TABLE OF

2 CONTENTS
3 Algebra
CHAPTER 1

3 Logarithmic & Exponential Functions

CHAPTER 2

5 Trigonometry
CHAPTER 3

5 Differentiation
CHAPTER 4

8 Integration
CHAPTER 5

9 Numerical Solutions of Equations

CHAPTER 6

1 Vectors
CHAPTER 7

2 CHAPTER 8
Complex Numbers
1 CHAPTER 9

5 Differential Equations
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
1.3 Binomial Series
1. ALGEBRA ( ) | |

Expanding 1+ where <1

1.1 The Modulus Function ( −1) ( −1)( −2)

• It gives the absolute value of a number. 1+ +

2
+ 3
+⋯

• The modulus of a value gives the distance of the value 1 1×2 1×2×3

from the origin.

• Factor case: if constant is not 1, pull out a factor from
• No line with a modulus ever goes under the x-axis.
brackets to make it 1 & use general equation. Do not
• Any line that does go below the x-axis, when modulated forget the indices.
is reflected above it. | x | = | |x | |
• Substitution case: if bracket contains more than one term (e.g. (2 − + )) then make the last part ,
2
| |=
||
||
expand and then substitute back in.
2 2 2
| |=| | =

• Finding the limit of in expansion:

||=||⇔2= 2
√2=||
• Graph of y=| |
E.g. (1 + ) , limit can be found by substituting between the modulus sign in | | < 1
and altering it to have only in the modulus

{S15-P31} Question 3:
Show that, for small values of 2
,
2

(1 − 2 2)−2 − (1 + 6 2)3 ≈ 4, where the value of the constant is

to be determined.

Solution:
( )
2 −2 4

Expand 1−2 until the term

( )−2 ( ) −2((−2)−1) 2

1+ =1+ −2 +
1×2

2
=1−2 +3

2 −2 2 2 2
(1 + 2 ) = 1 − 2(2 ) + 3(2 )

1.2 Polynomials =1−4 2

+ 12 4

• To find unknowns in a given identity o Substitute 2

2 4
suitable values of ( )3

Expand until the term

OR 1+6

o Equalize given coefficients of like powers of

2 2

2 2 (( )−1)
• Factor theorem: If ( − ) is a factor of the function 3 3

( ) then ( ) = 0
• Remainder theorem: If the function ( ) is divided by
( − ) then the remainder: = ( )
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder 2

( )
1+(3) +

1+
= 1×2

2 1

2
=1+ −

3 9

2 2 1

(1 + 6 2) 3 =1+ 3 (6 2) − 9 (6 2)2

2 4
=1+4 −4

( 2
3

Subtract the terms of the expansion of 1+6

( 2 )−2

from those of 1−2

(1 − 4
2 4
+ 12 ) − ( 1 + 4
2 4
−4 )
2 4
= −8 + 16

The value of is:

16
PAGE 2 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
When
1.4 Partial Fractions = −1

−5 =5+5

= −2

( + )( + )
≡ +
+
• Multiply ( + ), substitute = − and find

• Multiply ( + ), substitute = − and find

3
When =
2
+ +
2

≡ + + 5 15
2

( +)( +)
+ + ( +)
• Multiply ( + ), substitute = − and find

2
=5− 2

• Multiply ( + )2, substitute = − and find

• Substitute any constant e.g. = 0 and find = −1

2
Thus the partial fraction is:
+ +
−2 −1

2
≡ +
( + )( + ) +

2+ +1 + 2 −3

2. LOGARITHMIC & EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

= ⇔ log =

log 1 = 0 log =1
log ≡ log
log + log ≡ log
log − log

• Multiply ( + ), substitute = − and find

≡ log

• Take to the other side, subtract and simplify.

