CO LU M BIA

U N IVER S ITY PR S S E
S A L ES AG E NT S
N EW YO R K :

L EM CK E BU EC H N ER
-
30 3 2 WES T Q 7T R S T RE ET

LON DON
H EN RY F RO W D E
A M E N CO RN E R, E C . .

TO R ONTO
H E N RY F R O WD E
3 5 R X CH M O N D S n , W .
 C OL UM B IA UN I VE RS IT Y OR IE N TA L S T UD IE S

VO L . VII .

THE

EIGHT CHAPTERS OF MAIMONIDES

ON ETHIOS
( S H E M ON A H PE R A K IM )

A PS YCH OL OG I CA L A N D E T H I CA L T R E A T I S E

ED I TE D ,
NN OTA TE D A N D TR A N SL A TE D
A ,

WI T H A N I N T R O D U C T I O N

JOS EPH I . G ORFINK LE, PH D . .

RAB I B OF S IN A I T E M PL E ,
MT . V E R N ON , N Y
. .

Em H ark

C O L U M BI A U N I VE RS I T Y PR E S S

1 91 2

A ll ri g h ts re s e rve d
 NOTE

TH E H e b re w tra n sl a t i o n o f the S h e m on a h P e ra /pim o f M a i

m on i d e s de s p i te i t s i m p o rt a n ce i n the h i s t o ry o f Je wi s h eth i c s
,

d u r i n g the M i ddle A g e s h a s n ev er bee n p re s e n ted i n a cr i t i c a l

,

ed i t i o n . Th i s Dr G o rfi n kl e h a s d o n e i n the p re s e n t v o l u m e
.

w i th a c u m e n a n d w i th m u ch d i l i g e n ce . To th i s p u rp o s e he
,

h a s ex am i n e d c a re f u lly a n u m ber o f m a n u s cri pt s a n d p r i n ted

ed i ti o n s H e h a s a l s o c om p a red the A r a b i c o rig in a l thr o u g h
.

o u t a n d h a s g i ve n i n the n o te s h i s re a s o n s f o r a ccepti n g o r
,

rejecti n g cert a i n re a d i n g s In o rder th a t the w o rk m a y be

.

a cce ss i ble t o re a d er s wh o d o n o t u n der s t a n d H ebre w a n E n g l i s h

,

tr a n s l a t i o n h a s bee n a dded .

R I C H A RD G OTTH E IL .

M y , 19 12
.
 PREF ACE

h wa s wh i le i n a tte n d a n ce a t the H ebre w Un i o n C o lle g e a n d ,

u n der the a ble t u i t i o n o f m y f r i e n d a n d te a cher D r H e n ry

, .

M a lter n o w o f D ro p s i e C o lle g e th a t I bec a m e a c q u a i n ted wi th

, ,

the m a s terp i ece s o f Je w i s h ph i l o s o phy a n d a m o n g the m the

,

S h e m on a h P e r a lpi m o f M a i m o n i de s . Re m e m ber i n g the c o rr u p t

c o n d i t i o n o f the text o f the o rd in a ry ed i ti o n s o f the Pe ra lgi m ,

a n d o f th a t i n t h e M s i ma h a n d the Ta lm u d c o n t a i n i n g M a i m o

n i de s Com m e n ta ry on th e M s hn a k a n d rec o llect i n g the fre

’
,

q u e n o y wi th w h i c h i t wa s n ece s s a ry t o h a v e re c o u r s e t o the
A r a b i c o r i g i n a l i n o rder t o re n der the text i n tell i g i ble w he n ,

c a s tin g a b o u t fo r a s u bject fo r a d is s erta t i o n I th o u g ht I c ou ld

,

d o n o better th a n e n de a v o r t o rec o n s tr u c t the H ebre w text a s

i t c a m e f r o m the p e n o f o f the tr a n s l a t o r S a m u el i b n Ti bb o n
, .

In th i s ra ther a m b i t i o u s a tte m p t I w a s g u i ded thr o u g h o u t

,

by D r Ri ch a rd G o t t h e il t o w h o m m y s i n cere th a n k s a re d u e
.
,

f o r h i s c o n s t a n t i n tere s t a n d f o r h i s i n v a l u a ble s u g g e s t i o n s .

I wi s h e s pec i a lly t o th a n k Dr M a lter f o r h i s a ss i s ta n ce i n th e

.

