CORRUPTION

INTRODUCTION:
We, in Pakistan are breathing EN gam
in a cuture which, for no better deccepton Eän be called
cuture of comupdon. t has pemeated to every facet of our lfe. Not a single institution is
without its black sheep whose number is ever on
the
the

increase. As a mater of fact of fact, we

seem to be developing immunity towards coruption. Indulgence in corruption is no longer
a person who does not avail the
looked upon as an immoral or shameful act. Rather
either a coward or a fool. The cultural
opportunity to amass wealth is looked down upon as

cademi
and moral codes or examples of
cyce is complete and we are in the grip of its spiral. Reigion
eartier heroes af honesty have failed to produce any healthy influence. Currenty, adçording
to Transparency intemational, Pakistan is the 46th corrupt country in the inde omupt
nattons

MODES OF CORRUPTION:
1. Petty comuption: incudes nepotism and
favoritism.
2. Routine comuption: invotvas common malpractices such as 9 parties to get a
favour.
3. Chronic comuption: invoves shameful patronization and pron otn. of al sorts of comupt
deaks
FACES OF CORRUPTION:
Comuption has crept to every department of thcntry. Police, Judiciary. WAPDA,
Education, Health, C & w, Customs and.Exciye come tax(FBR), Accountant General
Onmcias, Ammy Ofmcers, PTA, Joumalism es Ebéral and provincial govermments do
comuption in awarding contracts in privaatida t e allocation of import quota, the regulation
of cartels e.g. The kast Sugar Crisis inhco
CAUSES OF CORRUPTION:
Following are the main causes oomu sion in Pakistan:

1. Rehabiltation and Settlemen OfThe Refugees:

In Pakistan, wih its inceptioCoruption originated from the rehabilitation and settlement of
the refugees. Those the zeal and zest of national service from the sense of
dedicatioh, patyiotisp eligious obligations. As there were scarce resources and the
govemment servan inyólved in rehabilitations were given arbitrary powers. This power
created opport t o r the officials to promote their own interests at the expense of
miserabla m
2. Afgha a i n s t Russia:
When thcapltalist powers of the West decided to wage war agalnst Communism and
Afghanistah became the battleñeld, a huge sum of money and ammuntion came to Pakistan
as Pakistan was to play the frontine state role in the war against Russia. Approximately more
than 10 bilion dollars were given to Pakistan by the Capitalist powes. Unfortunately, most of
this aid was usurped by those authortues Wno were directy or indirecty relaled to Afghan
War.

3. Political Instability:
Comuption prevails in those regions where there is no peace, no writ of the state and where
there is no stable govermment. Pakistan, unfortunately, has been a plate of political intrigues,

Current Afairs- National Officers Academy (0323-5045013) Page 2

 d e r i o C T A

Utimalely.

obstructionism.
in corrupt prac
involved

vo
o p p o r t u n i s m
and
the ruling
elites
order to
facilitate their
their
voracious aunya
of scenario, in
polibcs
such a out
persons
n
Pakistan
also to buy omupton lead
but
Own
pockets

thePublic
discretionary powers to Of public officials
Officials:
absolute
provide
power
incentive for corrupt b e h atheir
y rery
corrupts absolu
corrupts

type of f
Powers and or corrupt havio . Thes
comupts eak segrmert
Discretionary
"Power
4.
to
Roseau: have acces o onmtes
politicians
have accee
uman ights
According and
Bureaucrats costs
them a.
and over
Judges, c a n impose istrust and
them litle
accountable.

citizens. They
ositions for private
private gains by acre i

benefitsof private u s e their

positions
undese hen there
valuable
tempted o
have been getting erve ublic admir
Public officials
are usualy .individuals may Thie ubl
bse their fa
influential
Private the
officers. Thusa
officers.
concemed

for their posts. amount in bribe to and penalities at th i o i a l fabri

handsome rewards
through paying officials have ecomes
that public
condition for corruption is the statee