+

• Linear eqn. left at top is equal to +

• Improper fraction case: if numerator has to the log

log
≡
≡
log
log
log
1

degree of power equivalent or greater than the

denominator then another constant is present. This can
be found by dividing denominator by numerator and
using remainder
2.1 Graphs of ln(x) and ex
{S12-P33} Question 8:

Express the following in partial fractions:

4 2−7 −1

( + 1)(2 − 3)

Solution:
Expand the brackets
2
4 −7 −1
2 2− −3

Greatest power of same in numerator and

denominator, thus is an improper fraction case

Making into proper fraction:

2 2− −3
2
4 2 −7 −1
3. TRIGONOMETRY
4 2−2 −6
−5 + 5

This is written as: 5−5 3.1 Ratios

2+
( +1)(2 −3)

sin 1

Now proceed with normal case for the fraction: tan = sec =

5−5

cos cos

1 cos

+1
+ 2 −3
= ( + 1)(2 − 3)
cosec = cot =
(2 −3)+ ( +1)=5−5

sin
sin

3.2 Identities (cos )2 + (sin )2 ≡ 1

1 + (tan
2
)2 ≡ (sec
2
)2
(cot ) + 1 ≡ (cosec )
PAGE 3 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
3.3 Graphs Solution:
Use product rule to differentiate:
2
= sin 2 = cos

′ ′
= 4 sin 2 cos 2 = − sin

=′+ ′

= (4 sin 2 cos 2 )(cos ) + (sin2 2 )(− sin )

= 4 sin 2 cos 2 cos − sin2 2 sin

Use following identities: cos 2 = 2 cos2 −1

sin2 = 2 sin cos
sin2 = 1 − cos2
Equating to 0:
=0

∴ 4 sin 2 cos 2 cos − sin2 2 sin = 0 4 sin 2 cos 2 cos = sin2 2 sin
Cancel sin2 on both sides
4 cos 2 cos = sin 2 sin

Substitute identities
4(2 cos2 − 1) cos = (2 sin cos ) sin

Cancel cos and constant 2 from both sides 4 cos2 − 2 = sin2

Use identity 4 cos

2
− 2 = 1 − cos
2
2
5 cos =3
3
2
cos =5
cos = 0.7746
−1
= cos (0.7746)
= 0.6847 ≈ 0.685

3.4 Double Angle Identities sin2 ≡ 2 sin cos

cos 2 ≡ (cos )2 − (sin )2 ≡ 2(cos )2 − 1
≡ 1 − 2(sin )2
2 tan
tan 2 ≡
1 − (tan )2

{W13-P31} Question 6:
3.5 Addition Identities
sin( ± ) ≡ sin costan ± cos sin cos( ± ) ≡ cos cos ∓ sin sin ± tan
tan( ± ) ≡

1 ∓ tan tan

3.6 Changing Forms sin ± cos ⟺ sin( ± )

cos ± sin ⟺ cos( ∓ )

Where = √
2
+
2
and
1

cos = , sin = with 0< <

2
is a point on circumference of a circle center ,
{S13-P33} Question 9: radius . A circular arc, center meets circumference at
& . Angle is radians. The area of the shaded region is
equal to half the area of the circle.

Diagram shows curve, = sin 2

2 cos , for 0 ≤ ≥ 2, and is maximum point. Find
the coordinate of
.
PAGE 4 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Show that:
cos 2 = 2 sin 2 −
4
4. DIFFERENTIATION
Solution: 4.1 Basic Derivatives
First express area of sector 1
2
=2
1
= 2(2 − 4 ) 2 = ( −2 ) 2

Now express area of sector 1

= 2 (2 )( ℎ )2

Express using sine rule

= sin( − 2 )
sin

Use double angle rules to simplify this expression sin 2

⁄

= sin
= 2 sin cos
sin
= 2 cos

Substitute back into initial equation 1

ln

= 2 (2 )(2 cos )2
2 2
=4 cos

Now express area of kite =2×

sin( ) cos( )
1
= 2 × 2 2 sin( − 2 )
= 2 sin( − 2 )
cos( ) − sin( )

Finally, the expression of shaded region equated

to half of circle 1
tan( ) sec2( )

2 2 2
4 cos + 2( − 2 ) − 2 sin( − 2 ) = 2
2
Cancel our on both sides for all terms
1

4 cos2 + − 2 − (sin cos 2 + sin 2 cos ) = 2

Some things in the double angle cancel out 1

2
4 cos + − 2 − sin 2 = 2
tan-1 ( )
Use identity here
1+( )2
cos 2 + 1 1

4.2 Chain, Product and Quotient Rule

• Chain Rule:
4 ( 2 ) + − sin 2 − 2 = 2
4 cos 2 + 4 + 2 − 2 sin2 − 4 =

Clean up 4 cos 2 + 2 − 2 sin2 =

4 cos 2 = 2 sin2 −
cos 2 = 2 sin2 −
4

= ×

• Product Rule:

( )= +

• Quotient Rule:

(
)=

4.3 Parametric Equations

= ÷

• In a parametric equation and are given in terms of and

you must use the above rule to find the derivative

4.4 Implicit Functions

• These represent circles or lines with circular curves, on
a Cartesian plane
• Difficult to rearrange in form = ∴ differentiate as is

• Differentiate terms as usual

• For terms, differentiate the same as you would but
multiply with
• Then make the subject of formula for derivative
PAGE 5 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
5. INTEGRATION {W12-P33}
The diagram shows part of curve = sin3 2 cos3 2 . The shaded region shown is bounded by the curve and
Question 7:

5.1 Basic Integrals

+ +
( +1)
+1

1
+
1
ln|
1 +

+ |
the -axis and its exact area is denoted by .
sin( + ) 1
− cos( + )
cos( + ) 1
sin( + )
sec2( + ) 1
tan( + )
+1
( + ) ( + )
2 2
1 ( + 1)

1
tan−1 ( )

Use the substitution = sin 2 in a suitable integral to find the value of

Solution:
To find the limit, you are trying to the find the points at which = 0

sin = 0 at = 0, , 2 cos = 0 at = ,

2 4

Choose the two closest to 0 because the shaded area has gone through = 0 only twice

• Integration reverses a differentiation. It is the reverse of

∴ 0 and 2
Since it is sin 2 and cos 2 , divide both by 2
∴ Limits are 0 and 4

differentiation. Integrate by substitution, let:

• Use trigonometrical relationships to facilitate complex 1

trigonometric integrals. =

• Integrate by decomposing into partial fraction.

= sin 2 = 2 cos 2 2 cos 2

3 3 3 2
sin 2 cos 2 ≡ (sin 2 ) (cos 2 ) cos 2

5.2 Integration by -Substitution

3 2
≡ (sin 2 × (1 − sin 2 )) cos 2

∫() =∫ ( ) 1

• Make equal to something: when differentiated, ≡ (sin3 2 − sin5 ) cos 2 ×

multiply the substituted form directly

• Make equal to something: when differentiated,
2 cos 2

multiply the substituted form with its reciprocal ≡ (3−5)

• With definite integrals, change limits in terms of 2

Now integrate:
1 1 4 6
∫( 3 − 5)= ( − )
2 2 4 6
The limits are = 0 and = 4. In terms of ,
= sin 2(0) = 0 and = sin2 (4) = 1

Substitute limits
1 14 16 1 04 06 1

2
( 4
− 6
)− 2
( 4
− 6
)= 24

PAGE 6 OF 17
5.3 Integrating ′( )
CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
( )
Integrate by parts, let:
′
()
= −2 =2 2
= ln = 1

1 1

∫ ( ) = ln| ( )| +

{S10-P32} Question 10: 1 1 1

By splitting into partial fractions, show that:

2
∴ ln 2 − ∫2 × −1≡2√ ln − ∫ 2 −
2 2 2

≡ 2√ ln − 4√
2 3−1 3 1 16

= =
Substitute limits 4 ln 4 − 4

∫ 2
(2 − 1) 2 + 2 ln ( 27 )

Solution:
Write as partial fractions
2 2

3
2 −1 2 1 3

∫ 2
(2 − 1)
≡∫1+ + 2 + 2 −1

1 1

−1
≡ + 2 ln − − ln|2 − 1|

Substitute the limits

1 3 3

2 + 2 ln 2 − 2 − 2 ln 3 − 1 − 2 ln 1 + 1 + 2 ln 1

3 1 1 1 3 1 16

+ ln 16 + ln ≡ + ln
3

2 2 2 3 2 2 27

5.4 Integrating By Parts

∫ = −∫

For a definite integral:

∫
=[ ] −∫

What to make :

L A T E
Logs Algebra Trig

{W13-P31} Question 3:

Find the exact value of

4
ln
∫

1 √

Solution:
Convert to index form:
ln
= 2 ln

√
5.5 Integrating Powers of Sine or Cosine
If and are both odd, then:
To integrate sin or cos with a power:
• If power is odd, pull out a sin or cos and use Pythagorean identities and double angle identities • Choose one of the trig. functions & factor out one power
• If power is even, use the following identities • Use Pythagorean identity to transform remaining even
1 1 power of chosen trig function into other trig. function
sin2 = − cos(2 )

2 2 If either or or both = 1, then:

1 1
• Let equal to the trig function whose power doesn’t
equal 1 then integrate
cos2 = + cos(2 )

2
• If both are 1, then let equal either

5.6 Integrating {W09-P31} Question 5:

If or are odd and even, then: (i) Prove the identity
cos 4 − 4 cos 2 + 3 ≡ 8 sin4

• Factor out one power from odd trig function (ii) Using this result find, in simplified form, the
exact value of
• Use Pythagorean identities to transform remaining even
1
3
∫ sin4
1
6

trig function into the odd trig function Solution:

• Let u equal to odd trig function and integrate Part (i)
Use double angle identities
cos 4 − 4 cos 2 + 3
≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2 − 4(1 − 2 sin2 ) + 3
If and are both even, then:
Open everything and clean
• Replace all even powers using the double angle ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2 − 4 + 8 sin2 +3

identities and integrate

PAGE 7 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Solution
≡ 1 − 2(sin 2 )2 − 4 + 8 sin2 + 3 :
2 2 Part (i)

≡ 1 − 2(2 sin cos ) − 4 + 8 sin +3

≡ 1 − 2(4 sin2 cos2 ) − 4 + 8 sin2 + 3 Change to index form:

1

≡ 1 − 2(4 sin2 (1 − sin2 )) − 4 + 8 sin2 + 3 = cos−1

≡ 1 − 8 sin
2
+ 8 sin
4
− 4 + 8 sin
2
+3 cos

≡ 8 sin4 Differentiate by chain rule:

Part (ii) = −1(cos )−2 × (− sin )

Use identity from (part i):

sin sin 1
1

−1(cos )−2 × (− sin )

1 3
≡ cos2 ≡ cos × cos

∫ cos 4 − 4 cos 2 + 3 sin 1

8
× ≡ sec tan

1 cos cos

6
Part (ii)

1 1 Multiply numerator and denominator by sec + tan

3

≡ [ sin 4 − 2 sin + 3 ] 1 sec + tan sec + tan

8 4 ≡

(sec − tan ) (sec + tan ) sec2 − tan2

Substitute limits
1

sec + tan sec + tan

≡ 32 (2 − √3) ≡ ≡ sec + tan

2 2

sec − tan 1

Part (iii)

Substitute identity from (part ii)

≡ (sec + tan )2

{W12-P32} Question 5: 2
(sec − tan )

(i) By differentiating , show that if = Open out brackets

cos

(sec + tan )2

2 2
sec then = sec tan ≡ sec + 2 sec tan + tan

(ii) Show that ≡ sec + tan ≡ sec2 + 2 sec tan + sec2 − 1

sec −tan

2
≡ 2sec + 2 sec tan − 1

(iii) Deduce that:

2
≡ 2 sec − 1 + 2 sec tan

Part (iv)
2

1
 ≡ 2 sec
(sec − tan )2 − 1 + 2 sec tan 1

(iv) Hence show that: ∫ (sec − tan )2

1 1 ≡ ∫ 2 sec2 − 1 + 2 sec tan

4

2
(sec − tan ) 4 (8√2 − )
∫ =

≡ 2 ∫ sec2 − ∫ 1 + 2 ∫ sec2 tan2

Using differential from part i:

≡ 2 tan − + 2 sec

Substitute boundaries:

= 4 (8√2 − )

6. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS

6.1
Approximation
• To find root of a graph, find point where graph passes
through -axis ∴ look for a sign change

• Carry out decimal search

o Substitute values between where a sign change has
occurred
o Closer to zero, greater accuracy

PAGE 8 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
6.2 Iteration Part (iii)
• To solve equation ( ) = 0, you can rearrange ( ) into a form = ⋯ Carry out the iteration using either one of the values
• This function represents a sequence that starts at ₀, moving to
that the root lies in between as the starting point:
• Substitute a value for ₀ and put back into function getting 1 and so on.
• As you increase , value becomes more accurate

