1-Basics of Bridge Engineering

Introduction to Bridge Engineering
Course # CE-5120
03 Credit Hours
Lecture # 02
Sequence of Presentation
• What is Bridge?
• Roles & Responsibilities of a Bridge Engineer
• Types of Bridges & Bridge Components
• Bridge Failures
04-Apr-2014 Lecture # 02 Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali Email: ali@civionics.pk Bridge Engineering 2
What is Bridge?
• A1.2
• Bridge is a structure that has the heaviest responsibility in carrying a free flow of
traffic
• Width of the bridge (number of lanes) dictates the traffic volume of a road
segment
• The Load Carrying Capacity of a bridge
would dictate the weight of truck allowed
to cross the bridge (load limits can be
posted )
• Thus bridge controls both capacities:

– The volume and
– Weight of the traffic of the transportation system.
Golden Gate Bridge California

What is Bridge?
• The most costly component of Transportation network
6,000 5,263
Cost in Millions
5,000 Value in Respective Year

4,000 NPV 2014 3,500
PKR
3,000
2,000 1,000
1,504
837
1,000 441 500 752
0
New Khiarabad Indus Brdg M1 Kabul River Northern
Brdg. (2003) (2007) Brdg M1 (2007) bypass Karachi
2007
• Currently ~8,000 bridges on Natl. Highways

– ~Rs. 400-1,000 bn asset (NHA bridges only)
– NHA budget FY 2013-14 was ~Rs.63.04 bn
– (5.5 % of PSDP Rs.1,155 bn) [http://www.pc.gov.pk]
Roles and Responsibilities of a Bridge Engineer
• Safe and Economical Design
• The bridge engineer is often involved with several or
all aspects of bridge planning, design, & management
• This situation is not typical in the building
Architect usually heads a team (architects, civil,
structural, mechanical, & electrical engineers)
• In the bridge engineering, the bridge engineer works Sher Shah Bridge Collapse 2007
closely with other civil engineers (roadway alignment Karachi
and design)
• After the alignment is determined, the engineer
often controls the bridge type, aesthetics, and
technical details
• The bridge engineer has significant control over
– The design,
– construction, and
– maintenance processes
Hen-Shen Expwy Japan , Kobe EQ
6.9 Mw, 1996
Types of Bridges & Bridge Components
• Broad Classification of Bridges
Bridge Classification
Material Usage Structural Form Span

Type Traffic
Slab Girder Truss

Pedestrian Highway, Short , Medium &
Steel Concrete Wood Arch Suspension Highway, Pedestrian,
Railroad, Aircraft Long
Hybrid Stone/Brick Cable-Stayed trains, transit, others
Classification According to Traffic
• Classification as per Structural Form
– Girder Bridge
– Arch Bridge
– Truss Bridge
– Suspension Bridge
– Cable-Stayed Bridges
• Girder Bridge
– Most commonly constructed
– Usually used for Short and Medium spans (up to 50 m)
– Structural Action is to carry load in Shear and Flexural
– Economical and long lasting solution for vast majority of bridges
– Decks and girder usually act together to support the entire load in highway
bridges
• Girder Bridge
• Typical Deck Super-structures Table A4.6.2.2.1-1
• Span lengths for various types of Super-structures
Ayub Bridge Havalian, KKH
• Arch Bridges
• Arch action reduces flexural stresses (that is Tensile Stresses )
• Arch is predominantly a compression member. Buckling needs attention.
• Can be economical as compared to equivalent straight simply supported girder or

truss bridge
• Suitable site would be Valley which has strong foundations on a rocks
• Arch Bridges
• Generally conventional curved arch rib has high fabrication & erection costs
• Erection easiest for Cantilever Arch and most difficult for Tied Arch
Tied Arch
Bridge in Neelum Valley, AJK
Is it an Arch?
Wooden Arch Bridge, Rocky

Mountains, Colorado, USA
• Arch Bridges
• Truss Bridges
• The primary member forces are axial tension or compression
• The open web system allows deep girders than for an equivalent solid web girder
• This may lead to economy in material and reduced dead weight
• The cost of fabrication and maintenance is high
• The truss is attractive choice in suspension bridges due to its superior
aerodynamic behavior
• Truss results in light structure that can be assembled member by member using
small lifting capacity equipment
• Truss Bridges
• Suspension Bridges
– Major element is a flexible cable, that transfers the loads to the towers and
anchorage
– This cable is from High Strength wires
– The deck is hung from the cable by Hangers also of high strength ropes (in tension)
– Suitable for very long spans
– Expensive to build and maintain
Thakot Bridge over River Indus Golden Gate Bridge California Totakan (near Swat)
• Cable-Stayed Bridges
– In comparison to suspension bridge, the cables are straight rather than curved.
Therefore the stiffness is greater
– The cables are anchored to the deck
– All individual cables are shorter than full length of the superstructure.
– Economical over 100-350m, some bridges are as long as 800m
– No such bridge built in Pakistan as yet but one is in construction phase in AJK,
work on one started in Muzaffarabad, AJK
Naluchi, Muzaffarabad, AJk
• Classification with respect to Span
– Small Span Bridges up to 50 feet (15m)
– Medium Span Bridges up to 250 feet (75m)
– Large Span Bridges up to 500 feet (76-150m)
– Extra Large ( Long ) Span Bridges over 500 feet (150m)
• Small Span Bridges up to 50 feet (15m)
– Culverts
– Slab Bridges – 40 ft (12m)
– T-Beam Bridge – 30-60 ft (10-20m)
– Wood Beam Bridge

