are the existing road network evaluation 
methodologies ? Are they solving the problem ? 
Source: DoLIDAR 2009

Status of Road in Nepal  3. How to identify the critical links of the road 
network and how to prioritize them for the 
improvement project ? 
Many village , town and district headquarters are 
Isolated in rainy season

21 23

Motivation 
Research objective
• To make the decision tools for upgrading of road 
network.
• To find out the priority list of  links to be upgraded. 

Goal 
Develop the practitioner‐ friendly  road network 
performance evaluation methodology. 

22

24

6
 5/7/2013

What has been done ? 
Literature taxonomy:

Conceptual 
Descriptive study 
studies 

Proposed road network evaluation methodology
Mathematical  Road   Accessibility importance 
Network  Application 
theoretical 
study  Network closure vulnerability approach  
studies  Reliability 
Study 
The ways to 
Evaluation  improve 
methodology  reliability 

(Pokharel and Ieda 2012,JSCE conference presented) 25 27

Existing criteria for the prioritization  Proposed evaluation methodology: Model/Index/Parameter 
1. The Model  j3
Accessibility Index  j2 Lij
Hansen(1959)
j1
Ai  P
j 1
j / L ij
Lij
i1

Modification and Normalization  

P i *  P j / L ij
j 1 Where ,
Ai  i= Origin node( city/town/village )
P J= Destination node( service center) 
Ai  = Accessibility index of a city/town i
Pj= Population of city j (service center)
Pi= Population of origin node I
P= ∑Pi+∑Pj
Source:DoLIDAR 2010 (Interim Guideline for District Transport Master Plan(DTMP) Lij= shortest path between i and j by 
Dijkstra's algorithm 28
26

7
 5/7/2013

Proposed evaluation methodology: Model/Index/Parameter  Calculation procedure/Connectivity 
j3 Lija
Links for Network connection 
Impassable 
2. Evaluation of Vulnerability by  j2 links 
Passable 
Lij links 
redundancy  k

j1
Lij
i1
L ija
Detour ratio  D R ij  Temporary 
L ij Passable links 

P i *  P j / ( L ij a *  i j )
j 1 If DRij <2 =1
Ai  Isolated  Pi* j 1Pj / ( Lija *  ij )
P Otherwise  = ∞ node  Aik(isolated ) 
P

Network Performance Index  = ∑
Stop at 
Important Link  Max isolated node 
29
finished  31

Proposed evaluation methodology: Model/Index/Parameter  Proposed evaluation methodology 
3. Identification of critical population and distance :  Links to increase Network performance 
through sensitivity analysis  Remaining 
Passable 
Impassable 
links 
P i *  P j / ( L ij a *  i j )
links 
k
j 1
Ai 
P Temporary 
Passable 
4 Service 
links 
Service  P=10000 centre
centre 4 L1
L4
1
Pi* j 1Pj / ( Lija *  ij )
L
1,2,3,4‐ origin node 
L2 1,2,3,4‐ origin node  All origin 
(village/city/town)
P‐ Population 
L =  L3 (village/city/town) node  Aik( All ) 
1 3
Critical  2
L1,L2,L3,L4‐ distance  P
P=500 P=5000
2
< =Critical  distance 
P=1000 3
Population Network Performance  ∑
100%
Index 
4. Relevant calculation procedure
 For Connectivity  Important Link  Max
Stop at 
closed link   32
30
 For increasing network performance finished 

8
 5/7/2013

Application/Nepal Local level  Critical Distance and Critical Population 
445000 460000 475000 490000
Network performance at different critical 
Accessibility Map Network performance at different critical distance 
Area: 1164 Km2 with Existing Rural Road Nepal's Case  population Nepal's Case 
3125000

3125000
NPI
District: Syangja 4500
2500 % Change >5

Network performance Index 
Network performance index 
NPI 4000
KASKI
2000
% Change <3.5
% Change >7.2 3500
BAGLUNG Wangsing_Deurali Bagefatake
Bicharichautara
Arukharka
1500 3000
2500
PARBAT Chilaunebas
Setidobhan Bhatkhola
Fedikhola
1000 % Change <2.7
2000
500
Aruchaur Panchamul
Faparthum
Pauwegaude
Taksar Legend Critical distance = 10KM 1500 Critical population = 3500
3110000

