TANSCHE Physics Syllabus

TAMIL NADU STATE COUNCIL FOR
HIGHER EDUCATION
CHENNAI – 600 005.
State Integrated Board of Studies
Physics
Post Graduation – 2 Year Programme
Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education
State Integrated Boards of Studies

Preamble*
In keeping with the announcement of the Honorable Minister for Higher
Education (Policy Note 6.3 2013-2014, Department of Higher Education,
Government of Tamil Nadu), with the view to provide compatibility in courses
offered by various universities, autonomous colleges & deemed universities in
Tamil Nadu facilitating the mobility of faculty and students from one university to
another and to easily solving the problem of equivalence among courses, Tamil
Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE) has formed the State
Integrated Boards of Studies comprising experts in the areas of knowledge
concerned. The State Integrated Boards of Studies, with great diligence and
expertise has devised the mandatory areas that have to be covered for three year
undergraduation and two year postgraduation courses to realize the above
objectives. Great care has been taken so that these areas would take 75% of the
course content and the remaining 25% can be decided by the individual
institutions.
In other words, the areas that have to be covered by the student that are mandatory
for earning the degree to have due value has been worked out so that the student
will gain enough depth of knowledge in the subject concerned. It is recommended
that the institutions specify in their brochures if the course is equivalent or not so
that the stakeholder could opt for the course offered with enough awareness about
the future possibilities of deciding on the course. The State Integrated Boards of
Studies have striven their best to see that the standards of higher education in our
State are raised to be on a par with international standards.
*Note: It is stated that it is not a compulsion on the part of any educational
institution in the State to follow State Integrated Board of Studies. However, if
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State Integrated Board of Studies – Physics PG
the subjects are to be equivalent, Section 'A' must be covered in the 75% of
the syllabus of the subjects concerned.
Section A (Mandatory Areas) of each course is mandatory and the areas

given must be covered in the 75% of the syllabus to make the course equivalent.
25% percent of the syllabus should be designed by the institutions, and the areas
covered under this also must have a weightage of 25%. Possible areas for this 25%
are suggested in Section B (Suggested Non mandatory Areas). This gives the
individual universities and autonomous institutions seamless liberty to innovate
and experiment, and more importantly, it is here that the institutions must devise
appropriate strategies by which (i) to make creative and critical applications of
what has been learnt in the mandatory components, and (ii) to meaningfully
connect the learners to the career demands and expectations. It is essential that the
theoretical subject knowledge of the students must be translated into practical
hands-on experience.
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Recommendations of Chairpersons, Physics PG Board of Studies:
PG Board – Physics
Core 11 or 12
Elective 3 or 4
Interdepartmental/optional Elective 2
Practicals 3 or 4
Project 1
The PG board approved 11 theory papers + 4 practicals or 12 theory papers + 3

practicals.
Selection of Elective courses
(I) 3 or 4 elective courses can be opted from the electives listed. However, in the
electives under the groups I to XIII; one elective alone should be selected (ie. No two
elective courses should be selected from the same group).
Example : The choice can be like

1. Special functions and their applications
2. Numerical methods (from group VIII)
3. Applied Electronics (from group IV)
4. Nuclear Detectors and Technologies
(II) In addition to the above, 2 optional course of interdisciplinary nature can be

opted.
Credit Details OPTION 1 OPTION 2

(Credits) (Credits)
Core
Theory 11 x 4 = 44 12 x 4 = 48
Practical 4 x 4 = 16 3 x 4 = 12
Elective 4 x 4 = 16 4 x 4 = 16
Interdisciplinary other subject elective 2x3=6 2x3=6
Project 1x8=8 1x8=8
Total Credits 90 90
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CONTENT
No. CORE SUBJECTS – (SECTION – A) Page no.
1.1 Classical Mechanics 8

1.2 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics 10
1.3 Mathematical Physics - I 12
1.4 Mathematical Physics - II 14
1.5 Quantum Mechanics - I 16
1.6 Quantum Mechanics - II 18
1.7 Electromagnetic Theory 20
1.8 Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics 22
1.9 Spectroscopy 24
1.0 Condensed Matter Physics - I 26
1.11 Condensed Matter Physics - II 28
1.12 Electronics 30
ELECTIVE SUBJECTS – (SECTION – B)
2.1 Advanced Computational Physics 32

2.2 Advanced Spectroscopy 34
2.3 Advanced topics in Mathematical Physics 36
2.4 Atmospheric Physics 38
2.5 Band Gap Engineering in Semiconductors 40
2.6 Biophysics 42
2.7 Computational Physics 44
2.8 Crystal growth and thin film physics 46
2.9 Data Analysis and Techniques 48
2.10 Density Functional Theory 50
2.11 Elementary Numerical Analysis 51
2.12 Experimental Design 52
2.13 General Relativity and Cosmology 54
2.14 Introduction To Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC), 56
Superfluidity and Superconductivity
2.15 Introduction to Spintronics 57
2.16 Introductory Astronomy, Astrophysics & Cosmology 59
2.17 Materials Physics and Processing Techniques 61
2.18 Medical Physics 63
2.19 Molecular Physics 65
2.20 Nonlinear Optics 67
2.21 Nuclear Detectors and Techniques 68
2.22 Petrophysics 70
2.23 Photovoltaic Science 72
2.24 Physics of Imaging 74
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2.25 Physics of the Earth 76

2.26 Plasma Physics 78
2.27 Quantum Chemistry 80
2.28 Quantum Field Theory 82
2.29 Radiological Safety Aspects 83
2.30 Reactor Physics 85
2.31 Semiconductor Devices-Theory 86
2.32 Solar Cells 88
2.33 Solar Energy Utilization 90
2.34 Special Functions and their Applications 91
2.35 Thin Film Physics 93
2.36 X-ray Crystallography 94
3. Group – I
1) Energy Physics 96
2) Physics of Nonconventional Energy Resources 97
4. Group – II
1) Basic Concepts of Instrumentation 99
2) Fundamentals of Instrumentation 101
3) Instrumentation 103
4) Instrumental Methods of Analysis 105
5. Group – III
1) Advanced Microprocessor 107
2) Microprocessor and Embedded Controller 109
3) Microprocessor and Microcontroller 111
6. Group – IV
1) Basics and Applications of Nanophysics 113
2) Elements of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 114
3) Nanophysics 116
4) Nanoscience 118
5) Physics of Nanomaterials 120
7. Group – V
1) Advanced Nuclear Physics 122
2) Astrophysics and Advanced Nuclear Theory 123
3) Introduction to Particle Physics 124
8. Group – VI
1) Numerical Methods 125
2) Numerical Methods and Fortran Programming 126
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9. Group – VII
1) Modern Optics 128
2) Modern Optics and Imaging 130
10. Group – VIII

1) Laser Physics 132
2) Laser Physics and Nonlinear Optics 134
11. Group – IX
1) Communication Electronics 136
2) Electronic Communications 138
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1.1 – CLASSICAL MECHANICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To solve the equation of motion using Lagrangian, Hamilton and Hamilton-Jacobi
equations.
 To study the kinematics of the rigid body through Euler equation.
 To get knowledge in central force field and relativity.
UNIT-I: LAGRANGIAN FORMULATION
Lagrangian formulation: System of particles-constraints and degrees of freedom-

generalized coordinates, force and energy-conservation laws-conservations of linear and
angular- momenta-symmetric properties-homogeneity and isotropy-D’Alemberts principle of
virtual work-Lagrange’s equation of motion- nonholonomic systems- applications of Lagrange
equations of motion: free particle in space-Atwood’s machine.
UNIT –II: HAMILTON’S EQUATION AND CANONICAL TRANSFORMATION
Calculus of variation--principle of least action-Hamilton’s principle-Hamilton`s function-

Lagrange’s equation from Hamilton’s principle-Hamilton’s principle for nonholonomic system-
variational principle- Hamilton’s equations from variational principle-Legendre transformation
and Hamilton’s equation of motion. Cyclic coordinates and conservation theorem-Canonical
transformations-Hamilton's canonical equations-Generating functions-Examples-Poisson
brackets and its properties.
UNIT-III: HAMILTON-JACOBI THEORY AND SMALL OSCILLATIONS
Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principle function-Example: Harmonic oscillator

problem-Hamilton’s characteristic function-Action-angle variable-application to Kepler
problem in action angle variables. Eigen value equation-Normal coordinates-Normal
frequencies of vibration-vibrations of linear triatomic molecule.
UNIT-IV: KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODY
Independent coordinates of rigid body-orthogonal transformation-properties of transformation

matrix-Euler angle and Euler’s theorem-infinitesimal rotation-Coriolis force-angular
momentum and kinetic energy of motion about a point-moment of inertia tensor-Non-inertial
frames and pseudo forces-Euler’s equations of motion-torque free motion of a rigid body-heavy
symmetrical top.
UNIT-V: CENTRAL FORCE PROBLEM AND THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Reduction to the equivalent one body problem-Centre of mass-Equation of motion and first
integral-classification of orbits - Kepler problem: Inverse-Square law of force-Scattering in a
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central force field - transformation of scattering to laboratory coordinates. Orbits of
artificial satellites, Virial theorem – Lorentz transformation, Relativistic Mechanics, Relativistic
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for a particle, Space time and energy – Momentum vectors.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Classical Mechanics -H. Goldstein, C. Poole and J. Safko,Pearson Education Asia,

New Delhi, Third Edition, 2002.
2. Classical Mechanics - G. Aruldhas, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2015.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
1. Classical Mechanics -S. L. Gutpa, V. Kumar and H.V. Sharma, Pragati Prakashan,
Meerut, 2016.
2. Classical Mechanics of Particles and Rigid Bodies -K.C. Gupta, New Age
International Publishers,New Delhi, Third edition,2018.
3. Classical Mechanics -N.C. Rana and P.J. Joag, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi,
2015.
4. Classical Mechanics -J. C. Upadhaya, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd,
Bangalore, Second edition, 2017.
5. Classical Mechanics, B.D.Gupta and Satya Prakash, Keder Nath Publishers, Meerut,
Revised Edition, 2015.
6. Introduction to Classical Mechanics, R.G.Takwale and P.S.Puranik, Tata Mc Graw
Hill, New Delhi, 1989.
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1.2 – THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To provide a phenomenological introduction to thermodynamics through

thermodynamics postulates, quantities and relations.
 Studying the micro and macroscopic properties of the mater through the statistical
probability laws and distribution of particles.
 Understanding the classical and quantum distribution laws and their relations.
 Studying transport properties, different phases of maters, equilibrium and non-
equilibrium process.
UNIT- I: THERMODYNAMICS, MICROSTATES AND MACROSTATES
Basic postulates of thermodynamics – Phase space and ensembles – Fundamental relations and
definition of intensive variables – Intensive variables in the entropic formulation – Equations of
state – Euler relation, densities - Gibbs-Duhem relation for entropy - Thermodynamic potentials–
Maxwell relations – Thermodynamic relations – Microstates and macrostates – Ideal gas –
Microstate and macrostate in classical systems – Microstate and macrostate in quantum systems
– Density of states and volume occupied by a quantum state
UNIT-II: MICROCANONICAL, CANONICAL AND GRAND CANONICAL

ENSEMBLES
Microcanonical distribution function – Two level system in microcanonical ensemble – Gibbs

paradox and correct formula for entropy – The canonical distribution function – Contact with
thermodynamics - Partition function and free energy of an ideal gas –The grand partition
function – Relation between grand canonical and canonical partition functions – One-orbital
partition function
UNIT-III: BOSE-EINSTEIN, FERMI-DIRAC AND MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN

DISTRIBUTIONS
Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distributions – Thermodynamic quantities – Non-interacting

Bose gas and thermodynamic relations – Chemical potential of bosons – The principle of
detailed balance – Number density of photons and Bose condensation - Thermodynamic relations
for non-interacting Fermi gas – Fermi gas at zero and low temperature – Fermi energy and Fermi
momentum - Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law for microstates in a classical gas - Physical
interpretation of the classical limit – Fluctuations in different ensembles
UNIT-IV: TRANSPORT AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES
Derivation of Boltzmann transport equation for change of states without and with collisions –
Boltzmann equation for quantum statistics – Equilibrium distribution in Boltzmann equation –
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Transport processes; One speed and one dimension - All speeds and all directions - Conserved
properties - Distribution of molecular velocities – Equipartition and Virial theorems – Random
walk - Brownian motion - Non-equilibrium process; Joule-Thompson process - Free expansion
and mixing - Thermal conduction - The heat equation.
UNIT-V: HEAT CAPACITIES, ISING MODEL AND PHASE TRANSITIONS
Heat capacities of heteronuclear diatomic gas – Heat capacities of homonuclear diatomic gas –
Heat capacity of Bose gas –One-dimensional Ising model and its solution by variational method
– Exact solution for one-dimensional Ising model - Phase transitions and criterion for phase
transitions – Classification of phase transitions by order and by symmetry – Phase diagrams for
pure systems – Clausius-Clapeyron equation – Gibbs phase rule
1. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics Paperback, Reif, Sarat Book

Distributors (2010).
2. Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics Paperback, B.B. Laud , New Age International
Private Limited, Jan 2012.
3. Elementary Statistical Physics, C.Kittel, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
4. Statistical and Thermal Physics, F.Reif, McGraw Hill, Fifth Edition, 2010.
5. Statistical Mechanics, Gupta & Kumar, 20th Edition, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2003.
6. Statistical Mechanics, B.K.Agarwal and M.Eisner, Second Edition, New Age
International Private Limited, Delhi, 2016.
7. Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter (Theory and Applications), E.S.R.Gopal,
Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1974.
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1.3 – MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop knowledge in mathematical physics and its applications.

 To develop expertise in mathematical techniques required in physics.
 To enhance problem solving skills.
 To enable students to formulate, interpret and draw inferences from mathematical
solutions.
UNIT-𝚰: VECTOR ANALYSIS AND VECTOR SPACES
Concept of gradient, divergence and curl - Gauss’s divergence theorem, Green’s theorem and
Stoke’s theorem (statement and proof) - Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates - Expression for
gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian in cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates (Theory).
Linearly dependent and independent sets of vectors - Inner product (problems)- Schmidt’s
orthogonalization process.
UNIT-𝚰I: MATRICES
Types of Matrices and their properties, Rank of a Matrix, Eigenvalue Equations and their
solutions, Theorems on Matrices; Diagonalisation and Diagonalisation of different matrices;
Cayley-Hamilton’s theorem; Problems.
UNIT–III: TENSOR ANALYSIS
Definition of Tensors – Contravariant, covariant and mixed tensors – addition and subtraction of
Tensors – Summation convention- Symmetry and Anti-symmetry Tensor – Contraction and
direct product – Quotient rule- Pseudo tensors, Levi-Civita Symbol - Dual tensors, irreducible
tensors-Metric tensors-Christoffel symbols – Geodesics.
UNIT-IV: COMPLEX VARIABLE
Functions of complex variable-Analytic functions-Cauchy- Riemann equations- integration in

the Complex plane-Cauchy’s theorem- Cauchy’s integral formula-Taylor and Laurent
expansions- Singular Points- Cauchy's residue theorem - poles - evaluation of residues -
evaluation of definite integrals.
UNIT-V: GROUP THEORY
Definition - Subgroups - Cyclic groups and abelian groups - Homomorphism and isomorphism
of groups - Classes - Symmetry operations and symmetry elements - Representations of groups -
Reducible and irreducible representations - Character tables for simple molecular types (C2v and
C3v point group molecules).
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1. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 1995.
2. Mathematical Physics, B.S.Rajput, 20th Edition, Pragati Prakashan, 2008.
3. Mathematical Physics, H.K. Dass and Rama Verma, S.Chand and Company Ltd, 2010.
4. Mathematical physics, P.K. Chattopadhyay, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1990.
5. Introduction to Mathematical physics, Charlie Harper, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd,
1993.
6. Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, L.A. Pipes and L.R. Havevill,
McGraw Hill Publications Co., 3rd Edition, 1971.
7. Theory and Problems of Laplace Transforms, Murray R. Spigel, Schaum’s outline
series, McGraw Hill, 1986.
8. Matrices and Tensors in Physics, A.W. Joshi, Wiley Eastern limited, 3rd Edition, 1995.
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1.4 – MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – II
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop knowledge in mathematical physics and its applications.

 To develop expertise in mathematical techniques required in physics.
solutions.
UNIT-I: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Homogeneous linear equations of second order with constant coefficients and their solutions –
ordinary second order differential with variable coefficients and their solution by power series
and Frobenius methods – extended power series method for indicial equations.
UNIT-II: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS – I
Gamma and Beta function- Legendre’s differential equation: Legendre polynomials - Generating
functions - Recurrence relation - Rodrigue’s formula - Orthogonality; Bessel’s differential
equation: Bessel polynomials - Generating functions - Recurrence relation -Rodrigue’s formula
– Orthogonality.
UNIT-III: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS – II
Hermite differential equation – Generating functions – Hermite polynomials - Recurrence

relations – Rodrigue’s formula - Orthogonality: Laguerre differential equations – Generating
functions - Laguerre polynomials - Recurrence relation - Rodrigue’s formula –
Orthogonality.
UNIT-𝚰V: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Solution of Laplace Differential Equation - Two dimensional flow of heat in cartesian and
cylindrical co-ordinates. Solution of heat flow equation in one dimension - Solution of wave
equation - Transvers e vibrations of a stretched string (Theory).
UNIT - V: INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS
Fourier transforms - cosine and sine transforms - Linearity theorem - Parseval’s theorem -
solution of differential equation. Laplace transforms - Definition - Linearity, shifting and change
of scale properties. Inverse Laplace transforms – Definition - Problems - Solution of differential
equation (problems using the above methods).
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1. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Publishing, 1995.

2. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, 20th Edition, Pragati Prakashan, 2008.
3. Mathematical Physics, H.K. Dass and Rama Verma, Chand and Company Ltd, 2010.
4. Mathematical physics, P.K. Chattopadhyay, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1990.
5. Introduction to Mathematical Physics, Charlie Harper, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd,
1993.
6. Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, L.A. Pipes and L.R. Havevill, 3rd
Edition, McGraw Hill, 1971.
7. Theory and problems of Laplace Transforms, Murray R. Spigel, International edition,
McGraw Hill, 1986.
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1.5 – QUANTUM MECHANICS - I
OBJECTIVES:
 To study the fundamentals of wave mechanics.
 To study the stationary state and eigen spectrum of systems using time dependent
Schrodinger equation.
 To solve the exactly soluble eigen value problems.
 To know the matrix formulation of quantum theory and how it can be used to
understand the equation of motion.
 To understand the theory of identical particles and Angular momentum.
UNIT-I: FOUNDATIONS OF WAVE MECHANICS
Postulates of wave mechanics -adjoint and self-adjoint operators-degeneracy-eigen value, eigen
functions-Hermitian operator- parity - observables - Physical interpretation-expansion
coefficients-momentum eigen functions-Uncertainty principle-states with minimum value-
commuting observables .
Matter waves- Equation of motion- Schrodinger equation for the free particle – physical
interpretation of wave function-normalised and orthogonal wave functions-expansion theorem-
admissibility conditions- stationary state solution of Schrodinger wave equation - expectation
values-probability current density- Ehrenferts theorem.
UNIT-II: STATIONARY STATE AND EIGEN SPECTRUM

Time independent Schrodinger equation - Particle in a square well potential – Bound states –
eigen values, eigen functions –Potential barrier – quantum mechanical tunnelling- alpha
emission.
Identical Particles and Spin:
Identical Particles – symmetry and antisymmetric wave functions – exchange degeneracy – Spin
and statistics: Pauli’s exclusion principle-Slater determinant-spin and Pauli’s matrices.
UNIT-III: EXACTLY SOLUBLE EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

One dimensional linear harmonic oscillator – properties of stationary states- abstract operator
method - Angular momentum operators- commutation relation- spherical symmetry systems -
Particle in a central potential – radial wave function – Hydrogen atom: solution of the radial
equation – stationary state wave functions – bound states-the rigid rotator: with free axis-in a
fixed plane-3-Dimentional harmonic oscillator.
UNIT-IV: MATRIX FORMULATION OF QUANTUM THEORY, EQUATION

OF MOTION & ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Quantum state vectors and functions- Hilbert space-Dirac’s Bra-Ket notation-matrix theory of
Harmonic oscillator –Equation of motions-Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Interaction
representation.
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Angular Momentum
Angular momentum -commutation rel at i on of J Z , J+, J- - eigen values and matrix
representation of J2, J Z , J+, J- – Spin angular momentum – spin ½ , spin-1- addition of angular
momenta- Clebsch-Gordan coefficients.
UNIT-V: SCATTERING THEORY
Kinematics of scattering process - wave mechanical picture- Green’s functions – Born

approximation and its validity –Born series – screend coulombic potential scattering from Born
approximation.
Partial wave analysis
Asymptotic behavior – phase shift – scattering amplitude in terms of phase shifts – differential
and total cross sections – optical theorem – low energy scattering – resonant scattering – non-
resonant scattering-scattering length and effective range– Ramsauer-Townsend effect –
scattering by square well potential.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics – G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall of India Pvt., Ltd.,
2002
2. Quantum Mechanics - Satya Prakash, Kedar Nath Ram Nath and Co. Publications,
2018.
1. Quantum Mechanics – Theory and applications - A. K. Ghatak and Lokanathan,

Macmillan India Ltd Publication, Fifth Edition, 2015.
2. Quantum Mechanics - Leonard I. Schiff, McGraw-Hill International Publication,
Third Edition, 1968.
3. Quantum Mechanics - V. K. Thankappan, New Age International (P) Ltd.
Publication, Second Edition, 2003.
4. Quantum Mechanics - E. Merzbacher, John Wiley Interscience Publications, Third
Edition, 2011.
5. Quantum Mechanics (Vol .I) - Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Bernard Diu, Franck Laloë ,
JohnWiley Interscience Publications, First Edition, 1991.
6. Quantum Mechanics - Pauling & Wilson, Dover Publications, New Edition, 1985.
7. Principle of Quantum Mechanics - R. Shankar, Plenum US Publication, Second
Edition, 1994.
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1.6 – QUANTUM MECHANICS - II
OBJECTIVES:
 To learn about the approximation methods for time independent and time dependent
perturbation theory.
 To understand the kinematics of scattering process and partial wave analysis.
 To study the theory of relativistic quantum mechanics and field quantization.
 To study the quantum theory of atomic and molecular structures.
UNIT-I: APPROXIMATION METHODS FOR TIME INDEPENDENT PROBLEMS
Time independent perturbation theory – stationary theory- Non-degenerate case: first and
second order-Normal Helium atom– Zeeman effect without electron spin – Stark effect in
hydrogen molecule - Degenerate case: Energy correction- Stark effect in hydrogen atom.
UNIT-II: APPROXIMATION METHODS FOR TIME DEPENDENT PERTURBATION

THEORY
Time dependent Perturbation theory - first order transitions – constant perturbation- transition
probability: Fermi Golden Rule –Periodic perturbation –harmonic perturbation – adiabatic and
sudden approximation.
Semi-classical theory of radiation: Application of the time dependent perturbation theory

to semi-classical theory of radiation – Einstein’s coefficients – absorption - induced emission-
spontaneous emission – Einstein’s transition probabilities- dipole transition - selection rules –
forbidden transitions.
UNIT-III: VARIATION METHOD
Variation method: Variation Principle – upper bound states- ground state of Helium atom –
Hydrogen molecule-WKB approximation - Schrodinger equation-Asymptotic solution-validity
of WKB approximation-solution near a turning point – connection formula for penetration
barrier – Bohr-Summer field quantization condition- tunneling through a potential barrier.
UNIT–IV: QUANTUM THEORY OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Central field approximation: Residual electrostatic interaction-spin-orbit interaction-

Determination of central field: Thomas Fermi statistical method-Hartree and Hartree-Fock
approximations (self consistent fields) – Atomic structure and Hund’s rule.
Molecules
Born-Oppenheimer approximation – An application: the hydrogen molecule Ion (H2+) –
Molecular orbital theory: LCAO- Hydrogen molecule.
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UNIT-V: RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS & QUANTIZATION OF THE

FIELD
Schrodinger relativistic equation- Klein-Gordan equation-charge and current densities –

interaction with electromagnetic field- Hydrogen like atom – nonrelativistic limit- Dirac
relativistic equation: Dirac relativistic Hamiltonian – probability density- Dirac matrices-plane
wave solution – eigen spectrum – spin of Dirac particle – significance of negative eigen states –
electron in a magnetic field – spin magnetic moment.
Quantization of the Field
Quantization of wave fields- Classical Lagrangian equation- Classical Hamiltonian equation-

Field quantization of the non-relativistics Schrodinger equation- Creation, destruction and
number operators- Anticommutation relations- Quantization of Electromagnetic field energy and
momentum.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics - P. M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan, Tata

McGraw – Hill Publications, Second Edition, 2010.
2. Quantum Mechanics - Satya Prakash, Kedar Nath Ram Nath and Co. Publications,
2018.
3. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Bernard Diu, Franck Laloë , Quantum Mechanics
(Vol. II), Quantum Mechanics (Vol. II), John Wiley Publications, 2008.
1. Quantum Mechanics V. K. Thankappan, New Age International (P) Ltd.