_________________
• Medium Span Bridges up to 250 feet (75m)
– Pre-cast Concrete Box Beam Bridge – 30-150 ft (10-50m)
– Rolled Steel Beam Bridge up to 100 ft (30 m)
– Pre-cast Concrete I-Beam Bridge – 30-150 ft (10-50m)
– Cast-in-place RC Box Girder Bridge (20-40 m)
– Composite Steel Box Girder
• Large Span Bridges 150-500 feet (50-150m)
– Composite Steel Plate Girder Bridge
– Cast-in-place Post-Tensioned concrete Box Girder
– Post-Tensioned Concrete Segmental Construction
– Concrete Arch and Steel Arch
• Extra Large ( Long ) Span Bridges over 500 feet (150m)
– Cable Stayed Bridge
– Suspension Bridge
• Structural Arrangement
• Bridge types can also be classified according to the location of the main
structure elements relative to the surface on which the user travels:
– Main Structure Below the Deck Line
– Main Structure Above the Deck Line
– Main Structure coincides with the Deck Line
• Main Structure Below the Deck Line
– Arch Bridges
– Truss-Arch Bridges
• Main Structure Above the Deck Line
– Suspension Bridges
– Cable Stayed Bridges
– Through-Truss Bridges
• Main Structure coincides with the Deck Line
– Slab (solid and voided)
– T-Beam (cast-in-place)
– I-beam (pre-cast or pre-stressed)
– Wide-flange beam (composite & non- composite)
– Concrete Box (cast-in-place, segmental & pre-stressed)
– Steel Plate Girder (straight & haunched)
– Steel box (Orthotropic deck)*
• Main Structure coincides with the Deck Line
• *An orthotropic bridge or orthotropic deck is one whose deck typically comprises a
structural steel deck plate stiffened either longitudinally or transversely, or in both
directions. This allows the deck both to directly bear vehicular loads and to contribute to
the bridge structure's overall load-bearing behavior. The orthotropic deck may be integral
with or supported on a grid of deck framing members such as floor beams and girders.
• The same is also true of the concrete slab in a composite girder bridge, but the steel
orthotropic deck is considerably lighter, and therefore allows longer span bridges to be
more efficiently designed.
• Two Main Components of a Bridge
– Superstructure (above the bearing pads)
• Beams or Main Load Carrying Elements
– Steel or concrete girders
– Segmental boxes
– Suspension or cable-stayed
– Trusses
• Deck –typically concrete
• Wearing Surface –bituminous or concrete
– Substructure (below the bearing pads)
• Piers
• Abutments
• Main Components
Guard Rails
Girders Diaphragms
Transom / Pier Cap
Pier / column / bent
• Super-structure (deck)
• Super- and Sub-structure
• Main Components
Guard Rails
Abutment
Pier / column
Pile Cap
Piles
Abutment
• Main Components
Piles
Pile Cap
• Main Components
Multi-column Pier
• Substructure
• Bearings
– AASHTO defines a bearing as “
“A structural device that transmits loads while facilitating translations and/or
roration”
Bearing Pad
• Main Components
Isolator / Base Isolator
Q&A
Thanks!

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1-Basics of Bridge Engineering

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Introduction to Bridge Engineering

• Roles & Responsibilities of a Bridge Engineer

• Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

• Thus bridge controls both capacities:

Golden Gate Bridge California

5,000 Value in Respective Year

• Currently ~8,000 bridges on Natl. Highways

Material Usage Structural Form Span

Slab Girder Truss

• Classification as per Structural Form

Ayub Bridge Havalian, KKH

• Arch is predominantly a compression member. Buckling needs attention.

• Can be economical as compared to equivalent straight simply supported girder or

• Suitable site would be Valley which has strong foundations on a rocks

Wooden Arch Bridge, Rocky

Naluchi, Muzaffarabad, AJk

• Classification with respect to Span

– Small Span Bridges up to 50 feet (15m)

– Medium Span Bridges up to 250 feet (75m)

– Large Span Bridges up to 500 feet (76-150m)

– Extra Large ( Long ) Span Bridges over 500 feet (150m)

– Slab Bridges – 40 ft (12m)

– T-Beam Bridge – 30-60 ft (10-20m)

– Wood Beam Bridge

– Rolled Steel Beam Bridge up to 100 ft (30 m)

– Pre-cast Concrete I-Beam Bridge – 30-150 ft (10-50m)

– Cast-in-place RC Box Girder Bridge (20-40 m)

– Composite Steel Box Girder

– Composite Steel Plate Girder Bridge

– Cast-in-place Post-Tensioned concrete Box Girder

– Post-Tensioned Concrete Segmental Construction

– Concrete Arch and Steel Arch

– Cable Stayed Bridge

– Main Structure Below the Deck Line

– Main Structure Above the Deck Line

– Main Structure coincides with the Deck Line

Transom / Pier Cap

Pier / column / bent

Isolator / Base Isolator

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