3110000
Satau_Darau
District Headquarters 0 1000

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60
Rapakot Thuladihi

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
Settlement
Putalibazar_Municipality
Arjun_Chaupari
Bahakot
River
Critical Distance KM 
Kaulmabarahachaur
Critical Population 
VDC Boundary
Rangvang
Dhapuk_Simal_Bhanjyan  Khilungdeurali
Oraste District boundary
Pelkachaur
GULMI Kalikakot
Darsing_Dahathum
BirghaArchale Existing Rural Road
Network perfornace at different critical distance and  Network performance at different critical 
SYANGJA Sworek
Benethok_Deurali
Kichnas Chisapani(Magyam)
Strategic Road
population Nepal's Case  population and distance (Nepal's case) D‐5
Chhangchhangdi Majhakot_Sivalaya
Accessibility-Min (Pop%)
Sirsekot P‐0 D‐10
Pidikhola
Thumpokhara
Manakamana
20 (29.63) 3000 4500
Yaladi P‐500 D‐15
4000

Network Performance Index 
3095000

3095000
Waling_Municipality 120 (47.48)
Chitre_Bhanjyang
2500 P‐1000 D‐20
Nibuwakharka
3500

Accessibility Index 
Pelakot Jagat_Bhanjyang 240 (17.19)
Biruwa_Archale Chinnebas
Tindobate
Alamadevi P‐1500 D‐25
Shreekrishna_Gandaki Malyangkot 2000 3000
Chandi_Bhanjyang
Keware_Bhanjyang P‐2000 D‐30
Jagatradevi
Tulsi_Bhanjyang Kyakmi
2500
Pakwadi TANAHU
1500 P‐2500 D‐35
2000
Sekham D‐40
Malunga
Kuwakot
Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator P‐3000 1500
Spheriod: Everest 1830
1000 D‐45
Ratnapur Sakhar
Central Meridian:84 P‐3500 1000 Critical population = 3500
Scale Factor: 0.9999
D‐50
Chapakot False Easting:500000
500 P‐4000 500
False Northing:0 Critical distance = 10KM D‐55
Latitude of Origin:0
PALPA P‐4500 0 D‐60
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000
P‐5000 D‐65

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
3080000
NAWALPARASI
Critical distance KM  Critical Population 
Source: DoLIDAR/DoR/Survey Dept.
445000 460000 475000 490000
October, 2009

33 35

Application/Nepal Local level 
445000 460000 475000 490000
District: Syangja Closed Road  Network Performance Index (NPI)  Due to recovery of each  section 
Area: 1164 Km2 network  during 
3125000

3125000

Total road length: 757 Km rainy season 
All weather: 130 Km  KASKI
70.00
Dry Weather: 627Km(82%)
BAGLUNG 63.96 63.20
Kubhinde 60.00
Jugley
Chilaunebas Fedikhola
PARBAT Setidovan Khadketari 50.00
Aruchaur Faparthum Naudanda
Panchamul Legend
Taksar 40.00
3110000

3110000

PBM8 Syangja
Rapakot Darau PBM9
Service centre
Thuladihi
Rankhola
Bahakot Village 30.00
Bagalthok 3.Kolma Dry weathered road
Rangvang All weathered road 20.00
Oraste

Kalikakot ayarghari
GULMI 12.Biruwa 10.00
Darsing_Dahathum Kichnas
Sworek Benethok_Deurali
SYANGJA Chisapani(Magyam)
Sirsekot Triyashi Manakamana
Pidikhola Majhakot_Sivalaya
Thumpokhara Chhangchhangdi 0.00