Publication, Second Edition, 2003.
2. Quantum mechanics - Franz Schwabl, Narosa Publications, Fourth Edition, 2007.
3. Molecular Quantum mechanics - P.W.Atkins and R.S. Friedman,), Oxford
University Press publication, Fifth Edition, 2010.
4. Quantum Mechanics – Theory and Applications, A. K. Ghatak and
Lokanathan, Macmillan India Ltd Publication, Fifth Edition, 2015.
5. Quantum Mechanics - Leonard I. Schiff, McGraw-Hill International Publication, Third
Edition, 1968.
6. Quantum Mechanics - E. Merzbacher, John Wiley Interscience Publications, Third
Edition, 2011.
7. Fundamental principles of Quantum mechanics with elementary applications - Edwin
C. Kemble, Dover Publications, ReIssue Edition, 2005.
8. Principle of Quantum Mechanics - R. Shankar, Plenum US Publication, Second
Edition, 1994.
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1.7 – ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

OBJECTIVES:
 To develop theoretical knowledge in electromagnetism.
 To develop skills on solving analytical problems in electromagnetism.
 To give basics of defining the complete electromagnetic response of complex
systems.
UNIT -I: ELECTROSTATICS
Coulomb’s law; the electric field – line, flux and Gauss’s Law in differential form - the
electrostatic potential; conductors and insulators; Gauss’s law - application of Gauss’s law – curl
of E - Poisson’s equation; Laplace’s equation – work and energy in electrostatics – energy of a
point charge distribution – energy of continuous charge distribution – induced charges –
capacitors.Potentials: Laplace equation in one dimension and two dimensions – Dielectrics –
induced dipoles – Gauss’s Law in the presence of dielectrics.
UNIT- II: MAGNETOSTATICS
Lorentz force – magnetic fields – magnetic forces – currents – Biot-Savart Law – divergence and
curl of B – Ampere’s Law – Electromagnetic induction - comparison of magnetostatics and
electrostatics – Magnetic vector potential.Magnetization: effect of magnetic field on atomic orbit
– Ampere’s Law in magnetized materials – ferromagnetism.
UNIT-III: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Ohm’s Law – electromotive force – motional emf – Faraday’s Law – induced electric field –
inductance – energy in magnetic field – Maxwell’s equation in free space and linear isotrophic
media – continuity equation – Poynting theorem.
Electromagnetic waves in vacuum: Waves in one dimension – wave equation – sinusoidal
waves – reflection and transmission – Polarization.
UNIT-IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
The wave equation for E and B – Monochromatic Plan waves – energy and momentum in
electromagnetic waves – electromagnetic waves in matters –TE waves in rectangular wave
guides – the co-axial transmission line. Potentials: potentials and fields – scalar and vector
potentials – Gauge transformation – Coulomb Gauge and Lorentz Gauge – Lorentz force law in
potential form.
UNIT-V: APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Boundary conditions at the surface of discontinuity – Reflection and refraction of E.M

waves at the interface of non – Conducting media – Kinematic and dynamic properties –
Fresnel’s equation – Electric field vector ‘E’ parallel to the plane of incidence and perpendicular
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to the plane of incidence – Reflection and transmission co-efficients at the interface between two
non–Conducting media – Brewster’s law and degree of polarization – Total internal reflection.
BOOK FOR STUDY:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics – David J. Griffiths, 4th Edition, Pearson.

2. Electromagnetic Theory and Electrodynamics, SathyaPrakash, KedarNath RamNath
and Co, 2017.
3. Electromagnetics, B.B Laud, Wiley Eastern Company, 2000.
4. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic, Wazed Miah, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1980.
5. Basic Electromagnetics with Application, Narayana rao, (EEE) Prentice Hall, 1997.
1. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory, Third edition, Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi – John R.Reitz, Frederick J Milford and Robert W.Christy, 1998.
2. Classical Electrodynamics – J.D. Jackson, II Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1993.
3. Electromagnetic Fields and Waves – P.Lorrain and D.Corson.
4. Electromagnetics , B.B Laud, Wiley Eastern Company, 2000.
21
1.8 – NUCLEAR AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce students to the fundamental principles and concepts governing nuclear

and particle physics.
 To know about nuclear physics’ scientific and technological applications as well as
their social, economic and environmental implications.
 To understand the concept of elementary particles.
UNIT-I: NUCLEAR FORCES
Characteristics of Nucleus Forces – Exchange forces and tensor forces – charge independence-
Spin dependence of Nucleus Forces - Meson theory of nuclear forces- Ground state of deuteron-
Nucleon-nucleon scattering singlet and triplet parameters – Nucleon-Nucleon scattering: Cross-
section, Differential Cross-section, Scattering Cross-sections – magnetic moment- Quadrupole
moment –S and D state admixtures - Effective range theory of n-p scattering at low energies.
UNIT-II: NUCLEAR MODELS
Binding energy & mass defect – Weizacker’s formula – mass parabola - Liquid drop model -
Bohr -Wheeler theory of fission- Activation energy for fission- Shell model- Spin –Orbit
coupling-Spins of nuclei- Magnetic moments – Schmidt lines- Electric quadrupole moments -
Collective model of Bohr and Mottelson: Nuclear vibration – Nuclear rotation –Nelson model.
UNIT-III: NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Nuclear reaction - Q- value – Nuclear reaction cross section – Direct Nuclear Reactions: Knock
out reaction, Pick-up reaction, Stripping reaction – Compound nucleus theory – Formation –
Disintegration energy levels – Partial wave analysis of Nuclear reaction cross-section -
Resonance Scattering and Reaction cross-section (Breit-Wigner dispersion formula) – Scattering
matrix - Reciprocity theorem – Breit -Wigner one level formula – Resonance scattering –
Absorption cross section at high energy.
UNIT-IV: RADIOACTIVE DECAYS
Alpha decay - Beta decay –Energy release in beta decay – Fermi theory of beta decay – Shape of
the beta spectrum – decay rate Fermi-Curie plot – Fermi & G.T Selection rules - Comparatives
half - lives and forbidden decays- Gama decay - Multipole radation – Angular momentum and
parity selection rules – Internal conversion – Nuclear isomerism.
UNIT-V: ELEMENTRY PARTICLE PHYSICS
22
Classification of elementary particles - Types of interaction between elementary particles –
Hadrons and leptons – Symmetry and conservation laws – Strangeness and associate production
- CPT theorem – classification of hadrons – Quark model - Isospin multiples - SU(2)- SU(3)
multiplets- Gell-Mann - Okubo mass formula for octet and decuplet hadrons – Phenomenology
of weak interaction hadrons and leptons - Universal Fermi interaction – Elementary concepts of
weak interactions.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Concepts of Nuclear Physics, B. B. Cohen, TMGH, Bombay, 1971.

2. Introductory Nuclear Physics, K. Krane, Wiley, New York, 1987.
3. Nuclear Physics, V. Devanathan, Narosa Publishing house.
4. Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffiths, 2nd Ed., Wiley-Vch, 2008
5. Nuclear Physics, S.N. Ghoshal, S. Chand and Co., II edition, 1994.
6. Nuclear Physics, D.C. Tayal, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt., Ltd., V edition, 2018.
7. Nuclear Physics, Irving Kaplan, Narosa Publishing House, 2012.
8. Basic Nuclear Physics and Cosmic Rays, B.N. Srivatsava, Pragati Prakashan
publications, Meerut, Edition: XVII, 2016.
9. Elements of Nuclear Physics, M.L. Pandya and P.R.S Yadav, Kedar Nath Ram Nath
publications, Meerut, 2016.
1. R. D. Evans, “Atomic Nucleus”, Mcgraw-Hill NY.1955.

2. J. M. Blatt and V. F. Weisskopf, “Theoretical Nuclear Physics”. Berlin 1979.
3. H. Enge, “ Introduction to Nuclear Physics Addision-Wesley” .Reading MA. 1975
4. R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam, “Nuclear Physics”, Wiley Eastern, Madras1993.
5. D.C. Tayal „Nuclear Physics‟
6. A. Bohr and B. R. Mottelson, “Nuclear Structure” Vol. I (1969) and Vol.II(1975),
Benjamin Reading .
23
1.9 – SPECTROSCOPY
OBJECTIVES:
 To give advanced knowledge about the interactions of EM radiation with matter and
their applications in spectroscopy like IR, RAMAN, NMR, ESR, NQR and
Mossbauer spectroscopy.
UNIT-I: MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY
Rotation of Molecules – Rigid Rotor (Diatomic Molecules) – Expression for the Rotational
Constant - Intensity of Spectral Lines – Effect of Isotopic Substitution - Molecular Parameters
(Bond Length, Bond Angle, Dipole Moment) from Rotation Spectra – Techniques and
Instrumentation.
UNIT II: INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Vibrational energy of a diatomic molecule- Infrared selection rules-Vibrating diatomic molecule-

Diatomic vibrating rotator- Vibrations of polyatomic molecules-Fermi resonance-Rotation
vibration spectra of polyatomic molecules-Normal modes of vibration in crystal-Interpretation of
vibrational spectra-Group frequencies-IR spectrophotometer-Instrumentation-Sample handling
techniques-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy-Applications
UNIT III: RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Introduction-Theory of Raman scattering-Rotational Raman spectra-Vibrational Raman spectra-

Mutual Exclusion principle-Raman spectrometer-Sample handling techniques-Polarization of
Raman scattered light-Structure determination using IR and Raman spectroscopy-Raman
investigation of phase transitions-Resonance Raman scattering-Nonlinear Raman phenomena-
Preliminaries-Hyper Raman effect-Stimulated Raman scattering-Inverse Raman effect-Coherent
Anti-Stokes Raman scattering.
UNIT IV: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC AND ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
SPECTROSCOPY
Basic principles – Quantum theory of NMR - magnetic resonance – relaxation processes –

chemical shifts – spin-spin coupling - Spectra and molecular structure – Fourier Transform NMR
–Instrumentation – Applications.
Basic principles – Quantum theory - g-factor – Nuclear Interaction and Hyperfine structure –
Relaxation effects - Hyperfine interaction – line widths – ESR spectrometer – Instrumentation –
applications.
24
UNIT V: NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE AND MOSSBAUER

SPECTROSCOPY
Basic theory - Nuclear Electric quadrupole interaction – Energy levels – Transition frequency –
Excitation and Detection – Effect of magnetic field – Instrumentation – applications.
Mossbauer effect - recoilless emission and absorption - hyperfine interaction - chemical isomer
shift - magnetic hyperfine and electric quadruple interactions – ` Instrumentation – applications.
1. Colin N. Banwell, Elaine M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy (Fourth

Edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 1995.
2. J.D. Graybeal, Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
3. Hollas, Michael, Modern Spectroscopy (Fourth Edition) John Wiley, New York,
2004.
4. R.P Straughen, S.Walker, Spectroscopy Vols.I,II and III, Chapman & Hall, London,
1976.
25
1.10 – CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS – I
OBJECTIVES:
 To give strong foundation in the conceptual understanding of the development of solid

state physics with appropriate theoretical background.
UNIT-1: CRYSTAL PHYSICS: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Lattice representation - Simple symmetry operations - Bravais Lattices, Unit cell, Wigner -
Seitz cell - Miller planes and spacing - Characteristics of cubic cells - Structural features of
NaCl, CsCl, Diamond, ZnS – Close packing.
Crystal Binding: Interactions in inert gas crystals and cohesive energy – Lennard – Jones
potential - Interactions in ionic crystals and Madelung energy - Covalent bonding – Heitler –
London Theory – Hydrogen bonding – metallic bonding.
UNIT-2: DIFFRACTION OF WAVES AND PARTICLES BY CRYSTALS
X-rays and their generation - Moseley’s law – Absorption of X-rays (Classical theory) –
Absorption Edge – X-ray diffraction – The Laue equations – Equivalence of Bragg and Laue
equations – Interpretation of Bragg equation – Ewald construction - Reciprocal lattice –
Reciprocal lattice to SC, BCC and FCC crystals- Importance properties of the Reciprocal lattice
– Diffraction Intensity - The Powder method – Powder Diffractometer - The Laue method -The
Rotating Crystal method - Neutron Diffraction - Electron diffraction.
UNIT-3: CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS AND ORDERED PHASES OF MATTER
Point imperfections – Concentrations of Vacancy, Frenkel and Schottky imperfections – Line

Imperfections – Burgers Vector – Presence of dislocation – surface imperfections- Polorans –
Excitons.
Ordered phases of matter: Translational and orientation order - Kinds of liquid crystalline order -
Quasi crystals - Superfluidity.
UNIT-4: LATTICE DYNAMICS
Theory of elastic vibrations in mono and diatomic lattices - Phonons – Dispersion relations -
Phonon momentum.
Heat Capacity
Specific heat capacity of solids – Dulong and Petit’s law - Vibrational modes - Einstein model -
Density of modes in one and three dimensions - Debye Model of heat capacity.
Anharmonic Effects
Explanation for Thermal expansion, Conductivity and resistivity – Umklapp process.
26
UNIT-5: THEORY OF ELECTRONS
Energy levels and Fermi-Darac distribution for a free electron gas – Periodic boundary condition
and free electron gas in three dimensions – Heat capacity of the electron gas – Ohm’s law,
Matthiessen’s rule – Hall effect and magnetoresistance – Wiedemann – Franz law.
Nearly free electron model and the origin and magnitude of energy gap – Bloch functions -
Bloch theorem - Motion of an electron in a periodic potential – Kronig – Penney model -
Approximate solution near a zone boundary –Metals, semiconductors and insulators – effective
mass – Limitations of K-P model – Tight binding approach - Construction of Fermisurfaces:
Reduced and periodic zone schemes of construction- de Haas – van Alphen effect.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Charles Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. ,
New Delhi, 2004.
2. Rita John, Solid State Physics, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publications, 2014.
3. M. A. Wahab, Solid State Physics – Structure and Properties of Materials. Narosa,
New Delhi, 1999.
4. J.D. Patterson, B.C. Bailey Solid-State Physics: Introduction to the Theory, Springer
Publications, 2007.
5. M. Ali Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics – Principles and Applications, Pearson,
1999.
1. J. Blakemore, Solid State Physics, 2nd Edition, W. B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1974.
2. C. M. Kachhava, Solid State Physics, Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, 1990.
3. N. W. Aschroft and N. D., Mermin, Solid State Physics, Rhinehart and Winton, New
York. 1976.
4. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, 1996.
5. K.K.Chattopadhyay, A.N.Banerjee, Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnolog,
PHI Learning private Ltd., Delhi 2014.
6. A. J. Dekker, Electrical Engineering Materials, Prentice Hall of India, 1975.
7. S.O. Pillai, Problems and Solutions in Solid State Physics, New Age international
Publishers, New Delhi, 1994.
8. A.K. Bain, P. Chand, Ferroelectrics, Wiley, 2017.
9. Kwan Chi Kao, Dielectric phenomena in solids with emphasis on physical concepts of
electronic processes, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004
10. Alexander O. E. Animalu, Intermediate Quantum Theory of Crystalline solids,
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1978.
11. Eleftherios N. Economou, The Physics of Solids – Essentials and Beyond, Springer,
2010.
27
1.11 – CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS – II
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop analytical thinking to understand the phenomenon that decide various

properties of solids thereby equip students to pursue higher learning confidently.
UNIT – I: THEORY OF DIELECTRICS
Dipole moment – Polarization – The electric field of a dipole – Local electric field at an atom –
Clausius –Mosotti equation - Dielectric constants and its measurements - Polarizability – The
Classical theory of electronic polarizability – Ionic polarizabilities - Orientational polarizabilities
- The polarizability catastrophe - Dipole orientation in solids - Dipole relaxation and dielectric
losses – Debye Relaxation time - Relaxation in solids - Complex dielectric constants and the loss
angle - Frequency and temperature effects on Polarization – Dielectric breakdown and dielectric
loss
UNIT – II: THEORY OF FERROELECTRICS AND PIEZO ELECTRICS
Ferroelectric Crystals – Classifications of Ferroelectric crystals - Dipole theory of ferroelectricity

– Landau Theory of the phase transition – Second order Transition – First Order Transition -
Ferroelectric Transition - One-Dimensional Model of the Soft Mode of Ferroelectric Transitions
– Antiferroelectricity - Ferroelectric domains – Ferroelectric domain wall motion –
Piezoelectricity - Phenomenological Approach to Piezoelectric Effects - Piezoelectric Parameters
and Their Measurements - Piezoelectric Materials
UNIT – III: MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Terms and definitions used in magnetism – Classification of magnetic materials – Atomic theory
of magnetism – The quantum numbers- The origin of permanent magnetic moments –
Langevin’s classical theory of diamagnetism – Sources of paramagnetism – Langevin’s classical
theory of paramagnetism – Quantum theory of paramagnetism – Paramagnetism of free electrons
- Ferromagnetism – The Weiss molecular field – Temperature dependence of Spontaneous
magnetization – The physical origin of Weiss Molecular field - Ferromagnetic domains -
Domain theory – Antiferromagnetism – Ferrimagnetism – Structure of Ferrite.
UNIT – IV: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Occurence of super conductivity - Destruction of super conductivity by magnetic fields -

Meissner Effect – Type I and Type II Super conductors - Heat Capacity - Energy gap -
Microwave and infrared properties - Isotope effect - Thermodynamics of the superconducting
transition - London equation - Coherence Length - BCS theory of superconductivity, BCS
ground state - Flux quantisation in a super conduction ring - Duration of persistence currents -
28
Single particle tunnelling - DC Josephson effect - AC Josephson effect - Macroscopic quantum
interference – High temperature super conductors – Applications.
UNIT – V: PHYSICS OF NANOSOLIDS
Definition of nanoscience and nanotechnology – Preparation of nanomaterials – Surface to

volume ratio – Quantum confinement – Qualitative and Quantitative description – Density of
states of nanostructures – Excitons in Nano semiconductors – Carbon in nanotechnology –
Buckminsterfullerene – Carbon nanotubes – Nano diamond – BN nano tubes – Nanoelectronics
– Single electron transistor – Molecular machine – nano biometrics.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Charles Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. ,
New Delhi, 2004.
3. M. A. Wahab, Solid State Physics – Structure and Properties of Materials. Narosa,
New Delhi, 1999.
4. J.D. Patterson, B.C. Bailey Solid-State Physics: Introduction to the Theory, Springer
Publications, 2007.
5. M. Ali Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics – Principles and Applications, Pearson,
1999.
1. J. Blakemore, Solid State Physics, 2nd Edition, W. B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1974.
2. C. M. Kachhava, Solid State Physics, Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, 1990.
3. N. W. Aschroft and N. D., Mermin, Solid State Physics, Rhinehart and Winton, New
York. 1976.
4. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, 1996.
5. K.K.Chattopadhyay, A.N.Banerjee, Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnolog,
PHI Learning private Ltd., Delhi 2014.
6. A. J. Dekker, Electrical Engineering Materials, Prentice Hall of India, 1975.
7. S.O. Pillai, Problems and Solutions in Solid State Physics, New Age international
Publishers, New Delhi, 1994.
8. A.K. Bain, P. Chand, Ferroelectrics, Wiley, 2017.
9. Kwan Chi Kao, Dielectric phenomena in solids with emphasis on physical concepts of
electronic processes, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004
10. Alexander O. E. Animalu, Intermediate Quantum Theory of Crystalline solids,
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1978.
2010.
29
1.12 – ELECTRONICS
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of the course is to impart in depth knowledge about Semiconductors, diodes,
Transistors, Operational Amplifiers, Memories and converters etc., to the students. The
theoretical knowledge gained in the class room can be experimented in the practical classes.
UNIT-I: SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES
Introduction to Semiconductor- PN Junction diode – Zener diode- Gunn diode- Tunnel diode-
Photo diode - schottky diode – Impatt diode-Characteristics and Applications.
UNIT-II: TRANSISTOR BIASING AND OPTO ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems - Transistor action- PNP-NPN transistors – Transistor

biasing and stabilization- Need for biasing- DC load line- operating point- Bias stability-Two
port Network - Hybrid model – h parameters –– JFET – UJT- SCR.
UNIT-III: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS
Operational Amplifier- CMRR-Slew rate -Instrumentation amplifier – V to I and I to V converter

– Op-amp stages- Equivalent circuits - Sample and Hold circuits.
Applications of Op-Amp: Inverting, Non- inverting Amplifiers- circuits – Adder- Subtractor-

Differentiator- Integrator- Electronic analog Computation solving simultaneous and differential
equation –. Schmitt Trigger – Triangular wave generator – Sine wave generator – Active filters:
Low, High and Band pass first and second order Butterworth filters – wide and narrow band
reject filters.
UNIT-IV: SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES
Classification of memories and sequential memory – Static Shift Register and Dynamic Shift
Register, ROM, PROM and EPROM principle and operation Read & Write memory - Static
RAM, dynamic RAM, Content Addressable Memory - principle, block diagram and operation.
Programmable Logic Array (PLA) - Operation, Internal Architecture. Charge Couple Device
(CCD) - Principle, Construction, Working and Data transfer mechanism.
UNIT-V: A/D AND D/A CONVERTER
Sampling theorem-Time division multiplexing – Quantization – DAC- Weighted resistor method

– Binary Ladder network – ADC – successive approximation, Dual slope and Counter method –
Voltage to Frequency conversion and Voltage to Time conversion .
30
1. Modern Digital Electronics – R.P. Jain – Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.

2. Op-Amp and linear integrated circuits - R.F. Coughlin and F.F, Driscol, Prentice Hall
of India, New Delhi, 1996.
3. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circits -Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Pearson Education:
Fourth Edition, 2015.
4. Electronic Principles- Albert Malvino, David J Bates, 7 th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2007.
5. Principles of Electronics- V.K.Mehta, 6 th Revised Edition, S.Chand and Company,
2001.
6. Electronic Devices and Circuits- David A. Bell, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall. 2007.
31
2.1 – ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To provide the core tools and methodology of computational physics

 The emphasis is on gaining practical skills and a key objective is that the students
gain the techniques and the confidence to tackle a broad range of problems in physics.
 To provide a broad basis of skills and each is illustrated by application to
physical system Using matlab.
 To provide knowledge about various mathematical methods.
UNIT I: NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION
Finding Roots of a Polynomial-Bisection Method-Newton Raphson Method- Solution

of Simultaneous Linear Equation by Gauss Elimination Method- Solution of
Ordinary Differential Equation by Euler, Runge-Kutta Fourth Order Method for
solving first order Ordinary Differential Equations
UNIT II: NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
Newton’s cotes formula-Trapezoidal rule-Simpson’s 1/3 rule- Simpson’s 3/8 rule-

Boole’s rule-Gaussian quadrature method-(2 point and 3 point formulae)-
Giraffe’s root square method for solving algebraic equation.
UNIT III: MATLAB FUNDAMENTALS
Introduction - Matlab Features-Desktop Windows: Command, Workspace, Command

History, Array Editor and Current Directory - Matlab Help and Demos- Matlab
Functions, Operators and Commands. Basic Arithmetic in Matlab-Basic Operations
with Scalars, Vectors and Arrays-Matrices and Matrix Operations- Complex Numbers-
Matlab Built-In Functions-Illustrative Examples
UNIT IV: MATLAB PROGRAMMING
Control Flow Statements: if, else, else if, switch Statements - for, while Loop
Structures-break Statement- Input/Output Commands-Script “m‟ Files -Function “m‟
Files-Controlling Output
UNIT V: MATLAB GRAPHICS

2D Plots-Planar Plots, Log Plots, Scatter Plots, Contour Plots-Multiple Figures, Graph
of a Function-Titles, Labels, Text in a Graph- Line Types, Marker types, Colors-3D
Graphics-Curve Plots-Mesh and Surface Plots-Illustrative Examples
32
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Numerical methods in Science and Engineering- M.K. Venkataraman-

National Publishing Co. Madras, 1996.
2. Getting Started With Matlab-RudraPratap-Oxford University Press-New
Delhi.
1. Engineering and Scientific Computations Using Matlab- Sergey E. Lyshevski-

JohnWiley&Sons.
2. A Guide to Matlab for Beginners & Experienced Users-Brian Hunt, Ronald
Lipsman, Jonathan Rosenberg-Cambridge University Press.
3. Matlab Primer-Timothy A. Davis & Kermit Sigmon-Chapman & Hall CRC Press-
London.
4. Matlab Programming-David Kuncicky-Prentice Hall.
5. An Introduction to Programming and Numerical Methods in MATLAB- S.R. Otto
and J.P.Denier- Springer-Verlag-London.
6. Numerical Methods Using Matlab-John Mathews &Kurtis Fink-Prentice
Hall-New Jersey,2006.
7. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis- S.S. Sastry-Prentice Hall, 2005.
33
2.2 – ADVANCED SPECTROSCOPY
OBJECTIVES:
 To comprise the basis for many important technologies and research tools.
 To know the basic principles and applications of non-linear spectroscopic tools.
UNIT-I: UV SPECTROSCOPY
Energy levels, Molecular orbitals – Theory of UV spectra – Franck Condon Principle – transition
Probability, measurement of spectrum – Types of transition in Organic molecules – Types of
absorption bands – transition in metal complexes – Selection rules – Electronic spectra in poly
atomic molecules – Chromophore concept – Application of UV Spectroscopy.
UNIT-II: ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): Principle of AAS– single beam Spectrophotometer –

Applications of AAS - Atomic emission Spectroscopy – Principle of AES, Advantages -
Instrumentation– Applications of AES –Difference between AAS and AES.
UNIT-III: SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING (SERS) AND FT RAMAN

SPECTROSCOPY
Surfaces for SERS study – Enhancement mechanism – Instrumentation and sampling techniques
- Surface selection rules – SERS microprobe – SERS study of bio molecules – SERS in medicine
–Use of Laser FT Raman Spectroscopy: Principle, Instrument, sample handling methods and
applications.
UNIT-IV: SURFACE SPECTROSCOPY
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) – Reflectance Absorbance – IR spectroscopy

(RAIRS) – Inelastic helium scattering – Photo electron spectroscopy (PES) – X ray photo
electron spectroscopy (XPES).
UNIT-V: NON-LINEAR SPECTROSCOPIC PHENOMENA
Nonlinear Raman phenomena – Hyper Raman effect – Experimental Technique – Stimulated

Raman scattering – Inverse Raman effect – Photo acoustic Raman scattering – Multiphoton
spectroscopy.
34
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th Edition,

Tata Mc Graw-Hill, New Delhi,1994.
2. G. Aruldhas, Molecular structure and spectroscopy, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi,2001.
3. H.Kaur, Spectroscopy, 5th Edition, A Pragati Prakashan,2009.
4. P. S. Sindhu, Molecular Spectroscopy, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, New Delhi,1990.
5. D.N. Sathyanarayana, Vibrational Spectroscopy, New age InternationalPublishers.
1. G. W. King, Spectroscopy and molecular structure, Hoit Rinchart and Winsten Inc,
London,1964.
2. T. A. Carlson, Photo electron and Auger spectroscopy, Plenum Press,1975.
3. J . Loder, Basic Laser Raman spectroscopy, Hezdan and Son Ltd. ,1970.
4. T. P. Das, E. L. Hehn, NQR Spectroscopy, Academic Press,1958.
5. Raymond Chang, Basic Principles of Spectroscopy Mc Graw-Hill Kogakusha, 1980.
6. Douglas A. Skoog, James J.Leary, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 4th Edition,
Harcourt Brace College Publishers, NewYork,1992.
7. Anthony R.West, Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, John Wiley & Sons,
New York,2003.
8. K.P. Rajappan Nair, Atomic spectroscopy MJP publication,Chennai.
35
2.3 – ADVANCED TOPICS IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop knowledge about advanced topics in mathematical physics.

