18.04.

2018

FIRESTOP 101

A life safety issue

Hilti, Inc. is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s)
earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for
AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and
non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any
material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completing this program, the participant should be able to:

1. Understand the key test standards related to firestopping in applicable codes

2. Understand the many variables that affect firestop performance

3. Understand the secondary attributes of firestop products

4. Improve specifications, drawings and details to promote proper selection and quality installation
of firestop systems

AGENDA

Consequences of Building Fires

Fire Safe Building Construction & Code Requirements

Firestop System Testing & Listings

Beyond Fire Resistance – Secondary Attributes of Firestop

Specifying Firestop Systems

Firestop installation Examples

Hilti Firestop

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CONSEQUENCES OF FIRES

Fire Departments Annual Direct Annual Civilian Deaths

respond to a fire every Property Loss 3000+ Lives Lost
23 seconds $11+ Billion

Source: NFPA Fire Loss Statistics 2013

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WHY MUST WE CONTAIN SMOKE, TOXIC GASES AND FIRE?

3/4 of all fire deaths are

caused by smoke inhalation.
Source: Hall, Jr. John R. NFPA Fire Analysis & Research, Quincy, MA. “Burns, Toxic Gases, and other Hazards”.

Visibility: 47% of survivors caught in a

fire could not see more than 12 feet.
Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 1-1P. Pg.1-15.

Approximately 57% of people killed in fires

are not in the room of the fire’s origin.
Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 8-1P. Pg. 8-17.

Smoke travels 120-420 feet per

minute under fire conditions
Source: Estimate based upon ceiling jet velocity calculations for typical ceiling heights and heat release rates.

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AGENDA

Consequences of Building Fires

Fire Safe Building Construction & Code Requirements

Firestop System Testing & Listings

Beyond Fire Resistance – Secondary Attributes of Firestop

Specifying Firestop Systems

Firestop installation Examples

Hilti Firestop

BALANCED APPROACH TO FIRE PROTECTION

We cannot rely on any single action or safeguard to keep people safe

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1ST INTERSTATE BANK –

LOS ANGELES - 1988
• “The automatic sprinkler system was drained and
building fire pumps shut off at time of fire.”
• “The vertical spread was also through poke-
through, pipe recesses, and utility shafts.”
• “The lack of firestopping between the floor slabs
and the skin permitted the fire to spread from floor
to floor through this space. Fire was observed
spreading through this area even before the glass
and mullions failed.”

GREENFELL TOWER – 6/14/17

• 80 dead
• 4th floor freezer electrical short caused the fire
• Building Façade helped the blaze to spread quickly
• Fire-stopping material between Apartments and
communal corridors had been removed during a
renovation several years ago, allowing the blaze to
spread

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ONE GLOBALLY APPLIED PRINCIPLE FOR FIRE SAFETY:

COMPARTMENTATION (FIRE COMPARTMENTS)
• The spread of fire can be restricted by dividing a building into separate compartments with fire-resistive walls
and floors—increasing the availability of escape routes for occupants.

Fire walls Fire floors

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WHEN COMPARTMENTATION
WORKS
• Hells Kitchen New York 2014
• Compartmentation worked to keep the blaze
contained to its origin
• Started due to an overloaded power strip in an
apartment on the 20th floor.
• Only one casualty due to smoke inhalation

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AREAS THAT CAN ALLOW FOR FIRE/SMOKE SPREAD:

Unsealed Pipe
Unsealed/ Penetrations/Ducts
Open Joints
Unsealed Cable
Penetrations
Doors
Membrane
(one-sided)
penetrations Gaps at edge of
slab

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FIRESTOP HELPS RESTORE THE INTEGRITY OF FIRE RATED

ASSEMBLIES
Through penetrations Joints Membrane penetrations

Firestop is used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall and/or floor
assemblies.

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FIRESTOPPING IS NOT NEW:

REQUIRED BY ALL CURRENT AND LEGACY CODES

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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2015)

Section 714.3.1.2 – Through-penetration firestop systems

“Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in
accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479…”

Section 715.3 – Fire resistant joint systems

“Fire-resistant joint systems shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of either ASTM E1966 or UL
2079…”

What is the key term in the code language above?

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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2015)

Section 714.3.1.2 – Through-penetration firestop systems

“Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in
accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479…”

Section 715.3 – Fire resistant joint systems

“Fire-resistant joint systems shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of either ASTM E1966 or UL
2079…”

Firestopping is a system approach. The product and installation instructions

specific to that product make the system.