22.Jagat Bhayangjang ‐Malayangkot

75.PBM8 ‐PBM9
25.Malayangkot‐Ratnapur

88.Jugley ‐Chilaunebash
2.Bahakot ‐Kolma
3.Bahakot ‐Oreste
4.Oreste‐Kitchanas

9.Rangbhang‐Biruwa

16.Majhkot‐Manakamana

27.Jagat Bhayangjang ‐Kewore
7.Chitrebhayang ‐Chinnebas
10.Biruwa‐Chinnebas

49.Banethok ‐Biruwa
15.Banethok ‐Majhkot
17.Manakamana‐Chinnebas

23.Malayangkot‐Chinnebas
19.Triyasi ‐Majhkot

29.Chhapa ‐Kuwakot
30.Chhapa ‐Chapakot

35.Tin Doabte2 ‐Pakawadi 1

38.Tulshi Bhayanjang ‐Pakawadi 2
39.Pakawadi 2‐Kuwakot
40.Kuwakot‐Chapakot

63.Triyasi ‐Sworek

77.Rangkhola‐PBM10
31.Chhapa ‐Ratnapur
32.Shekham ‐Ratnapur

41.Chapakot‐Ratnapur

80.Phaparthum ‐Chilaunebash
12.Pelcachaur ‐Biruwa

18.Manakamana‐Biruwa

72.Panchamul ‐Daraun
33.Ratnapur‐Sakhar

70.Rapakot ‐Aaruchaur

99.Naya Bazar ‐Thula Dihi
28.Kewore‐Chhapa

36.Pakawadi 1‐Chhapa

54.Mirmi ‐Birgha

57.Galayang ‐Neuwakharka
59.Pelakot ‐Pidikhola

76.PBM9‐Syangja

81.Chilaunebash‐Bichari Chautara

87.Fulbari ‐Bichari Chautara

91.Bhadkhola ‐Bange Fadke

95.Kubhinde ‐Aarukharka
1.Syangja ‐Bahakot

34.Tin Dobate1‐Tin Doabte2

37.Galayang ‐Tulshi Bhayanjang

90.Khadketari ‐Bhadkhola
5.Kitchanas‐Chisapani
6.Chisapani ‐Chitrebhayang

11.Bagalthok‐Pelcachaur
13.Bayarghari‐Banethok
14.Banethok ‐Pelcachaur

20.Triyasi ‐Yaladi

24.Malayangkot‐Shekham
26.Malayangkot‐Kyakmi

55.Birgha ‐Aalamdevi
56.Aalamdevi ‐Chandi Bhayanjang
58.Neuwakharka ‐Pelakot
60.Pelakot ‐Tindobate 3
62.Thum Pokhara ‐Sirsekot
64.Sworek‐Kalikakot
65.Bayarghari‐Khilung Deurali
66.Khilung Deurali ‐Dhapuk Shimal Bhayanjang
69.Arjun Chaupari ‐Rapakot
68.Helu ‐Arjun Chaupari

71.Aaruchaur ‐Panchamul
73.Daraun ‐Arjun Chaupari
74.Daraun ‐PBM8

78.PBM10‐Arjun Chaupari
79.PBM9‐Phaparthum

82.Bichari Chautara ‐Aaruchaur
86.Jugley ‐Fulbari

92.Bange Fadke ‐Wangshingh
93.Wangshingh ‐Fulbari

97.Pawai Gaude ‐Taksar
98.Pawai Gaude ‐Naya Bazar
50.Oreste‐Biruwa

96.Kubhinde ‐Pawai Gaude
Yaladi
3095000

3095000

Waling
Tindobat1e1 Chitre_Bhanjyang
Pelakot Jagat_Bhanjyang
Birgha Mirmi Tindobate3
Tindobate2 Chinnebas
Alamadevi Malyangkot
Chandi_Bhanjyang Keware_Bhanjyang
Jagatradevi
Pakwadi1 Kyakmi TANAHU
Chappa
Pakwadi2
Tulsi_Bhanjyang Sekham
Malunga
Kuwakot Sakhar
Ratnapur
Chapakot
PALPA
3080000

NAWALPARASI

445000 460000 475000 490000 34 36

9
 5/7/2013

Conclusion of my research 
Network Performance Index (NPI ) Due to recovery of link 
140.00
127.16
Literature taxonomy
120.00 Existing evaluation methodology are not practical
100.00
Proposed evaluation methodology
80.00
Prioritize the closed road network link for the
60.00

40.00
improvement project
20.00 Consider accessibility
0.00 Evaluation of vulnerability by redundancy
15.Banethok ‐Majhkot