 To develop expertise in advanced mathematical techniques required in physics.
solutions.
UNIT-I: DISCRETE GROUPS
Definition of a group, subgroup, class, Lagrange’s theorem, invariant subgroup, Homomorphism

and isomorphism between two groups. Representation of a group, unitary representations,
reducible and irreducible representations Schur’s lemmas, orthogonality theorem, character table,
reduction of Kronecker product of representations, criterion for irreducibility of a representation.
UNIT-II: CONTINUOUS GROUPS
Infinitesimal generators, Lie algebra; Rotation group, representations of the Lie algebra of the
rotation group, representation of the rotation group, D-matrices and their basic properties.
Addition of two angular momenta and C.G. coefficients, Wigner-Eckart theorem.
UNIT-III: SPECIAL UNITARY GROUPS
Definition of unitary, unimodular groups SU(2) and SU(3). Lie algebra of SU(2). Relation
between SU(2) and rotation group. Lie algebra of SU(3)-Gellmann’s matrices. Cartan form of
the SU(3). Lie algebra, roots and root diagram for SU(3). Weights and their properties, weight
diagrams for the irreducible representations 3.3*-, 6,6 8, 10 and 10 of SU(3). Direct product of
two SU(3) representations, Young tableaux method of decomposition of products of IR’s
illustrations with the representations of dim<10. C.G.coefficients for 3 x 3* and 3 x 6
representations. SU(3) symmetry in elementary particle physics, quantum numbers of hadrons
and SU(2) and SU(3) classification of hadrons.
UNIT-IV: TENSORS
Cartesian vectors and tensors illustration with moment of inertia, conductivity, dielectric tensors.
Four vector in special relativitity, vectors and tensors under Lorentz transformations, Illustration
from physics. Vectors and tensors under general co-ordinate transformations, contravariant and
covariant vectors and tensors, mixed tensors; tensor algebra, addition, subtraction, direct product
of tensors, quotient theorem, symmetric and antisymmetric tensors.
36
UNIT-V: TENSOR CALCULUS
Parallel transport, covariant derivative, affine connection. Metric tensor. Expression for
Christoffel symbols in terms of and its derivatives (assuming D g = 0. Curvature tensor, Ricci
tensor and Einstein tensor. Bianchi identities, Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein equation
G=0.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. A.W.Joshi, Group Theory for Physicists

2. D.B.Lichtenberg, Unitary Symmetry and Elementary Particles
3. E.Butkov, Mathematical Physics
4. J.V.Narlikar, General Relativity & Cosmology
1. M.Hamermesh Group Theory

2. M.E.Rose: Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum
3. Georgi : Lie Groups for Physicists
4. E.A.Lord: Tensors, Relativity & Cosmology
37
2.4 – ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS

OBJECTIVES:
 Students can demonstrate familiarity with microphysical principles and how they
determine the structures of the atmosphere and clouds.
 Students can demonstrate the ability to apply principles of cloud microphysics
and atmospheric chemistry to the solution of atmospheric problems.
UNIT-I: PHYSICAL & DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY

Physical Meteorology: Structure of Earth‟s Atmosphere and Composition- Law of
Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere- Adiabatic Process-Potential Temperature-Clausius-
Clapyeron Equation-Laws of Black Body Radiation-Solar and Terrestrial Radiation-Albedo-
Green House Effect-Heat Balance of Earth Atmosphere System.
UNIT-II: DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY
Fundamental Forces-Structure of Static Atmosphere-Momentum, Continuity and Energy

Equations-Thermodynamics of the Dry Atmosphere-Elementary Applications of the Basic
Equations-Circulation Theorem-Vorticity-Potential Vorticity and Potential Vorticity Equations.
UNIT-III: CLIMATE & MONSOON DYNAMICS
Climate Classification-Polar, Artic, Antarctic, Temperate & Tropical Climates Wind,

Temperature & Pressure Distribution over India in the Lower, Middle and Upper
Atmosphere during Pre- Post- and Mid-Monsoon Season-Dynamics of Monsoon
Depression and Easterly Waves-Intra Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Monsoon-Quasi-
Bi Weekly and 30-60 Day Oscillations-Walker Circulation, Southern Oscillations & El Nino
UNIT-IV: ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

Role of Meteorology in Atmospheric Pollution-Atmospheric Boundary Layer-Air Stability-
Local Wind Structure-Ekman Spiral-Turbulence & Boundary Layer Scaling-Residence Time
and Reaction Rates of Pollutants-Sulphur Compounds-Carbon Compounds-
Organic compounds-Aerosols- Toxic Gases and Radio Active Particles-Trace Gases
UNIT-V: RADAR METEOROLOGY

Basic Meteorology-Radar Principles and Technology-Radar Signal Processing & Display-
Weather Radar- Observation of Precipitating Systems-Estimation of Precipitation-Radar
observation of Tropical Storms & Cyclones-Use of Weather Radar in Aviation-Clear Air
Radars-Observation of a Clear Air Phenomena
38
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. The Atmosphere-Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuk
1. Dynamic Meteorology-J.R. Holton-Academic Press- NY

2. The Physics of Monsoons-R.N. Keshvamurthy& M. Shankar Rao-Allied Publishers
3. Principles of Air Pollution Meteorology-Tom Lyons &Prillscott-CBS Publishers &
Distributors
4. Radar Meteorology-Henry Saugageot.
39
2.5. – BAND GAP ENGINEERING IN SEMICONDUCTORS
UNIT I: BAND STRUCTURE OF SEMICONDUCTORS:
Direct, Indirect and Pseudo direct band gap semiconductors - Nature of band gaps from
absorption curves - Concentration of charge carriers - Temperature dependence of n - Electron -
hole pair generation and recombination: band to band (direct and indirect band gap transitions)
and intra band (impurity related) transitions, free - carrier and phonon transitions.
UNIT II: MOBILITY AND CONDUCTIVITY IN SEMICONDUCTORS:
Influence of temperature on mobility- Recombination of electron hole pair- Electrical

conductivity in semiconductors.
Excitons: Origin, electronic levels and properties, Radiative and non radiative recombination
(Shockley – Read - Hall and Auger) processes.
Carrier transport: continuity equations.
Optical constants: Kramers - Kronig relations
UNIT III: BAND GAP ENGINEERING:
Structural effects – chemical potential – crystal field – impact on degenerate states – band gap
and alloying - Strain-induced band-gap engineering- Engineering band gaps in Ternary :
Chalcopyrite and pnictides , Pseudo Direct, Quaternary, Magnetic and Oxide Semiconductors -
Layered Semiconductors - Organic semiconductors.
UNIT IV: SEMICONDUCTORS IN REDUCED DIMENSION:
Carbon materials - Bonding in graphene – Hopping mechanism – Hamiltonian of two

dimensional solid (massless Dirac Hamiltonian): Tight binding Hamiltonian which includes π
and σ bands. - Dirac points, degeneracy at K point, Linear dispersion, a Controlling of band gap,
spatial inversion, time reversal symmetries, saddle point singularity, Density of States. Tuning of
band gap in graphene – Effect of twisted layers – Applications in opto-electronics, bio-medicine,
energy storage and generation.
Band gap engineering in graphene, quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dots.
Semiconductors in electronics, spintronics and valleytronics – comprehensive comparison.
40
UNIT V: DFT RESULTS OF SEMICONDUCTORS:
Density Functional Theory (DFT) - an overview Kohn-Hohenberg theorems - Kohn-Sham

equation - exchange correlation potentials in semiconductors – Band structure as a tool in
engineering band gaps.
1. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Ed, Wiley, 2010.

2. Ben G. Streetman, Solid State Electronic Devices, 3rd Ed., Prentice –Hall of India Private
Limited, 1994.
3. M. Ali Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics: Principles and Applications, Addison-
Wesley, 2000
4. S.M.Sze, Physics of semicondcutors Devices, New York: John Wiley, 1969.
6. Alexander O. E. Animalu, Intermediate Quantum Theory of Crystalline solids, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi, 1978.
2010.
8. Rita John, Edited, Condensed Matter Theory, UGC Academic Staff College, University
of Madras, 2010.
9. A. Rycerz, J. Tworzydło and C. W. J. Beenakker, Valley filter and valley valve in
graphene, Nature Physics 3, 172 - 175 (2007).
10. Dimitrie Culcer, A. L. Saraiva, Belita Koiller, Xuedong Hu, and S. Das Sarma, Valley-
Based Noise-Resistant Quantum Computation Using Si Quantum Dots, Phys. Rev. Lett.
108, 126804 (2012).
11. Niklas Rohling and Guido Burkard, Universal quantum computing with spin and valley
states, New J. Phys. 14, 083008(2012).
12. E. A. Laird, F. Pei & L. P. Kouwenhoven, A valley–spin qubit in a carbon nanotube,
Nature Nanotechnology 8, 565–568 (2013).
13. Richard Martin, Electronic Structure, Basic Theory and Practical Methods, Cambridge
University Press, 2004.
41
2.6 – BIOPHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the applications of various microscopic tools in cell biology.

 To understand the fundamentals of macromolecular structure and the analytical
techniques in characterizing biomolecular interactions and its structure.
UNIT-I: CELL ORGANIZATION
Cell as the basic structural unit- Origin & organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell- Cell
size & shape- Fine structure of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell organization (Bacteria,
Cyanobacteria, plant & Animal cell)- Internal architecture of cells- cell organelles- compartment
& assemblies membrane system- Ribosome- Polysomes- Lysosomes- Peroxisomes- Connection
between cell & its environment- Extracellular Matrix.
UNIT-II: TOOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY
Light microscope- Resolving Power- Phase contrast microscope- Detection of small differences
in refractive indices- Interference microscope-, Dark field microscope- Polarization microscope-
Fluorescence microscope- Cytophotometry methods- Flowcytometry & cell sorting- Electron
microscopy- specimen preparation- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)- Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM)-Applications.
UNIT-III: MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Nucleic acid structure: Chemical structure of the nucleic acid - Conformational possibilities of
monomers and polymers- Double helix structure of DNA- Polymorphism of DNA- DNA
nanostructures and the structure of transfer RNA.
Proteins structure: Amino acids and the primary structures of proteins – Secondary – Tertiary -
Quaternary structure and virus structure.
UNIT-IV: SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
Centrifugation: Principle of centrifugation –Analytical ultracentrifugation – Differential

centrifugation – Density gradient centrifugation.
Chromatography: Principles of chromatography– Paper chromatography – Thin layer

chromatography (TLC) – Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) – High performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC).
42
Electrophoresis: Principles – Factors affecting the migration of substances – Supporting media in
electrophoresis – Gel electrophoresis – Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) – Sodium
dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
UNIT-V: OPTICAL & DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUES
Circular Dichroism and optical rotator dispersion-: Plane, circular and elliptical polarization of
light- Absorption by oriented molecules- Dichroic ratio of proteins and nucleic acids- Circular
dichroism (CD) - optical rotatory disperson (ORD) - Relation between CD and ORD-
Application of ORD in conformation and interactions of biomolecules.
Crystallization of proteins- preparation of heavy metal derivatives- Patterson synthesis-

isomorphous replacement methods- structure factors of centro-symmetric and non-
centrosymmetric crystals- General remarks on Protein-Structure determination from X-ray
diffraction data-Neutron diffraction-, Electron diffraction-, Synchrotron diffraction, Application
in Biomolecular structural studies.
1. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Geoffrey M.Cooper, ASM Press, 2013.

2. Biophysics, Vasantha Pattabhi, N. Gautham, Narosa Publishing, 2009.
3. Biophysics P.S. Mishra, VK Enterprises, 2010.
4. Biophysics, M.A. Subramanian, MJP Publishers, 2005.
5. Bioinstrumentation, L.Veerakumari, MJP Publishers, 2006.
6. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, A.C. Deb, New central book agency, 2011.
43
2.7 – COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To learn and practice the fundamental programming concepts and methodologies

subjected to develop C++ programs.
 To tackle the problems in the physical sciences using computer and C++ as a
numerical tool
 To Numerically solve systems of nonlinear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of
a matrix, integrals
 To identify appropriate numerical strategies to deal the problems in physics
UNIT-I:
Beginning with C++Basic concepts of OOP- Benefits and applications of OOP- Introduction
to C++ -What is C++-Applications of C++ - A Simple C++ Programme – More C++
Statements – An Example with Class – Structure of C++ Program – Creating the Source File
– compiling and Linking. Tokens, Expressions and Control Structure: Introduction-Tokens-
Keywords-Identifiers-Basic Data Types – User-Defined Data Types – Derived Data Types
– Symbolic Constants-Type Compatibility – Declarations of Variables – Dynamic Initialization
of Variables – Reference Variables – Operators in C++ - Scope Resolution Operator-
Memory Management Operators – Manipulators – Type Cast Operator – Expressions
and Implicit Conversions – Operator Overloading – Operator Precedence-Control Structures–
if Selection Statement – if else statement – do while repetition Statement – Nested
Control Statements.
UNIT-II:
Functions, Classes and Objects in C++: Introduction-The Main Function- Function Prototyping-
Call by Reference – Return by Reference – Inline Functions – Default Arguments – Const
Arguments – Function Overloading – Friend and Virtual Functions.
Classes and Objects: Introduction - C Structures Revisited-Specifying a Class-Defining
Member Functions – A C++ Program with Class-Making an Outside Function Inline-Nesting of
Member Functions-Private Member Functions-Arrays Within a class - Memory Allocation for
Objects- Static Data Members-Static Member Functions – Arrays of Objects – Objects as
Function Arguments – Friendly Functions.
UNIT-III:
Managing console I/O operations Introduction-C++ Streams- C ++ Stream Classes-

Unformatted I/O Operations-Formatted Console I/O Operations-Managing Output with
manipulators. Working with files. Introduction-Classes for Files Stream Operations- Opening
and Closing a Files- opening of a file using constructor- two file streams working on
separate files and two file streams working on a single file- streams working on multiple files-
44
Detecting end-of-file- More about Open ( )- File Modes-File Pointers and their Manipulations –
Sequential Input and .0 Output Operations- Updating a File: Random Access-Error Handling
During File Operations-Command.
UNIT-IV:
Approximation of a function: Interpolation-Least-squares Approximation - Random-

number generators - Introduction to Lagrange polynomials – Numerical Calculus:
Numerical Differentiation-Numerical Integration- Trapezoidal rule – Simpson’s rules – Newton
- Cotes formulas – Gaussian quadrature formula – Estimation of errors in
evaluating the integrals Roots of Equation-Extremes of a function - Bond length of a
molecule.
UNIT-V:
Ordinary differential equation: Initial-value problems- Taylor’s series method - The Euler and
Picard methods - Predictor-corrector methods-The Runge - Kutta method – Chaotic
dynamics of a driven pendulum–Boundary-value and eigenvalue problems-The Shooting
Method-Linear equations and the Sturm - Liouville problem-The 1-D Schrödinger equation.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Units I and II: Object Oriented Programming with C++ - E. Balagurusamy,

TMH, 1999(Chap:2,3,4 & 5).
2. Unit III, IV & V: An Introduction to Computational Physics (2nd Edn.) –

TAO PANG, Cambridge, 2006 (Chap.2,3 (selected sections) 4,7).
1. Programming in C++ - R. RAVICHANDRAN (2001).

2. Object Oriented Programming and C++ - R. RAJARAM, New Age
International (1999).
3. Numerical Methods – Conte and deBoer.
45
2.8. – CRYSTAL GROWTH AND THIN FILM PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the theoretical concepts involved in crystal growth and thin film sciences and to
learn the basic characterizing techniques of materials.
UNIT I: BASIC CONCEPTS, NUCLEATION AND KINETICS OF GROWTH
Ambient phase equilibrium – Super saturation – Equilibrium of finite phases - Equation of

Thomson-Gibbs – Types of nucleation – Formation of critical nucleus – Classical theory of
nucleation – Homo and heterogeneous formation of 3D nuclei – Rate of nucleation – Growth
from vapor phase, solutions and melts – Epitaxial growth – Growth mechanism and classification
– Kinetics of growth of epitaxial films – Mechanisms and controls for nanostructures in 0 and 1
dimensions.
UNIT II: CRYSTALLIZATION PRINCIPLES AND GROWTH TECHNIQUES
Classes of crystal system – Crystal symmetry – Solvents and solutions – Solubility diagram –
Super solubility – Expression for super saturation – Metastable zone and induction period –
Miers TC diagram – Solution growth – Low and high temperatures solution growth – Slow
cooling and solvent evaporation methods – Constant temperature bath as a crystallizer.
UNIT III: GEL, MELT AND VAPOR GROWTH TECHNIQUES
Principle of gel technique – Various types of gel -- Structure and importance of gel – Methods of
gel growth and advantages -- Melt technique – Czochralski growth – Floating zone – Bridgeman
method – Horizontal gradient freeze – Flux growth – Hydrothermal growth – Vapor-phase
growth – Physical vapor deposition – Chemical vapor deposition – Stoichiometry.
UNIT IV: THIN FILM DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES
Vacuum evaporation -- Hertz-Knudsen equation -- Evaporation from a source and film thickness
uniformity -- E-beam, pulsed laser and ion beam evaporations -- Glow discharge and plasmas -
Mechanisms and yield of sputtering processes – DC, rf, magnetically enhanced, reactive
sputtering – Spray pyrolysis – Electro deposition – Sol-gel technique.
UNIT V: CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
X–ray diffraction – Powder and single crystal – Fourier transform infrared analysis – Elemental
dispersive X-ray analysis – Transmission and scanning electron microscopy – UV-vis-NIR
spectrometer – Chemical etching – Vickers micro hardness – Basic principles and operations of
AFM and STM - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical analysis – Ultraviolet
46
photoemission spectroscopy analysis for work function of the material - Photoluminescence –
Thermoluminescence.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. I.V. Markov, Crystal Growth for Beginners: Fundamentals of Nucleation, Crystal

Growth and Epitaxy (2004) 2nd edition.
2. P. Santhanaragavan and P. Ramasamy, Crystal Growth Process and Methods (KRU
Publications, Kumbakonam, 2001).
3. A. Goswami, Thin Film Fundamentals (New Age, New Delhi, 2008).
4. H.H. Willard, L.L. Meritt, J.A. Dean, F.A. Sette, Instrumental Methods of Analysis
(CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1986).
5. S. Zhang, L. Li and A. Kumar, Materials Characterization Techniques (CRC Press, Bota
Racon, 2009).
1. J.C. Brice, Crystal Growth Process (John Wiley, New York, 1986).
2. M. Ohring, Materials Science of Thin Films (Academic Press, Boston, 2002) 2nd
edition.
3. E. N. Kaufmann, Characterization of Materials, Volume-I (John Wiley, New Jersey,
2012).
47
2.9. – DATA ANALYSIS AND TECHNIQUES
Objectives:
 To learn the importance of error analysis, and various methods to analyse error
 To effectively learn statistical tools needed for data analysis.
 To understand the behaviour of distribution of data
UNIT-I: ERRORS AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Approximate numbers and Significant Figures – Rounding of Numbers – Absolute, Relative and
Percentage errors – Relation between Relative error and the significant figures – The general
formula for errors – Formulas to the fundamental operations of arithmetic and logarithms –
Accuracy in the evaluation of a Formula – Accuracy in the Determination of arguments from a
tabulated function – Accuracy of Series approximations – Errors in Determinants.
UNIT-II: ERRORS AND CURVE FITTING
Errors of Observations and Measurement – The law of accidental errors – The probability of
errors lying between given limits – The probability equation – The law of error of a linear
function of independent quantities – The probability integral and its evaluations – Theprobability
of hitting a target – The principle of least squares – Weighted observations –
Residuals – The most probable value of a set of direct measurements – Law of error for
residuals – Agreement between theory and experience.
UNIT-III: PROBABILITY BASICS
Chance Experiments and Events – Definition of Probability – Basic Properties: Addition and
multiplication laws of Probability – Conditional Probability, population, variants, collection,
tabulation and graphical representation of data– Some General Probability Rules – Estimating
Probabilities Empirically using Simulation -frequency distributions, averages or measures of
central tendency, arithmetic mean, properties of arithmetic mean, median, mode, geometric
mean, harmonic mean, dispersion, standarddeviation, root mean square deviation, standard error
and variance, moments, skewness and kurtosis.
UNIT-IV: PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Random variables – Probability distribution of discrete random variables – Probability

distribution for continuous random variables – Mean and Standard deviation of a random
variable - Binomial and geometric distribution – Normal distributions - Poisson distribution -
Gaussian distribution, exponential distribution – additive property of normal variants, confidence
limits, Bi-varite distribution, Correlation and Regression, Chi-Square distribution.
48
UNIT-V: ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS
Measurement, Direct and Indirect – Precision and Accuracy – Measures of Precision –

Relations between the Precision measures – Geometric significance of µ, r and  –
Relation between probable error, and the probable errors of the arithmetic and weighted
means – Computation of the precision measures from the residuals – The combinations of
sets of measurements when the P.E.’s of Sets are given – The probable error of any function
of independent quantities whose P.E.’s are known – The two fundamental problems of
indirect measurements – Rejection of observations and measurement.
1. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J. B. Scarborough, Oxford and IBH Publishing

Company, 6th Edition, 1990
2. Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, R. Peck, C. Olsen and J.L. Devore, Cengage
Learning, 5th Edition, 2014
49
2.10 – DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY

OBJECTIVES:
 Account for the fundamental background of Density Functional Theory (DFT)
 Understand the difference between DFT and other many body approaches
 Explain how electron correlations are approximated within DFT
 Explain the difference between different functionals such as LDA, GGA
UNIT-1: Introduction to many electron problems – Hartree-Fock (HF) theory -
Configuration Interaction (CI) – Fundamental concept – Variational theorem – Variational
theorem for ground state – reducing the CI space – Determinant CI
UNIT-2: Foundation of DFT The Thomas-Fermi model: precursor to modern DFT -
Functional and functional derivatives, Euler Lagrange equation – Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem –
degenerate ground state - N and υ representability of densities – Current Density
Functional Theory.
UNIT-3: Kohn-Sham (KS) Equation – Effective exact single particle method to the many
body problem – Exchange and correlation energies – Interpretation of KS eigenvalues:
Koopman’s theorem, Ionization energy, Fermi surface, band gap
UNIT-4: Approximation to Functionals – Local approximation: local density
approximation (LDA) – Semi-local approximation: generalized gradient approximation (GGA)
– Non- local approximation: hybrid functional – Self interaction Correction
UNIT-5: Introduction to time dependent DFT- Runge-Gross Theorem - Time-Dependent
Kohn- Sham Equations - Practical implementation of DFT methods- General scheme
for solving Kohn-Sham - Full potential and pseudo potential methods - Basis functions:
Gaussian, LAPW equation
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. http://vergil.chemistry.gatech.edu/notes/ci.pdf (Unit I)
2. Density Functional Theory: An Advanced Course, Eberhard Engel and Reiner M.
Dreizler, Springer-Verlag, 2011
Unit 2: chapter 2 and Unit 3: chapter 3 (relevant sections only) Unit
5: Chapter 7, Section 7.1, 7.2
3. http://www.lct.jussieu.fr/pagesperso/toulouse/enseignement/introduction_dft.pdf
Unit 4: relevant sections
4. https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/978038728780
5-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-326611-p86705782 (Unit 5, relevant sections)
1. Computational Physics, J. M. Thijssen, Cambridge University Press, 1999
2. Introduction to Computational Chemistry, Frank Jensen, John Wiley and Sons, 2017
3. Computational Materials Science: An Introduction, Second Edition, June Gunn Lee,
CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2017.
50
2.11 – ELEMENTARY NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVES:
 The main objective of this paper is to impart understanding on the basics of C program
and the Elementary numerical analysis to the students
UNIT I : C PROGRAMMING
Introduction – Basic structure of C Program – Operators and Expressions – Library functions –
getchar Functions and putchar Functions – Control Statements.
UNIT II : ERROR, COMPUTER ARITHMETIC AND ROOT FINDING
Errors: Definition, sources, Propagation of error, summation, least squares data fitting,
eigenvalue problem, nonlinear systems. Bisection method, Newton’s method: Error analysis,
error estimation, Secant method: Error analysis, comparison of Newton and Secant methods.
UNIT III : INTERPOLATION

Polynomial interpolation: linear interpolation, Quadratic interpolation, higher-degree
interpolation, divided differences, properties of divided differences, Newton’s divided difference
interpolation.
UNIT IV : NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
The Trapezoidal and Simpson rules, Error formulae: An error formula for Trapezoidal and
Simpson’s rule, Richardson Extrapolation, periodic interpolation, Ordinary differential
equations: theory of differential equations, Euler’s methods, Taylor and Runge-Kutta
methods second order and third order (no derivation).
UNIT V : SOLUTION OF SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Systems of linear equations, Gaussian elimination: Partial Pivoting, calculation of inverse
matrices, operations count, The LU Factorization: Compact Variants of Gaussian Elimination,
tri-diagonal systems, iteration methods: Jacobi method and Gauss-Seidel method.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.Atkinson and W.Han, 3rd Edition, Wiley-India
(2011).
2. Programming with C, Byron Gottfried, 3 rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publications
(2010).
1. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, B.S.Grewal and J.S.Grewal, Khanna

Publishers, Delhi (1994).
2. Numerical Methods in Science and Engineering, M.K.Venkataraman, The National
Publishing Co. Chennai (2006).
51
2.12 – EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

OBJECTIVES:
 To enhance comprehension capabilities of students through understanding of
electronic devices.
 To understand the physical construction, working and operational
characteristics of semiconductor devices.
UNIT-I: MEASUREMENTS, MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND ERROR IN

MEASUREMENTS
Measurements: Measurement and its significance; Methods of Measurements – Direct and

Indirect methods; Instruments – Mechanical, Electrical and Electronic Instruments;
Classification of instruments – Deflection and Null type instruments. Noise in Measurements:
Signal to Noise ratio; Sources of Noise, Johnson noise, Power Spectrum Density, Noise Factor
and Noise Figure. Error in Measurements: Gross Errors, Systematic Errors and Random Errors;
Statistical Treatment of Data – Arithmetic Mean, Dispersion from the Mean, Rang, Deviation,
Average Deviation, Standard Deviation and Variance.
UNIT-II: TRANSDUCER AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Transducer: Electric Transducer and its Advantages; Classification of Transducer – Principle of

Transduction, Primary and Secondary, Active and Passive, Analog and Digital, Transducer and
Inverse Transducer; Characteristics and Choice of Transducer – Input, Transfer and Output;
Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages of the following
Transducer’s: Resistive, Stain Gauges, Resistance Thermometers, Thermistors, Thermocouple,
LVDT, Capacitive and Piezo-electric Transducers; Opto-Electronic Transducers – Photo-Voltaic
cell, Photo-Conductive cell, Photo-Diodes and Photo-Transistors.
UNIT-III: OPTO-ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
Introduction of Optical Systems: Refraction, Refractive index, Reflection, Absorption,

Transmittance, Radiometry and Photometry; Terms relating to Radiometry and Photometry;
Laws of Illumination; Optical Sources and Detectors; Optical Fibers – Principle, Acceptance
angle and Numerical Aperture; Fiber Optic Sensor – Factors affect and Advantages.
UNIT-IV: VACUUM TECHNIQUES AND X – RAY MEASUREMENTS
Vacuum Techniques: Units of Pressure Measurement, Characteristics of Vacuum and its

Application; Vacuum Systems – Pump-down sequence, Construction, Vacuum Pumps and
Vacuum Gauges; Pumping Speed for a Vacuum System; Thin Film Deposition
Techniques(Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages): Thermal
Evaporation, Sputtering, Spray Pyrolysis, Chemical Vapour Deposition, Molecular Beam
Epitaxy; Film Thickness Monitors and Film Thickness Measurements; X – Ray Measurements:
The Electronic Structure of Atoms, Multi-Electron Atoms, X – Ray Fluorescence, Fine Structure,
Absorption and Emission Processes.
52
UNIT-V: CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS AND RADIATION DETECTION
Electron Microscopes: Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM), Scanning Electron

Microscope(SEM), Electron Microprobe Analysis(EDS), Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy(FESEM), Atomic Force Microscope(AFM); Spectroscopy: UV-Vis
Spectroscopy, Infra-red Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy,
Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Radiation Detection: Principle and Types.
1. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation – A. K.