5. Policy Environment on the aMe top o bottom Slow Ece

environment, ether
from policy
Coruption also stems level officials: chargepuh collectina
Comupio

hierarchy. Pay offs frequent to the lower

are is endemic t
state. It i
and the like. When oruon
provide police protection, issuing pemits and delay t o l u o e v e n higher Damis disco
may create additional red tape
officials scarcity
According to Qaiser Bengali; objectiv
laps in Pakistar due to corruption in the
Every year more than 500 billion rupees
bureaucracy. Corur
CoTu
6. The Dependencyof Politicians on Bureaucrack? comu
Politicians depend on bureaucrats for their poltpoel standings. The culture of politicsto all
Pakistan is characterized as
mushdA blitical and agitation politics. Thus the urge
govemment becomes in shape of aiande ad the same the opposition. All the
parties in the govenment try to reo ire snd more of their politica BE
This is the example of
"admirstrate supporters in the bureaucracy Brai
coruption Comuption". Political leaders are more
as they need r resour
financing their prone to wor
maintaining their social statús election and also fo oth campaigns
7. Low Salaries
Civil and military office atso likely to involve in
their costs and axpens re
exceeding their salaries. corruption due to their low
salaries. As
8. Poverty:
Poverty
Poveny i of the main causes of
comuption. The economic
Shabby. Inflation, as ever,
networkAll ese compel a common is on the
man t conditions of
rise.
There is a our counuy
indulge in such unlawful lack of social satey
9.
Ineffective Law Procedure: and activities.
There is no deterrence for the
comupt. It is coupled
laws.
EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION: with.discrimination in
1. Moral Degradation-
Corruption tends to moral degradation. The
implementation
nentation of
o

culture of
the extent that it has become a way of life. Values
corruption
and
norms has plas
orientation is undergone. It puts us on the threshold have plagued the
crosschanged and new
society to
generation, in all walks of life, emanate from assumptionotof the
power
Cross
andr corrNpand new
roads of value
Current Affairs- National officers Academy (0323.s values. The
uptinn 1he
 O/1,
1sa

leads to
comuption.
Comuption
negligence
euone 321

of iberty Teads lo
liberty
a d exploitation
of the
in the society. it
of corruption.

denies
it initiates
vulnerable and

the basic
jealousy, deceptien,
Comuption
a n d injustice
of fraud.
every type It breeds inequalryY
segments of society. and fair play.
weak freedom,
equality
human rights of
integrity of
People lose faith in the
Mistrust and Suspicion and suspicion. Furthemmore, they
there is mIstrust violation of merit.
to the
When there
is comuption,
becomes
i n e f t i c e n t due
these facts c a u s e
damage to the
as it Thus, nation
at stake and th
administration
its r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .
Public
o n the
state ad democracy is put of
faith Resultantly, ewrit
lose their
social
becomes
fabrics of
the society.
vulnerable
shaken.
In c o n s e q uthe
to be exploited
by
ence,
anti-Pakistani
elements.

em
wil be
the state
opment in the
Growth: deceleration of t
growth, coupled by
Economic investment
Slow In comeg ence,
leads to slow economic as there is
i.
transparency.
Coruption a s there is no
sector,
the private sector
br foreign. It
impacts the pu constructive
state. It impacts people's
whether it is intemal dettaç
is discouraged, creates despair,
insecurity and
resources. Thus, ft
scarcty of
objectives.
becomes veryI AS
Corruption
Leads To Exploitation:
because the living
stahdad ofspeople
e r v i c e delivery.
Thus, it leads
leads to exploitation peblic by
Comuption and poverty
alkeviation d widen. Poor
a r e exploited
retards economy
and poof gp gets
coruption violence. Rich
crimes and
toall sorts of class for their o a
businessman)
burgesses (big
locate men
men and
and
become harder
become
to locate
to
5. Brain Drainage on. It will
T uion. prefer to go abroad
and serve
effe
is the direct Capable people
Brain drainage the puicfe. in Pakistan.
in
and integrity
w o m e n of ability osuffering
nations with their ability instd
other
in the
eamed a bad image
SUGGESTIONS:
crisis and has the
omic and security its due status on
the i d s t to get needed
Pakistan is in
necessary
comuption is following steps are
So ng life of its people.
The
world community. the quality of
froat to ve in Pakistan:
Intemational out comuption
ordetoobt
to be taken in
Independent of
Executive:

Critics opine
that ir
Mechanism
coruption but all in vain. Accountability
made to uproot
MakingAGability
1. were NAB (National
facets of comuption. a kingro
and not of Allah but it became
theasgaattempts

In were targeted the commandment The Public

the pas PEople substartiate Book (Constitution),
e s t a b f s h e d to Slatute and
Bureau) Ws is stil on the Geheral Ayub, Zia
Act still in vogue. out
court. The
anti-comuption Act 1954 is all almed at throwing
Office
Disqualification
programs
but they
Representative anti-coruption
introduced their own the drive
Musharraf For instance,
the comuption. plans.executive
and not in the ant-comuption wasted in the
the politicians weakness
control being
setback due to
its dccountability burea
institutional
The r e a s o n is suffered a the National
theepoutive at th
has Anti-coruption
to
against comuption watch-dogs: from the independent ficers of
This applies to
The need is of
same time.
an
all mechanism
accountability
outside and

cade
Arademy (0323-5045013) 25AS67
 G o v e r m m e n t
icials Accou,
Officia ountabla .
and Making Doliticians nor bureaucial
Powers neither
politicia
the ra
Curtailment of fact that where the
of head
of the state
2. proven
death. This res This resut o
Pakistan

tsa
historically like d in
In a countyy ot ine a n d
powers. ThereforeIn
discretionary
powers
discreßonay
a
matter
Islamic
whole
values. Therefore. the powe
coroded our be curtailed
Along wi
considers
must
bottom
that utimately to slro
comuption
from top be
administration

departmental
and politicians
and
Intra-departmental
accountability

e n f o r c e m e n t for
the corrupt
System must
individuals. strenghenec The gro
gas ta

laws with strict industr

must be penal
impede

state to progre
3. Transparency the pre-requisites for any The p
on foc
play are
Transparency, honesty and
fair an
to make Pakistan a corruption
free state, it is inevitable to
introduce a transpare

provided for favoritistn, at

ea foc

No room should be
in all its departments. Caus
cuture
brbery.
Fai
4. Empowering Parliamentary Oversight Committee fai
Democratic govenment is sil the best policy even if its,leaders ess austere and
is own come
capable than non-political guards or experts. A democratic syftêas
mechanism. Parliamentary oversight and fear of losing. t h c o E n c e of people makes
more efficient. Pariamentary oversight committee whichepowered to revive al t
actions of the govemment, big cartels and bureaucrats.
minimized in the country.
On then the corruption could t
TS
5. Increasing the Salaries of Public Servants:-
Corupton is a socio-economic problem, n th pit has been treated
administrative issue. Good rumination a only as a legal ant
bureaucracy should be the nom in heduy. There the public servants and merit-oriented
among al citizens of the country y should be social justica and equty
Their salaries shoukd be ucture of the
adequatt meheir needs.
to public officials must be realistic

cm intion in Reis. there is a

to bring awareness in need ot
a,

a comprehensive
thepe. The propagation against
Civil societies can alsocoruption co campajan
mpaign on mèdia
on media
uprooting comuption iPstan. play a could play a vital role in
comuption in ouasoqe vital role in
tfe
minimizing
CONCLUsION:
A comprersampaign based on determination against
trust sou
socio-edonomc
trust oudnab factors
shoud
thatbe
have
initiated.
inmensely
At thecontributed
same time,to we
a corrupt in rder
must look corruption
seriousty
order to resto
to
into the
the
fadors that restore the
upion now
We need&system that deters comuption now and in the future. Once corruption is
o roote
our
nto the
hestowed
from Pakistan, then progress is its fate as God has bestowed itit with
with bothed both
botn country
human and oted out
resources.