3 4

• Sometimes iteration don’t work, these functions are

called divergent, and you must rearrange the formula for +1 = √(3 + − 1)

in another way.
2

• For a successful iterative function, you need a

convergent sequence. 0 =1

• Ensure to use the full value and not the rounded off
value when carrying out the iteration. 3 4

{M16-P32} Question 3:
The equation 5 − 3 3
+ 2 − 4 = 0 has one positive root. 1= √(3 0+
2
− 1) = 1.8171

(i) Verify by calculation that this root lies between 1 0

and 2.
(ii) Show that the equation can be rearranged in the 3 4

form
2= √(3 1+ − 1) = 1.7824
2

3 4
1

2
= √(3 + − 1)

3 4

(iii) Use an iterative formula based on this rearrangement

to determine the positive root correct to 2 decimal places.
Give the result of each iteration to
3= √(3 2+ − 1) = 1.7765
2

4 decimal places.
2

Solution:
3 4
Part (i)
Show a sign change and state it: 5 3 2
(1) − 3(1) + (1) − 4 = −5
(2)5 − 3(2)3 + (2)2 − 4 = 8 4= √(3 3+
2
− 1) = 1.7755

There is a sign change between the results obtained

when the values 1 and 2 are substituted into the
The positive root = 1.78
equation, therefore the root lies between the values
1 and 2.
7. VECTORS
Part (ii)
Rearrange the equation: 7.1 Vector Notation
•
⃗

3
A vector can be represented as or
• The column vector form:
⃗ =()
= √(3 +
4
3
= 3 + 2−1
5 3 2
=3 +4−
5 3 2
−3 + −4=0

• The linear vector form: ⃗

= + +

7.2 Calculations with vectors

• Addition and Subtraction: Add or subtract each value
of the vector with is corresponding value (i value with i
value & j value with j value etc.)
(++)+(++)
= ( + ) +( + ) +( + )

• Multiplication by a scalar: Multiply each value of the

vector by the given value. 2( + + ) = + 2 +2

• Magnitude of a vector: Length of the vector

⃗ ⃗
2 2 2

Magnitude of = | | = √
+ +

• Unit vector: a vector that has a magnitude of 1

PAGE 9 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL
MATHEMATICS//
9709
⃗
1
⃗ • To find the equation of the line, given 2 points A and B:
Unit Vector of = ⃗

||

o Find the direction vector using

• Displacement vector: Vector whose magnitude is the
= −

shortest distance between the two points. It is a straight • Substitute the values into the equation:
line from one point to the other.
r=a+b

• Position vector: Position of a point relative to the origin.

where a = point A
It is a straight line from the origin to a point. The position
b = direction vector (vector AB)

vector of point A is represented as . t = some scalar

• Dot product: Dot product of vectors and is written
as . ,and it can be calculated in two ways. 7.5 Parallel, Skew or Intersects
o Method 1: = + + & = + + For the two lines:
.= + + ⃗ ⃗ ̃

=̃+ ̃ = +

o Method 2:
• Parallel:
Use the equation
o For the lines to be parallel ̃ must equal or be in
. = | || | cos

some ratio to it e.g. 1:2

where cos = the angle between the two vectors

| |
• Intersects:
= magnitude of vector
⃗⃗

| | o Make =

= magnitude of vector
o If simultaneous works then intersects
7.3 Equation of a Line o If unknowns cancel then no intersection
• Skew:
• The equation of a straight line is expressed in the form:
o First check whether line parallel or not
r=a+b

⃗⃗

• For example: o If not, then make =

The column vector form: o Carry out simultaneous

1 1 o When a pair does not produce same answers as
=( )+ ( )

3 1
another, then lines are skew
−2 3

The linear vector form: 7.6 Angle between Two Lines

= +3 −2 + ( + +3 ) • Use dot product rule on the two direction vectors:
.