Sawhney and Puneet Sawhney – Dhanpat Rai & Sons (1995).
2. Measurement, Instrumentation and Experiment Deign in Physics and Engineering –

Michael Sayer and Abhai Mansingh – PHI (2005).
3. Characterization of Materials – P. K. Mitra – PHI (2014).
53
2.13 – GENERAL RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
To expose the students to Tensors, General Relativity and Cosmology.
UNIT-I: TENSORS PRELIMINARIES
Tensors in index notation - Kronecker and Levi Civita tensors - inner and outer products -
contraction - symmetric and antisymmetric tensors - quotient law - metric tensors - covariant and
contravariant tensors - vectors - the tangent space - dual vectors - tensors - tensor products - the
Levi-Civita tensor - tensors in Riemann spaces - Vector-fields, tensor-fields, transformation of
tensors - gradient and Laplace operator in general coordinates - covariant derivatives and
Christoffel connection.
UNIT-II: GENERAL RELATIVITY
Elasticity: Field tensor - field energy tensor - strain tensor - tensor of elasticity- curvature tensor
The spacetime interval - the metric - Lorentz transformations - spacetime diagrams - worldlines
- proper time - energy-momentum vector - energy-momentum tensor - perfect fluids - energy-
momentum conservation - parallel transport - the parallel propagator - geodesics - affine
parameters.
UNIT-III: APPLICATIONS TO EINSTEIN’S THEORY
The Riemann curvature tensor - symmetries of the Riemann tensor - the Bianchi identity - Ricci
and Einstein tensors - Weyl tensor - Killing vectors - the Principle of Equivalence - gravitational
redshift - gravitation as spacetime curvature - the Newtonian limit - physics in curved spacetime
- Einstein's equations - the Weak Energy Condition - causality - spherical symmetry - the
Schwarzschild metric - perihelion precession.
UNIT-IV: SOME MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE
Expansion of the Universe - thermal history - and the standard cosmological model - Friedmann
- Robertson-Walker type models of the Universe - Primordial inflation and the theory of
cosmological fluctuations.
UNIT-V: COSMOLOGY
Theory and observations of the cosmic microwave background and of the large-scale structure
of the Universe - Dark matter and dark energy - theoretical questions and observational evidence
- inflation - origin of galaxies and other open problems.
54
1. M. R. Spiegel, Vector Analysis, Schaum’a outline series, McGraw Hill, New York,
1974.
2. James Hartle, Gravity: An introduction to Einstein's general relativity, San Francisco,
Addison-Wesley, 2002
3. Sean Carroll, Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity,
(Addison-Wesley, 2004).
4. Jerzy Plebanski and Andrzej Krasinski, An Introduction to General Relativity and
Cosmology, Cambridge University Press 2006
5. Meisner, Thorne and Wheeler: Gravitation W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco
1973
6. Schutz: A First Course in General Relativity.
7. J V. Narlikar, General relativity and cosmology, The Macmillan Company of India
Ltd., 1978
8. Robert M Wald, General Relativity, Univ. of Chicago Press. (1984)
9. Robert M. Wald: Space, Time, and Gravity: the Theory of the Big Bang and Black
Holes, Univ. of Chicago Press.
10. J. V. Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology, Jones & Bartlett 1983
11. Steven Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology, New York, Wiley, 1972.
12. Jerzy Plebanski and Andrzej Krasinski, An Introduction to General Relativity and
Cosmology, Cambridge University Press 2006.
13. R Adler, M Bazin& M Schiffer, Introduction to General Relativity.
14. A K Raichoudhury, Theoretical Cosmology.
15. A Papapetrou, Lectures in General Relativity.
55
2.14 – INTRODUCTION TO BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION (BEC),

SUPERFLUIDITY AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
OBJECTIVES:
To educate students on the interesting macroscopic quantum phenomena and motivate them to
pursue higher learning in the areas of BEC and superfluidity.
UNIT-I: THE IDEAL BOSE GAS
The Bose distribution function – density of states - transition temperature and condensate
fraction – density profile and velocity distribution - thermodynamic properties of ideal Bose gas
– condensed phase and normal phase - Specific heat close to Tc.
UNIT-II: THE MEAN FIELD THEORY OF WEAKLY INTERACTING BOSE GAS
Coherent states - Bosonic quantum fields – off diagonal long ranged order – weakly interacting
Bose gas in the zero temperature limit: the Gross-Pitaevskii equation - BEC in ultra-cold atomic
gases: an experimental overview and current status.
UNIT-III: MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF WEAKLY INTERACTING BOSE GAS
The Bogoliubov transformation – elementary excitations and quasiparticle spectrum – quantum

depletion of the condensate number – Hatree-Fock theory
UNIT-IV: SUPERFLUID HELIUM II
Introduction - classical and quantum fluids – thermal de Broglie wavelength – Superfluid

properties of Helium II – superflow property and fountain effect. Flow quantization and vortices.
UNIT-V: MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Introduction – basic properties of superconductors – the mean-field Hamiltonian - the BCS

ground state – BCS excited states in the zero temperature limit – BCS theory at non-zero
temperature.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. Bose-Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases by C. J. Pethick and H. Smith 2nd edition,
Cambridge University Press, 2002.
2. Theory of Superconductivity by G. Rickayzen, Wiley-Interscience publisher, 1965.

1. Introduction to Statistical Physics by Kerson Huang 2nd edition, CRC press, 2001.
2. Lev P. Pitaevskii and S. Stringari, Bose–Einstein Condensation, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 2003.
3. Theory of Superconductivity, 1st edition by J. R. Schrieffer, Perseus Books, 1971.
56
2.15 – INTRODUCTION TO SPINTRONICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To get a basic understanding of various topics in spin electronics with a special focus on
spintronics.
 To understand the principle and operation of spin-electronic devices as well as
conventional silicon based devices.
 To know the applications of spintronics in biomedical field.
UNIT-I: BASICS OF MAGNETISM
Definition and Units - Experimental Methods - Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism –

Antiferromagnetism – Ferrimagnetisms – Ferromagnetism - Magnetization and the magnetic
moment - Magnetic hysteresis loop - magnetic ordering and the Curie temperature - Different
types of magnetic anisotropy - Magnetostriction and the effect of stress - Nano-magnetic
materials thermal stability - Size effect of fine particles and thin films - Domains and Domains
walls - soft Magnetic and Hard Magnetic Materials.
UNIT-II: SPIN VALVES
Giant magnetoresistance effect - semiclassical theory of CIP giant magnetoresistance - current

perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistance – basic properties of spin valves - magnetic
properties exchange anisotropy – interlayer coupling - CIP transport properties - spin valves
optimization - improved spinvalve design (dual spin valves, spin filter spin valves) - spin valves
in magnetoresistive read heads.
UNIT-I II: SPIN-POLARIZED TUNNELING
Spin-filter effect - Ferromagnetic-Ferromagnetic tunneling - bias voltage dependence - exchange

biasing of tunnel junctions - temperature effect - temperature stability and annealing effect -
Half-metallic ferromagnets, observation of resonant effects in MTJs - Tunneling role of the
interface.
UNIT-IV: MAGNETORESISTIVE RANDOM ACCESS MEMORIES
History of MRAM - pseudo-spin valve MRAM - Magnetic tunnel junction MRAM - MRAM
developments - extending density/reducing write currents – spin momentum switch - new
spintronics effects - potential MRAM enhancements.
UNIT-V: MAGNETIC TUNNEL JUNCTION BASED MAGNETORESISTIVE RANDOM

ACCESS MEMORY
MTJ – MRAM, basic cell operation - MTJ material for MRAM – magnetic switching - high
speed switching behavior - single MTJ/single transistor(ITIMTJ) MRAM cell - 1MB MRAM
circuit
57
Magnetoelectronics application: spin injected FET - spin injected semiconductor - spin diodes -
spin bipolar transistor.
Magnetoresistive DNA Chips: Magnetoresistive biochips - sensor characteristics - MR biochips

prototype fabrication - Biological applications – Surface functionalization - DNA- cDNA
hybridization detection.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, David Jiles, Chapman &
Hall/CRC
2. Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications, Robert C. O’Handley, John
Wiley & sons. Inc
3. Nanomagnetism and spintronics, Edited by Teruya shinjo, 2009, Elsevier

4. Magnetoelectronics, Edited by Mark Johnson, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004
5. Introduction to spintronics, Supriyo Bandyopadhyay and Marc Cahay, Taylor & Francis,
CRC press.
6. Spin Electronics, David D. Awschalom, Kluwer Academic Publisher
1. Thin film Magnetoresistive Sensors, S. Tumanski, IOP publishing

2. Spin dependent Transport in Magnetic Nanostructures, Sadamichi Maekawa and Teruya
shinjo, Taylor & Francis
3. Spintronic Materials and Technology, Y B Xu and S. M. Thompson, Taylor & Francis
58
2.16 – INTRODUCTORY ASTRONOMY, ASTROPHYSICS & COSMOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
 To Develop analytical skills and the ability to understand the astronomical

situation.
 To Achieve a good understanding of physical laws and principles.
 To Gain experience with measurement techniques and equipment, and develop
the ability to assess uncertainties and assumptions.
UNIT - I : HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
Introductory History of Astronomy-Ptolemy‟s Geocentric Universe-Copernicus‟

Heliocentric Universe-Tycho Brahe and Galileo‟s Observations-Kepler‟s Laws
ofPlanetary Motion-Newtonian Concept Of Gravity-Highlights of Einstein‟s Special
and General Theory Of Relativity-Curved Space Time-Evidence of Curved Space
Time-Bending Of Light-Time Dilation
UNIT - II : STARS & GALAXIES
Stars and Galaxies-Distances-Trigonometric Parallax-Inverse Square Law- Magnitude of

Stars-Apparent Magnitude-Absolute Magnitude and Luminosity- Color and
Temperature-Composition of Stars-Velocity, Mass and Sizes of Stars-Types of
Stars- Temperature Dependence-Spectral Types-Hertzsprung- Russell (HR) Diagram-
Spectroscopic Parallax
UNIT - III : LIVES AND DEATH OF STARS
Stellar Evolution-Mass Dependence-Giant Molecular Cloud-Protostar-Main Sequence

Star-Subgiant, Red Giant, Supergiant-Core Fusion-Red Giant (Or) Supergiant- Planetary
Nebula(Or) Supernova-White Dwarfs-Novae And Supernovae- Neutron Stars-Pulsars-
Black Holes-Detecting Black Holes-The Sun- Its Size and Composition- Sun‟s
Interior Zones-Sun‟sSurface-Photosphere-Chromosphere-Corona-Sun’s Power Source-
Fusion Reaction Mechanism.
UNIT -IV : COSMOLOGY I
Introduction to Cosmology-Basic Observations and implications-Olbers‟ Paradox - Expanding

Universe-Gravitational Redshift-Doppler Effect-Hubble‟s Law and the Age of the Universe -
Cosmological Principle-The Perfect Cosmological Principle- Observation and interpretation
of Cosmic Microwave background Radiation (CMBR)- Evidence Supporting the General Big
Bang Theory-Salient features of Steady StateTheory
59
UNIT – V : COSMOLOGY II
Fate of the Universe-Dependence on Mass (Curvature of Space)-Critical density-Open

Universe-Closed Universe-Homogenous and Isotropic Freidman-Robertson-Walker
Universes-Deriving the Geometry of the Universe from the Background Radiation-
Flatness Problem-Horizon Problem-Inflation and its effect on the universe-The
Cosmological Constant.
1. Lectures on Astronomy, Astrophysics, And Cosmology-Luis A. Anchordoqu-

2. Lecture Notes of Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
3. Astrophysics of the Solar System -K.D. Abhayankar
4. An Introduction to Planetary Physics - Kaula. W.M.
5. Astrophysics of the Sun - Harold Zirin.
60
2.17 – MATERIALS PHYSICS AND PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES:
 To impart knowledge on various materials growth, synthesis and processing techniques

 To learn the structural, morphology, and surface characterization techniques.
UNIT-I: CRYSTAL GROWTH
Significance of crystal growth-Naturally occurring crystal growth processes-Crystal

growthprocesses in laboratory and industrial scale- Classification of crystal growth methods-
Growthfrom solutions -Nucleation: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, Solubility phase diagram-
Saturation-Supersaturation- Metastable zone width-Slow evaporation and slow cooling
methods,Growth from gel-Growth from flux-Growth from melt- Bridgeman-Stockbarger
method-Czochralski pulling method- Growth from vapour-Sublimation method.
UNIT-II: PLASMA PROCESSING
Basics of plasma: Introduction, Types of plasma; Properties of plasma; V-I

characteristics;Advantages of plasma processing.Thermal plasma: Principles of plasma
Structure of sprayed deposits, Plasma spheroidization;Plasma decomposition; Treatment of

hazardous wastes – Synthesis of ultrafine/nanopowders. Plasma melting and remelting.Non-
thermal plasma: Glow discharge plasma, Plasma reactors for surface treatment: Corona& DBD
atmospheric pressure surface treatment reactors
UNIT-III: VACUUMTECHNIQUES
Units and range of vacuua – Formulas for important quantities – Qualitative description of
pumpingprocess – Surface processes and outgassing – Gas flow mechanism – Classification of
pumps :Positive displacement pumps – Kinetic pumps – Entrapment pumps - Classification of
pressuregauges : Total pressure gauges –Hydrostatic pressure gauges - Thermal conductivity
gauges –Ionization gagues – Vacuum system : simple rotary, diffusion, turbo molecular, ultra-
high vacuumand cryo-pumped systems.
UNIT-IV: GROWTH TECHNIQUE OF THINFILMS AND NANOMATERIALS
Plasma arc discharge-sputtering-chemical vapour deposition-pulsed laser deposition-molecular

beam epitaxy-Electrochemical deposition- SILAR method
Solid-State Reaction - Sol-Gel Technique - Hydrothermal growth - Ball Milling – Combustion
synthesis – Sonochemical method - Microwave synthesis – Coprecipitation
61
UNIT-V: CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS
Working principles and instrumentation – XRD – XPS – AES- SIMS - RBS– LEED - AFM –
SEM - STM
1. Maissel and Glange Handbook of Thin Film McGraw Hill, 1970

Technology First Edition
2. A. Roth Vacuum Technology North Holland, 1990
Third Edition
3. Pipko A, Pliskosky V Fundamentals of Vacuum MIR Publishers 1984
Techniques First Edition
4. K. L. Chopra Thin Films Phenomena McGraw Hill, 1969
First Edition
5. D. K. Avasthi, A. Tripathi, A. Ultra High Vacuum Allied Publishers 2002
C. Gupta Technology Private Limited
6. Kasturi Lal Chopra, Suhit Thin Film Solar Cells Plenum Press, 1983
Ranjan Das New York
7. A.Chambers, R.K.Fitch and Basic Vacuum Technology IOP Publishing 1998
B.S.Halliday Ltd
2ND Edition
8. A.Roth Vacuum Technology Elsevier Science 1990
3rd Edition
9. Edited by C. Suryanarayana Non-equilibrium processing of Pergamon 1999
materials (Chapter – 6)
10. P.V. Ananthapadmanabhan Thermal plasma processing Pergamon 1999
and N. Venkataramani materails series
Vol 2
11. J. Reece Roth Industrial plasma engineering - Institute of 2001
Applications to Nonthermal Physics
plasma processing (Vol. 2) Publishing,
Bristol
12. Maher I. Boulos, Thermal plasmas– Springer 1994
PierreFauchais and Emil Fundamentals and Science, NY
Pfender Applications (Vol. 1)
13. Edited by Rainer Hippler, Low temperature plasma Wiley-Vch, 2001
Sigismund P fau, physics Berlin
MartinSchmidt, Karl H.
Schoenbach
62
2 . 1 8 – MEDICAL PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the general concepts in radiation and its interaction and dose
measurement.
2. To apply the physics concepts in clinical trials.
3. To educate scientifically the principles of radiation and its effect in the medical field.
4. To emphasize the significance of various medical techniques and therapy.
UNIT – I
Basic concepts in Radiation Dosimetry: Definitions of Dosimetric Quantities-units

and relationship between DQ- linear energy transfer- tissue weighting factor-charged
particle equilibrium-biological effects of radiation.
UNIT –II
Interaction of gamma rays and X-rays with matter: Introduction- typesof interaction with
matter – over all interaction of photons with matter.
UNIT – III
Treatment planning in radiation therapy: photon beam treatment planning-electron

beam treatment planning.
UNIT – IV
Image-Guided radiation therapy: Introduction – Rationale of IGRT- current available

IG techniques – traditional IGRT technologies –real time tracking systems – image
registration and correction strategies – image guided Adaptive treatment (IG-ART) -
management of respiratory motion.
UNIT –V
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI – contrasts in MRI – Physiological and functional
MRI – MRI safety – future MRI applications. CT and MRI Radiotherapy: CT based treatment
simulation and planning – MRI in Radiotherapy.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
Introduction to Medical Physics – Muhammad Maqbool – Springer International Publishing

(2017).
63
1. Attix FH (1986) An introduction to radiological physics and radiation dosimetry, Wiley.

2. Bortfeld T, Biirkelbach J, Boesecke R, SchlegelW(1990a) Methods of
image reconstruction from projections applied to conformation radiotherapy. Phys
Med Biol 35(10):1423–1434.
3. Adler JR Jr et al (1997) The Cyberknife: a frameless robotic system for radio
Surgery StereotactFunct Neurosurg 69:124–128.
4. Antonuk LE et al (1996) Megavoltage imaging with a large-area, flat-panel,
amorphous silicon imager. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36:661–672.
5. Baltzer PA, Dietzel M, Kaiser WA (2012) MR-spectroscopy at 1.5 tesla and 3
tesla. Asystematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 81(Suppl 1):S6–S9
6. Hendee WR, Ritenour ER (2002) Medical imaging physics, 4th edn. Wiley-Liss.
xix, New York.
64
2.19 – MOLECULAR PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To provide the fundamental knowledge on the structure and dynamics of the molecules
through various theories
 Studying the relation between molecular interactions and properties
 Providing phenomenological theories on reaction dynamics and transport properties
UNIT-I: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND BONDING
Chemical bonding - The VSEPR model - Valence bond theory – The hydrogen molecule -
Homonuclear diatomic molecules - Polyatomic molecules - Molecular orbital theory –
Homonuclear diatomic molecules – Heteronuclear diatomic molecules – Bond properties -
Polyatomic molecules - Molecular shape in terms of molecular orbitals - Molecular structure,
properties and conformations
UNIT-II: MOLECULAR SYMMETRY
Symmetry elements and operations – The symmetry classification of molecules – Some

immediate consequences of symmetry – Applications to molecular orbital theory – Character
tables and symmetry labels – Vanishing integrals and orbital overlap - Vanishing integrals and
selection rule
UNIT-III: MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS AND MECHANICS
Electric properties of molecules - Electric dipole moments - Polarizabilities - Relative

permittivity’s - Interactions between dipoles - Repulsive and total interactions - Molecular
interactions in gases - Potential energy (force field) in molecular mechanics – Various energy
terms in force field – Newtonian and Hamiltonian dynamics – Phase space trajectories
UNIT-IV: MOLECULAR REACTION DYNAMICS
Collision theory – Diffusion controlled reactions – Reactive collisions – Potential energy

surfaces – Transition state theory – The Eyring equation – Thermodynamic aspects -
Microscopic–macroscopic connection - Zero-point Vibrational energy - Molecular electronic,
rotational, Vibrational and translational partition functions
UNIT-V: ELECTRON TRANSFER, ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND SPECTRA
The rates of electron transfer processes – Theory of electron transfer processes – Crystal-field
theory - Ligand-field theory - Electronic spectra of atoms - Electronic spectra of complexes -
Charge-transfer bands - Selection rules and intensities - Luminescence
65
TEXTBOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
No. Title Author Publisher & Year

Edition
1. Physical chemistry P.Atkins and J. Depaula Oxford University 2009
Press
2. Inorganic chemistry P. Atkins, T. Overton , J. Oxford University 2009
Rourke and M. Weller Press
3. Essential of Computational Christopher J. Cramer John Wiley & 2004
Chemistry - Theories and Sons, 2nd Edition
Models
66
2.20 – NONLINEAR OPTICS

OBJECTIVES:
 To learn the basic principles and working of lasers, basic processes and features of
nonlinear optical materials and fiber optics.
UNIT I: LASERS
Gas lasers – He-Ne, Ar+ ion lasers – Solid state lasers – Ruby – Nd:YAG, Ti sapphire – Organic
dye laser – Rhodamine – Semiconductor lasers – Diode laser, p-n-junction laser and GaAs laser.
UNIT II: BASICS OF NONLINEAR OPTICS
Wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal – Polarization response of materials to light –

Harmonic generation – Second harmonic generation – Sum and difference frequency generation–
Phase matching – Third harmonic generation – Terahertz -- Bistability – Self-focusing.
UNIT III: MULTIPHOTON PROCESSES
Two photon process – Theory and experiment – Three photon process – Parametric generation of
light – Oscillator – Amplifier – Stimulated Raman scattering – Intensity dependent refractive
index -- Optical Kerr effect -- Foucault effect – Photorefractive, electronic and optic effects.
UNIT IV: NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS
Basic requirements – Inorganics – Borates – Organics – Urea, Nitroaniline –Semiorganics –

Thoreau complex – Laser induced surface damage threshold.
UNIT V: FIBER OPTICS
Step – Graded index fibers – Wave propagation – Fiber modes – Single and multimode
fibers –Numerical aperture – Dispersion – Fiber bandwidth – Fiber losses - Scattering,
absorption, bending, leaky mode and mode coupling losses – Attenuation coefficient -- Material
absorption.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. K.R. Nambiar, Lasers: Principles, Types and Applications (New Age Inter-national
Publishers Ltd, New Delhi, 2014).
2. B.B. Laud, Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, 3rd Edn. (New Age, New Delhi, 2011).
3. R.W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, 2nd Edn. (Academic Press, New York, 2003).
4. G.P. Agarwal, Fiber-Optics Communication Systems, 3rd Edn. (John Wiley,
Singapore, 2003).