22.Jagat Bhayangjang ‐Malayangkot

75.PBM8 ‐PBM9
25.Malayangkot‐Ratnapur

80.Phaparthum ‐Chilaunebash

88.Jugley ‐Chilaunebash
2.Bahakot ‐Kolma
3.Bahakot ‐Oreste
4.Oreste‐Kitchanas

9.Rangbhang‐Biruwa

16.Majhkot‐Manakamana
18.Manakamana‐Biruwa

27.Jagat Bhayangjang ‐Kewore
7.Chitrebhayang ‐Chinnebas
10.Biruwa‐Chinnebas

17.Manakamana‐Chinnebas

23.Malayangkot‐Chinnebas

49.Banethok ‐Biruwa
19.Triyasi ‐Majhkot

29.Chhapa ‐Kuwakot
30.Chhapa ‐Chapakot

35.Tin Doabte2 ‐Pakawadi 1

38.Tulshi Bhayanjang ‐Pakawadi 2
39.Pakawadi 2‐Kuwakot
40.Kuwakot‐Chapakot

63.Triyasi ‐Sworek

77.Rangkhola‐PBM10
31.Chhapa ‐Ratnapur
32.Shekham ‐Ratnapur

41.Chapakot‐Ratnapur
12.Pelcachaur ‐Biruwa

26.Malayangkot‐Kyakmi

62.Thum Pokhara ‐Sirsekot

69.Arjun Chaupari ‐Rapakot

72.Panchamul ‐Daraun
33.Ratnapur‐Sakhar

70.Rapakot ‐Aaruchaur

78.PBM10‐Arjun Chaupari

97.Pawai Gaude ‐Taksar
99.Naya Bazar ‐Thula Dihi
28.Kewore‐Chhapa

36.Pakawadi 1‐Chhapa

50.Oreste‐Biruwa
54.Mirmi ‐Birgha

57.Galayang ‐Neuwakharka
59.Pelakot ‐Pidikhola

76.PBM9‐Syangja

81.Chilaunebash‐Bichari Chautara

87.Fulbari ‐Bichari Chautara

91.Bhadkhola ‐Bange Fadke

95.Kubhinde ‐Aarukharka
1.Syangja ‐Bahakot

64.Sworek‐Kalikakot

90.Khadketari ‐Bhadkhola
5.Kitchanas‐Chisapani
6.Chisapani ‐Chitrebhayang

11.Bagalthok‐Pelcachaur
13.Bayarghari‐Banethok
14.Banethok ‐Pelcachaur

20.Triyasi ‐Yaladi

24.Malayangkot‐Shekham

34.Tin Dobate1‐Tin Doabte2

37.Galayang ‐Tulshi Bhayanjang

55.Birgha ‐Aalamdevi
56.Aalamdevi ‐Chandi Bhayanjang
58.Neuwakharka ‐Pelakot
60.Pelakot ‐Tindobate 3

65.Bayarghari‐Khilung Deurali
66.Khilung Deurali ‐Dhapuk Shimal Bhayanjang
68.Helu ‐Arjun Chaupari

71.Aaruchaur ‐Panchamul

74.Daraun ‐PBM8
73.Daraun ‐Arjun Chaupari

79.PBM9‐Phaparthum

82.Bichari Chautara ‐Aaruchaur
86.Jugley ‐Fulbari

92.Bange Fadke ‐Wangshingh
93.Wangshingh ‐Fulbari

98.Pawai Gaude ‐Naya Bazar
96.Kubhinde ‐Pawai Gaude
Does not biased to less populated area
Any level of government unit can use

37 39

Result: Nepal Local level  Current Debate 
445000 460000 475000 490000

Links with priority number, Syangja Nepal 
3125000

3125000

Budget =20 KM
Area: 1164 Km2 KASKI
1‐6KM
Total road length: 757 Km
BAGLUNG 2‐7KM
All weather: 130 Km  77 79 46
Kubhinde
3‐2KM
43 47 Kubhinde
Dry Weather: 627Km(82%) 777679 Jugley46 47 Fedikhola
PARBAT 67 45 78
Chilaunebas 76Jugley43 28
Fedikhola
4‐5KM(Out of 7KM
67 45 78 Setidovan Khadketari
Chilaunebas 28
41
Panchamul Faparthum Setidovan
FaparthumNaudanda Khadketari
80
Aruchaur Aruchaur75 Panchamul 41 25 Pauwegaude

40Panchamul FaparthumNaudanda 80
Faparthum 34 Taksar
Taksar
34 Syangja 21
3110000

3110000

Aruchaur Aruchaur
75 26 25 34
34 Rapakot 40

Arjun_Chaupari19
66 PBM826 11
Satau_Darau
Darau PBM8
Darau
57
33
PBM9
19 33 66 Putalibazar_Municipality