7.4 Finding the Equation of a Line = cos

||||

• Note: and must be moving away from the point at

which they intersect
 7.7 ⊥ Distance from a Line to a Point

• AKA: shortest distance from a point to the line

• Find vector for the point, , on the line
1 1
Vector equation of the line: ̃ = ( 3 ) + (1)
−2 3

PAGE 10 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
1 +
Substitute 1 into 2: 2+2 =5+
∴ = 3 and then = −6

∴ =(3
+ ) Equation 3: 3=2−
3 −2

• is the point given 2

Substitute the value of 3 = 2 − 3 so 3 = −1
⃗ ()=3

4
This is incorrect therefore lines don’t intersect
1 + −2
Part (ii)
Angle is formed by the intersection of the lines
∴ =(3
+ −3)=( ) and
3 −2−4 1−2

• Use Dot product of and the direction vector ⃗

=(5+ )

. = cos 90
−1 1
( ).(1) = 0 2−
3 −6 3
1( −1)+1( )+3(3 −6)=0
11 −19=0
19
= 11 = −

• Substitute into equation to get foot 1−2 1 −2

• Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to find distance =(5+ )−(2)=(3+ )

{S08-P3} Question: 2− 3 −1 −

The points and have position vectors, relative to the

origin , given by
= (−1)

= + 2 + 3 and = 2 + + 3 The line has vector equation 0

=(1−2 ) +(5+ ) +(2− )

(i) Show that does not intersect the line Now use the dot product rule to form an eqn.
passing through and .
| . | −3 − 3

(ii) The point lies on and is such that angle is equal to 60°. Given that the position vector of is (1 − 2 ) +

; = cos 60

2 ||||
(5 + ) + (2 − ) , show that 3 + 7 + 2 = 0. Hence find the only possible position 2
√6 + 8 + 10 × √2

vector of

Solution:
Part (i) 1

Firstly, we must find the equation of line −3 −3= √6 2

+8 +10×√2

= −
2

2 1 1 2 2
36 + 72 + 36 = 12 + 16 + 20

= (1) − (2) = (−1) 2

24 + 56 + 16 = 0

3 3 0
1

1 1 1 −2
=− or = −2

= (2) + (−1) and = (5) + ( 1 )

3

3 0 2 −1

Equating the two lines

1+ 1−2
{W11-P31} Question:
(2− )=(5+ )
With respect to the origin , the position vectors of ⃗

3
Equation 1: 1 + = 1 − 2 so = −2
Equation 2: 2 − = 5 +
2−
two points and are given by = +2 +2

and
⃗

= 3 + 4 . The point lies on the line through

⃗ ⃗

and , and =

( )

(i) =
1+2 +(2+2 ) +(2−

2 )

(ii) By equating expressions for cos and cos in terms of , find the value of for which
bisects the angle .

Solution:
Part (i) ⃗

=
⃗

=
(

−
)

3 1 2
= (4)−(2)=( 2 )

0 2 −2

∴ =(2 ) −2

PAGE 11 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
2 1 Example: Solve:
2
+ 4 + 13 = 0

= +( 2 )=(2)+( 2 )
Solution:
−2 2 Convert to completed square form: ( +2)2+9=0
Utilize 2 as −1 to make it difference of 2 squares:
( +2)2−9 2 =0
Part (ii) Proceed with general difference of 2 squares method: ( +2+3 )( +2−3 ) =0
=−2+3 =−2−3

Interpreting the question gives the information that is equal to ∴ cos is equal to cos .
Now you can equate the two dot product equations
. 9+2 8.3 Square Roots
Example: Find square roots of: 4 + 3

cos= ||||
= 3√9 + 4 + 12
2
Solution:
. 11 + 14
We can say that: √4+3 = +

Square both sides 2 2

− +2 =4+3

Equate real and imaginary parts

cos= ||||
= 5√9 + 4 + 12
2

2
− 2=4 2 =3
9+2 11 + 14

Solve simultaneous equation:

=

3√2 √2
2 2
3√9 + 4 + 12 5√9 + 4 + 12

Cancel out the denominator to give you

= 2
= 2
9 +2 11 + 14

3 5

3√2 √2 3√2 √2
45 + 10 = 33 + 42

∴√4+3 = 2 + 2 − 2 − 2
12 = 32 and ∴ =

8.4 Argand Diagram

8. COMPLEX NUMBERS For the complex number = +

• Its magnitude is defined as the following:

||=√2+ 2

8.1 The Basics 2

=−1
• Its argument is defined as the following:
arg = tan−1

• General form for all complex numbers: +

• Simply plot imaginary ( -axis) against real ( -axis):
• From this we say:
( ) ( )