1. W.T. Silvast, Laser Fundamentals (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003).
2. D.L. Mills, Nonlinear Optics – Basic Concepts (Springer, Berlin, 1998).
67
2.21 – NUCLEAR DETECTORS AND TECHNIQUES
UNIT-I: INTERACTION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION WITH MATTER
Interaction of charged particles and Radiation with matter - Photon interactions with matter –
Mechanism of charge production in detector media.
UNIT-II: GAS FILLED IONIZATION DETECTORS
Features governing behaviour of Gas Ionization Detectors - Ionization Chambers - Proportional

Counters - Geiger Muller Counters.
UNIT-III: SEMICONDUCOR DETECTORS
Interaction of Radiation with Silicon and Germanium -Semiconductor Properties - Physics of

Semiconductor Detectors - lon-Implanted Detectors - Position Sensitive Detectors - Anger
camera - High purity germanium detectors - X-ray and gamma ray semiconductor detector
spectrometers - Semiconductor detector applications - Particle Identification - X-ray
spectroscopy - Compound semiconductor detectors – CdTe detectors - Hgl2 detectors.
UNIT-IV: SCINTILLATION DETECTORS
Scintillation mechanism and classification of materials - Mechanism of scintillation in Inorganic

and Organic scintillators - Noble Gas scintillators - Factors affecting the performance of
scintillation detectors - Detection efficiency of scintillation detectors - Photomultiplier tubes,
channel electron multipliers and microchannel plates - Gamma ray spectrometry with NaI(Ti)
detectors and BF3 counters.
UNIT-V: NUCLEAR ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT
Detector bias supply - Delay Amplifiers Pre-Amplifiers -Linear Amplifier -Fast/Slow

coincidence circuit - Universal coincidence Circuit -Delay generators - Pulse generators - Pulse
amplifier -Pulse height, shapes and rise time for different detectors – Pulse shape discrimination
- Pulse height analysis - Pulse height resolution and time resolution - Constant fraction
discriminators - Time to amplitude converters – Fine gain and Offset control amplifiers -Single
channel analyser - Multichannel devices for pulse height analysis - Nuclear ADC's - Counters
and Timers – Contamination, Environmental and Area Monitors - Count rate meter.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. W. J. Price, Nuclear Radiation Detectors, McGraw-Hill.

2. S. S. Kapoor and V. S. Ramamurthy - Nuclear Radiation Detectors, Wiley Eastern
Limited.
3. Nicholson - Nuclear Electronics.
68
4. Dearnaley and D. C. Northrop, Semiconductor Counters for Nuclear Radiation.
1. J. M. Taylor, Semiconductors particle detectors, Butterworth.

2. B. Rossi and H. H. Staub, Ionization chambers and counters.
3. J. B. Birks, Scintillation counters.
4. A. K. Shell, Nuclear Instruments and their uses, John Wiley.
69
2.22 – PETROPHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To impart knowledge on various properties and their mechanisms of Remanance.
 To learn the classification of rock forming minerals and geophysicsal methods.
 To study the importance of seismic waves and radioactive dating.
UNIT – I:
Magneto crystalline anisotropy – Dipolar anisotropy – Single ion anisotropy –

Anisotropic exchange – Constants. Magnetic properties of mineral systems – Solid- Solid –
Solution of oxides of iron – magnetite, haematite magnemites, titano magnetites, titono
magnemites, haematite – illmenite solid solution and pyrhotites – Intrinsic properties,
magnetization process, weak field remanance.
Remanance properties- NRM, TRM, CRM, DRM, VRM, PRM – their mechanisms –
Thermal demagnetization technique – partial TRM – additive law – Neel’s theory of TRM.
Primary and Secondary magnetization – Testing for stability of remanance.
UNIT – II:
Geomagnetic elements of the earth – Field variation and detection - The Magnetic
observatory – mapping of secular variations. Diurnal variation of magnetic disturbances – initial
susceptibility of rocks – single and multidomain cases – Curie point determination and its
importance.
Laboratory and field instruments for magnetic measurements – Astatic magnetometer – spinner
magnetometer – Fluxgate magnetometer, Proton procession magnetometer – Theory, practice
and applications.
UNIT –III:
Classification of rock forming minerals – physical properties of minerals with special

reference to optical properties – elementary details of a polarizing microscope and petrographic
analysis.
Geophysical prospecting – different methods – Geophysical properties of rocks and

minerals – Resistivity methods – Two current electrode method - different electrode layouts –
measuring equipment – application to ground water survey.
UNIT – IV:
Seismic waves – S waves & P waves – elastic, plastic behavior of rocks – modulus of
elasticity in rocks – Time distance curves and the location of epicenters – Derivation properties
from the velocities – the recent developments.
70
UNIT – V:
Geochronology – the geological time scale – archaeo-magnetic dating – Radio active

methods of dating – Rubidium, Strontium method – Potassium Argon method – Thermo-
luminescence dating and interpretation of data.
1. Introduction to Geophysics – Howell, McGraw Hill Book Co.

2. Introduction to Geophysics – G.D. Garland, 2nd Edn. Saunder’s Book Co.
3. Principles and Applications of Palaemaguetism – T.H. Tarling, Chapmann and Hall.
4. Palaemaguetism and plate tectonics – Mc Elhinny, Cambridge University Press.
5. Introduction to Geophysical propecting – Dobrin, McGraw Hill Book Co.
6. Solid State Physics – RL. Singhal, Kedarnath Ramnath & Co. Meerut.
7. Solid State Physics – A.J. Dekker, Prentice Hill.
8. Solid State Physics – Semana and Gupta and Sexana Pragati Prakash, Meerut.
9. Applied Geophysics – Eve and Keys, Cambridge University Press.
10. Rock and Mineral magnetism – W.O. Reilly, Blackmoore.
71
2.23 – PHOTOVOLTAIC SCIENCE
OBJECTIVES:
To study the photovoltaics, and fabrication and characterization of silicon, Cadmium

Telluride, dye sensitized solar cells.
UNIT - I : INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAICS
Introduction - History of photovoltaics - Silicon P-N junction – Types and adaptations of

photovoltaics - Photovoltaic circuit properties - Applications. Solar Cell Fundamentals: solar
cell boundary condition - generation rate - solution of the minority carrier diffusion-terminal
characteristics – solar cell I-V characteristics –properties of efficient solar cell – life time and
surface recombination effects.
UNIT – II : THE PHYSICS OF SOLAR CELLS
Introduction - Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors: crystal structure - energy band

structure - conduction and valence band density of states - equilibrium carrier
concentrations -light absorption - recombination carrier transport semiconductor equations -
minority carrier diffusion equation - PN-Junction Diode Electrostatics.
UNIT - III : AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
Amorphous silicon: The first bipolar amorphous semiconductor- designs for amorphous silicon
solar cells - Staebler-Wronski Effect - Atomic and Electronic Structure of Hydrogenated
Amorphous silicon: Atomic structure - defects and metastability - electronic density of
states -bandtails, bandedges, and band gaps-defects and gap states-doping - alloying and optical
properties - Depositing Amorphous Silicon: Deposition Techiniques - RF glow discharge
deposition - Glow discharge deposition at different frequencies - Hot wire chemical vapor
deposition.
UNIT – IV : CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLS
Introduction - CdTe Properties and Thin-film Fabrication Methods - Condensation/Reaction

of Cd and Te2 Vapors on a Surface- Galvanic Reduction of Cd and Te Ions at a Surface-
Precursor Reaction at a Surface-Window Layers - CdTe Absorber Layer and CdCl 2 Treatment -
CdS/CdTe Intermixing - Back Contact - Solar Cell Characterization - CdTe modules.
UNIT – V : DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Introduction to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells - Structure and Materials - Mechanism and charge
transfer kinetics – Characteristics - DSSC Fabrication - preparation of TiO 2 Colloid -
Preparation of TiO2 electrode - Redox Electrolyte - Counter electrode - Assembling the
72
cell and cell performance.
1. Hand book of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering - Antonio Luque, Steven

Hegedus, Second Edition, 2011.
2. Renewable Energy Resources - John Twidell, Tony Weir, Taylor and Francis Group,
2006.
3. Organic Photovoltaics - C. J. Brabec, J.Parisi,V.Dyakonov, N.S. Sariciftci, 2003.
4. Solar Energy,- A.P.Agarwal, S.Chand & Co, 1983.
73
2.24 – PHYSICS OF IMAGING

OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the working principles of various instruments in medicine and to update

the knowledge of various techniques for the reader.
UNIT I:
Introduction - Radiation units- Dosimetry - Exposure – Ionization- Interactions of charged

particles, interaction of electromagnetic radiation - Concepts of Linear energy transfer (LET) -
Electromagnetic waves, Relationship between frequency and wavelength. The electromagnetic
spectrum, sources of electromagnetic radiation - photons - Energy of photons
UNIT-II:
Production of X-ray, Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation - The X-ray spectrum –

Intensity of X-ray Beams, tubes and generators. Interactions between X-rays and Matter -
Attenuation – Relative importance of different types of interactions, Scatter radiation - Image
quality - Principles of CT - Stimulation, 2D Fourier reconstruction, convolution and back
projection, design performance of filters, digital filters, image display, windowing, image quality
assessments.
UNIT-III:
Basic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and MRI - nuclear magnetic moments effect of
external magnetic field - Nuclear precession. Resonance and larmor frequency - Probing
chemical structure, chemical shielding – Chemical shift, Relaxation- general mechanisms
Longitudinal (T1) and Transverse (T2) relaxation time - T2* - Standard sequences – MR
imaging techniques- Gradient Magnetic fields - The Fourier transform and the FID -2D Fourier
transform reconstruction methods - 3D Fourier Transform reconstruction methods – Flitering -
Imaging Quality.
UNIT IV:
Introduction to Nuclear medicine- Basic atomic structure and radioactivity: - Atomic structure -
Isotopes – Radioactivity, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Radioactive decay law – Half-life & decay
constant – Activity & specific activity, Measurement of radiation and radioactivity: -
Scintillation systems, Imaging systems, Gamma camera, general principles , Performance
parameters, Efficiency / sensitivity – Uniformity – Spatial linearity – Resolution [intrinsic &
extrinsic], radio pharmaceuticals - preparations and quality control – Introduction to SPECT -
general principles - Positron emission tomography (PET) – general principles.
UNIT V:
74
Radiation detectors - Radiation protection- ICRP frame work of radiological protection. –
Physical principles of image acquisition, processing and display - artifacts, image acquisition
parameters – methods and their impact on image quality. Image Analysis, Image Processing ,
image types and linear transforms, Medical Imaging standards – DICOM, JPEG, RAW, TIFF
formats – Compression techniques – imaging informatics and tools.
1. R. L. Kathren , Radiation Protection

2. J. E. Coggle and G R Noak es. Biological Effects of Radiation.
3. Heggie JCP, Liddell NA & Maher KP, 2001. Applied imaging Technology, 4th Edition
4. Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM & Boone JM, 2002. The Essential Physics of
Medical Imaging, 2ndEdition.
5. MH Levitt, Spin dynamics and Basic principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy, Wiley
6. S. Webb (Ed), The Physics of Medical Imaging.
7. The Physics of diagnostic imaging, David J. Dowsett, R. Eugene Johnston, Champman &
Hall Medical
8. The Physics of Medical Imaging, S. Webb, Institute of Physics Publishing, 1988.
9. Physics in Nuclear Medicine – Simon Cherry, James Sorenson & Michael Phelps.
10. Basic Medical Radiation Physics: Stanton.
11. Christensen',s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology by Thomas S Curry, IV Edition,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1990.
12. The Essential Physics for Medical Imaging – 2 nd Edition –Jerrold T Bushberg,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2002.
13. Medical Physics: Imaging, Jean A. Pope, Heinemann Publishers, 2012 4. MRI – Perry
Sprawls – Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin-2000
14. Advances in Diagnositc Medical Physics – Himalaya Publishing House-2006.
75
2.25 – PHYSICS OF THE EARTH

OBJECTIVES:
To understand the physical structure and behavior of the earth as well as geomagnetic properties
of rocks in the Earth’s crust.
UNIT – I: SOLAR SYSTEM
The earth and the solar system – Important physical parameters and properties of the planet
earth; Stress and Strain, Wave and motion, Seismic waves. Travel time Tables and Velocity –
Depth curves – Variation of Density within the Earth.
UNIT – II: GRAVITATION
Rotation of the Earth - Gravitational attraction, Gravitational Theory, Measurements of Gravity,

Gravity meters - Principles and method of measuring gravity - Gravity anomalies-Local and
regional variations.
UNIT – III: THERMAL HISTORY OF EARTH
Thermal history of the Earth. Temperature in the Primitive Earth and the Earth’s surface and
interior. Thermal conductivity. Generation of heat in the Earth. Heat flow measurements,
methods and results.
UNIT – IV: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Elastic constants and Elastic process in the earth. Earth’s free rotation. Latitude variation. Tides
of the Solid earth. Numerical values of Love’s numbers. Rigidity of the Earth. Bulk modules in
the earth. Poisson’s ratio in the Earth, Young’s modulus and Lame’s constant.
UNIT – V: GEOMAGNETISM AND PALAEOMAGNETISM
Geomagnetism and palaeomagnetism-Earth’s magnetic field. Origin-Theory of earth’s magnetic

field. Magneto hydrodymics of the Earth. Magnetic reversals. Polar wandering. Tectonic
movements and its relation to palaeomagnetism - Measurement of magnetic properties of rocks.
1. Physics of the Earth and Planets, A.H.Cook , Macmillan, 1973.
2. Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Gutenberg, International Geophysics series, Vol.1
Academic press, 1959.
3. Physics and Geology, J.A.Jacobs, R.D.Russel and J.T.Wilson,1974.
4. International student edition. P.J.Wyllie, The Dynamic Earth, John Wiley and sons, 1971.
5. Applied Goephysics, A.S.Eve and Keys,D.A, Cambridge University, 1954.
76
6. The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics, C.M.R .Fowler, Cambridge
University press, 1990.
7. Geomagnetic reversals and Plate tectonics, Alan Cox, Freeman and company, 1973.
77
2.26 – PLASMA PHYSICS

OBJECTIVES:
 To Explore the plasma universe by means of in-situ and ground-based observations.
 To Understand the model plasma phenomena in the universe.
 To explore the physical processes which occur in the space environment.
UNIT I: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ABOUT PLASMA
Kinetic pressure in a partially ionized - mean free path and collision cross section-
mobility of charged particles - Effect of magnetic field on the mobility of ions and
electrons-Thermal conductivity- Effect of magnetic field- Quasi- neutrality of plasma
Debye shielding distance - Optical properties of plasma.
UNIT II: MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND

MAGNETIC FIELD
Particle description of plasma- Motion of charged particle in electrostatic field- Motion of

charged particle in uniform magnetic field - Motion of charged particle in electric and
magnetic fields- Motion of charged particle in inhomogeneous magnetic field - Motion of
charged particle in magnetic mirror confinement - motion of an electron in a time varying
electric field- Magneto- hydrodynamics - Magneto-hydrodynamic equations - Condition
for magneto hydrodynamic behavior.
UNIT III: PLASMA OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Introduction, theory of simple oscillations - electron oscillation in a plasma - Derivations

of plasma oscillations by using Maxwell’s equation - Ion oscillation and waves in a magnetic
field - thermal effects on plasma oscillations - Landau damping - Hydro magnetic waves -
Oscillations in an electron beam.
UNIT IV: PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS TECHNIQUES
Single probe method - Double probe method - Use of probe technique for measurement of
plasma parameters in magnetic field - microwave method - spectroscopic method - -laser
as a tool for plasma diagnostics-X-ray diagnostics of plasma - acoustic method - conclusion.
UNIT V : POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA PHYSICS
Magneto hydrodynamicGenerator - Basic theory - Principle of Working -Fuel in MHD

Generator - Generation of Microwaves Utilizing High Density Plasma - Plasma Diode.
78
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Plasma Physics- Plasma State of Matter - S.N.Sen, PragatiPrakashan, Meerut.

1. Introduction to Plasma Physics - F.F.Chen, Plenum Press, London

2. Principles of Plasma Physics - Krall &Trivelpiece
3. Introduction to Plasma Theory-D.R. Nicholson
4. The Plasma State-J.L. Shohet
5. Introduction to Plasma Physics-M. Uman
6. Principles of Plasma Diagnostics-I.H. Hutchinson
7. Plasma Diagnostic Techniques-R.H. Huddlestone& S.L. Leonard
79
2.27 – QUANTUM CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVES:
 The main objective of this paper is to impart basic knowledge about quantum
chemistry to the student.
UNIT I : AB-INITIO METHODS
Accuracy and scaling- Classes of methods - Hartree–Fock (HF) - Post HF methods - Multi-
configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF). Density functional theory - Variational
formulation- LDA
UNIT II : OPERATOR CONCEPTS
Operators-second, third, fourth postulates of QM, derivative of an operator with respect

to time - Eigen functions and position operator- Dirac Delta function- projection operator-
density operator and density matrix.
UNIT III : SIMPLE SPECTROSCOPIC APPLICATIONS
Quantum mechanical picture of chemical bonding – Symmetry aspects of molecular orbital –

Valence bond – M-O bond theories – Comparison – Heitler – London theory for H2 molecules.
UNIT IV : LCAO TECHNIQUES
Hybridization – Molecular orbital of CH4, C2H4, C2H2, Benzene, Water- Hydrogen

bonding.
UNIT V : SYMMETRY
Types of symmetry operations, point groups-properties-determination and representation-

character table-symmetry properties and quantum mechanics.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. Introductory Quantum Chemistry 4th Edn. A.K.Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill, 9th
reprint 2003.
2. Quantum Chemistry -3rdEdn.–R.K.Prasad, New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi, 2007.
80
3. Atomic Structure and the chemical bond- 4thEdn. – Manas Chanda, TMH New
Delhi, 2000.
1. Elementary of Quantum Chemistry – F.Piler, Mc-Graw Hill, 1968.

2. Nature of Chemical Bond – 3 rd ed., L.Pauling, Oxford, 1975.
3. Quantum Chemistry – Eyring, Walter &kimbel, John Wiley & Sons.(2005)
81
2.28 – QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
OBJECTIVES :
 To given an exposure to Quantum Field Theory, which combines Quantum Mechanics

and Special Relativity. This Advanced level course is a pre-requisite to studies in
Advanced Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particle Physics
UNIT-I: CLASSICAL FIELDS

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formulations; Variational principle; Euler-Lagrange
equations; Invariance of action and Conservation laws (Noether’s theorem); Space-time
translations; Lorentz transformations and conservation of energy-momentum and angular
momentum tensor; Internal symmetries and associated conservation laws; Global and local
gauge invariance; Lagrangians with Abelian and non-Abelian gauge invariance.
UNIT-II: QUANTISATION OF RELATIVISTIC FREE FIELDS

Quantisation of scalar, Dirac and electromagnetic fields; Number operator, States;
Invariant Green’s functions.
UNIT-III: INTERACTING QUANTUM FIELDS AND PERTURBATION THEORY

The interaction picture; Time evolution operator; Covariant perturbation theory; Normal
product; Time ordered product and Wick.s theorem; Invariant amplitude and Feynman rules;
Scattering cross section.
UNIT-IV: QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS

Feynman rules for spinor electrodynamics; Simple applications; Basic ideas of
renormalistion.
UNIT-V: GAUGE THEORIES

Elementary ideas on spontaneous symmetry breaking; Goldstone theorem (without
proof); Spontaneously broken gauge theory and Higgs-Kibble mechanism; Standard model for
electro-weak interactions (Glashow-Salam-Weinberg).
BOOKS FOR STUDY :
1. J D Bjorken and S Drell: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

2. J D Bjorken and S Drell: Relativistic Quantum Field Theory
3. L R Ryder: Quantum Field Theory
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE :

1. T P Cheng and L F Li : Gauge Theories of Elementary Particles
2. T D Lee : Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory
82
2.29 – RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASPECTS

OBJECTIVES:
 Course aims to create an awareness and knowledge on safety aspects of radioactivity.
UNIT-I: RADIATION PHYSICS
Introduction to Radioactivity – Radioactive disintegration – Properties of nuclear radiation –

Decay & half-life – type of decay - Interaction of Ionizing radiation with Matter – interaction of
charge particles – Electromagnetic interactions – Photoelectric absorption – Compton scattering -
Attenuation of Gamma radiation in matter – Biological effects: Radiation damage - Molecular
level & Cellular level – Deterministic effects – Stochastic effects.
UNIT-II: RADIATION DETECTION
Detectors & Monitoring Instruments: Gas Filled Detectors: GM counter & Proportional Counter
- Scintillation Detectors – Semiconductor Detectors - Radiation survey meters – Beta & Gamma
detection - Neutron detector - Thermo-Luminescent dosimeters.
UNIT-III: PRINCIPLES OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION, HAZARDS

EVALUATION & CONTROL
Radiation Quantities and Units - Dose, equivalent dose and effective dose – ALI & DAC
Radiological protection – Optimization of protection – Dose limits for radiation workers –
internal exposure, Occupational exposure and members of public - Occupational exposure levels
- Radiation hazards evaluation - Specific Gamma constant - Principles to control external
hazards - Radiation shield – half-value thickness – Tenth value thickness.
UNIT-IV: REGULATORY ASPECTS & WASTE DISPOSAL
Regulatory document - Monitoring of external radiation - Area monitoring – Role of

Radiological Safety Officers - Emergency procedures and spill control - Radioactive Waste
management - Types of radioactive waste - Classification of radioactive waste - Disposal of
radioactive waste – Solid - Liquid.
UNIT-V: PLANNING OF ISOTOPE LABORATORIES & TRANSPORT OF ISOTOPES
Calcification of radioisotopes – Types of radioisotope laboratories – Design of radioisotope lab. -

Specifications & requirements - types of operations – Transport of radioisotopes – Condition for
transport – selection of package & design requirements – types of package - safety aspects of
transport.
83
1. Govinda Rajan, Advanced Medical Radiation Dosimetry, Prentice hall of India Pvt.Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1992.
2. AERB Radiation Production Rules 2004
3. Glenn F. Knoll ‘Radiation Detection and Measurement’, John wiley& sons Inc.
4. K. Muraleedhara varier, ‘Nuclear radiation detection, measurements and analysis’
Narosa.
5. S. S. Kapoor and V.S. Ramamurthy- ‘Nuclear Radiation Detectors’, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
6. Training course material on ‘Safety Aspects in Ionizing Radiation’ by Indian Association
for Radiation Protection.
84
2.30 – REACTOR PHYSICS
UNIT I: NUCLEAR ENERGY
Binding energy - Nuclear reactions - Nuclear cross sections – Macroscopic cross sections
Mechanism of fission – Products of fission - Energy release from fission - Reactor power -
Fuel burn up – Consumption - Multiplication factor - neutron balance and conditions for
criticality - Conversion and breeding – Classification of reactors.
UNIT-II: NEUTRON DIFFUSION

Diffusion of neutrons: Flux and current density - Equation of continuity - Fick's law -
Diffusion equation - Boundary conditions and solutions - Diffusion length – Reciprocity
theorem.
UNIT III: NEUTRON MODERATION

Energy loss in elastic collision - moderation of neutrons in Hydrogen - Lethargy - Moderation of
neutrons for A>1 - Fermi's age theory -Moderation with absorption. Fermi theory of Bare
thermal reactor : Criticality of an infinite reactor - One region finite thermal reactor - Critical
equation - Optimum reactor shape.
UNIT IV: REACTOR KINETICS

Infinite reactor with and without delayed neutrons - Stable period - Prompt jump - Prompt
criticality - Negative reactivity - Changes in reactivity - Temperature coefficient - Fission
poisoning.
UNIT V: CONTROL AND SHIELDING

Control – Rod worth – Fuel management – Natural reactors – Thermal reactors - Intermediate
reactors – Fast reactors – Breeding – The Thorium converter – Light water Reactors – Heavy
water Reactors – Heat generation and removal – Radiation shielding and reactor safeguards –
Evolution of reactors -Reactor properties over life - core life estimation.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. John.RLamarsh, Introduction toNuclear Reactor Theory, Addison Wesley Publishing
Company 2nd printing (1992)
2. Paul .F. Zweifel, Reactor Physics, Mc Graw Hill Book Company (1973) India.