Aca natural
cademp
icers

NOA
NOA

051-2354567
C S
 051-235450

O1EN
061-2

I7 ,S
70/1.
1sla
lslam
Energy crises
G-101
.G-10
The growing of electricity and gas load shedding. combined with constantly rising electricity
menace
cnsis. It has not only been affecting the trade and
&gas tariffs has mushroomed
into
a gravenatuonal and
administration gravely, but has also seriously
industny, development and construction, education
imneded the progress of the whole national life. In spite of higher authorities' claims of narrowing
situation is showing a discouraging picture.
the gap between encrgy demand and supply. the ground
Unless immediate remedial masseurs are lunched
crossed the 5000 figure.
The power short fall has crisis.
on fooing.Pakistan would lead to even deeper

Causes of energy short fall:

Few of the basic causes of energy short fall are under y

1 Failure of the last regime to increase electricity: The basic cause of energy sh Poistan is the
failure of last military regime to increase the supply of electricity to keep wth the growing
demands. While the installed capacity had increased by 53 % from 1994-9om 11,320 MW to
17400 MW: it increase only by 12 % between 1999 to 2008, to 19420 M

2- Under utilization of the existing generating capacity: secondly, ually serious cause is the
under utilization of the existing generating capacity. The availabi. ydel electricity goes down in
winter by 60 %. but unfortunately. the actual generation of electicity from thermal plants has also
declined sharply, thus rising demand and supply gap to aroua 5000 MW. .
of thermal electricity is the problem
3- Circular debts: One of the main reasons in the seriovhofall
the power companies for the subsidy
of "circular debits". In 2007, the government did nicensate
in turn could not pay the oil and gas
that was being provided to the consumers. Tre poerompanies
to generate electricity.
companies reducing uheir liquidity to impoi fopace oil that was needed
it has tumed grave crises. Presently. the power
This problem has not only continued buresly to the oil and gas companies. Therefore oil and gas
companies in debt of about 100 binon
the power companies that has resulted in energy short
companies provide insufficient oil gasto
fall.

blic Sector Development Program: At the present, according to

4.The repeated cutting dowb
he govermment has conceded playing a key role in prolonging
Planning Commission R Sector developmet Program
cconomic recession in try by repeatedly cutting down the Public states that Rs.208
and water shortage in the country. The Report
(PSDP) that resultd ehergy Council (NEC). the
for Diamer Basha dam by the National Economic
bilions were ao The govemment has delayed the exploration of the
Thar
by 100 billion rupees. Samar
govemmet funds allocation for the said project by
Coal Proje e of the repeated demands for energy production are sulering from halt age. Al
Many other new projects regarding
Mubárav energy crisis. In the country.
these haveesulted in intensifying the present

S Other factors: trisis are as under:

factors that contribute to the presunt energy
Some other chronie
and
line loss in the transmission and distribution because of old
(i) Line loss: very heavily loss in Pakistan is about 20%ticers
poorly
as
managed transmission system. The line

compared to 8 to
10% in countries.
other
NOA

CSS
Acade
051

urrent dlatrs- National Officers Academy (0323-5045013)

 1a targescalc n
that
electricity:
there is

tcd or purthase er
of units
generaie
arnd
is a huge w
theft berween
of
(i) Large
Tevealed
scae

by tbe
growing
difference

by
industrial
sector

duc
there

to the
less eTicient ofeter
m d te
of e n e r g y electricity
Wastage total
(iüi) 30% ofthe 1or c
secior consume
on

uhich
c o n s u m e s

sector:
iransport
28 2Mdtermpa
of energy by
transport,
ihe old and
pooriy
tuned engine
incs Ticien ad
due to
energy is
use
(iv) Over
This o v e r u s e of ofthe
the total
total elecinic
elec:e
energy.
is about 45 % ity. Hier
Domestic wastage and iarge scale
and large
() Domestic
wastage: use of lights.
air
conditioners

llum 3 Long term

unnecessarily ( Da
is a wistfuland
different oceasions.

(vi) General wastage:

illumination have also

(vii) Corruption
contributed
excessive use

and lack of political

to
of electricily
the worsening energy

will in the
concerned
in

caden
govemment

crunch

energy o
c ament: ha
offices
above
100000

Bash
Kinar

rise such a disturbing heights.

helped the energy short fall to to

(B) Effects of energy crunch:

1) Routine life: Badly affected the routine life in Pakistag &8-10bours laodshedding in citie
18 hours in rural areas. Affected seriously the domeg offices.hospitals and eduai

2) Industries: Many indusurial units have ciod pd many shifed their installation t
Bangladesh. This
poor industrial prodction haümately affected the GDP of Pakis
Downsizing of the workers in induses workers turmed jobless. The buying capaci
of people has reduced sharply.
Rise in the price of commg
3) Market: Markets are
cgsed
commoditües have risen. Aue to the load
shedding. Secondly production cost o
Agriculture
4) Agriculture: the land that is dependent
ed due to load:
capacity sharpaced
has losd to
on tube well
and
shedding.
shedding. As crops do
not
dug wells, its yieldin$
get water int
in ime.
ume.
5) Strikesana ation: Due to load shedding many strikes
destoy6yermment installions. have
occurred across the countr
6) Ld National growth: load shedding has affected the
ornoprogress at all in all walks of the country. national .

growth badl
Ultimately. less GDP
owth badly.
(C) Measures: growth rate.Less progress
Three kinds of measures should be taken:

1) Immediate measures: Firstly. the problem of circular dcbl shola

in order to enable the power companies to clear their
debts. olved
importing electricity
The Pak-Iron
from Iron and Tajikistan necds to be
impleondly,
gas pipe line project needs to be compleied on the
on
tprlority basis condly. the priority basis.
earliein a ement
ement of
datess. Ck fashio
furrant Araire. Jntinnol OAGcere Acadamu(0222.toscoso Cers A
2 Midterm pian: First all the gas and WAPLDA plants should be replaced by more
ineTicient
efficient and combined cycle plants. Second. there is an urgent need of modemizing the
overloaded transmission and distribution sysiem. The expenditure of updating our electricity
sysiem could be recovered in only three years through savings from the line loss.

3) Loag term plans

() Dams construction:
The longer term solution of energy crisis will be to restort the hydro thermal mix to
60:40 or at least 50:50 in the coming five years. According to world report Pak can create
above 50000 MW through water. The previous wapda chief said that Pak could ptoduce
100000 MW from water. There is a need of building kalabaçh dam of 4500 MWpcity.
Basha dam 4200 MW. Neelum Jehlum 996 MW, extension of Tarbella dam 96w.Fuki
Kinari 840 MW, Munda 700 MW etc. Need of foreign investment for thisnsotlike
Word Bank. A. B. bank etc. are needed to be atracted to invest in this roj

(i) Gas exploration:

Licenses should be issued to foreign and local exploration como As there is a high
untapped gas capacity in Pak. On 18h of June a wale near Miarralunjab started gas. It is
considered to be the large wale in the subcontinent. Ther i n Karak, one in Sindh
and onein Sui discovered. Such more Wales are needed to &oeored to meet out the energy
needs of the country.

iü) Coal:
Pak has the second largest coal deposits ine r i d i.c. 185 billion metric tons, most of
it is in Thar. Sindh. The initiative j e i n k y govemment to facilitate Dr. Dr. summer
summecr
Mubarak Mand's step of gasification odA ningning this coal int e
this coal into electrical energy, must be
implemented on larger scale, oncbrsexperiment is succeeded. "we can produce 50
thousands MW electriciry fropTco for the coming 200 years". (Sammer Mubarak
Mand)

vi) Wind energy:

0 0 0 kilometer long coast and touring mountains of Himalayas
Pakistan is blessed
which provide excelo c e for wind energy. The Altemative Energy Development Board
(AEDB) needs tolen ind turbines in these areas. More projects on the model of Wind
Mill, Jhimair. S o t poduces 50 MW electriciry. are required to be planted in Pakistan.

v) Solar Eo
P gets abundance of sunshine throughout the year. Around 1800 KWh per
A tcan be produced annually through sunshine.
a and Seenrity in the Country
Peace and security is necessary for implementing all the plans about the generation of
power resources in Pakistan.

Conclusion:
God has blessed Pakistan with variety of energy resources and those also in abundance. There
is a need of proper planning and politücal will to take out these. It is high time to formulate
such polices that could bridge the gap between the demand and supply of energy in the
country. Once a proper policy is fomulated and steps were taken with nationalistic zeal, than
we would not only have enough energy to be utilized domestically but we keamong its
exporter.

Current Affairs- National Officers Academy (0323-5045013)/S

cers A
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19SscZ-1S0