+
&
=
+
=

• Conjugates:
o The complex number and its conjugate ∗

= + & ∗
=−

• Arithmetic:
o Addition and Subtraction: add and subtract real and
imaginary parts with each other
2
o Multiplication: carry out algebraic expansion, if present convert to −1

o Division: rationalize denominator by

multiplying conjugate pair
o Equivalence: equate coefficients

8.2 Quadratic
• Use the quadratic formula:
2
o −4 is a negative value
2
o Pull out a negative and replace with o Simplify to general form

• Use sum of 2 squares: consider the example

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Argument: Always: − < <

∗
• The position of is a reflection in the -axis of

8.5 Locus |− |=

The locus of a point such that | − | = , is a circle with its centre at and with radius .

{W11-P31} Question 10:

On a sketch of an Argand diagram, shade the region whose points represent the complex
numbers which satisfy the inequality| − 3 | ≤ 2. Find the greatest value of arg for points in
this region.
Solution:
The part shaded in blue is the answer.
To find the greatest value of arg within this region we must use the tangent at point
on the circle which has the greatest value of from the horizontal (red line)

( − )=
The locus of a point such that arg( − ) = is a ray from , making an angle with the positive real axis.

|− |=|−|
The locus of a point such that | − | = | − | is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining and

The triangle magnified

2
sin =3
= 0.730

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
= √2

= +2=0.730+ 2 = 2.30

∴ greatest value of= 2 + √2

{W11-P31} Question 10: 8.6 Polar Form

i. On a sketch of an Argand diagram, shade the

• For a complex number with magnitude and
region whose points represent complex
argument :
numbers satisfying the inequalities
( )

=
= cos + sin
1

| |

−2+2 ≤ 2, arg ≤ − 4 and ≥ 1,

∴ cos + sin =

ii. Calculate the greatest possible value offor

points lying in the shaded region. Polar Form to General Form:

Solution:
Example:
Part (i)

Convert from polar to general, = 4 4

Argand diagram:
Solution:

=4 arg = 4

∴ = 4 (cos 4 + sin 4 )

√2 √2

=4( 2 + 2 )

= 2√2 + (2√2)

General Form to Polar Form:

Example:

Convert from general to polar, = 2√2 + (2√2)

Solution:

= 2√2 + (2√2)

√ 2 2
= (2√2) + (2√2) =4

Part (ii)

The greatest value for the real part of would be the −1 2√2
one which is furthest right on the axis but within = tan 2√2
= 4

the limits of the shaded area. Graphically: ∴ 4 (cos + sin )=4

4

4 4

8.7 Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

• To find product of two complex numbers in polar form:
o Multiply their magnitudes
o Add their arguments
12 = | 1|| 2|(arg 1 + arg 2)

Example:

Find 1 2 in polar form given,

1 = 2 (cos + sin ) 2 = 4 (cos + sin )

4 4 8 8

Solution:

= (2 × 4) (cos ( + ) + sin ( + ))

1 2

4 8 4 8

3 3

Now using circle and Pythagoras theorems we can 12 = 8 (cos + sin )

8 8

find the value of :

• To find quotient of two complex numbers in polar form:
1

= 2 × cos

4 o Divide their magnitudes

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709 1
+ = (2 − 5)

o Subtract their arguments

2

1
|1|
When = 0:
=7 ∴ =3
= (arg − arg ) 1

+3=(2 −5) 2

When = 10:
10 + 3 = (2(27) − 5) 2
1

10 = √49 − 3
= 0.4

Example: Now substitute 20 as and then find : 1

0.4(20) + 3 = (2 − 5)2
1
11 = (2 − 5) 2

121 =2 −5
2
= 63
1

Find in polar form given,

{S13-P31} Question 10:
2

Liquid is flowing into a small tank which has a leak.