1. Richard Stepheson ,Introduction to nuclear Engineering ,Mc Graw Hill Book Company
(1974) New York.
2. Suresh Gard, Feroz Ahmed and L.S Kothari ,Physics of Nuclear Reactors , Tata McGraw
Hill Pub.Co.Ltd, London.
3. Samuel Glasstone and Edmund , Nuclear reactor theory
85
2.31 – SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES - THEORY

OBJECTIVES:
 The aim of this course is to provide the students a sound understanding of semiconductor
physics and the operational principles of some electronic devices, for learning and using
modern technology. In this course, students can also develop the basic analytical skills
required for learning or developing novel devices, their fabrication processes and
technological applications for their future career
UNIT I: SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS-ENERGY BANDS AND CARRIER

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Energy bands: Semiconductor Materials, Basic Crystal Structure, Basic Crystals Growth
Technique, Valence Bonds, Energy Bands, Intrinsic Carrier Concentration, Fermi-Dirac
distribution function, Donors and Acceptors, Non-degenerate Semiconductor; impurity doping:
basic diffusion process, diffusion equation, diffusion profiles;
Carrier Transport Phenomena: Carrier Drift: mobility, resistivity, Hall Effect; Carrier
Diffusion: diffusion process, Einstein Relation, current density equation; Generation and
Recombination Processes: direct and indirect recombination, surface recombination, Auger
recombination; Continuity Equation, The Haynes-Shockley Experiments; Thermionic Emission
Process, Tunneling Process: i.e Schrodinger equation; High Field Effects
UNIT II: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES: P-N JUNCTION
Basic Fabrication Steps: Oxidation, Lithography; Thermal Equilibrium Condition: Band

Diagram, Equilibrium Fermi Level; Depletion Region: Abrupt junction, Linearly Graded
junction; Depletion Capacitance, Current-Voltage Characteristics: generation-recombination and
high-injection effects; Charge Storage and Transient Behaviour, Junction Breakdown:
i.etunneling effect;, Avalanche multiplication, Heterojunction;
Bipolar Transistor basics: Bipolar transistor Action: operation in the active mode; Static
Characteristics of Bipolar Transistor; frequency response
UNIT III: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES:
MOSFET and Related Devices: The MOS Diode: i.e the ideal MOS diode, metal &
semiconductor work function, the SiO2 -Si MOS diode, CCD; MOSFET fundamental: linear and
saturation regions, types of MOSFET, threshold voltage control; MOSFET scaling: i.e short-
channel effect, scaling rules; CMOS and BiCMOS: i.e Latch-up; MOSFET on insulator: i.e thin
film transistor; MOS Memory structures: DRAM, SRAM, Nonvolatile memory; the power
MOSFET;
86
MESFET and Related Devices: Metal-Semiconductor Contacts: i.e the Schottky barrier,
semiconductor work function, Ohmic contact; MESFET: Devices structure, principles of
operation, high-frequency performance;
MODFET: MODFET fundamentals
UNIT IV: MICROWAVE DIODES, QUANTUM-EFFECT, AND HOT-ELECTRON

DEVICES
Basic Microwave Technology: i.e IEEE microwave frequency bands; Tunnel diode: i.e I-V
characteristics; Impatt diode: i.e static & dynamic characteristics, field distributions and
generated carrier densities; transferred-electron devices: i.e negative differential resistance,
device operation; quantum-effect devices: i.e resonant tunneling diode, energy of electrons; hot-
electron devices: i.e hot-electron HBT, real-space-transfer transistor
UNIT V: PHOTONIC DEVICES
Radiative Transitions & Optical Absorption: radiative transistor, Boltzman distribution,

optical absorption, optical absorption coefficients; LED: visible LEDs, bandgap semiconductors,
Snell’s law, orangic LED, Infrared LED ; Semiconductor Laser: laser operation, energy bandgap,
carrier & optical confinement, optical cavity & feedback, basic laser structure, distributed
feedback laser, quantum-well laser, energy of charge particle Photodetector: photoconductor,
photodiode, quantum efficiency, response speed, p-i-n photodiode, heterojunction photodiode,
avalanche photodiode) 4.5 Solar Cell: solar radiation, p-n junction solar cell, conversion
efficiency, silicon & compound-semiconductor solar cells, optical concentration
1. S. M. Sze, Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology, Wiley Publication

2nd Edition, 1985.
2. S.M. Sze and Kwok K. NgWiley, Physics of semiconductor devices, Third Edition
2007.
3. B G Streetman, S Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition,
2009.
4. D A Neamen, Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles McGraw-Hill, 3rd
Edition, 2003.
87
2.32 – SOLAR CELLS
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the fundamentals of solar energy

 To study and understand the principle of solar cells
 To understand the development of solar cell recent technologies
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR CELLS AND SUN LIGHT
Outline of solar cell developments – Physical sources of sunlight – solar intensity at the Earth’s
Surface – direct and diffused radiation – apparent motion of the sun – solar insolation data –
Types of solar energy converter – Photons in, electrons out – Basic principles of Photo-voltaic.
UNIT II: SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS, PROPERTIES AND ITS

CHARACTERISTICS
Basics of crystal structure and orientations - Basic concepts – electron states in semiconductors
– semiconductor in equilibrium – impurities and doping - semiconductor under bias- drint and
diffusion – semiconductor transport equations – photo-generation –
recombination – formulation of the transport problem
UNIT III: JUNCTION INVESTIGATIONS
Orgin of photovoltaic action – work function and types of junction –Homo-junctions – metal
semiconductor junction – semiconductor-semiconductor junctions – electrochemical junction –
organic material junctions – surface and interface states – p-n junction – dark and illuminated
current –– effect of temperature – efficiency loss - short circuit current-open circuit voltage –
introduction to various resistance .
UNIT IV: DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILICON

SOLAR CELLS
Basic silicon Solar cells - Basic theoretical performance – Major considerations for solar cell
fabrication – doping of the substrate – Back surface fields – top layer limitations – top contact
design – optical design – spectral response – cell fabrication process – surface treatment
– etching – doping and diffusion – contact formation – solar cell measurement (IV) – analysis
of the output- future direction in silicon cell design.
UNIT V: TOWARDS THIRD AND FOURTH GENERATION SOLAR CELLS
Introduction to nanoparticles – concepts of quantum dot solar cells – dye sensitized solar cell
– organic solar cells - hybrid solar cell-other types of advanced solar materials and solar
cell devices.
88
1. Solar Cells (operating Principles, Technology and System applications by Martin

A.Green (Published by The University of New South Wales).
2. The Physics of Solar cells by Jenny Nelson (Published by Imperial college press)
3. Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems, Anders Hagfeldtt
and Michael Gratzel, Chem, Rev.1995,95, 49-68.
89
2.33 – SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION

OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of this paper is to impart fundamental aspects of solar energy utilization to
the students.
UNIT I: HEAT TRANSFER & RADIATION ANALYSIS
Conduction, Convection and Radiation – Solar Radiation at the earth’s surface - Determination
of solar time – Solar energy measuring instruments.
UNIT II: SOLAR COLLECTORS
Physical principles of conversion of solar radiation into heat flat plate collectors - General
characteristics – Focusing collector systems – Thermal performance evaluation of optical
loss.
UNIT III: SOLAR HEATERS
Types of solar water heater - Solar heating system – Collectors and storage tanks – Solar
ponds – Solar cooling systems.
UNIT IV: SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION
Photo Voltaic principles – Types of solar cells – Crystalline silicon/amorphous silicon and
Thermo - electric conversion - process flow of silicon solar cells- different approaches on
the process- texturization, diffusion, Antireflective coatings, metallization.
UNIT V: NANOMATERIALS IN FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS
Use of nanostructures and nanomaterials in fuel cell technology - high and low temperature fuel
cells, cathode and anode reactions, fuel cell catalysts, electrolytes, ceramic catalysts. Use of
nano technology in hydrogen production and storage.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. Solar energy utilization -G.D. Rai –Khanna publishers – Delhi 1987.
2. Solar energy – principles of thermal collection & storage – S.P. Sukhatme, TMH Delhi
1984.
3. Maheshwar Sharon, Madhuri Sharon, Carbon “Nano forms andApplications”,
McGraw-Hill, 2010.

1. Energy – An Introduction to Physics – R.H.Romer, W.H.Freeman.(1976)
90
2. Solar energy thermal processes – John A.Drife and William. (1974)
2.34 – SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop knowledge about special functions in mathematical physics and their

applications.
 To develop expertise in special functions required in physics.
solutions.
UNIT-I: GAMMA AND BETA FUNCTIONS:
Integral representations – Intimate relationships – Applications in Hermite, Legendre, and

Laguerre polynomials – Bose Integrals – Fermi Integrals – Riemann zeta functions – Dirichlet
eta functions – Simple applications of dimensional analysis in Gamma and Beta functions and
Power Laws in Physics (Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Beauty of  , the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant;
Debye T 3 Law; Bloch T 3/2 Law; …).
UNIT-II: GENERATING - FUNCTION METHOD:
Hermite, Legendre, and Laguerre polynomials – Development of their properties.
OPERATOR FORMALISM FOR HERMITE POLYNOMIALS: Arfken’s Formula, Bell’s

formula, and Rodrigues’ representation.
UNIT-III: ZEROS:
Properties of the Zeros of orthogonal polynomials – Graphs of Real Orthogonal polynomials –

Interlacing of the Zeros of the Hermite polynomials– Harmonic Oscillator wave function cutting
the Zero-Line.
UNIT-IV: POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS:
Taylor series method – Legendre differential equation, special case of polynomial solutions -
Legendre polynomials.
Frobenius Method - Regular singular point - Root of indicial equation unequal but not differing
by an integer - Root of indicial equation unequal but differing by an integer - Bessel’s equations
of order n (n is not an integer), of order n (where n is an integer positive), connection between
Bessel’s function of the first kind and gamma function.
91
UNIT-V: LANGEVIN FUNCTION, BRILLOUIN FUNCTIONS, AND APPLICATIONS

OF SPECIAL FUNCTIONS:
Langevin function – Brillouin functions – Economized Power Series using Chebyshev

polynomials – Illustrative examples from Physics (Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamics,
Electromagnetic Theory, Condensed Matter Physics, Quantum Mechanics) – Simple applications
of dimensional analysis in Langevin function, Brillouin functions, and illustrative examples.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. E D Rainville, Special Functions.

2. W W Bell, Special Functions for Scientists and Engineers.
3. G B Arfken and H J Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 5th Edition.
4. E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th Edition.
1. M Abramowitz and I A Stegun (Editors), Handbook of Mathematical Functions.
2. E D Rainville and P E Bedient, Elementary Differential Equations, 5th Edition.
3. L C Andrews, Special Functions for Engineers and Applied Mathematicians, 2nd Edition.
H K Crowder & S M McCuskey, Topics in Higher Analysis.
92
2.35 – THIN FILM PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the basic concepts of thin films technology.
 To acquire the knowledge about thin film coating methods, its characterization methods
and its applications.
 To explain the electric, electronic, magnetic, and structural behaviour of functional
materials, the experimental methods used to investigate their functionality, and the
mathematical and computational techniques used to model their properties.
UNIT I: PREPARATION OF THIN FILM

Nature of Thin Film-Deposition Technology-Distribution of Deposit- Resistance
Heating-Thermal Evaporation-Flash Evaporation.
UNIT II: DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES

Electron Beam Method- Cathodic Sputtering-Glow Discharge Sputtering- Low
Pressure Sputtering-Reactive Sputtering-RF Sputtering-Chemical Vapour Deposition-
Chemical Deposition.
UNIT III: FILM THICKNESS & ITS CONTROL

Mass Methods-Optical Method-Photometry-Ellipsometry-Interferometry- Other Methods-
Substrate Cleaning-Microscopic Defect and Dislocation- Edge Dislocation-Screw
Dislocation-Boundary Defect-Stress Effect-Removal of Defect-Defect and Energy State.
UNIT IV: THIN FILM ANALYSIS
Electron Diffraction Technique- High Energy Electron Diffraction-Low Energy

Electron Diffraction-Electron Microscopy-Scanning Electron Microscopy-X Ray
Photoelectron Spectroscopy-MassSpectroscopy- Thermodynamics of Nucleation-Nucleation
Theories- Film Growth-Incorporation of Defects, Impurities etc. in Film-Deposition
Parameters and Grain Size.
UNIT V: THIN FILM GROWTH PROCESS

Epitaxy-Thin Film Structure-Substrate Effect-Epitaxial Deposit-Twinning and Multi
twinning-Phase Transition-Dissociations-Film Thickness Effect- Crystal Growth Process.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. Thin Film Fundamentals-A. Goswami-New Age International-New Delhi.
1. Thin Film Phenomena-K.L. Chopra.
2. Handbook of Thin Film Technology-L.T. Meissel& R. Glang-McGraw Hill.
93
2.36 – X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
OBJECTIVES:
 To study the production of X-rays, crystals and its symmetry and their properties.
 To understand the X-ray intensity data collection techniques, data reduction
and structure solution and refinement from crystallographic method.
UNIT - I: X-RAYS
X-rays sources – conventional generators-construction and geometry-sealed tube–rotating anode

generators–choice of radiation-Synchrotron radiation – X-ray optics: filters– monochromators–
collimators-mirrors- safety.
Diffraction of X-rays
Lattice–Lattice planes-Miller indices–X-ray diffraction reciprocal lattice–relation between

direct and reciprocal space–Bragg’s law in reciprocal lattice–sphere of reflection – limiting
sphere.
Symmetry of crystals
Crystal systems and symmetry – unit cell – space lattices- nonprimitive lattices – point groups–
space groups–screw axes–glide planes-equivalent positions–matrix representation of symmetry-
intensity weighted reciprocal lattice – analysis of space group symbols.
Crystals and their properties
Crystallization – growing crystals – choosing a crystal –mosaic structure-absorption- crystal

mounting–alignment – measurement of crystal properties.
UNIT – II: DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES FOR SINGLE CRYSTALS
Laue method–single crystal diffraction cameras: rotation and oscillation method – Ewald
construction – Weissenberg method – Precession method. Single crystal diffractometers and
data collection strategy: Instrument geometry–crystal in a diffracting position–determination of
unit cell–orientation matrix–Intensity Data collection–Unique data–equivalent reflections –
selection of data–Intensity measurement methods: Film methods–counter methods: Point
detector–Area detectors–CCD’s–Image plates–Low temperature single crystal diffractometry.
UNIT – III: DATA REDUCTION
Integration of intensity–Lorenz and Polarization corrections – absorption–deterioration or

radiation damage–scaling – Interpretation of Intensity data.
94
Structure factors and Fourier syntheses
Structure factor – Friedel’s Law – exponential and vector form – generalized structure factor –
Fourier synthesis –Fast Fourier transform – Anomalous scattering and its effect– Calculation of
structure factors and Fourier syntheses.
UNIT – IV: PHASE PROBLEM
Methods of solving Phase Problem: Direct methods – Patterson methods – Heavy atom
methods – molecular replacement- search methods – completing the structure.
UNIT – V: REFINEMENT OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
Weighting – Refinement by Fourier syntheses – Locating Hydrogen atoms- identification

of atom types – Least squares – goodness of fit– Least square and matrices-correlation
coefficients– Relationship between Fourier and Least squares – Practical consideration in least
squares methods.
Errors and Derived results

Random and systematic errors–derived results – molecular geometry – absolute configuration–
thermal motion.
1. X-ray Structure Determination – G.H. Stout and L.H.Jensen, John Wiley Publications,
Second Edition, 1989.
2. Fundamentals of Crystallography - C. Giacovazzo, Oxford Press, Second Edition, 2011.
3. Structure Determination by X-ray Crystallography - Ladd and Palmer, Plenum
Publishing Corporation, Second Edition, 2013.
4. X-ray Crystallography - Woolfson, Cambridge University Press Publications. Second
Edition, 1997.
5. Elements of X-ray Crystallography - Leonid V. Azaroff, , McGraw Hill Publications,
1968.
6. Crystal Structure analysis for Chemist and Biologist – J.P. Glusker, M. Lewis and M.
Rossi, VCH Publishers Inc, 1994.
7. Crystal, X-ray and Proteins – D. Sherwood, and J. Cooper, Oxford University Press,
2010.
8. An Introduction to Crystallography – F.C. Phillips, John Wiley Publications, 1971.
9. International table for Crystallography.
95
3.1 – ENERGY PHYSICS

OBJECTIVES:
 To study the new and renewable energy sources.
UNIT - I: ENERGY SOURCE

Introduction to energy source - Energy sources and their availability - Types of energy -
Prospects of renewable energy - Extraterrestrial solar radiation - Effect of earth’s
atmosphere - Measurement and estimation of solar radiation.
UNIT – II: RENEWABLE ENERGY
Wind energy – basic principle and components of wind energy conversion system - types of
wind machines – scheme of electric generation – application of wind energy – Hydrogen energy
– hydrogen production – storage – utilization of hydrogen gas – hydrogen as an alternative fuel
for motor vehicles – safety and management.
UNIT – III: ENERGY FROM BIOMASS

Biomass conversion Technologies – wet and dry process – Photosynthesis. Biogas Generation:
Introduction – basic process and energetic – methods for maintaining biogas production –
advantage of anaerobic digestion – factors affecting bio digestion and generation of gas.
Classification of Biogas plants: continuous and batch type – the dome and drum types of Biogas
gas plants – biogas from wastes fuel – properties of biogas – utilization of biogas.
UNIT - IV: SOLAR ENERGY
Solar cells for direct conversion of solar energy to electric powers - Solar cell parameter –
Solar cell electrical characteristics – Efficiency – Single crystal silicon solar cells –
Polycrystalline silicon solar cells – Cadmium sulphide solar cells. Applications of Solar Energy:
solar distillation-solar water heating-solar pumping - solar furnace-solar cooking-solar green
house.
UNIT – V: ADDITIONAL ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES

Introduction and principles of Magneto hydro dynamic(MHD) – open and closed cycle
systems – materials for MHD generators –MHD design problems and developments – electrical
conditions – advantages of MHD systems.

1. Renewable Energy Resources - John Twidell & Tony Weir, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2006.
2. Principles of Solar Engineering - Kreith and Kreider, McGraw Hill Pub, 1978.
3. Applied Solar Energy - A.B.Meinel and A.P.Meinal, 1976.
4. Solar Energy - M.P.Agarwal, S.Chand & Co, 1983.
5. Solar Energy - S.P.Sukhatme, TMH, 1996.
96
6. Non-conventional Energy sources - G.D.Rai, Khauna Publication, 2004.
3.2 – PHYSICS OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop the human recourse in non conventional Energy resources which is the need
of the hour.
 To create the people who will teach the science of non conventional Energy resources,
this will be also helpful for the promotion of Research in this field.
 To create several self-employment opportunities in renewable energy and energy
efficiency sectors for modestly-trained and self-trained human resources exist in all
geographic locations of the country.
 It will help to develop the skills required in renewable energy and energy management
fields.
UNIT-I:
Introduction-Various non-conventional energy resources- Introduction, availability,

classification, relative merits and demerits. Solar Cells: Theory of solar cells. Solar cell
materials, solar cell array, solar cell power plant, limitations.
UNIT-II:
Solar Thermal Energy: Solar radiation, flat plate collectors and their
materials, applications and performance, focussing of collectors and their materials,
applications and performance; solar thermal power plants, thermal energy storage for
solar heating and cooling, limitations.
UNIT-III:
Geothermal Energy: Resources of geothermal energy, thermodynamics of geo -

thermal energy conversion-electrical conversion, non-electrical conversion, environmental
considerations. Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD): Principle of working of MHD Power
plant, performance and limitations.
Fuel Cells: Principle of working of various types of fuel cells and their
working, performance and limitations.
UNIT-IV :
Wind power and its sources, site selection, criterion, momentum theory, classification of
rotors, Concentrations and augments, wind characteristics. Performance and limitations
of energy conversion systems.
97
UNIT-V:
Bio-mass: Availability of bio-mass and its conversion theory. Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC): Availability, theory and working principle, performance and limitations.
Wave and Tidal Wave: Principle of working, performance and limitations.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Introduction to Non-Conventional Energy Resources -Raja etal, SciTech Publications.
1. Renewal Energy Resources -John Twideu and Tony Weir, BSP Publications, 2006.
2. Energy Resources: Conventional & Non-Conventional -M.V.R.
KoteswaraRao, BSP Publications, 2006.
3. Non-conventional Energy Resources -D.S. Chauhan, New Age International.
4. Renewal Energy Technologies: A Practical Guide for Beginners
C.S. Solanki-PHI Learning
98
4.1 – BASIC CONCEPTS OF INSTRUMENTATION
OBJECTIVES:
 The main objective of this paper is to impart aspects of basic concepts of

instrumentation to the students.
UNIT I : STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS
Types of errors – Static Performance Parameters – Accuracy, Precision, Resolution – Linearity –

Hysteresis – Dead Band – Backlash – Drift - Impedance loading and Matching.
UNIT II : DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS
Dynamic Response: Periodic Input Harmonic Signal - First order – Second order system -
Response to step input and transient input – Compensation networks.
UNIT III : ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSDUCERS
Analog transducers: Electrochemical – Potentiometric Resistive – Inductive – Capacitive –

Piezo-Electric transducers – Digital transducers: Frequency Domain, Electromagnetic Frequency
Domain – Opto-Electrical Frequency Domain – Vibrating String Transducers.
UNIT IV : TRANSDUCERS – I
Moderate Pressure: Manometers, Elastic Transducers – High Pressure measurement –

Temperature measurements: Non-Electrical Methods – Bimetallic Thermometer – Liquid in
Glass Thermometer – Pressure Thermometers – Electrical Methods: Electrical Resistance
Thermometers
UNIT V : TRANSDUCERS – II
Flow Measurement: primary or Quantity Meters – Positive Displacement Meters- Nutating

Disc Meter – Sliding Vane Type – Lobed impeller meter – Acoustic Measurements – Sound
Level Meter – Frequency Analysis of Noise Signal –Sound Intensity Measurements –
Microphones – Capacitor Type – Electret Microphone – Piezo Electric Crystal Type –
Electrodynamic Type.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. Instrumentation Measurement and Analysis – B.C. Nakra & K.K. Chaudhry TMH
New Delhi, Third Edition, Seventh Reprint, 2011.
99

1. Measurement System – E.D.Doebelin Mc-Graw Hill. (1990)
2. Principles of Industrial Instrumentation – Patranbis .D, TMH New Delhi, 1976.
100
4.2 – FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUMENTATION
OBJECTIVES:
 To enhance comprehension capabilities of students through understanding of electronic

devices.
 To understand the physical construction, working and operational characteristics of
semiconductor devices
Unit – I: Generalized Characteristics of Instruments
Static characteristics: accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, resolution, sensitivity,

linearity, drift, span, range. Dynamic characteristics: transfer function, zero order instruments,
first order instruments – step, ramp, frequency responses – second order instruments –
step-ramp response – dead time elements. Types of Errors: gross, systematic, random.
Unit – II: Vacuum Systems
Principle and operation of various pumps: rotary, diffusion, sorption, turbomolecular, ionisation
and cryo-pumping. Gauges: McLeod, diaphragm, thermocouple, pirani, penning, ionisation and
hot and cold cathodes – design of high vacuum systems – high pressure cells – measurements at
high pressures.
Unit – III: Thermal Systems
Temperature scales – liquefaction of gases, achieving low temperature – design of cryostats.

High temperature furnaces: resistance, induction and arc furnaces – high temperature
measurements – pyrometers – total and selective radiation pyrometers – optical pyrometer.
Unit – IV: Detectors and Spectroscopy
Detectors: pyroelectric, thermoelectric, photoconducting, photoelectric, photomultiplier,

scintillation types of detectors, photon counters. Spectroscopy: principles of atomic
absorption spectroscopy – instrumentation – single and double beam spectrometers –theory
and components of nuclear quadrupole resonance technique – applications.
Unit – V: Electronics and Experimental Methods
Error analysis: linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test. Signal conditioning:
impedance matching, filtering, noise reduction, shielding and grounding, lock-in detector.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. A.K. Sawhney and Puneet Sawhney, A Course in Mechanical Measurement
101
and Instrumentation, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi 2000.