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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2015)

Code Section Category Referenced Test Standard

714.3.1.2 Through Penetrations (Walls) ASTM E814 or UL 1479
714.4.1.2 Through Penetrations (Floors) ASTM E814 or UL 1479
714.3.2 Membrane Penetrations ASTM E814 or UL 1479
715.3 Fire Resistant Joints Systems ASTM E1966 or UL 2079
Exterior Curtain Wall/Floor Intersection
715.4 ASTM E2307
(Perimeter Joint)

Special Inspections of Penetrations: ASTM E 2174

1705.16
Fire Resistant Penetration & Joints Joints: ASTM 2393
Understanding the testing process is key to designing fire resistant systems

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AGENDA

Consequences of Building Fires

Fire Safe Building Construction & Code Requirements

Firestop System Testing & Listings

Beyond Fire Resistance – Secondary Attributes of Firestop

Specifying Firestop Systems

Firestop installation Examples

Hilti Firestop

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MANY FACTORS AFFECT FIRE PERFORMANCE AND EACH

ARE PARAMETERS IN THE TESTING OF A SYSTEM

Through Penetrations Joints

 Size and type of penetrating  Joint width
item(s)
 Desired assembly rating (hrs.)
 Size and shape of opening
 Floor or wall construction type
 Desired fire rating (hrs.) and thickness
 Floor or wall construction type  Movement requirements (%)
and thickness
 Stud width for gypsum walls
 Annular space
 Firestop products used
 Firestop products used

Once a tested firestop system has achieved the desired fire ratings, then a “Firestop System” is
issued (published) by the testing agency
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IBC SECTION 714.3.1.2: THROUGH PENETRATION FIRESTOP

SYSTEMS TESTED TO ASTM E 814 / UL 1479
Testing procedure determines F-rating and T-
rating of firestop system:

F-Rating
The duration of time in which flames do not pass
through the system.

To receive either rating the firestop system must pass the hose stream test

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IBC SECTION 714.3.1.2: THROUGH PENETRATION FIRESTOP

SYSTEMS TESTED TO ASTM E 814 / UL 1479
Testing procedure determines F-rating and T-rating of
firestop system:

T-Rating
The time period it takes for the non-fire side of the
penetrating item to reach a temperature of 325°F
(163°C) above its initial ambient temperature.
• Not a pass/fail criterion

To receive either rating the firestop system must pass the hose stream test*
Note: Hose stream test not required in Canada

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HOSE STREAM TEST VERIFIES MECHANICAL INTEGRITY OF

SYSTEM AFTER FIRE EXPOSURE
Stream delivered through 2½ inch hose with a straight-bore
nozzle at:

 30 psi - 1, 2 & 3-hour tests

 45 psi - 4-hour test

Time duration calculated based upon the area of the test

assembly and the fire resistance period.

Hose stream test not required in Canada.

To pass test, must not produce any though-gaps in firestop system

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FIRE SIDE WALLBOARD USUALLY CRUMBLES

Firestop both sides of a wall assembly.

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MELTING POINTS OF COMMON MATERIALS

2000 PVC Plastic Fiberglas® Insulation Aluminum

1750 413 °F 1,100 °F 1,220 °F
1500
Temperature (°F)

1250

1000

750

500

250

0
0 60 120 180
Time (minutes)

Combustible penetrating items typically require specialized firestop products

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FIRESTOP SYSTEMS IDENTIFY EACH COMPONENT

REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED FIRE RATING
 Fire rated assembly construction components
 Acceptable size and type of penetrating items
 Firestop materials needed to fill voids
 Specified limits for size of opening, annular
space, etc.
 Each tested system is given their own Firestop
System Number

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IBC 714.3.2: MEMBRANE PENETRATIONS FIRESTOP

SYSTEMS TESTED TO ASTM E 814 / UL 1479
Recessed fixtures shall be installed such that
the required fire resistance will not be reduced.

 Sum total area of openings does not exceed 100

square inches for any 100 sq. ft. of wall
 Steel electrical boxes on opposite sides of wall
must be separated by a horizontal distance > 24
inches

min. separation

Steel boxes outside these parameters must be protected

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THE SEPARATION OF 24 INCHES FOR BOXES ON OPPOSITE

SIDES OF THE WALL IS ONLY ACCEPTABLE FOR
CONVENTIONAL STUD WALLS.
Staggered Stud wall

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IBC SECTION 715.3: JOINT FIRESTOP SYSTEMS TESTED TO

ASTM E 1966 / UL 2079
Assembly Rating
Measures fire
and
temperature
on the non-fire
side of the joint

Hose stream
required for top-
of-wall and
wall-to-wall
joints

Joint undergoes
cyclic testing
prior to fire
testing

A revised UL 2079 5th test edition came into effect on August 26, 2017 affects pre-formed
firestop devices
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FIRE RESISTANT JOINT – APPLICATIONS

Head of Wall Bottom of Wall

Wall-to-Wall

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IBC 715.4: PERIMETER FIRE BARRIER (JOINT) EXTENDS THE

FIRE RATING OF THE FLOOR TO THE EXTERIOR WALL

Perimeter fire barrier testing is unique,

with fire exposure from both below and from outside
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KEY ELEMENTS TO PERIMETER FIRE BARRIER SYSTEM

1. Stiffener angle at floor line

2. Insulation board
2 3. Mechanical attachment of
insulation board
3

4
4. Protection of mullions
6 5. Mineral wool safing
(compression fit)
5 6. Firestop sealant
1

Image copyright © 2012. Thermafiber Inc.

Used by permission

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PERIMETER FIRE BARRIER – APPLICATIONS

System No. CEJ-127 P

Glass Spandrel Panel with
Aluminum Framing

Due to unique design of many curtain wall systems, EJs are typically issued
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WHEN A TESTED FIRESTOP SYSTEM DOES NOT MATCH A

FIELD CONDITION, ENGINEERING JUDGMENTS NEEDED
Engineering Judgments are issued in accordance with the guidelines established by the
International Firestop Council.

 Not to be used in lieu of available tested systems

 Must be issued by qualified technical personnel

 Based upon previously tested system(s)

 Based upon assumption that the recommended system (EJ)

would pass if tested for the required rated period of time

 Issued only for a single job, location and application

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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2012)

Code Section Category Referenced Test Standard

714.3.1.2 Through Penetrations (Walls) ASTM E814 or UL 1479
714.4.1.2 Through Penetrations (Floors) ASTM E814 or UL 1479
714.3.2 Membrane Penetrations ASTM E814 or UL 1479
715.3 Fire Resistant Joints Systems ASTM E1966 or UL 2079
Exterior Curtain Wall/Floor Intersection
715.4 ASTM E2307
(Perimeter Joint)

Special Inspections of Penetrations: ASTM E 2174

1705.16
Fire Resistant Penetration & Joints Joints: ASTM 2393

Understanding the testing process is key to designing fire resistant systems

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KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Smoke is the leading killer in fires

• Fire can be restricted through building compartmentation
• Clear code language for the testing and product installation of each application:
– Through penetrations
– Joints
– Membrane penetration
– Curtain wall
• Firestop Special Inspection required for high-rise buildings and Risk Category III and IV buildings (IBC
2012+)
 What about a building’s other design needs?

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AGENDA

Consequences of Building Fires

Fire Safe Building Construction & Code Requirements

Firestop System Testing & Listings

Beyond Fire Resistance – Secondary Attributes of Firestop

Specifying Firestop Systems

Firestop installation Examples

Hilti Firestop

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FIRESTOP PRODUCTS CAN PROVIDE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS

TO MEET YOUR PROJECT NEEDS

Proper Air Movement Water Sound

Installation Tightness Resistance Attenuation

System Selection Smoke & Toxic Gas TOW Constructability

(Vertical Loads) Privacy

Product Selection Infection Control EOS Containment

(Horizontal & Vertical Loads) Health and Safety
Training/ Penetrations (Expansion/ Contamination
Energy Savings
Certification Contraction) (mold)

Inspection Pressure (+/-) Control Seismic

Documentation

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WATER RESISTANCE HELPS COMBAT DAMAGE DUE TO RAIN

OR PLUMBING DISASTERS

Whether water is introduced during construction or after occupancy, the

damage to the building can have a significant impact.

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FIRESTOP SYSTEM ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED AND

TESTED FOR WATER RESISTANCE
W-Rating (optional test) – determines
effectiveness of a firestop system to restrict
flow of water.

 Tested to resist up to 3 feet of

water column for 72 hours
 Specify for floor penetrations

ASTM D6904 “Standard Practice for

Resistance to Wind Driven Rain…”

 Specify for perimeter fire barrier system

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MOLD/MILDEW RESISTANT SEALANTS PROVIDE A

HEALTHIER ENVIRONMENT
Strengthen your Div. 078400 Specifications: After 4 weeks
• Provide firestopping with mold and mildew
resistance rating of 1 or less as determined by
ASTM G21
ASTM G21 Rating Scale
Rating Observed growth on specimen*

0 None

1 Trace of growth (< 10%)

2 Light Growth (10% - 30%)

3 Medium Growth (30% - 60%)

4 Heavy Growth (60% - full coverage)

A rating of 0 is the best possible score per ASTM G21

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AIR RESISTANT SEALANTS CAN RESTRICT THE MOVEMENT

OF SMOKE, AIRBORNE PATHOGENS, AND SOUND

• Smoke penetration • Air Leakage results in: • Sound transmission

• Moisture damage
• Hot/Cold spots
• Disease transmission

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LEAKAGE RATING (L-RATING) DETERMINES SUITABILITY TO

RESTRICT PASSAGE OF SMOKE
• Optional test per UL 1479. Required on smoke
barriers (healthcare, prisons, etc.)
• Measures amount of air leakage through the
firestop system
• Test conducted at two temperature ranges:
• Ambient temperature (simulates cold smoke
away from fire origin)
• 400°F (simulates warm smoke near fire
origin)
• Measured in CFM: the lower the number, the
better the L-Rating

