Petroleum Refinery Engineering

PP-414

Dr. SAUD HASHMI

Associate Professor

Department of Polymer & Petrochemical

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 Recommended Books
Books:
1. Petroleum Refinery Engineering by W.L. Nelson.

2. Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining by Mohamed A. Fahim & Amal Elkilani.

3. Handbook of Petroleum Processing by DAVID S. J. “STAN” JONES and

PETER R. PUJAD´O

4. Petroleum Refinery Distillation by R.N Watkins, 2nd Edition.

5. Any other source that will be found helpful in this course we can use it.

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 History of Petroleum Refining
 Petroleum and its derivatives such as asphalt have been known and used for
almost 6000 years and there is evidence of asphalt in building more than 600
years ago.

 Modern petroleum refining began in 1859 with discovery of petroleum in

pennsylvania (USA) and subsequent commercialization.

 The exploration of petroleum originated in the latter part of the nineteenth

century (speight,1999) .

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 Course Objective
 Petroleum industries are the most prolific and dynamic industries all over the
world.

 The main objective of this course is to provide a thorough understanding in the

area of crude oil refining, hydrocarbon processing and trends in refinery
operations which is the current need of the country.

 The physical and chemical properties of petroleum and petroleum products will
be described, along with major refining processes.

 New refinery trends, energy conservation in Refineries, environmental issues

and new alternative energy sources and concept of green chemistry will also be
discussed.

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Daily demand for crude oil worldwide
from 2006 to 2021 (in million barrels)

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 Talk outline

Part 1: Origin – How do oil and gas form?

Part 2: Exploration and Production –

How do we find oil and gas and how is it produced?

Part 3: Composition of crude oil ?

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 Origin (1): Chemistry
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Octane_molecule_3D_model.png

Hydrocarbon

• Oil and gas are made of a mixture of

different hydrocarbons.

• As the name suggests these are large

molecules made up of hydrogen atoms
attached to a backbone of carbon.
Crude Oil
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 Origin (2): Plankton
cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93510

Plant plankton Animal plankton

would fit on a pinhead!
10,000 of these bugs

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Copepod.

• Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals
that live in the ocean.
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 Origin (3): Blooms
serc.carleton.edu/images/microbelife/topics/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg
• Today, most plankton can be
found where deep ocean
currents rise to the surface

• This upwelling water is rich in

nutrients and causes the
plankton to bloom

• Blooms of certain plankton

called dinoflagellates may
give the water a red tinge

© Miriam Godfrey

Dinoflagellate bloom
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 Origin (4): On the sea bed
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg When the plankton dies it rains
down on sea bed to form an
organic mush
If there are any animals on the
sea bed these will feed on the
organic particles
• However, if there is little or no
oxygen in the water then animals
can’t survive and the organic mush
accumulates
Where sediment contains
more than 5% organic matter,
it eventually forms a rock
known as a Black Shale

Sea bed

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 Origin (6): Cooking

As Black Shale is buried, it is heated.

Organic matter is first changed by the

increase in temperature into kerogen,
Kerogen which is a solid form of hydrocarbon

Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid

state, which we call oil
Oil

Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas

Gas

A rock that has produced oil and gas in

www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg
this way is known as a Source Rock
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 Origin (7): Migration
Oil on the move
 Hot oil and gas is less dense than the source
www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg
rock in which it occurs

 Oil and gas migrate upwards up through the

rock in much the same way that the air
bubbles of an underwater diver rise to the
surface.

 The rising oil and gas eventually gets trapped

in pockets in the rock called “Reservoirs”

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Origin (8): Ancient Earth & Present Oil
© Ron Blakey, Arizona Flagstaff

• During mid-Mesozoic times

around 150 million years ago,
conditions were just right
to build up huge thicknesses
of Black Shale source rocks

Ancient Earth

The world’s main oil deposits all formed in warm shallow seas
where plankton bloomed but bottom waters were deoxygenated
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Source Rocks
Organic Matter

• Sedimentary rocks rich in

organic matter
– 0.5 - 2% by weight
• Most commonly
microscopic marine
material, but it can be land
based material
• Organic material cannot
decay too much
– It has to keep its carbon

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 5. Reservoir rocks
The oil needs to be trapped in a good place

• A good reservoir
rock is:
– Porous: holes
– Permeable: holes are
connected
– so that its fluids can
be produced
(removed from
them)
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