2. Dennis Roddy and John Coolen, Electonic communication, 4th edition, PHI private
Ltd., (1999). (Unit – II)
3. C.S. Rangan, G.R. Sharma and V.S.V. Mani, Instrumentation Devices and Systems,
Tata McGraw-Hill (1983).
4. H.H. Willard, L.L. Merrit and John A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis,
6th edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors (1986).
1. D.V.S. Murty, Transducers and Instrumentation, Prentice – Hall of India (P) Ltd.,
New Delhi (1995).
2. Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement System Applications and Design, McGraw
Hill International Book Company, Singapore (1983).
102
4.3 – INSTRUMENTATION
OBJECTIVES:
 This paper highlights the concept of instrumentation and functioning of various analytical
instruments in diversified fields.
UNIT – I: TRANSDUCERS
Basic functional elements of a measuring system-Transducers: Definition-Parts-Classification-

Types of primary sensing element.
LVDT: Principle –Working –Measurement of displacement.
Electrical Strain Gauge: Principle-Theory-Types-Working -Measurement of Force (or) Pressure.
Capacitive Transducers: Principle-Types-Working-Measurement of linear and angular

displacement.
Thermistor: Principle-Working-Measurement of temperature.
Piezo electric transducers: Principle, theory and working of piezo electric crystals.
UNIT – II: DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION
Principle, block diagram and working of: Digital Multimeter, Digital Frequency counter, Digital
PH meter, Digital conductivity meter, Digital storage Oscilloscope and Q-meter.
UNIT – III: ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Principle, working, Instrumentation and applications of UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, ICP-AES,

(Inductive coupled plasma-Atomic emission spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron
Microscope) and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy).
UNIT – IV: BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Orgin of Bio–potentials: Measurements- Resting and action potentials-Characteristics of resting

potential-Bio electric potentials-Types of bioelectric signal and their characteristics.
Components of the Bio-medical instrument system-Electrodes: Equivalent circuit-Theory -

Types.
Principle, block diagram and functioning of ECG, EEG and EMG.
103
UNIT – V: MEDICAL IMAGING INSTRUMENTATION
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principle-Magnetic resonance phenomena-Magnetic resonance

imaging-Imaging process-Instrumentation.
Ultrasonic Imaging System: Principle-Construction of an ultrasonic transducer-Ultrasonic

propagation through tissues-Display-A mode- B mode- M mode-TM mode-Doppler mode-
Recording devices.
Computed Tomography: Principle-CAT scanning-Instrumentation-Contrast scale-Scanning

components.
1. Electrical and Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation, A.K.Sawhney, Dhanpath

Rai and Co., Pvt., Ltd., 2000.
2. Electronic measurements and Instrumentation, Dr.Rajendra Prasad, Khanna Publishers,
2002
3. Instrumental methods of analysis, Willard.D. Merrit et.al.,CBS Publishers, 2004.
4. Instrumental methods of analysis, Gurdeep Chatwal and Sham Anand, Himalaya
Publishers, 2003.
5. Biomedical Instrumentation, M.Arumugam, Anuradha Publishers, 2001.
6. Hand Book of Biomedical Instrumentation, R.S.Khandpur, TMH, 2004.
7. Instrumentation, B.C.Nakra and K.K.Chawdry, Measurement and Analysis, TMH, 2004.
8. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, Albert D.Helfrock and
William D Cooper, Printice Hall of India, 2000.
9. Instrumentation, V.Ramasamy, Swami Publications, 2005.
10. Bio Medical Electronics and Instrumentation, S.K.Venkata Ram, Galgotia
Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2001.
104
4.4 – INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVES:
 To study different analytical techniques to characterize the samples.
UNIT - I : ERRORS AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Types of errors – Mean, variance and standard deviation, standard deviation of standard
deviation – sampling techniques – Chi square test.
Experimental Stress Analysis: Stress analysis by strain gauging- high temperature strain
gauge techniques – photoelasticity and holography.
UNIT - II : THERMAL ANALYSIS
Introduction – thermo gravimetric analysis – instrumentation of weight loss and decomposition

products – differential scanning calorimetric – instrumentation – specific heat capacity
measurements – determination of thermo chemical parameters – differential thermal analysis –
basic principles – melting point determination and analysis.
UNIT - III : X-RAY ANALYSIS
Single Crystal and powder diffraction – Diffractometer – interpretation of diffraction patterns –

indexing – unknown and phase identification – double and four crystal Diffractometer for
epitaxial characterization – lattice mismatch – tetragonal distortion – thin film characterization –
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy – uses.
UNIT – IV : OPTICAL METHODS AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Photoluminescence – light-matter interaction – fundamental transitions – excitons –

instrumentation – electroluminescence – instrumentation – photo reflectance-electronic
transitions – behavior of electronic transitions as a function of electric field. Principles of SEM,
TEM, EDAX, AFM, EPMA – Instrumentation – sample preparation – analysis of materials –
study of dislocations – ion implantation – uses – Nanolithogrphy.
UNIT – V : ELECTRICAL METHODS
Hall Effect – carrier density – resistivity – two probe and four probe methods – scattering
mechanism – van der pauw method – CV characteristics – Schottky barrier capacitance –
impurity concentration – electrochemical CV profiling – limitations.
105
1. Instrumental Methods of Analysis - Willard.M, Steve.D, CBS Publishers, New Delhi,

1986.
2. Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis of Crystalline materials - Stradling, R.A,
Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979.
3. Electron microscopy and Microanalysis of Crystalline Materials - Belk.J.A, Applied
Science Publishers, London, 1979.
4. Modern Metallographic Techniques and their Applications - Philips V.A, Wiley
Interscience, 1971.
106
5.1 – ADVANCED MICROPROCESSOR
OBJECTIVES:
 This paper presents an extensive knowledge about the architecture and assembly
language programming of microprocessors 80286, 386 and 486.
UNIT-I: 8086 ARCHITECTURE AND PROGRAMMING

Internal architecture of 8086 - Software model - Internal registers - Minimum mode and
Maximum mode system - Instruction set - Addressing modes – Data transfer, Arithmetic,
Logical, Shift and rotate instruction – Compare, Jump, Loop, String, Processor control, CALL -
RET and stack instructions - Procedures - Assembler Macros - Assembler directives.
UNIT-II: SOFTWARE PROGRAMS OF 8086

Assembly language Programming – Addition, subtraction and multiplication and division of two
16 bit numbers - Multibyte addition/subtraction – Ascending order – Sum of a series -
Computation of LCM - Block transfer – Factorial of anumber.
UNIT-III: MEMORY AND INTERRUPT INTERFACE OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR
Memory interface - block diagram - Hardware organization of the memory address space -
Memory control signals - The stack - Stack segment register and stack pointer - RAM interface -
Dynamic RAM interfacing and refreshing - Types of interrupts - Interrupt and address pointer
table - Interrupt instructions - Masking of interrupts - External hardware interrupt interface -
Interrupt sequence - 8259 Programmable interrupt controller (PIC).
UNIT-IV: 80286, 386 AND 486 MICROPROCESSOR
Introduction to Intel Processor and its architecture 80286/ 80386 and 80486 microprocessors –
block diagram of 386 and 486 - comparison - Pentium Processor –block diagram (Pentium II, III
and IV) and its salient features – Multitasking concepts - Operating system concepts and terms -
DISK operating system (DOS) - Multitasking and multiprogramming operating system (UNIX).
UNIT-V: DATA COMMUNICATION AND APPLICATIONS

Centronix parallel interface of printers - Printer concepts - Interfacing ASCII keyboard -
Concepts of secondary storage device like floppy disk and Hard disk – PCI bus architecture –
AGP - USB - Data Communication methods and standard GPIB – IEEE- 488, RS-232C, RS-422
and RS-423A - Temperaturecontroller.
107
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Douglas V. Hall : Microprocessors and Interfacing programming and Hardware (Tata

Mc GrawHill)
2. W.A. Triebel and Avatar Singh, The 8086 /8088 Microprocessors- Programming,
Software, Hardware and application, Prentice Hall of India, NewDelhi.
3. Badri Ram, Advanced Microprocessors and interfacing, Tata McGraw Hill,2006.
1. B. Brey, Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186,80286,80486,80486, Architecture,

Programming and Interfacing,1995.
2. V. Vijayendran, Fundamentals of Microprocessor –8086- Architecture, Programming
(MASM) and interfacing, Viswanathan, Chennai,2002.
3. Yu – Cheng and Glenn A. Gibson, The 8086 / 8088 family Architecture, Programming
and Design, Prentice-Hall of India.
108
5.2 – MICROPROCESSOR AND EMBEDDED CONTROLLER
OBJECTIVES:
This paper presents an extensive knowledge about the architecture and assembly language
programming of microprocessors 8085, microcontroller 8051 and embedded micro controller. It
also explains interfacing memory and I/O devices.
UNIT-I: 8085 ARCHITECTURE AND PROGRAMMING
8085 Architecture - Programmer’s model - ALU - Registers and Flags - Stacks - Complete
instruction set of Intel 8085 - State transition and timing diagrams - T States - Machine cycles -
Instruction cycles - Timing diagram for memory read and memory write cycles - Addressing
modes - Maskable and Non-maskable Interrupts - Assembly language programs – time delay
subroutines and delay calculations.
UNIT-II: INTERFACING MEMORY AND I/O DEVICES
Interfacing memory and devices – I/O and Memory mapped I/O – Simple polled I/O and
Handshaking operations - Programmable keyboard / display interface 8279 - Programmable
peripheral device 8255A - 8253 Timer Interface – DAC and ADC interface - Wave form
generation (Sine, square, triangular and ramp wave) - Programmable communication interface
8251 (USART).
UNIT-III: MICROCONTROLLER 8051
Introduction – 8 and 16 bit Microcontroller families –Flash series – Embedded RISC Processor –
8051 Microcontroller Hardware – Internal registers – Addressing modes – Assembly Language
Programming – Arithmetic, Logic, Sorting operations and BCD to binary and binary to BCD
conversion.
UNIT IV: INTERFACING I/O AND MEMORY WITH 8051
Interfacing I/O Ports, External memory, counters and Timers - Serial data input/output, Interrupts
– Interfacing 8051 with ADC, DAC, LED display, Keyboard, Sensors and Stepper motor.
UNIT V: EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER
Embedded microcontroller system – types of embedded operating system – Micro chip PIC
16C6X /7X family – features – Architecture – Memory Organization – Register file map – I/O
ports – Data and flash program memory – asynchronous serial port – Applications in
communication and industrialcontrols.
109
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. R.S. Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, programming and Application with the 8085,
3rd Edition, Penram International Publishing, Mumbai,1997.
2. V. Vijayendran, Fundamentals of Microprocessor 808 Architecture,
programming and interfacing, Viswanathan Publication, Chennai,2002.
3. Kenneth J. Ayala – The 8051 Micro Controller Architecture, Programming and
Applications. 3rd Edition , PenramInternational
4. John B. Peatman, Design with PIC Microcontrollers, 7th Indian reprint, Pearson
Education, 2004.
5. K. V. Shibu, Introduction to Embedded System, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Education Private
Limited , NewDelhi.
6. Raj Kumar, Embedded System, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Education Private Limited,
NewDelhi.
1. B. Ram, Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers, Dhanpat Rai

publications, New Delhi.
2. R. Thiagarajan, S. Dhanasekaran, S.Dhanapal, Microprocessor and its applications,
New Age International, NewDelhi.
3. Muhammed Ali Mazidi,JaniceGillespie Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems, Fourth Indian Reprint, Pearson Education ,2004.
4. Raj Kamal, Introduction to Embedded Systems, TMS,2002.
110
5.3 – MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLER
OBJECTIVES:
This paper presents an extensive knowledge about the architecture and assembly language
programming of microprocessors 8085 & 8086 and microcontroller 8051. It also explains
interfacing of 8085 microprocessor.
UNIT-I: MICROPROCESSORS 8085 ARCHITECTURE
Intel 8085 microprocessor: Introduction – Pin configuration- Architecture and its operations -
Machine cycles of 8085. Interfacing of memory and I/O devices. Instruction classification:
number of bytes, nature of operations- Instruction format. Vectored and non-vectored interrupts.
UNIT-II: 8085 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING
Instruction set: Data transfer operations - Arithmetic operations Logical operations – Branching
and machine control operations. Addressing modes. Writing assembly language programs:
Looping, counting and indexing. Counters and time delays - Stack - subroutine. Translation from
assembly language to machine language
UNIT-III: MICROPROCESSOR 8086
Intel 8086 microprocessor: Introduction – Architecture - Pin configuration- Operating modes:

Minimum mode, Maximum mode. Memory addressing: 8-bit data from even and odd address
bank, 16-bit data from even and odd address bank. Addressing modes. Interrupts: Hardware
interrupts – Software interrupts –Interrupt priorities. Simple programs.
UNIT – IV: MICROCONTROLLER 8051 ARCHITECTURE AND PROGRAMMING
Introduction to microcontroller and embedded system. Difference between microprocessor and

microcontroller. 8051 microcontroller : Pin configuration, Architecture and Key features. 8051.
Data types and directives Instruction set: Data transfer instructions - Arithmetic instructions –
Logical instructions- Branching instructions- Single bit instructions. Addressing modes. Simple
programs using 8051 instruction set.
UNIT – V: INTERFACING OF MICROPROCESSOR 8085
Basic concepts of programmable device - 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) –

interface of ADC and DAC. 8257 Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller. Basic concepts of
serial I/O and data communication – interface of 8251 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter (USART)
111
1. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085/8080, Ramesh S.

Gaonkar, New Age International 6th edition, 2013.
2. Microprocessors and Interfacing-Programming and Hardware, Douglas V. Hall, Tata
McGraw Hill, 1993.
3. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers by A.P.Godse and D.A.Godse, Technical
Publications, Pune.
4. Advanced Microprocessors and Interfacing, Badri Ram, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.
5. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice
Mazidi. Pearson Education, 2000.
6. The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming and Applications. Kenneth J. Ayala.
Penram International publishing Pvt. Ltd., second edit, 1996.
112
6.1 – BASICS AND APPLICATIONS OF NANOPHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To comprehend the principles of nanotechnology.

 To make the students understand the basic concepts in nanoscience.
 To enable the students to explore the field of nanomaterials.
 To allow the students to have a deep knowledge of the fundamentals of nanomolecular
materials.
UNIT-1: BASIC QUANTUM CONCEPTS OF HETEROSTRUCTURES
General Properties of Heterostructures – Growth of Heterostructures – MBE & MOCVD; Band

Engineering, Layered Structures: Quantum Wells and Barriers; Doped Heterostructures, Strained
Layer, Si – Ge Heterostructures, Wires and Dots; Optical Confinement – Effective Mass
Approximation, Effective Mass theory in Heterostructures.
UNIT-2: QUANTUM WELLS AND LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
Infinite Deep Square Well, Square Well of Finite Depth, Parabolic and Triangular Wells; Low
Dimensional Systems, Occupation of Subbands, Two and Three Dimensional Potential Wells:
Cylindrical, Parabolic, Spherical and Coulomb Potential (2D & 3D) Wells, Further Confinement
Beyond Two Dimensions, Quantum Wells in Heterostructures.
UNIT-3: NANOSTRUCTURES FABRICATED BY NANO PATTERNING
Introduction – Lithography: Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography, SoftLithography,

Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires, Other Methods for Microfabrication.
UNIT-4: CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS
Introduction: Structural Characterization, Chemical Characterization, Physical Properties of

Nanomaterials, Electrical Conductivity, Ferroelectrics, Dielectrics and Superparamagnetism.
UNIT-5: APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS

Introduction – Molecular Electronics and Nano Electronics, Nanobots, Biological Application of
Nanomaterials, Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles; Band Gap Engineered Quantum Devices:
Quantum Well and Quantum Dot; Nanomechanics, Carbon Nanotube Emitters,
Photoelectrochemical Cells, Photonic Crystals and Plasma Waveguides.

1. The Physics of Low Dimensional Semiconductors – Hohn H. Davies – Cambridge
University Press (1998).
2. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials – Huozhong Gao – Imperial College Press (2004).
113
6.2 – ELEMENTS OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
 To provide the basic Knowledge about basics nanoscience and technology

 To aqcuire the knowledge about synthesis methods and characterization techniques and its
applications
UNIT I: OVERVIEW OF NANOSCIENCE
Nanorevolution of the 20th century, Properties at Nanoscale (optical, electronic and

magnetic). Theory, definitions and scaling.
UNIT II: DIFFERENT CLASSES OF NANOMATERIALS
Metal and Semiconductor Nanomaterials, Quantum dots, Wells and Wires, Molecule to
Bulk Transitions Bucky Balls and Carbon Nanotubes.
UNIT III: SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS
Top-down (Nanolithography, CVD), bottom-up (sol-get processing, chemical synthesis). Wet

Deposition Techniques, Self-assembly (Supramolecular approach), Molecular Design and
Modeling.
UNIT IV: CHARACTERIZATION
TEM, SEM and SPM Technique, Fluorescence Microscopy and Imaging.
UNIT V: APPLICATIONS
Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis, Molecular Electronics and Printed Electronics
Nanoelectronics, Polymers with a special architecture, Liquid Crystalline Systems, Linear
and Nonlinear Optical and Electro Optical properties, Applications in Displays and
other devices, Advanced Organic Materials for Data Storage, Photonics, Plasmonics, Chemical
and Biosensors, Nanomedicine and Nano Biotechnology.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology -Hari Singh Nalwa, Academic

Press, 2002.
114
1. Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures, A. Nabok- Artech House, 2005

2. Nanoscience: “Nanotechnologies and Nanophysics”, C. Dupas, P.Houdy, M. Lahmani,
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007
3. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Frank J Owens, Wiley- Interscience
4. Nanosystem Characterization Tools in the Life Sciences edited by Challa Kumar
5. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials (Synthesis, Properties and Applications),
Guozhong Cao.
115
6.3 – NANOPHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To learn the structures, properties, characterization and applications of nanomaterials.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO NANO AND TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS
Need and origin of nano -- Nano and energetic – Top-down and bottom-up approaches
– Introductory ideas of 1D, 2D and 3D nanostructured materials – Quantum dots -- Quantum wire
– Quantum well -- Exciton confinement in quantum dots.
UNIT II: CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES
Carbon molecules and carbon bond -- C60: Discovery and structure of C60 and its crystal -
Superconductivity in C60 -- Carbon nanotubes: Fabrication – Structure – Electrical properties –
Vibrational properties – Mechanical properties – Applications (fuel cells, chemical sensors,
catalysts).
UNIT III: FABRICATION OF NANOMATERIALS
Synthesis of oxide nanoparticles by sol-gel method -- Electrochemical deposition method –

Electrospinning method – Lithography -- Atomic layer deposition - Langmuir--Blodgett films --
Zeolite cages -- Core shell structures – Organic and inorganic hybrids.
UNIT IV: CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS
Principles, experimental set-up, procedure and utility of scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and scanning
probe microscopy (SPM).
UNIT V: APPLICATIONS
Molecular electronics and nanoelectronics – Nanorobots -- Biological applications of

nanoparticles -- Catalysis by gold nanoparticles – Band-gap engineered quantum devices --
Nanomechanics -- CNT emitters – Photoelectrochemical cells – Photonic crystals – Plasmon
waveguides.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. T.Pradeep et al., A Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Tata McGraw Hill,

New Delhi, 2012).
2. R.W. Kelsall, I.W. Hamley and M. Geoghegan, Nanoscale Science and Nanotechnology
(John-Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2005).
3. G. Cao, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials (Imperial College Press, London, 2004).
4. C.P. Poole and F.J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology (Wiley, New Delhi, 2003).
116
1. H.S. Nalwa, Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology (Academic Press, San

Diego, 2002).
2. M. Wilson, K. Kannangara, G. Smith, M. Simmons, B. Raguse, Nanotechnology:
Basic Science and Emerging Technologies (Overseas Press, New Delhi, 2005).
117
6.4 – NANOSCIENCE
OBJECTIVES:
 To make the students to understand the basics of nanoscience, various physical and
chemical properties of nanomaterials and their applications.
UNIT - I : INTRODUCTION TO THE NANOWORLD
Introduction – Historical perspective on Nanomaterial - Classification of Nanomaterials –

Quantum mechanics of low dimensional systems – Bound states and density of states: 3D,2D,
1D and 0D –Quantum confinement - Quantum wells, wires and dots - size dependent
properties- Mossbauer effect – surface Plasmon resonance – single electron tunneling.
UNIT – II : METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS AND CERAMICS NANOCRYSTALS
Reduction of size – Synthesis of metal nanoparticles and structures – Routes to arrangements –

Background on Quantum Dot semiconductors - background on reverse Micellar solution –
Synthesis of Semiconductors – Cadmium Telluride Nanocrystals – Cadmium sulfide
Nanocrystals – Alloy Semiconductors – 2D and 3D Superlattices of Silver Sulfide Nanocrystals–
Synthesis of Ceramics – Bondings and defects - Chemical, Physical and Mechanical properties
of Ceramics.
UNIT - III : NANOPARTICLES AND MAGNETISM
Magnetism in particles of reduced size and dimensions – Single domain particles and super
paramagnetism – magnetism in clusters of nonmagnetic solids – magnetic behavior of small
particles – diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) – Fe – DMS and II-VI Mn DMS and
their applications – intermetallic compounds – binary and ternaries and their magnetic
properties. Importance of nanoscale magnetism.
UNIT – IV : CHEMICAL AND CATALYTIC ASPECTS OF NANOCRYSTALS
Nanomaterials in Catalysis – Nanostructured Adsorbents – Nanoparticles as new Chemical

reagents – Specific Heat and Melting Points of Nanocrystalline Materials: Specific Heat of
Nanocrystalline materials – melting points of Nanoparticle materials.
UNIT - V : APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIALS
Molecular Electronics and nano electronics, nanoboats, Biological applications, band gap
engineered quantum devices – nanomechanics – carbon nanotube emitters,
photoelectrochemical cells – photonic crystal and Plasmon wave guides - Structural and
Mechanical materials – Colorants and Pigments.
118
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry - Kenneth J.Klabunde, A John Wiley & Sons,

Inc.,Publication, 2009.
2. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Fundamentals to Frontiers - M.S.Ramachandra Rao,
Shubra Singh, Wiley, First Edition, 2013.
1. Introduction to Nanotechnology - Charles P.Poole, Frank J. Owens, Wiley – India, 2009.

2. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials synthesis, properties and applications - Guozhong
Gao, Imperial College Press, London, 2004.
3. Metal Oxides - V. Henrich, P.A.Cox, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994.
4. NATO ASI Series, Science and Technology of Nanostructured Magnetic Materials - Ed.
George C. Hadjipanyis and Gary A.Prinz, , Plenum Press, New York, 1991.
5. Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials - D.Jiles, Chapman and Hall, London,
1991.
6. Physics and Chemistry of Metal Cluster Compounds - J.de Jongh, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994.
119
6.5 – PHYSICS OF NANOMATERIALS
OBJECTIVES:
Nano Sciences, the emerging area of science brings together physics, chemistry and biology to
create a scientific discipline of almost infinite potential. Physics of nano materials is concerned
with the study, creation, manipulation and applications of materials at nanometer scale.
UNIT – I: INTRODUCTION
Introduction – History of nanotechnology - Classification of nanomaterials: Definition of –

Zero, one and two dimension nano structures – Examples - Classification of synthesis methods.
Surface energy – Chemical potential as a function of surface curvature – Electrostatic stabilization
- Steric stabilization – DLVO theory.
UNIT – II: SPECIAL NANOMATERIALS
Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes: Carbon fullerenes, Fullerene derived crystals, Carbon
nanotubes. Micro and Mesoporous Materials: Ordered mesoporous structures, Random mesoporous
structures, crystalline microporous materials. Core-shell structures: Metal-oxide structures, Metal-
polymer structures, Oxide-polymer structures. Organic- Inorganic Hybrids. Intercalation
Compounds – Nanocomposites.
UNIT – III: PROPERTIES
Physical properties of nanomaterials: Melting points, Specific heat capacity and lattice
constants – Mechanical properties – Optical properties:-Surface Plasmon Resonance – Quantum
size effects – Electrical property: Surface scattering, charge of electronic structure, Quantum
transport, effect of microstructure: Ferroelectrics and dielectrics – Variation of magnetism with
size-Super para magnetism-Diluted magnetic semi conductor.
UNIT – IV: SYNTHESIS
Synthesis of nano materials: Physical vapour deposition - Chemical vapour deposition

plasma arching - Sol gel - Ball milling technique - Reverse miceller technique - Electro deposition.
Synthesis of Semiconductors: Nanostructures fabrication by physical techniques – Nano
lithography – Nanomanipulator.
UNIT – V: CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS
Structural Characterization: X-Ray diffraction – Scanning tunneling Microscopy – Transmission

Electron Microscopy – Chemical Characterization: Optical spectroscopy.
Applications: Molecular electronics and Nano electronics, Nano electromechanical systems-
Colorants and pigments –DNA chips – DNA array devices – Drug delivery systems.
120
1. Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, Kenneth F. Klablunde, John wiley and sons, Inc.,
2001.
2. The Essentials, Pradeep T, Nano: Tata MC Graw-Hill publishing company limited, 2007.
3. Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Applications and Perspectives, Christof M. Niemeyer,
Chad A. Mirkin, 2004.
4. Nanotechnology, Wilson M, K Kannangara, G. Smilt, M. Simmons and B. Boguse-
Overseas Press, 2005
5. Nanomedicine, Freitas R A, Landes., TX publication, 1996.
6. Nano Materials, Viswanathan B, Narosa publishing house, 2010.
121
7.1 – ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS

UNIT-I: METHODS OF INVESTIGATING NUCLEAR SIZE
Classification of nuclei, nuclear size - methods to investigate nuclear size - Mesonic X- rays,
Electron scattering, Coulomb energies of mirror nuclei, neutron scattering methods
UNIT-II: DISCOVERY AND PROPERTIES OF NEUTRON
Discovery of neutron, fundamental properties of neutron, neutron sources, - radioactive sources,

Photo-neutron sources, accelerated particle sources – Detection of neutrons – General principles,
slow neutron detectors by foil activation method, detection of fast neutrons by scintillation counter.
UNIT-III: CLASSIFICATION AND INTERACTION OF NEUTRON
Classification of neutrons according to energy, Neutron –electron interactions, slowing down of

fast neutrons, slowing down time, slowing down density, resonance escape probability, neutron
diffusion-solution to diffusion equation, diffusion of fast neutrons- Fermi-age equation
UNIT-IV: REACTOR PHYSICS
Condition of criticality of nuclear reactor, the critical equation and buckling, critical reactor
dimensions, criticality of large thermal reactors- migration length, the reflector reactor, continuum
theory of nuclear reactions, optical model theory of nuclear reactions, photo-nuclear reactions.
UNIT-V: NUCLEAR FUSION: THERMONUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear fusion, the fusion reaction, thermonuclear reactions, sources of stellar energy, controlled
thermonuclear reactions, the possibility of fusion reactor, cold fusion and transuranic elements.
1. Robley D. Evans, The atomic nucleus, TMH, New Delhi,1982.

2. M.L.Pandya, R.P.S Yadhav, Kedharnath, Ramnath, Elements of nuclear
Physics, Meerut,1995.
3. Irving Kaplan, Nuclear Physics, Narosha Publshers,New Delhi,1989.
4. V. Devanathan, Nuclear Physics, Narosa Publishing House , NewDelhi.
5. A.B Gupta, Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Books and Allied Limited, Kolkata.
122
7 . 2 – ASTROPHYSICS AND ADVANCED NUCLEAR THEORY

OBJECTIVES :
To give an exposure to Methods used in studies in Astrophysics, and an exposure to some

aspects of the Quark Model and Gauge Theories.
UNIT-I: STARS
Distances; Apparent and absolute magntitudes and Intensities; stellar luminosity;

Hertzprug – Russel (HR) diagrams.
UNIT-II: BINARY STARS
Visual binaries, eclipsing binaries spectroscopic binaries.
UNIT-III: STELLAR STRUCTURE
Mass-luminosity relation; spectral sequence; stellar atmospheres, photoabsorption cross

section, Saha equation.Equations of stellar structure, early stages in life of a star, source of stellar
energy, P-P chain and the CNO cycle, Introduction to red giant stars, white dwarfs, neutron stars,
supernovae and black holes, thermodynamics of black holes.
UNIT-IV: QUARK MODEL
SU(3) Symmetry; Quark model for hadrons; Need for color quantum number; Magnetic
Moment of Neutron and other particles; Solution of Dirac equation in a spherical cavity; MIT bag
model .
UNIT-V: GAUGE THEORIES & APPLICATIONS TO ELEMENTARY PARTICLE

PHYSICS
Classical fields, Lagrangians and field equations; Symmetries & Conservation laws; Global
and local gauge invariances; Abelian/non-Abelian gauge invariances; QCD Lagrangian; Dynamics
of Color; Running coupling Constants in QED and QCD; Asymptotic freedom in QCD.
TEXT BOOKS FOR STUDY AND REFERENCE:
1. Astronomy : Structure of the Universe : A E Roy & D Clarke

2. Structure of the Universe : J V Narlikar
3. Introduction to High Energy Physics : Donald H Perkins
4. Models of the Nucleon : R K Bhaduri
5. Gauge Theory of Particle Physics : IJR Aitchison and AJG Hey
6. Gauge Theory Elementary Particles : T P Cheng & L F Li
123
7 . 3 – INTRODUCTION TO PARTICLE PHYSICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To have a thorough understanding of particle physics.

