CALCULUS

CHAPTER 4
INTEGRAL CALCULUS

An antiderivative of a function or integration is the opposite of derivative or

differentiation which undo each other as like multiplication is opposite of
division. Bothe integral and derivative are opposites of each other which are
known as the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

An integral calculus deals with the theory and applications of integrals, the
total size or value, such as lengths, areas and volumes. It is a function whose
rate of change, or derivative, equals the function being integrated.

An example of integration is a velocity function yields a distance traveled by

an object over an interval of time to be calculated. As a result, much of integral
calculus is the derivation of formulas for finding antiderivatives. The great
utility of the subject emanates from its use in solving differential equations.

Topic: MAXIMA-MINIMA PROBLEMS

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Activity: Differentiate me the second time!
Directions: Determine the second derivative of the following functions.

1. P= x(x+50)

P’ = ____________________

P’’ = ____________________

2. A= x+ (

A’= _____________________

A’’=_____________________

Guide Questions:
1. How rule did you apply in finding the first and second derivatives?
2. What is the sign of the second derivative in each number?

Steps in Solving Maxima-Minima Problems

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Step 1. Understand the problem.

Read the problem carefully. Identify the information you need to solve the
problem. What is unknown? What is given? What is required?

Step 2. Develop a mathematical model of the problem.

Draw pictures and label the parts that are important to the problem.
Introduce a variable to represent the quantity to be maximized or minimized.
Write a function that relates the variable/s to the problem.

Step 3. Find the domain of the function.

Determine what values of the variable make sense in the problem.

Step 4. Identify the critical points and endpoints.

The critical points are the values that would make the first derivative
equal to 0.

Step 5. Solve the mathematical model.

Step 6. Interpret the solution.

The critical point is a maximum if it makes the second derivative
negative. It is a minimum if it makes the second derivative positive.

Example #1
Find two positive real numbers such that their sum is 100 and their product is
as large as possible.

Solution: Let x be the first number

100-x be the second number

P= x (100-x) Apply the second derivative test.

P = 100x – x2 P’ = 100 -2x
P’ = 100 - 2x
P’’= -2
0 = 100-2x
Since the second derivative is negative
2x = 100 therefore 50 will give us the maximum product.
 x= 50

Answer: 50 and 50
CALCULUS

Example 2
A rectangle has a perimeter of 200 inches. Find its largest possible area.
A = xy
Solution: Let x be the length A= x( 100-x)
y be the width A = 100x-𝑥2
Apply the second derivative test.

P= 2x + 2y A’ = 100-2x
200= 2x+2y y= A’’= -2
100 - x Since the second derivative is negative therefore
the length and width of the rectangle should be
50 inches giving us 2500 sq. inches as largest
possible area.
A’ = 100 -2x
0 = 100-2x
2x = 100
x = 50

Answer: length= 50 inches

width = 50 inches
Area= 2500 square inches

Example 3
A farmer has 600 m of fencing material to enclose a rectangular pen adjacent to
a long existing wall. He will use the wall for one side of the pen and the
available fencing material for the remaining three sides. What is the maximum
area that can be enclosed this way?

Solution: Let x be the length of the two sides

600- 2x be the length of the third side
 A= x(600-2x) A’ = 600-4x
A= 600x -2𝑥2 A’’= -4
A’= 600-4x CALCULUS
Since the second derivative is negative
0= 600-4x therefore the length should be 150 mand the
Guide Questions: length should be 300m thus giving us 45 000
4x = 600
1. What is minima? maxima? sq. m as the maximum area.
x = 150
2. What are the steps in finding the maxima and minima?
3. How to determine whether our answer will give us the minimum or the
Answer:maximum
45 000 square meters
value?

Directions: Answer the following problems by applying the differentiation

rules.

1. Find two numbers whose sum is 500 and whose product is as large as
possible.

2. Find two numbers whose sum is 16, such that the sum of their squares
is a minimum.

Topic: ANTIDERIVATIVE OF FUNCTION

THE IF – THEN GAME

Description: The goal of this activity is to provide idea of the reverse of
derivatives.

Directions: Complete the if-then statement below using rules in

derivatives.

1. If (𝑥) = 4, then 𝑓′(𝑥) = ______________.

2. If 𝑔′(𝑥) = 3𝑥, then 𝑔(𝑥) = ______________.

In the previous lessons, we have shown the different ways for the finding the
derivatives of algebraic functions. Suppose the process is reversed, i.e., the
derivative or differential of a function is given, and we are asked to find the
function. The process of finding it is called antidifferentiation. An
antiderivative of a function (𝑥) is a function (𝑥).
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Consider the function (𝑥) = 𝑥5. Applying the power rule of differentiation, its
derivative is 5𝑥4 or in symbol 𝑓′(𝑥) = 5𝑥4. Suppose we reverse the operation
Therefore, the antiderivative of (𝑥) = 5𝑥4 is (𝑥) = 𝑥5 + 𝐶 where represents any
real number.