1 = 2 (cos + sin ) 2 = 4 (cos + sin )
Initially the tank is empty and, minutes later, the
4 8 8
volume of liquid in the tank3
is 3
. The liquid is

flowing into the tank at a constant rate of 80 per minute. Because of the leak, liquid is being lost
4

Solution: from the tank at a rate which, at any instant, is equal to

3
per minute where is a positive constant.
1 2
i. Write down a differential equation describing
=( ) (cos ( − ) + sin ( − ))
this situation and solve it to show that: 1 −
= (80 − 80 )
2 4 4 8 4 8
−15
ii. = 500 when = 15, show: = 4 − 4
25
1 1
Find using iterations, initially = 0.1

= (cos 8
+ sin ) iii. Work out volume of liquid at = 20 and state what happens to volume after a long time.

2 8

8.8 De Moivre’s Theorem = (cos + sin ) =

9. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
• Form a differential equation using the information given
o If something is proportional, add constant of
proportionality
o If rate is decreasing, add a negative sign
• Separate variables, bring and on opposite sides
• Integrate both sides to form an equation
• Add arbitrary constant
• Use conditions given to find and/or

{W10-P33} Question 9:
A biologist is investigating the spread of a weed in a
particular region. At time weeks, the area covered
by the weed is 2. The biologist claims that rate of increase of is proportional to √2 − 5.

i. Write down a differential equation given info

2 2
ii. At start of investigation, area covered by weed was 7 . 10 weeks later, area covered = 27 Find the
area covered 20 weeks after the start of the investigation.

Solution:
Part (i)
∝ √2 − 5 = √2 − 5

Part (ii)
Proceed to form an equation in and :
= √2 − 5

Separate variables 1

=
√2 − 5

Integrate both side

PAGE 15 OF 17
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Solution: {W13-P31} Question 10:
Part (i)
Represent the given information as a derivative:
=80−

Proceed to solve the differential equation:

1

A tank containing water is in the form of a cone with

= 80 −
vertex . The axis is vertical and the semi-vertical
1
angle is 60°, as shown in the diagram. At time = 0, the tank is full and
the depth of water is . At this instant, a tap at is opened and water begins
to flow out. The volume of water in the tank decreases at a
∫(1) = ∫ rate proportional to √ℎ, where ℎ is the depth of water at time t. The tank becomes empty when = 60.
1
+ =− ln|80 − | i. Show that ℎ and satisfy a differential equation of the form:
ℎ

Use the given information; when 1

= 0, = 0:
∴ = − ln(80)

Substitute back into equation: Where is a positive constant.

ii. Solve differential equation given in part i and obtain an expression for in terms of ℎ and .
1 1

− ln(80) = −
−3
=− ℎ 2

1
ln(80) 1

= −
ln|80 − |

1 80

= ln ( 80 −

80

= ln ( 80 −

80

=
80 −

80

80− =

= 80 − 80

= (80 − 80

Part (ii)
After carrying out the iterations, the following result
will be obtained: = 0.14 (2 . . )

Part (iii)
Simply substitute into the equation’s :
1
= 0. 14 (80 − 80 −0.14(20)) = 537 3 The volume of liquid in the
tank after a long time approaches the max volume: 1
3
= 0.14 (80) = 571

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Solution:
Part (i)
First represent info they give us as an equation:
1

2
= ℎ
3

= tan 60 × ℎ = ℎ√3

2
ℎ = ℎ3
∴ = 3 (ℎ√3)

= 3 ℎ2
ℎ

∝ −√ℎ = − ℎ2

Find the rate of change of ℎ:

÷ ℎ

3
ℎ − ℎ 2 −

=−

= ℎ
2

2
3 ℎ 3

Part (ii)
1

= − ℎ− ℎ
3

∫ =∫ ℎ
3

−ℎ− 2

2
5

+ =− 5 ℎ 2

Use given information to find unknowns; when = 0:

2 5 2 5

− (0) + = 5 () 2 ∴ = 5 2

When = 60:
− (60) + =0
= 60
1 5

2
=150

Thus the initial equation becomes:

1 5 2 5 2 5

2+

− 2 = ℎ 2

150 5

2 2
5 5

5 )=

2 (− ℎ 2

150 5 5

+ 5

2 2ℎ 2
 − + =

150 5

5 2

2 2ℎ 2

= −

150 5 5 2

2 2ℎ 2 5 5

−
= 150( − 5 )=60−60ℎ 2 2

5 52

ℎ 2

=60(1−( ))

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