A r a b i c a n d fo r h i s m a n y excelle n t s u gg es t i o n s I a l s o t a ke th i s
.

o p p o rt u n i ty o f expre s s i n g m g r t i t de t D A lex der M rx

y a u o r . a n a

f o r h i s u n if o r m k i n d n e s s i n a ll o wi n g m e t o u s e m a n u s cri p t s
a n d b o o k s o f the l i br a ry o f the Je wi s h The o l o g i c a l S e m i n a ry .

T o M r S i m e o n L e v e n t all I a m a l s o g r a te fu l f o r h i s a s s is t a n ce
.
,

i n c o rrect i n g the pr o o fs o f the tr a n s l a t i o n a n d n o te s .

There h a s bee n a del a y o f t wo ye a r s i n the p u bl i s h i n g o f th i s

b o o k o w i n g t o the fa ct th a t o r i g i n a lly i t w a s n o t i n te n ded t o
i n cl u de a tr a n s l a t i o n o f the P e m lgz m a n d n o te s a n d bec a u s e a
'

g re a ter p a rt o f the b o o k h a d t o be s e t u p i n E u r o pe .

ix
 PR E FA C E

It i s wi th a trep i d a ti o n th a t I s e n d in t o the w o rld

feel i n g of

th is m y fir s t w o rk fu lly re a l i z i n g i t s m a n y s h o rtc o m in g s I
, , .

c a n o n ly h o pe th a t the k i n d re a der w i ll be s o e n g r o s s ed i n the s e

i n tere s ti n g C h a pter s o f the m a s ter M ai m o n i de s a n d w i ll fi n d

, ,

the i r te a ch i n g s s o c ap t i v a ti n g th a t he wi ll o verl o o k the fa i l i n g s

,

o f the n o v i ce wh o p re s e n t s the m t o h i m .

WI N T HR O P , MASS .
,

A UG U S T , 1 9 12.
 CONTENTS

IN TR O D U C TION PAG E

I T H E O BJE C T O F
. M A I M ON ID E S ’
WR ITI N G S . TH E C OM M EN TA R Y
ON TH E M IS H N A H PERA K IM
. TH E S H M ON A H E
II A M A I M ONI D E S E T H I C AL WR ITI N G S — DEF I N ITIO N O F E T H I C S
. .
’

B N A M E D A T E DE S C R I P TI ON
.
, N D C O N T E N T S O F T H E S HEN O
, ,
A

N A H PERA KIM

C S A M U E L IB N T O N A s A T R A N S LA TO R H S TH N S A
. IB B I A L

TIO N O F TH S H E M ON A II PER KIM E A .

D DE S C R I P TIO N O F C O LLA T E D M A T E R I AL
. G E N E R AL R E

MARKS O T HE T E T N X

E M A N U S C R I P T S E D ITION S T R A N S LA TION S C O MM E N T A
.

RIES
TH E I G H T CH A P T E R S T R A N S LA TIO N
E

F O R E WO R D
CH A P T E R I C cer i g the H m S l d i t F a c l ti e
on n n u an ou an s u s

CH A P T E R II C cer i g t he Tr a sgre si
— on n n o f t he F c l ti e s n s o ns a u

o f t he S l d t he D e i g t i
ou , o f t h e F c l t i e w h ic h
an s na on os a u s

t he S e t f t he Vi rt e d V i ce
a re a o u s an s

CH A P T E R III C cer n i g t he Di se a se s o f t he S l
on n ou

CH A P T E IV C cer i g t he C re o f t he Di e e o f t he S l
R on n n u s as s ou

CH A P T E V C cer i g t he A p p l ic t i o f M
R on n n P yc h i c F a on an s
’
s ac

l ti t o w rd t he A t t i m e t o f a S i gl e G l
u es a s a n n n oa

CH A P T E R V I C cer i g t he Di ff ere ce b e t w ee the S i t ly

— on n n n n a n

T e m per m e ta l l y E t h i c l M
or a d h i m wh
n S bd e a an an o u u s

hi P i s d h S e l f re tr i t
a ss o n s a n as -
s a n

C H A P T E R V II C cer i g t he B rri er b etw ee n G d d M a

— on n n a o an n

and i ts S i gn i fi c a t i o n

CH A P T E R V III C cer i g t he N t r l D i p si ti o f M
on n n a u a s o on an

I D x O F SC R I P T UR AL PA S S A G E S
N E

IN D E O F Q U OT A TION S F R O M T H E T AL M U D
X

C R ITI C AL T E T A N D N OT E S O F T H E S H EM ONA II PERA KIM

X

xi
 ABBREVIA TIONS AND S IG NS

Pirlce A bot, ed . St r ck
a ,
B erl i n, 1 88 8 .

r
B iti sh M u s e um Ms . S e e p 24 . .

