frequency.
Because of its compactness and simple structure, notched function is achieved to reject worldwide interoperability for
there may be many applications may exist in microwave (even
terahertz) systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Pro-
gram through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
(2012R1A1A1041888).
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C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
A COMPACT CIRCULAR SLOT UWB
ANTENNA WITH MULTIMODE
RECONFIGURABLE BAND-NOTCHED
CHARACTERISTICS USING RESONATOR
AND SWITCH TECHNIQUES
Yingsong Li,1 Wenxing Li,1 and Qiubo Ye2
1
Department of Information and Communications Engineering,
Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China;
Corresponding author: liwenxing@hrbeu.edu.cn
2
Communications Research Centre, 3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa,
Canada K2H 8S2
Received 21 June 2013
ABSTRACT: In this article, we propose a circular slot ultrawideband
(UWB) antenna with multimode reconfigurable dual band-notched char-
acteristics. By using a two-stage T-shaped stepped impedance resonator
(TS-TSIR) and a parallel stubs loaded resonator (PSLR), dual band-
570 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 3, March 2014
microwave access, WLAN, and X-band signals. The multimode reconfig-
urable band-notched characteristic is realized by integrating four
switches onto the TS-TSIR and the PSLR. Simulated and measured
results show that this antenna, with multimode reconfigurable character-
istics and dual band-notched function, can operate from 2.7 to 12 GHz
(VSWR<2), which includes the entire UWB band. This antenna main-
tains omnidirectional radiation patterns that is suitable for UWB appli-
cations. V
C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett
56:570–574, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.
DOI 10.1002/mop.28152
Key words: ultrawideband antenna; dual band notch antenna; reconfig-
urable antenna; T-shaped stepped impedance resonator; parallel stub
loaded resonator
1. INTRODUCTION
Since the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated
the frequency band 3.1–10.6 GHz for commercial ultrawideband
(UWB) systems, UWB radio techniques have been widely stud-
ied both in industry and academia [1–4]. As one of the key
components of the UWB systems, antennas with wide band-
width, compact size, and omnidirectional radiations, have been a
hot topic and have attracted much attention in recent years. A
number of UWB antennas have been reported and investigated
for meeting these purposes mentioned above [2–4]. However,
there are some existing narrow-band systems over the desig-
nated UWB frequency band, such as worldwide interoperability
for microwave access (WiMAX) operating at 3.4–3.69 GHz,
WLAN operating at 5.15–5.35 GHz, and X-band satellite com-
munication systems working at 7.7–8.5 GHz, which may inter-
fere with the UWB systems. To mitigate the potential
interferences, a lot of UWB antennas integrated with single or
dual band-notched characteristics have been reported and are
well designed [5–11]. Most of these band-notched characteristics
are realized by etching various slots either in the radiation patch
or in the ground plane. The etched slots will leak electromag-
netic wave, which deteriorates the radiation patterns. To circum-
vent above shortcomings, some band-notched UWB antennas
are proposed by using integration with parasitic strips [9] and
stubs [10]. Although these UWB antennas can achieve good per-
formance, they can only be used as band-notched antennas. To
remedy this defect, designing a band-notched UWB antenna
with reconfigurable function is desirable and attractive.
Recently, several reconfigurable band-notched UWB antennas
are studied [11, 12], but most of them have either one reconfig-
urable notch band or one reconfigurable mode [11].
In this article, an effective method is utilized to design a
miniaturized UWB antenna with multimode reconfigurable dual
band-notched characteristics, which has six reconfigurable
modes and can have two notch bands either both at WiMAX
band and X-band or both at WLAN band and X-band. By inte-
grating a two-stage T-shaped stepped impedance resonator (TS-
TSIR) inside the circular ring radiation patch and by etching a
parallel stubs loaded resonator (PSLR) into the CPW transmis-
sion line, two notch bands are achieved. To realize the multi-
mode reconfigurability, four ideal switches are integrated into
the TS-TSIR and the PSLR. By controlling the states of the
switches, the proposed antenna can be used either as a dual
band-notched UWB antenna, or as a single band-notched UWB
antenna, even as a UWB antenna. To verify the design, two
antennas with all the switches ON or OFF are fabricated and
measured. In this study, the presence of a metal bridge
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 1 Geometry of the proposed multimode reconfigurable dual band-notched UWB antennas (a) antenna 1 and (b) antenna 2. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
represents ON state and the absence of a metal bridge represents
OFF state for designing the ideal switches [11–14].
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
The geometry of the proposed multimode reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna is illustrated in Figure 1(b), which
is printed on a substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.65, loss
tangent of 0.002, and thickness of 1.6 mm. At the beginning, a
dual band-notched UWB antenna is designed, which is denoted
as antenna 1, and is shown in Figure 1(a). Antenna 1 consists of
a circular wide slot in the CPW ground plane, a radiating patch
of circular ring shape, a TS-TSIR inserted inside the circular
ring radiation patch, a PSLR embedded in the CPW transmis-
sion line, and a CPW ground plane together with a 50 X CPW
feed structure. The 50 X CPW feed structure is comprised of a
CPW-fed transmission line with a width of W4 5 3.6 mm, and
the gap g between the CPW-fed transmission line and the CPW
ground plane is 0.2 mm. To render this dual band-notched
antenna reconfigurable, four switches, namely switch-1 (SW1),
switch-2 (SW2), switch-3 (SW3), and switch-4 (SW4), are used
for implementing the states of these switches to design the pro-
posed multimode reconfigurable dual band-notched UWB
antenna, which is denoted as antenna 2 and is shown in Figure
1(b). To keep the symmetry and to achieve good radiation pat-
terns, the SW3 and SW4 are turn ON or OFF simultaneously,
which means these two switches can be implemented as one
switch in this design.
The antenna model is constructed and simulated using com-
mercial electromagnetic simulation software HFSS, and the final
optimized parameters of the antenna are as follows: L 5 32 mm,
W 5 24 mm, L1 5 3.9 mm, L2 5 2 mm, L3 5 3.1 mm, L4 5 4.5
mm, L5 5 4 mm, W1 5 5 mm, W2 5 8 mm, W3 5 2.6 mm,
W4 5 3.6 mm, W5 5 0.6 mm, W6 5 3 mm, W7 5 5.6 mm,
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 3, March 2014
W8 5 1 mm, W9 5 1.2 mm, g 5 0.2 mm, g1 5 0.3 mm, g2 5 0.3
mm, s 5 0.3 mm, R 5 11.6 mm, r1 5 6.6 mm, and r2 5 5.1 mm.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To investigate the performance of the proposed antenna, the
band-notched characteristics and the multimode reconfigurable
function are studied by using HFSS and are illustrated in Figure
2. In this design, the band-notched characteristic is obtained
from antenna 1, which is also the reconfigurable antenna with
all the switches ON. It can be seen from Figure 2(a) that
antenna 1 without the TS-TSIR and the PSLR is a UWB
antenna with an impedance bandwidth of 9.3 GHz, which ranges
from 2.7 to 12 GHz. In this case, antenna 1 covers the entire
bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz designated by FCC in 2002
[1]. For the case of antenna 1 with only TS-TSIR, the proposed
antenna is a band-notched UWB antenna with the notch at 3.5
GHz WiMAX band, which can mitigate the potential interfer-
ence from WiMAX communication systems. For the case of
antenna 1 with only PSLR, the proposed antenna is also a notch
band UWB antenna at X-band to reduce the interference from
7.7 to 8.5 GHz for satellite and military communication systems.
When the proposed antenna has both TS-TSIR and PSLR, it is a
UWB antenna with dual band-notched at 3.5 and 8 GHz, respec-
tively. This antenna can be used for suppressing the interference
from both the 3.5 GHz WIMAX band and the X-band.
Figure 2(b) shows the reconfigurable function of the pro-
posed antenna, which is described as antenna 2 and is shown in
Figure 1(b). To implement the ON state of SW1, a strip line
with length of 1 mm and width of 0.6 mm is used to replace
SW1. For designing the ON state of SW2, a strip line with
dimensions of 0.6 3 0.3 mm2 is used, while for SW3 and SW4,
two strip lines with size of 0.5 3 0.3 mm2 are used. It has been
found that antenna 2 with all the switches ON is a dual band-
notched UWB antenna with the desired notches at 3.5 GHz
571

Figure 2 Performance of the proposed multimode reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antennas (a) Band-notched characteristics and (b)
reconfigurable characteristics. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
WiMAX band and X-band. When SW1, SW3, and SW4 are ON
and SW2 is OFF, antenna 2 is also a dual band-notched UWB
antenna. However, the two stop bands are located at 5 GHz
WLAN band and X-band. In this case, antenna 2 can be used to
mitigate the interference from C-band (4.4–5 GHz), WLAN
Figure 3 Prototypes of the fabricated antennas (a) antenna 2 with all switches ON and (b) antenna 2 with all switches OFF. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
572 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 3, March 2014
Figure 4 Comparison of the simulated and measured VSWR charac-
teristics of the fabricated antennas. [Color figure can be viewed in the
online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
band including 4.915–4.945 GHz in Japan and 5.15–5.35 GHz
in Europe. When SW1 is ON and SW2, SW3, and SW4 are
OFF, antenna 2 is a UWB antenna with a single notch at 5 GHz
to reduce the interference from C-band and WLAN band. For
the case of SW1 OFF and SW2, SW3, and SW4 ON, antenna 2
has a notch band near 8 GHz, which can prevent the potential
interference from X-band satellite communication applications.
Antenna 2 with all switches OFF is a UWB antenna covering
the entire bandwidth designated by FCC. When SW1, SW2 are
ON and SW3, SW4 are OFF, antenna 2 is a band-notched UWB
antenna with a notch at 3.5 GHz WiMAX band. Another two
reconfigurable modes with SW1 OFF and SW2 ON are not
included in this article, because these states can be controlled by
turning SW1 OFF. On the basis of the discussion of band-
notched characteristics and the reconfigurable functions, we can
conclude that the 3.5 GHz WiMAX notch band is generated by
using the TS-TSIR, and the 5 GHz WLAN notch band is
obtained by first stage of the TS-TSIR, while the X-band notch
is realized by using the PSLR. The center frequency of these
notch bands can be controlled by adjusting the dimensions of
the TS-TSIR and PSLR.
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 5 Radiation patterns of the fabricated antennas (a) E-plane radiation patterns of antenna 2 with all switches ON, (b) H-plane radiation patterns
of antenna 2 with all switches ON, (c) E-plane radiation patterns of antenna 2 with all switches OFF and (d) H-plane radiation patterns of antenna 2
with all switches OFF. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

To validate the simulation results obtained by using HFSS, the

proposed antennas with all switches ON and OFF are successfully
fabricated and measured, and the photographs of the fabricated
antennas are shown in Figure 3. The measured VSWRs of the fab-
ricated antennas are obtained by using Anritsu 37347D vector net-
work analyzer and shown in Figure 4 in comparison with the
simulation ones. We can see that the proposed antenna with all the
switches ON can operate from 2.7 to 12 GHz, except the two
notch bands (VSWR > 2) at 3.3–4.2 GHz for rejecting WiMAX
signals, and 7.7–9.2 GHz for rejecting unwanted signals from
downlink of X-band satellite communication systems and ITU 8
GHz band. The proposed antenna with all the switches OFF is a
UWB antenna having a bandwidth of 9.3 GHz, which covers the
entire UWB band. Although the measured and simulated results
agree well, there are some discrepancies that are mainly due to
fabrication tolerance and manual welding inaccuracies. Radiation
patterns of the fabricated multimode reconfigurable dual band- Figure 6 Gain of the fabricated antennas. [Color figure can be viewed
notched UWB antenna with all the switches ON and OFF at 3.2, in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 3, March 2014 573
6, and 10 GHz have been measured and are shown in Figure 5. It
is observed that the radiation patterns at the H-plane are nearly
omnidirectional, while dipole-type radiation patterns in the E-plane
can be observed. The radiation patterns deteriorate slightly at high
frequencies because of the TS-TSIR and the PSLR radiation. Gains
of the fabricated reconfigurable antennas are obtained by compar-
ing them to a horn antenna. As discussed above, the energy at the
two frequency rejection bands is not radiated so that the peak gains
drop at these notched bands. As shown in Figure 6, we can see
that both of the fabricated antennas have stable gains over the
operating bands, with the exception of the 3.5 GHz WiMAX notch
band and the 8 GHz notch band when all the switches are ON.
The gain decreases by approximately 25.1 dBi at the WiMAX
band, and by 23.7 dBi at the X-band, which clearly indicates the
dual band rejection functions of the proposed antenna with all
switches ON.
4. CONCLUSION
In this article, a miniaturized UWB antenna with multimode recon-
figurable dual band-notched characteristics has been presented, and
its performance has been verified experimentally. The dual band-
notched characteristics and the reconfigurable function are imple-
mented within a limited space, and the two notch bands are real-
ized by using the TS-TSIR and the PSLR, and the multimode
reconfigurability is implemented by using four switches. Measured
and simulated results show that the proposed reconfigurable UWB
antenna can reject the unwanted signals from WiMAX, WLAN,
and X-band by turning approximate switches ON and OFF. Addi-
tionally, it can be used as a conventional UWB antenna if desired.
Moreover, the proposed antenna has a compact size and could be
used for portable UWB devices to eliminate unwanted electromag-
netic interferences and the design method could be conducive to
the design of miniaturized UWB antenna with multiple band
notches and multiple-mode reconfigurable antennas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was partially supported by a grant from the National
Defense “973” Basic Research Development Program of China
(No. 6131380101). This article is also supported by the National
Nature Science Fund of China (No. 60902014 and 51209055),
Nature Science Fund of Heilongjiang (QC2009C66). The
authors are also thankful to Hebei VSTE Science and Technol-
ogy Co., for providing measurement facilities.
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C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
PLANAR DUAL- AND TRI-BAND
BANDPASS FILTERS USING SINGLE
IMPROVED RING RESONATOR AND
SIMPLE FEED SCHEME
Kai-Da Xu,1,2 Yong-Hong Zhang,1 Yong Fan,1
Joshua Le-Wei Li,3 William T. Joines,2 and Qing Huo Liu2
1
EHF Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke
University, Durham, NC 27708; Corresponding author:
wtj@duke.edu
3
Institute of Electromagnetics, University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
Received 25 June 2013
ABSTRACT: A planar single improved dual-mode ring resonator
loaded by four mushroom-shaped stubs based on a simple feed scheme
is presented for design of dual- and tri-band bandpass filters (BPFs).
The simple pair of feed lines with source-load coupling is used to not
only feed the ring resonator but also generate the higher desired third
passband when the length of feed lines changes. That is, a desired dual-
or tri-band BPF can be designed based on the same single-ring resona-
tor. For demonstration purpose, two experimental example filters have
been fabricated and implemented. The simulated and measured results
are presented and show good agreements. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:574–577, 2014; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.28159
Key words: bandpass filter; dual-band; tri-band; microstrip; ring
resonator
1. INTRODUCTION
To meet the increasing communication requirement, many mod-
ern wireless communication systems have been fast developed
and widely used in people’s daily life, such as wireless local
area network (WLAN), IEEE 802.16 worldwide interoperability
for microwave access (WiMAX), radio-frequency identification
(RFID) and so on. Therefore, developments in microwave multi-
band bandpass filters (BPFs) have been gaining much attention
DOI 10.1002/mop