57 Bagalthok
6 PBM9
11
Rankhola
6 Rankhola
Syangja 21
Bahakot
7 Bahakot
54
Thuladihi

54
Thuladihi
13Kaulmabarahachaur Thuladihi
7 Bahakot
Kolma
13
Should transport accessibility be a 
2
2 8
factor for state restructuring?
Rangvang
Dhapuk_Simal_Bhanjyan  Khilungdeurali Helu2 22Bagalthok 69Rangvang Oraste
16 22 Rangvang 8
Oraste
Helu
GULMI Kalikakot 165Darsing_Dahathum
Kalikakot Bayarghari 70 BirghaArchale
Pelkachaur
3169 Oraste Legend
10
Kalikakot
SYANGJA 10 Sworek 5
Darsing_Dahathum
Darsing_Dahathum 6365 70
15Benethok_Deurali
16.Benethok_Deurali
Biruwa 31 9
Kichnas
9
Legend Legend
Legend
Sworek Bayarghari
Sworek 15 62 65 71 BiruwaKichnas 51
Chisapani(Magyam)
Chisapani(Magyam) Service centre
Sirsekot 1 Chhangchhangdi
20.Triyashi 17 18 Manakamana
71 Kichnas
30 45.Thumpokhara Benethok_Deurali 51
1 62 Majhakot_Sivalaya
Majhakot_Sivalaya
Pidikhola
Sirsekot
Sirsekot Chhangchhangdi
1 Manakamana 53 Service centre
Pidikhola
Pidikhola
30 17 18 Manakamana
Village
Waling 12 Yaladi 58 32
Thumpokhara
53
5 12 Yaladi DryVillage
weathered road
3095000

58
3095000

Waling_Municipality
Tindobat1e1 Waling Majhakot_Sivalaya 32 Chitre_Bhanjyang
Chitre_Bhanjyang
74 4
5
4 55 Yaladi
Jagat_Bhanjyang 59 Dry weathered road
Nibuwakharka
39
Biruwa_Archale
23Pelakot
74
Pelakot
Tindobate3 Tindobat1e1 Jagat_Bhanjyang
Chinnebas 59 Chitre_Bhanjyang All weathered road
Alamadevi Birgha
42 Mirmi 4 Tindobate2 20
Jagat_Bhanjyang 56
Chinnebas
52
Chandi_Bhanjyang Alamadevi
Chandi_Bhanjyang 42
Alamadevi Birgha
39
Mirmi
Shreekrishna_Gandaki 23 Pelakot 3 3
27 Tindobate2 24
Keware_Bhanjyang
Malyangkot
Malyangkot
20 56
All weathered road
Road important
52 Alamadevi Jagatradevi
Jagatradevi 14
Tulsi_Bhanjyang 27 Keware_Bhanjyang
24 Malyangkot
46Kyakmi forRoad important
network
Chandi_Bhanjyang Jagatradevi Pakwadi1
Pakwadi
44 Kyakmi
46 Kyakmi
TANAHU

14 28.Chappa 72 29 for network

connection
Pakwadi1
36 Pakwadi2 44
72Sekham
Sekham
Malunga
28.Chappa
49 29 connection
38 60 48
Kuwakot
Malunga 36 Pakwadi2 Sekham
Ratnapur 61
Malunga 38 60 48 49
Kuwakot
68Chapakot 73 Ratnapur 61
Sakhar
50 Sakhar 52 Priority No for
Priority No for
Kuwakot
68
Chapakot 73 Ratnapur
50 Sakhar 52connectivity
connectivity
PALPA
59 Priority Number
59 forPriority
NetworkNumber
3080000

NAWALPARASI for Network

performance
15KM performance
445000 460000 475000 490000
40
38
38

10
 5/7/2013

Proposed Province: By committee  Theoretical Background 
Under discussion New Economic Geography (NEG) 

The driving forces of the agglomeration are 
economies of scale and saving in transportation 
cost. 

World development report 2009

3 dimension of development  
Density 
Distance
Division 
41 43

Proposed Province: By commission 
Under discussion
Why transport 
accessibility could not 
be a factor for state 
restructuring  ? 
Are proposed provinces and their capital  accessible 
to the people ?  42 44

11
 5/7/2013

Leadership Matter in Developing Countries 
d Ps dflg; vf]lh/x]5'
Who are you ?

A player 
A stadium audience  Thank you so much for 
A television audience  45
your kind attention ! 47

Conclusion 
 Research is a different way of 
thinking 
 Should have scientific thinking 
process
 Proactive thinking 
 Raise the question and search for 
the answer 

46

12