Example 1. Find the antiderivative(s) of (𝑥) = 2𝑥.

Solutions: Applying the power rule of differentiation

Therefore, the antiderivative of (𝑥) = 2𝑥 is (𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝐶

where represents any real number.

Example 2. Find the antiderivative(s) of (𝑥) = 7𝑥6 + 6𝑥.

Solutions: Applying the sum and power rule of differentiation

Therefore, the antiderivative of (𝑥) = 7𝑥6 + 6𝑥 is

(𝑥) = 𝑥7 + 3𝑥2 + 𝐶
where represents any real number.

Example 3. Find the antiderivative(s) of

Solutions: Applying the negative exponent rule, we can rewrite the given as
(𝑥) = −8𝑥−9 and using the power rule of differentiation.

Therefore, the antiderivative of

where represents any real number.

The Indefinite Integral

Considering again example 1 above, (𝑥) = 2𝑥, we can say that its
antiderivative can be (𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 4, is 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + (−5) or is 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 1 since
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represents any real number. This family of all antiderivatives of the function is
called the indefinite integral.

Since (𝑥) is an antiderivative of (𝑥), then we can say that (𝑥) + 𝑐 is the
indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) and is denoted by;
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

where the arbitrary constant is called the constant of integration. Function

(𝑥)is called the integrand while the symbol is just an elongated meaning
sum and denotes the operation of integration.

The process of finding it is called integration. The mathematic meaning

of “to integrate” is “to find a function whose derivative is given”.

Note that the symbols ∫ … 𝑑𝑥 must always go together as the symbol

for the derivative.

Example 1.
Evaluate the integral ∫ 8𝑥7𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
The integrand is (𝑥) = 8𝑥7. Applying the power rule of differentiation,

remember that .

Thus, (𝑥) = 𝑥8 and ∫ 8𝑥7𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥8 + 𝐶.

Example 2.
Evaluate the integral ∫ 4𝑢3𝑑𝑢.
Solution:
The integrand is (𝑢) = 4𝑢3. Applying the power rule of differentiation,

remember that .

Thus, (𝑢) = 𝑢4 and ∫ 4𝑢3𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢4 + 𝐶.

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ESSENTIAL NOTES

If 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝐹(𝑥)is an antideravative of 𝑓(𝑥).

If 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), then ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪, for any real number 𝐶 .

Example 3.
Evaluate the integral ∫ 3𝑡2 − 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
Solution:
The integrand is (𝑡) = 3𝑡2 − 2𝑡. Applying the difference and power rule of

differentiation, remember that .

Thus, (𝑡) = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 and ∫ 3𝑡2 − 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 + 𝐶.

Evaluate the following integral

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫(𝑥 − 1)3𝑑𝑥

Topic: APPLYING THE BASIC RULES IN EVALUATING THE

INTEGRAL

“Search for Rule”

Directions: Complete the table by placing the correct given in each column.
Place it on the correct rule of integration applied.
Integration Rules FUNCTION INTEGRAL
Constant
Multiplication by Constant
Power Rule (𝑛 ≠ −1)
Sum Rule
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Difference Rule
Integration by Parts
Substitution Rule

Given:

FUNCTION INTEGRAL FUNCTION INTEGRAL

ax + c
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ∫(𝑓 − 𝑔)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔 𝑑𝑥

c∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢′(∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑛+1 ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑛+1

∫(𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔 𝑑𝑥

Guide Questions:
1. What made you decide to place the assigned given to you on its
corresponding rule?

2. What can you observe about the integral rules?

3. Is derivative connected to integral? Explain.

CHAT TIME

Integration is a way of adding slices to find the whole.

Example: What is an integral of 2x?
We know that the derivative of x 2 is 2x, so an
integral of 2x is x2.

The integral of many functions are well

known, and there are useful rules to work out the
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integral of more complicated functions. The following are examples of how

these rules were used.

1. Constant Rule
Example: What is ∫ 2𝑑𝑥?
Solution: Use the constant rule
𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ 2𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2. Power Rule
Example: What is ∫ 𝑥3 ?
Solution: Use the power rule where n = 3

3. Multiplication by Constant
Example: What is ∫ 6𝑥2𝑑𝑥
Solution: 6 can be moved outside the integral:
∫ 6𝑥2𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫ 𝑥2𝑑𝑥

Then, use the power rule on 𝑥2

Simplify:
4. Sum Rule
Example: What is ∫ cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥?
Solution: Use the sum rule:
∫ cos 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. Difference Rule
Example: What is ∫ 𝑒𝑤 − 3𝑑𝑤?
Solution: Use the difference rule:
∫ 𝑒𝑤 − 3𝑑𝑤 = ∫ 𝑒𝑤𝑑𝑤 − ∫ 3𝑑𝑤
= 𝑒𝑤 − 3𝑤 + 𝑐
6. Integration by Parts
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It is a special method of integration that is often useful when two functions are
multiplied together, but is also helpful in other ways.

See this rule:

∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢′(∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Where: u is the
function u(x) v is the function v(x) In diagram:

Example: What is ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥?

Solution:
Step 1: First choose which functions for u and v:
u=x
v = cosx

Step 2: Differentiate u: u’ = x’
=1
Step 3: Integrate v: ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Step 4: Put it together

Step 5: Simplify and solve
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
Note: To remember ∫ 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥; use (u integral of v) minus integral of (derivative u, integral v)

7. Integration by Substitution
It is also called “u-substitution” or the “reverse chain rule”. It is a method to find
the integral, but only when it can be set up in a special way. The first and vital
step is to be able to write the integral in the form below:

Note: g(x) and its derivative g’(x).

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Example: ∫ cos(𝑥2)2𝑥 𝑑𝑥; Step 1: Set

up the integral

f = cos and g=𝒙𝟐 and its derivative 2x Step 2: Do

the substitution

cos 𝑥2 = cos 𝑢
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
Step 3: Integrate
∫ cos(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = sin(𝑢) + 𝑐
Step 4: Finally, put 𝑢 = 𝑥2 back again:
sin(𝑥2) + 𝑐
Therefore: ∫ (𝒙𝟐)𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙𝟐) + 𝒄
Note: This rule only works on some integrals and somehow needs rearranging to apply.

ESSENTIAL NOTES

THINGS TO REMEMBER…
• The process of finding the function whose derivative is given is
called antidifferentiation; it is the reverse of differentiation.

• If f’(x) = f(x), then f(x) is an antiderivative of f’(x).

Different Integration Rule
Rules Function Integral

Constant ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ax + dx
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Multiplication by ∫ 𝑐𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 c∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Constant
Power Rule
∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Sum Rule
∫(𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔 𝑑𝑥

Difference Rule
∫(𝑓 − 𝑔)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔 𝑑𝑥

Integration by Parts
∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢′(∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Integration by ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Substitution

HEAL MY BROKEN HEARTS

Description: This activity will test your memory on basic rules on

integration.

Directions: Heal the broken hearts by matching the function with its
corresponding integral.
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∫ (𝑓 + 𝑔) 𝑑𝑥
_____ 1. A 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
_____ 2. B +𝑐
2

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
_____ 3. 𝑥 C 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
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∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 c∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
_____ 4. D
c

∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔𝑑𝑥
_____ 5. E

∫ (𝑓 − 𝑔) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1
_____ 6. F +𝑐
𝑛+1

∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
_____ 7. G 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔𝑑𝑥
_____ 8 H
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A Look From The Past

Description: Discover the famous line of Benigno Aquino Jr. before

the Asia Society in New York on August 4, 1980.

Directions: Differentiate each functions to decode the answer.

3𝑥2 + 6𝑥 A. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 − 4 4𝑥3 − 3𝑥2

THE IS
2𝑥 + 2 B. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 1 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥
DYING MANKIND

3𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 1 C. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥4 − 𝑥3 − 3 2𝑥 − 2
GIVE FOR
4𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 D. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥4 − 3𝑥3 + 8 4𝑥3 + 3𝑥9
BEST LOVE
3𝑥2 + 2𝑥 4𝑥3 − 9𝑥2
E. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 5
FILIPINO WORTH
3𝑥3 − 2𝑥 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥
F. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 7
REVENGE PEOPLE

A B C D E F
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CHAT TIME

To determine whether a function F is an antiderivative of a given function f, simply

differentiate the given function F. The process of finding the function whose
derivative is given is called anti-differentiation, it is the inverse of differentiation.

Example A: Determining whether the function F is antiderivative of function f.

Function F Function f
1. 𝐹(𝑥) = 25𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 25
2. 𝐹(𝑥) = 20𝑥2 𝑓(𝑥) = 40𝑥
3. 𝐹(𝑥) = 5𝑥2 + 17𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥 + 17
1. 𝐹(𝑥) = 25𝑥
𝐹′(𝑥) = 25 hence, 𝐹(𝑥) = 25𝑥 is an antiderivative of
𝑓(𝑥) = 25.

2. (𝑥) = 20𝑥2 𝐹′(𝑥) = 40𝑥 hence, 𝐹(𝑥) = 20𝑥2 is an antiderivative of

𝑓(𝑥) = 40𝑥.

3. (𝑥) = 5𝑥2 + 17𝑥 𝐹′(𝑥) = 10𝑥 + 17 hence, 𝐹(𝑥) = 5𝑥2 + 17𝑥 is

antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥 + 17.

Example B: Finding antiderivative of (𝑥).

4. Find an antiderivative of𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥5.
8𝑥5, work backwards. We
To find a function𝐹(𝑥) whose derivative is
of𝑛 is 𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑛−1.
have learned that the derivative𝑎𝑥
If 𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑛−1 is 8𝑥5 then 𝑛 − 1 = 5, hence,𝑛 = 6
8 8 4
Also,𝑛𝑎 = 8, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎 = 𝑛 ; 𝑎 = 6 = 3
𝟒
Therefore,𝟑 𝒙𝟔 is the antider
ivative of𝟖𝒙𝟓.
4
𝑥6, and the answer will be
We can check this by differentiating
3
8𝑥5 .
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𝑓(𝑥) = −15𝑥3.
5. Find an antiderivative of
If 𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑛−1 is −15𝑥3 then 𝑛 − 1 = 3, hence,𝑛 = 4
15 15
Also,𝑛𝑎 = −15, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎 = − 𝑛 ; 𝑎 = − 4
15
Therefore,− 4 𝒙𝟒 is the antiderivative −𝟏𝟓𝒙
of 𝟑.
15
− 4 𝑥4, and the answer will be
We can check this by differentiating

−15𝑥3.

ESSENTIAL NOTES

Anti-differentiation of a Function
Anti-differentiation or integration is the reverse process of differentiation.
𝑓(𝑥) if 𝐹′ (𝑥) =
A function𝐹(𝑥) is called an antiderivative for the function
𝑓(𝑥).
To determine whether a function
𝐹 is an antiderivative of a given function
𝑓,
simply get the derivative of the function
𝐹.
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MONTHLY ASSESSMENT

Topic: ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

Activity 1: The Who?
Trivia Question: Who is the German philosopher, mathematician, and
political adviser, important both as a metaphysician and as a logician and
distinguished also for his independent invention of the differential and integral
calculus?

Directions: To answer the trivia question above ,evaluate the antiderivatives of

the following and write the letter of your answer in the decoder.

Z • ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 E • ∫(5𝑥4 + 3𝑥2 + 6) 𝑑𝑥

B • ∫ 𝑥4𝑑𝑥 N • ∫(3𝑥 + 4)𝟐 𝑑𝑥

Answer Box

7 𝑥5+𝑥3+6𝑥+𝑐 𝑥9 𝑥5 (3𝑥3+12𝑥2+𝑐) 𝑥9 5𝑥 + 𝑐
− 3 +𝑐 +𝑐 +𝑐
+𝑐 3 5 3
3𝑥
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Directions: Read each item carefully and then encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Find two numbers whose sum is 640 and whose product is as large as
possible.

A. 0 and 640 C. 320 and 320

B. 40 and 600 D. 300 and 340

2. Find two numbers whose sum is 8, such that the sum of their squares is a
minimum.
A. 0 and 8 C. 2 and 6
B. 4 and 4 D. 1 and 7

3. Find two positive numbers with sum 75, such that the product of one
times the square of the other is a maximum.

A. 0 and 75 C. 30 and 45
B. 10 and 65 D. 25 and 50

4. The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 2. Find the minimum possible value of the
sum of their cubes?
A. 0 C.
B. D.

5. The sum of one number and three times the second number is 30. What
number should be selected so that their product is as large as possible?
A. 12 C. 15
B. 13 D. 16

6. Given a rectangle with perimeter 864 units. Find the largest possible area.
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A. 12 126 square units C. 45 656 square units
B. 23 456 square units D. 186 624 square units
7. Write in integral form the statement (𝑥) is the derivative of (𝑥) + ?
A. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 C. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹′(𝑥) + 𝐶

B. ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 D. ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹′(𝑥) + 𝐶

8. Which of the following is a correct statement?
A. ∫ 𝑥2𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐 C. ∫(𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥3 + 3𝑥 + 𝑐

B. ∫ 48𝑥3𝑑𝑥 = 12𝑥4 + 𝑐 D. ∫ 3𝑥4𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑐

9. Evaluate the indefinite integral ∫ −12𝑥2𝑑𝑥.
A. ∫ −12𝑥2𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥5 + 𝑐 C. ∫ 12𝑥4𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥3 + 𝑐

B. ∫ −12𝑥2𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥3 + 𝑐 D. ∫ 12𝑥4𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥5 + 𝑐

10. Integrate ∫(𝑥2 − 𝑡2)5 dx

A. C.

B. D.