 To understand the standard model of physics.
 To be able to work in high energy physics phenomenology.
UNIT I:
Historical introduction - Origin of isospin and strangeness.
UNIT II:
Relativistic kinematics - Decay and two body scattering, Relativistic wave equation – Klein-
Gordon and Dirac equations.
UNIT III:
Symmetry: Discrete and Continuous groups - classification of particles - mesons, baryons
and quarks - SU(n) symmetry - origin of colors.
UNIT IV:
Electromagnetic interactions - Feynman rules for electrodynamics - electron-electron and
electron-nucleon scattering - Rosen-Bluth formula - Deep inelastic scattering – introduction to
Porton model, Weak interactions - Fermi theory - CP violation – introduction to neutrino
oscillations.
UNIT V:
Brief discussion of electro-weak theory - symmetry breaking - Higgs mechanism and the origin of
mass - QCD and the standard model. Interface between particle physics and astrophysics –
cosmology – big bang theory - dark matter - origin of dark energy.
1. Particle Physics by Griffiths.

2. Quarks and Leptons by Halzen and Martin.
3. Quantum Mechanics by L. I. Schiff.
4. Nuclear and Particle Physics by W. E. Burcham and M. Jobes.
124
8.1 – NUMERICAL METHODS
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the numerical techniques to solve the physical problems.

 To understand various method used to solve the physical problems.
UNIT-I : INTERPOLATION
Introduction, Polynomial Forms, Linear interpolation, Lagrange Interpolation Polynomial,

Newton Interpolation Polynomial, Divided difference table, Interpolation with equidistance
points, Spline interpolation
UNIT-II : ROOTS OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

Introduction, Methods of Solution, Iterative Methods, Starting and Stopping and Iterative Process,
evaluation of Polynomials, Bisection method, False Position Method, Newton-Raphson Method,
Secant Method, Fixed Point Method, Determining All Possible Roots.
UNIT-III : SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Need and Scope, Existence of Solutions, Solution by Elimination, Basic Gauss Elimination
Method, Gauss Elimination with Pivoting, Gauss- Jordan Method, Triangular Factorization
Methods, Round-off Errors and Refinement, Ill-Conditioned Systems, Matrix Inversion
Method, Jacobi Iteration Method, Gauss Seidel Method.
UNIT-IV : NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

Numerical Differentiation: Need and Scope, differentiating continuous functions,
Differentiating tabulated functions, Difference tables, Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal Rule,
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule, Simpson’s 3/8 Rule, Higher Order Rules.
UNIT-V : NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Need and Scope, Tailor Series Method – Improving accuracy, Picard’s method, Euler’s
Method – accuracy of Euler’s method, Heun’s Method – Error analysis, Polygon Method, Runge-
Kutta Methods- Determination of weights, Fourth order Runge-Kutta methods.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Numerical Methods, E. Balagurusamy (1999, Tata McGraw-Hill, India)

1. Numerical Methods for Engineers, Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, (1990,
McGraw Hill International editions, 2nd edtion)
125
8.2 – NUMERICAL METHODS AND FORTRAN PROGRAMMING
OBJECTIVES:
The course on Numerical Analysis & Computational Physics has been framed to obtain the
knowledge of programming in Fortran, roots of equation, interpolation, curve fitting, Numerical
differentiation, numerical integration and numerical solution of ordinary differential equations.
UNIT-I : ERRORS AND THE MEASUREMENTS
General formula for errors – Errors of observation and measurement -Empirical formula -
Graphical method – Method of averages – Least square fitting – curve fitting - parabola,
exponential.
Numerical Differentiation and Integration: Newton’s forward and backward difference

formula to compute derivatives – Numerical integration: the trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule –
Extended Simpson’s rule.
UNIT-II : NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
The iteration method - The method of false position – Newton – Raphson method – Convergence
and rate of convergence - Simultaneous linear algebraic equations: Gauss elimination method –
Jordon’s modification –Gauss-Seidel method of iteration
UNIT-III : INTERPOLATION
Linear interpolation - Lagrange interpolation Gregory - Newton forward and backward

interpolation formula - Central difference interpolation formula - Gauss forward and backward
interpolation formula -Divided differences - Properties - Newton’s interpolation formula for
unequal intervals.
Extrapolation: Richardson‟s extrapolation, solving numerical problems.
UNIT-IV : NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Nth order ordinary differential equations – Power series approximation – Pointwise method –
Solutions of Taylor series – Euler’s method – Improved Euler’s method – Runge-Kutta method
– second and fourth order – Runge-Kutta method for solving first order differential equations.
UNIT-V : FORTRAN PROGRAMMING
Flow charts, Algorithms, Integer and floating point arithmetic, Precision, Variable types,
Arithmetic statements, Input and output statements, Control statements,
126
Executable and non-executable statements, Arrays, Repetitive and logical structures,
Subroutines and functions, Operation with files, Operating systems, Creation of executable
programs.
TEXT BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, S.S.Sastry, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
Third Edition, 2005.
2. Brainerd and Walter S, Programmer’s Guide to Fortran90, Springer publication, 1996.
TEXT BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
1. Numerical Mathematical Analysis - James B.Scarborough, Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., Sixth Edition, 1958.
2. Introductory Methods of Numerical analysis – S.S. Sastry, Prentice - Hall of India, New
Delhi, Third Edition, 2003.
3. Numerical Methods in Science and Engineering- The National Publishing Co. Madras, Third
Edition, 2001.
127
9.1 – MODERN OPTICS
OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of this paper is to impart fundamental aspects of modern optics to the
students.
UNIT I : BASIC CONCEPT OF OPTICS AND OPTICAL MATERIALS
Classification of optical processes, optical coefficients, complex refractive index and

dielectric constant, Optical materials : Crystalline insulators and semiconductor, glasses, metal,
molecular materials, doped glass and insulator characteristics, Optical Physics in the
Solid state, crystal symmetry, electronic bands, vibronic band, the density of
state, delocalized states and collective excitation, Light propagation: Propagation of
light in dense optical medium, Atomic oscillator, vibration oscillator, free electron
oscillation, the Kramers–Kronig relationship, Dispersion, Optical anisotropy,
birefringence. Matrix representation of polarization, Jones vector, Jones matrices, Jones
calculus, orthogonal polarization. Reflection and refraction at a plane boundary, Fresnel’s
equations.
UNIT II : EXCITONS
Basic concept, free excitons in external electric and magnetic fields, Free Excitions at light
densities, frenkel excitons. Luminescence: Light emission in solids, Interband luminescence,
Direct and indirect gap materials, photoluminescence: Excitation and relaxation, degeneracy,
Photoluminescence spectroscopy. Electroluminescence: General Principles of
electroluminescence, light emitting diodes, diode laser.
UNIT III : ELECTROMAGNETISM OF LIGHT PROPAGATION
Electromagnetism in dielectrics, Electromagnetic fields and Maxwell equation, Electromagnetic

waves, Quantum theory of radiative absorption and emission Einstein coefficients, Quantum
transition rates, selection rules. Basic concept of phonons, Polaritons and polarons.
UNIT IV : NONLINEAR OPTICS
Non linear optics : Physical origin of optical nonlinearities, Non resonant and resonant
nonlinearities, second order nonlinearities, Non liner frequency mixing, Crystal
symmetry, Phase matching, Third order non linear media. Harmonic generation,
mixing and parametric effects. multiphonon processes Two-photon
absorption, saturated absorption, Spectroscopy Rayleigh, and Raman scattering.
Stimulated Raman effect, Hyper Raman effect, Coherent Antistoke Raman
scattering Self-focusing and self-phase modulation. Self-induced transparency. Solitons
(Elementary ideas).
128
UNIT V : OPTICAL DESIGN, FOURIER OPTICS & HOLOGRAPHY

Revision of geometrical optics. Fourier transforms. Impulse response transfer function. Scalar
diffraction, spatial and temporal coherence. Image forming systems, coherent and
incoherent imaging. Spatial filtering. Holography (Fresnel, Fraunhofer, Fourier). Holographic
techniques and applications. Fourier transforming property of thin lens.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. From Sight to Light: The Passage from Ancient to Modern Optics, A. Mark
Smith, 2014, University Of Chicago Press.
2. History of modern optics and optoelectronics development in China by Gan, Fuxi;
Tian, Shouyun, 2014, World Scientific/World Century.
3. Modern optics and photonics : atoms and structured media , G G Gurzadian; Gagik
Yu Kryuchkyan; Aram V Papoyan; Erevani Petakan Hamalsaran, 2010, World Scientific
Pub. Co.
1. Optics, Light and Lasers: The Practical Approach to Modern Aspects of Photonics and
Laser Physics, Second Edition [2nd, Revised and Enlarged Edition] , Dieter Meschede
2007,Wiley-VCH.
2. The light fantastic: A modern introduction to classical and quantum optics by I R
Kenyon, 2008, Oxford University Press.
3. Transverse-Pattern Formation in Photorefractive Optics, Cornelia Denz, Michael
Schwab, Carsten Weilnau, 2010, Springer.
4. Hecht, E., Optics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, London, 2003.
129
9.2 – MODERN OPTICS AND IMAGING

OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the concept wave and its propagation.
 To study the optical devices and Fourier optics.
 To obtain knowledge in non-linear optics, holography and microscopic techniques.
UNIT-I : WAVE NATURE AND LIGHT PROPAGATION
Electromagnetic wave propagation, Harmonic waves, phase velocity, group velocity, energy
flow – Poynting vector - Wave motion – equation - superposition of waves, interference,
diffraction, basics of coherence theory, temporal and spatial coherence -Multiwave interference
- Michelson and Fabry-Perot interferometer – Scattering and polarization – types –
Birefringence.
UNIT – II : OPTICAL ENGINEERING AND FOURIER OPTICS
Image formation (first-order optics), aberrations, prisms and mirrors, stops and apertures, basic
optical devices, the design of optical systems: general, aplanatic points, solid immersion lens,
numerical aperture increasing lens. Fourier optics- Thin lens as phase transformation –
Thickness function- Various types of lenses.
UNIT - III : NON-LINEAR OPTICS
Non-linear optics - principle-nonlinear wave equation- Born approximation-second order non-

linear optics-second harmonic generation-phase matching-frequency conversion-electro optic
effect-three wave mixing. Third order non-linear optics-third harmonics generation- optical
Kerr- effect-parametric oscillator-self focusing-soliton
UNIT – IV : HOLOGRAPHY
Basic Principles of Holography- Recording of amplitude and phase-The recording medium-

Reconstruction of original wave front- Image formation by wave front reconstruction- Gabor
Hologram- Limitations of Gabor Hologram-Off axis Hologram.
UNIT - V : OPTICAL MICROSCOPY & IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Basics of optical microscopy, bright field and dark field microscopy, polarizing
microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, light sheet fluorescence
microscopy, nonlinear optical microscopy, two photon fluorescence microscopy.
130
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Fundamental Optics - Francis Jerkins and Harvey White, McGraw Hill Inc., New
Delhi, Fourth Edition, 2011
2. A text book of Optics - N.Subramaniyam, Brijlal and M.N.Avadhanulu, S.Chand
& Co, NewDelhi, Twenty Fifth Edition, 2012.
1. Modern Optical Engineering - W.J. Smith, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

2. Introduction to Fourier optics - J.W. Goodman, Roberts and Company publishers,
Third Edition, 2005
3. Lasers and Non-Linear optics - B.B. Laud, Wiley, Second Edition, 1992.
4. Introduction to Optical Microscopy - J. Mertz, Roberts & Company publishers, First
Edition, 2010.
5. Introduction to Optics -F.L. Pedrotti and L.S.Pedrotti, Prentice Hall
International, Wilmington, Third Edition, 2006.
6. Optics - Eugene Hecht, Pearson, New York, Fifth Edition, 2013.
131
10.1 – LASER PHYSICS

OBJECTIVES:
 To develop knowledge in the basics of lasers.

 To enhance comprehension in the principles of lasers.
 To explore the control of laser properties.
 To familiarize with the diverse applications of lasers.
UNIT -1: WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
Double refraction- plane waves in anisotropic media- wave refractive index-ray refractive
index- the ray velocity surface- The index ellipsoid.
UNIT-2: LASING MECHANISM- I
The Einstein Coefficients-Light amplification-The threshold condition- Laser rate Equations

Variation of laser power around Threshold-Optimum output coupling-Line broadening
mechanisms.
UNIT-3: LASING MECHANISM II
Modes of a rectangular cavity and the open planar resonator-The quality factor-The ultimate
linewidth of the laser-Mode selection-Q-switching-Mode locking in lasers-Modes of a confocal
resonator system-General spherical resonator-Higher order modes
Some laser systems:

Ruby lasers-Neodynmium based lasers-The He-Ne laser-The argon ion laser-The CO2 laser
– Dye lasers-Excimer lasers-Semiconductor lasers.
UNIT-4: ELECTROOPTIC AND ACOUSTO-OPTIC EFFECTS
Index ellipsoid in the presence of an external electric filed-Electrooptic effect in KDP crystal:
Longitudinal mode- Raman Nath and Bragg regimes of diffraction- A simple experimental
setup to observe Raman-Nath Diffraction- Theory for Raman Nath Diffraction- Raman Nath
acousto-optic modulator –Acousto-optic spectrum analyser.
132
UNIT-5: NON-LINEAR OPTICAL PHENOMENA
Harmonic Generation – Second Harmonic Generation – Phase Matching – Third
Harmonic Generation – Optical Mixing – Parametric Generation of Light.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Optical electronics A.K.Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan, Cambridge University press 1991.
1. Principles of Lasers and Optics, William S.C. Chang, Cambridge University Press, 2005
2. Laser and Non-Linear Optics, B.B. Laud, New Age International Publisher.
133
10.2 – LASER PHYSICS AND NON LINEAR OPTICS
OBJECTIVES:
 To comprise the basis for many important technologies and research tools.
 To know the basic principles of nonlinear optics
 To develops the underlying concepts from the perspectives of classical
Electrodynamics and advanced quantum mechanics.
UNIT I: LASERS-FUNDAMENTALS AND TYPES
Basic Construction and Principle of Lasing-Einstein Relations and Gain Coefficient - Creation
of a Population Inversion- Three-Level System - Four-Level System - Threshold Gain
Coefficient for Lasing- Laser types-He-Ne Laser-CO2 Laser- Nd:YAG Laser- Semiconductor
Laser.
UNIT II: LASER OPERATION
Optical Resonator-Laser Modes-Axial modes- Transverse modes-Modification in Basic Laser

Structure- Basic Principle of Mode Locking- Active Mode Locking -Passive Mode Locking-Q-
Switching- Pulse Shaping.
UNIT III: LASER BEAM CHARACTERISTICS
Wavelength-Coherence-Mode and Beam Diameter-Polarizations-Introduction to Gaussian

Beam width-Divergence-Radius of Curvature-Rayleigh Range-Guoy Phase Shift-3-D
Gaussian Beams -ABCD Law for Gaussian Beam-The Complex Radius of Curvature-
Tensorial ABCD Law.
UNIT IV: FOCUSING OF LASER BEAM
Diffraction- Limited spot size-M2Concept of Beam Quality-Spherical Aberration- Thermal

Lensing Effects-Depth of Focus-Tight focusing of laser beam - Angular
Spectrum Representation of Optical Near Field-Aplanatic lens-Focusing of Higher- order
laser modes-Radially Polarized Doughnut mode-Azimuthally Polarized Doughnut mode.
UNIT V: NON LINEAR OPTICS
Introduction-Nonlinear Optical Media-The Nonlinear Wave Equation-Scattering Theory

Born Approximation-Second-order Nonlinear Optics-Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG)
and Rectification-The Electro-Optic Effect-Three-Wave Mixing- Frequency and Phase
Matching-Third Harmonic Generation-Optical Kerr Effect- Self-Focusing- Four-Wave
Mixing (FWM) - Optical Phase Conjugation (OPC)- Use of Phase Conjugators in Wave
Restoration.
134
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Nonlinear Optics - D.L. Mills - Basic Concepts, Springer, Berlin 1998.

2. Lasers and Nonlinear Optics -B.B. Laud-2nd Edn. New Age International (P) Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1991
1. Nanomaterials: Processing and Characterization with Lasers.-Subhash Chandra Singh,

HaiboZeng, ChunleiGuo, and WeipingCai -Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA.(2012).
2. Walter Koechner-Solid state Laser Engineering-6th edition-Springer
3. Principles of Nano optics -L. Novotny and B. Hecht-Cambridge University Press(2006)
4. Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering- R.G.Driggers,C.Hoffman- Marcel Dekker(2003)
5. Laser Material Processing- M. Steen, J.Mazumder- Springer (2010)
6. Fundamentals of Photonics - Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich-John Wiley Sons,
Inc.
135
11.1 – COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS

OBJECTIVES:

 To understand the basic concepts of communication and optical communication system.
 To identify different types of modulation and multiplexing formats.
 To compute a simple optical power budget.
UNIT - I: ANTENNAS & WAVE PROPAGATION
Terms and Definition - Effect of Ground on Antennas-Grounded λ/4-Ungrounded Antenna λ

Antenna- Antenna Arrays-Broadside and End Side Arrays-Antenna Gain-Directional High
Frequency Antennas- Sky Wave Propagation- Ionosphere- Eccles & Larmor Theory-Magneto
Ionic Theory-Ground Wave Propagation.
UNIT - II: MICROWAVES
Microwave Generation-Multicavity Klystron-Reflex Klystron-Magnetron- Travelling Wave

Tubes (TWT) and other Microwave Tubes-MASER-Gunn Diode.
UNIT - III: RADAR AND TELEVISION
Elements of a Radar System-Radar Equation-Radar Performance Factors-Radar Transmitting

Systems- Radar Antennas-Duplexers-Radar Receivers and Indicators- Pulsed Systems-Other
Radar Systems- Colour TV Transmission and Reception.
UNIT - IV: COMMUNICATION LECTRONICS
Analog and Digital Signals - Modulation - Types of Modulation- Amplitude modulation

theory - Frequency spectrum of the AM wave - Representation of AM - Power relations in the
AM wave - Generation of AM - Basic requirements- Description of frequency and phase
modulation - Mathematical representation of FM - Frequency spectrum of the FM wave -
Effects of noise on carrier.
UNIT V: OPTICAL FIBRES
Propagation of Light in an Optical Fibre-Acceptance Angle-Numerical Aperture- Step and

Graded Index Fibres-Optical Fibre as a Cylindrical Wave Guide-Fibre Losses and
Dispersion-Applications.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:
1. Electronic Communication System-George Kennedy & Davis -Tata McGraw

Hill 4th edition 1989.
136
2. Optical fibre and fibre optic communication systems - S K Sarkar - S.Chand
Pub, 2007 edition.
3. Electronics Devices and circuits– Sanjeev Gupta& Santhosh Gupta, Dhanpat Rai
Publications.
1. Principles of Communication Systems-Taub Schilling-TMH 1986

2. Communication Systems-Simon Haykin-John Wiley & Sons 2005
3. Electronics & Radio Engineering-F.E.Terman- McGraw Hill
4. Communication Systems-Carlson- McGraw Hill 3rd Edition 1986
5. Fibre Optics technology & Applications-Stewart D. Personick-Khanna Publishers-Delhi
137
11.2 – ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the basic concepts of communication and satellite communication

system.
 To develop knowledge in the basics of mobile communication.
UNIT-I: PROPAGATION OF WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Fundamentals of electromagnetic waves - Power density – Electric field strength – Ground

waves – Sky waves – Radio horizon – Ionospheric layers – Skip wave – Space waves -
Fundamentals of transmission lines – Characteristics of impedance losses in transmission line –
standing waves – Reactance properties of transmission lines – Smith chart.
UNIT-II: WAVE GUIDES, ANTENNAS AND RESONATORS
Wave Guides -Attenuation in parallel plane guides – Attenuation for TE waves, TM waves and
TEM waves – Rectangular and Circular wave guides- Field configurations for dominant TM
and TE modes - Wave guide couplings matching and attenuation – Cavity resonator.
Basic considerations of antennas - Wire radiators in space - antenna parameters – Effect of

ground on antennas – Different types of antennas – Impedance matching to antenna – Directional
high frequency antennas - Microwave antennas - Wideband, Special purpose antennas - Antenna
arrays.
UNIT-III: MICROWAVE DEVICES
Cavity resonators, Multicavity and Reflex klystrons - Cavity magnetron - Traveling wave tube -
Circulators, Magic TEE and Hybrid rings – Microwave diodes and Field-effect transistors:
Parametric amplifiers, Tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, PIN diodes and Schlocky diodes.
Measurements of Impedance, frequency, Power, VSWR, Q factor, dielectric constants and S-
parameter.
UNIT-IV: SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
Introduction – Kepler’s Laws – Geostationary orbit – Power systems – Attitude Control –

Satellite Station keeping – Antenna Look Angles – Limits of visibility – Frequency plans and
polarization – Transponders – Uplink power budget calculations – Down link power budget
calculations – Overall link budget – Digital carrier Transmission – Multiple-access Methods.
138
UNIT-V: MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Evolution of Mobile communication - Multiplexing - Modulation - Spread spectrum & hopping -
fading and Doppler spread - Cellular systems - Medium access control - Principles of SDMA,
FDMA, TDMA & CDMA and their comparison - GSM - Radio interface - Localization and
calling - Handover - Security & Authentication - GPRS - Protocol architecture - UMTS & IMT-
2000 - Mobile IP - IP packet delivery - Optimization - Dynamic host configuration Protocol -
Mobile ad-hoc networks.
BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. G. Kennedy, Electronic Communication Systems, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill.
2. Louis E. Frenzel, 2008, Principles of Electronic Communication systems, 3rd Ed., Tata-
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
3. E. C. Jordan and K. G. Balmain, 1995, Electromagnetic Waves & Radiating Systems, 2nd
Ed., Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
4. John D Kraus, Antennas, McGraw Hill, 2002.
5. Jochen H. Schiller, Mobile Communication, Pearson Education, 2004.

1. David K Cheng, Field and wave electromagnetic, Addision Wesley, New Delhi, 1999.
2. E.C. Jordan and G.K. Balman, Electromagnetic waves and Radiating Systems, Printice
Hall, 1995.
3. Taub and Shilling, Communication systems, McGraw Hill
4. K.C. Gupta, Microwaves, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1995.
5. John D Ryder, Networks lines and Fields, Printice Hall of India, 2000.
6. A. Amsaveni, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Anuradha Publications, 2006.
7. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless communication, Pearson Education, 2003.
8. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communication Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1998.
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TAMIL NADU STATE COUNCIL FOR

State Integrated Board of Studies

State Integrated Boards of Studies

Section A (Mandatory Areas) of each course is mandatory and the areas

Recommendations of Chairpersons, Physics PG Board of Studies:

The PG board approved 11 theory papers + 4 practicals or 12 theory papers + 3

Selection of Elective courses

Example : The choice can be like

(II) In addition to the above, 2 optional course of interdisciplinary nature can be

Credit Details OPTION 1 OPTION 2

Interdisciplinary other subject elective 2x3=6 2x3=6

Project 1x8=8 1x8=8

No. CORE SUBJECTS – (SECTION – A) Page no.

1.1 Classical Mechanics 8

ELECTIVE SUBJECTS – (SECTION – B)

2.1 Advanced Computational Physics 32

2.25 Physics of the Earth 76

10. Group – VIII

1.1 – CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Lagrangian formulation: System of particles-constraints and degrees of freedom-

UNIT –II: HAMILTON’S EQUATION AND CANONICAL TRANSFORMATION

Calculus of variation--principle of least action-Hamilton’s principle-Hamilton`s function-

UNIT-III: HAMILTON-JACOBI THEORY AND SMALL OSCILLATIONS

Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principle function-Example: Harmonic oscillator

UNIT-IV: KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODY

Independent coordinates of rigid body-orthogonal transformation-properties of transformation

UNIT-V: CENTRAL FORCE PROBLEM AND THEORY OF RELATIVITY

BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. Classical Mechanics -H. Goldstein, C. Poole and J. Safko,Pearson Education Asia,

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:

1.2 – THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS

 To provide a phenomenological introduction to thermodynamics through

UNIT- I: THERMODYNAMICS, MICROSTATES AND MACROSTATES

UNIT-II: MICROCANONICAL, CANONICAL AND GRAND CANONICAL

Microcanonical distribution function – Two level system in microcanonical ensemble – Gibbs

UNIT-III: BOSE-EINSTEIN, FERMI-DIRAC AND MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN

Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distributions – Thermodynamic quantities – Non-interacting

UNIT-IV: TRANSPORT AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES

UNIT-V: HEAT CAPACITIES, ISING MODEL AND PHASE TRANSITIONS

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:

1. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics Paperback, Reif, Sarat Book

1.3 – MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I

 To develop knowledge in mathematical physics and its applications.

UNIT-𝚰: VECTOR ANALYSIS AND VECTOR SPACES

UNIT–III: TENSOR ANALYSIS

UNIT-IV: COMPLEX VARIABLE

Functions of complex variable-Analytic functions-Cauchy- Riemann equations- integration in

UNIT-V: GROUP THEORY

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:

1.4 – MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – II

 To develop knowledge in mathematical physics and its applications.

UNIT-I: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

UNIT-II: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS – I

UNIT-III: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS – II

Hermite differential equation – Generating functions – Hermite polynomials - Recurrence

UNIT-𝚰V: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

UNIT - V: INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS