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Concrete: Nominal Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate Shall Not Be Larger Than
Concrete: Nominal Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate Shall Not Be Larger Than
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS
PRESTRESSING TENDONS
CURING
- concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition for at
least the first 7 days after placement
- high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least the first 3
days
- they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of cross section when embedded
within a column
- they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam in which
they are embedded
- they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center
- conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in compression the displaced
concrete, provided:
o they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
o they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less than 3 diameters on
centers
- concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather, or less than 20mm
for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
- reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section shall be provided normal
to the piping
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
- construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of slabs, beams and girders
- joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of intersecting beams
STANDARD HOOKS
- 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
- 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar
- for stirrup and tie hooks:
o 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar, or
o 20 and 25mm diameter bar – 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar, or
o 25mm diameter bar and smaller – 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS
- bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) – 4db (inside diameter)
- bar size of 10mm through 25mm – 6db
- bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm – 8db
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than 25mm
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not be less than 25mm between
layers
- in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars
shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm
- in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced
farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm
BUNDLED BARS
- center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member shall not be less than 5db for
wire, nor 4db for strands
OFFSET BARS
- slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1 in 6
- portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
- lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points of bend
- offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms
- where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent. Separate
dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be provided
SPIRALS
- for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm diameter
- clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm
- anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a
spiral unit
- spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or welded
- in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of capital is 2 times
that of the column
- plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:
o ASTM A 615M
o ASTM A 616M
o ASTM A 617M
- plain wire shall conform to:
o ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain
TIES
- 10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller
- 12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and bundled bars
- vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
o 16db of longitudinal bars
o 48db of tie bars
o least dimension of compression member
- ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side along the tie
- ties shall be located vertically not more than ½ a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story
- where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, termination of ties not more than 75mm
below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT
- shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness,
or 450mm
- spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m
T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
- the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded together
- width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not exceed:
o ¼ the span length of the beam,
o 8 times the slab thickness, or
o ½ the clear distance to the next web
- for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed:
o 1/12 the span length of the beam,
o 6 times the slab thickness, or
o ½ the clear distance to the next web
- transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, nor 450mm
JOIST CONSTRUCTION
- ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more than 3½ times the minimum
width of rib
- clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
- slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs nor less
than 40mm
- when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than 1/12 the clear distance
between ribs, or less than 50mm
- where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than
the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point
REQUIRED STRENGTH
- for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)
- spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width b of compression flange or
face
- minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for bars within triangular ties, 4
for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals
- shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed members or 600mm
SPLICES
- lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
- lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for individual bars within the
bundle
- individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap
- entire bundles shall not be lap spliced
- bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced transversely farther apart
than 1/5 the required lap splice length, or 150mm
- splices shall be staggered at least 600mm
WALLS
- minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o 0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than
420Mpa, or
o 0.0015 – for other deformed bars, or
o 0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
- minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o 0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than
420 Mpa, or
o 0.0025 – for other deformed bars, or
o 0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
- in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm diameter bars shall be provided
around all window and door openings. Such bars shall be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners
of the openings but not less than 600mm
NON-BEARING WALLS
- thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance between members that
provide lateral support
- the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a supporting member
- maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:
o d/4
o 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
o 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
o 300mm
- where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2 throughout the length of the
member
STRUCTURAL STEEL
LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS
- for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not
exceed 200
- for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed
300
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
- minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less than 2/3 of the
net area across the pinhole
- width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness
- pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
- pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter
SHEAR CONNECTORS
WELDS
- weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not less than 1½ times the
thickness of the material in which the hole is made
- groove welds:
o effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat thickness
o effective length = width of the part joined
o effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove weld = thickness of the thinner part joined
o minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration groove welds =
3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm)
10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm)
12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm)
16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)
o
o effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =
flare bevel groove, 5/16R
flare V-groove, ½R
- fillet welds:
o effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat thickness
o effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance from the root of the joint to the face of the
diagrammatic weld
o minimum size of fillet welds =
3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)
o maximum size of fillet welds along edges =
not greater than the thickness of the material (material less than 6mm thick)
not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm (material 6mm or more in
thickness)
o minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall not be less than 4
times its nominal size
o if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld should not exceed ¼ its effective length
o effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less than 4 times the weld
size, with a minimum of 38mm
o in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less than
25mm
o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever
practicable, be returned continuously around the corners for a distance not less than 2 times the
nominal size of the weld
FASTENERS
- distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3
times the nominal diameter of the fastener
- maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12
times the thickness of the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm
CAMBER
- trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection
- crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load
deflection plus ½ the live-load deflection