Even with smoke as the leading killer in fires,

this rating varies greatly from one system to another

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DYNAMIC MOVEMENT OF TOP OF WALL JOINTS

Movement Capabilities - % Compression or Extension

Tested dynamic joint systems indicate % of compression and extension

permitted for maximum joint width
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DYNAMIC MOVEMENT OCCURS WITH JOINTS AND PIPE

PENETRATIONS

NEW! A new test method for measuring movement capabilities of through-penetration

firestop systems is available with ASTM E 3037 (published November, 2016)
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AGENDA

Consequences of Building Fires

Fire Safe Building Construction & Code Requirements

Firestop System Testing & Listings

Beyond Fire Resistance – Secondary Attributes of Firestop

Specifying Firestop Systems

Firestop installation Examples

Hilti Firestop

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CSI MASTERFORMAT™ SPECIFICATION DIVISIONS

• Division 7 - Thermal & Moisture Protection

• Division 21 - Fire Suppression
• Division 22 - Plumbing
• Division 23 - HVAC
• Division 26 - Electrical
• Division 27 - Communications
• Division 28 - Electronic Safety & Security

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ENGAGE AN EXPERIENCED INSTALLER WHO IS QUALIFIED

TO PERFORM THE FIRESTOP WORK
Part 1 General > Installer Qualifications

• Firestop Manufacturer Training

• FM 4991 Approved Firestop Contractor

• UL Qualified Firestop Contractor Program

• Manufacturer Accredited Firestop Specialty Contractor

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SINGLE SOURCE MANUFACTURER OF FIRESTOP

PRODUCTS HELPS ENSURE CONSISTENCY AND
COMPATIBILITY
Part 2 Products > Firestopping

1 6
5
2

3 4

Common error: Six (6) different firestop products by three (3) different manufacturers

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FIRESTOP PRODUCTS TYPES FOR PENETRATIONS/JOINTS

Part 2 Products > Materials

Traditional Sealants and Sprays Pre-formed firestop

Good Better

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TRADITIONAL VS. PRE-FORMED FIRESTOP SOLUTIONS

Part 2 Products > Materials

Traditional Sealants and Sprays Pre-formed firestop

• Correct installation highly dependent on installer • Easy fast installation

• Surface cleaning/ tooling is required (and often
neglected)
• Depth of fill material varies per installation/installer
• Shelf life and storage issues
• Prone to waste
• Surface cleaning not required
• Depth of fill material always correct
• Pre-cured. No shelf life.
• Some devices can be re-penetrable
• Easy to inspect

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LOCATING THE RIGHT UL SYSTEM -

WWW.HILTI.COM/FIRESTOPS

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LOCATING THE RIGHT UL SYSTEM -

WWW.HILTI.COM/FIRESTOPS

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LOCATING THE RIGHT UL SYSTEM -

WWW.HILTI.COM/FIRESTOPS

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LOCATING THE RIGHT UL SYSTEM -

WWW.HILTI.COM/FIRESTOPS

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LOCATING THE RIGHT UL SYSTEM -

WWW.HILTI.COM/FIRESTOPS

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COMPLYING WITH CODE REQUIREMENTS

IBC 2012 Section 107.2.2 Fire protection system shop drawings. “Shop drawings for the
fire protection system(s) shall be submitted to indicate conformance to this code and the
construction documents and shall be approved prior to the start of system installation.
Shop drawings shall contain all information as required by the referenced installation standards
in Chapter 9.”

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FIRESTOP SYSTEMS SCHEDULE IDENTIFIES MOST

COMMON SYSTEMS
Part 3 Execution > Schedules

Also can be included on construction drawings

Specifying UL Firestop Systems is key to proper firestopping on projects

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STANDARD FIRESTOP DETAILS

Construction Drawings > Typical Details Sheet

Include typical firestop details for most common applications

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LABELING AND DOCUMENTATION OF EACH FIRESTOP

APPLICATION IMPROVES QUALITY ASSURANCE
Part 3 Execution > Identification and Documentation

 Label and record  Cloud storage  Inspections

 Create report
Software programs available to make tracking and documentation easier

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AGENDA

Consequences of Building Fires

Fire Safe Building Construction & Code Requirements

Firestop System Testing & Listings

Beyond Fire Resistance – Secondary Attributes of Firestop

Specifying Firestop Systems

Firestop installation Examples

Hilti Firestop

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INCORRECT FIRESTOP
INSTALLATIONS

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