M a h z or . S e e p 24 . .

F i rst e dit i o n o f M i h a h s n . S e e p 25 . .

S n c i n o e d i t i o n of A b t
o o . S e e p 25 . .

M i m onides
a .

A ri s t o t l e N i h m h E th i c s, e d L e we
’
s c o ac ea n . s .

Ib n Ti b b o n .

Po c o ck e ’
s Po rt a M os is , A r ab i c or L at i n .

R o si n E th i k d e s M a im o n id es , 1 8 7 6
’
s .

Wo lff , M as a M a i mfin i ’
s c
A h t C ap i t l , 1 9 03 e .

r b i c t ex t p re e t e d i W l ff P k
A a as s n n o or o co c e .

S t e i s c h e i der C t l g L ib m H b m i
’
n n s a a o as roru e ra e o ru n

B i bl i th ec B dl i o a o e a na .

Je w Li t . . S te i n c h e i d er Jewi h L iter t re
s n
’
s s a u .

H Uh S te i sc h e i d er H b i h U b
’
. n n t g s e ra s c e e ers e z u n en .

A r ab . L it . S t e i c h e i d er D i A r b L i ter t r d
ns n J d
’
s e a . a u er u en.

A G Ph . A h i fi i G e ch i c h te d
rc v Ph il p h ie (S t e i )
r s er os o n .

A Z DJ . A llg e me i Ze i t g d J d th m
ne un es u en u s .

JE . Th Jewi h Ee y l p di s nc c o aa a .

JQR . Th Je wi h Q rt rly R e i e w
e s ua e v .

M o s es be n M a imon , I M e m ri l V l m e M e b M im S ei L e be S e i e
. o a o u , os s en a on , n n, n

We k '

d S i Ei fl
r e an V l m e I L e ip i g 19 08 e n n u ss , o u ,
z ,
.

Ze itsch rifl f ii r Ph ilos op h ie a nd

p h i l o s op h i sc h e K r itik .

e t ch m g l d i h G ll h fl
Z e its ch rifl d e r d u s en or en a n
‘

sc en e ss e sc a .

De t e t h t t h w rd
no s w o r d s f ll w i g i t
a f d e o or o o n a re oun

ly i ono rce s d e i g ted

n s IT + d e utes t h t w h t s na . no a a

f l l w i s d d e d b y Ib Tib b t t h ri gi l
o o s a n on o e o na .

I d ic te th t t h e w o rd
n a w r d f ll ow i g e n t
s a or o s o n ar o

f d i th t ex t de i g t e d
oun n e s na .

Wo r ds in m al l t yp e i th H e b re w t ex t
s n e d th e e c l o e d i n b r c ke ts i n , an os n s a

th e E gl i h
n s , gl
a re e s b y Ib T i bb o
os s n n .
T HE O BJEC T OF M A M I O N I D E S WO R K S ’
. TH E C OM M E N TA R Y
ON TH E M IS H N A H . TH E S H E IIION A H PE RA K IM

the l i fet i m e o f M a im o n ide s there w ere m a n y w h o

DU R I N G ,

b i tterly a s s a i led h i m decl a r i n g th a t h i s T al m u d i c a l k n o w led g e ,

w a s fa u lty th a t h i s w r i t i n g s w ere u n Je w i s h th a t he s o u g ht t o
,
-
,

i n tr o d u ce s tr a n g e ele m e n t s i n t o J u d a i s m a n d th a t h e de s i re d ,

h i s w o rk s t o s u per s ede the T a l m u d 1

S o m e o f M a im o n i de s .
’

o p p o n e n t s w ere a n i m a ted by a s p i r i t o f tr u e cr i t i c i s m b u t o the r ,

a tt a ck s m a de u p o n h i m w ere p a rtly d u e t o pers o n a l f eel i n g s o f

e n vy 2 The o pp o s i ti o n c o n ti n u ed fo r a w h i le a f ter M a i m o n i de s
.
’

de a th b u t i t w a s n o t l o n g be fo re the tr u e ch a r a cter o f th i s m a s
,

ter s w o rk s bec a m e u n i v ers ally rec o g n i z ed The feel i n g m i n u s

’
.
,

the p er s o n a l ele m e n t th a t M a im o n i de s w i s hed t o h a v e h i s ,

w o rk s t a ke the p l a ce o f the T a l m u d h a s h o w e v er p er s i s ted , , ,

a t i n g th a t M a im o n i d e s
fi d L 3
t o th i s d a
y T h u s w e n u z z.a t t o s t ,

w r o te h i s M i s h n e h Tora h i n o rder t o d o a w a y w i th the s t u dy

o f the Ba byl o n i a n T a l m u d B eer s u pp o rt i n g the s a m e op i n i o n .
, ,

m a i n t a i n s th a t M a i m o n i de s s a w the d i s a dv a n t a g e s o f the s t u dy
o f the T a l m u d w as a w a re o f the u s ele ss n e s s o f s o m e o f i t s
, -

d 4
p a rt s a n c s dered s exte ded s t dy a w a s te o t m e
o n i , i t n u f i As .

p r o o f o f th is he q u o te s f r o m the i n tro d u ct i o n t o the M i s hn e h

1 M os e s M ai m o ni de s (i n A rab i c , Ibii
‘
r
Im an M fls a i b n M a i m il n i b n
'
'
0b a z d
’

A ll ah ) wa s bor
rch 30 1 1 35 ; i 1 16 5 h cc m p ied h i
n at C ord ov a , Ma ,
n e a o an s

f t h er to
a d th e t A fr i c
le t i e ; i 1 16 6 h rep ired t Egypt d
a an n o Pa s n n e a o , an

s e tt l ed i F t at e r C i r ; h d ied D 1 3 1 204 O t h pr
n us ,
n ci t i
a a o e ec .
,
. n e o nu n a on

o f 1mm Ge iger N ch gel e e S ch r ifte

,
see III M e b M im
, a a ss n n , os s en a o n,

p 70 n t e 1 Grat V I p 26 2 1 C t l B d l 1 86 1 ff A r b L i t 19 9 ff
.
,
o z ,
3
, .
,
n . a a . o .
,
. a .
, .

O h i l i fe
n d w rks
s C t l B dl 1 86 1 ff Grat V I pp 26 1 326 l
an o ,
se e a a . o . z ,
3
,
.
— a so

Y lli e d A b r h m M i m id e (Ph il del ph i

n an 190
a 3 ) I B yd é J E IX
a s, t a on s a a, . ro , , , ar .
,

M e b os s M im tc O th
en pp i t i t M i m ide w rk
a on J w
e .
2 n e o os on o a on s
’
o s , se e e .

L i t pp 8 5 92
.
,
I Kere m He m d III p 6 7
.
-
. Lebe d Wi r ke n d
3 n e , ,
. .
4
n an es

R bb i M e b
a M im (Pr ag e
os s pp 6 1 5 16
en a on u , .
, ,
.

B 1
2 TH E E TH I CS O F M A M ON D I I ES

Tora h the e te n ce I h a v e n am ed th i s w o rk M shn e h

fa m o u s s n ,

Tora h fo r the re a s o n th a t i f a n y o n e h a s re a d the Tora h a n d

the n th i s w o rk he wo u l d k n o w the B ibl i c a l a n d o r a l l a w w i th
,
”
o u t h a v i n g t o re a d a y o ther b o k
‘
l
n o Gre g e r m ai n t a i n s th a t
i .

M a i m o n i de s o bject wa s m erely t o s h o rte n the s tu dy o f the

’

T al m u d .

T here a re th o s e h o w ever w h o t a ke excepti o n t o th is v i e w

, , .

R o s i n s a y s F r o m the very be g i n n i n g the T a l m u d a l o n e w a s

2
,

the o bject o f h i s s t u dy ”
Wo rldly k n o wled g e a n d p h il o s o phy
.

w ere m erely u s ed by M a i m o n i de s a s i n s tr u m e n t s fo r expl a i n i n g

a n d g l o r i fy i n g the d i v i n e te a ch i n g H e c o n s i dered the r a bb i s .

t o be s ec o n d o n ly i n r a n k a n d g re a t n e s s t o the pr o phet s a n d ,

hel d the i r w r i t i n g s i n e qu a lly h i g h e s tee m O n the fa ce o f i t .

,

the q u o t a t i o n c i ted fr o m the M i s hn e h Tora h w o u ld s ee m t o

r v e the a s s ert i o n m a d e a b o ve b u t th i s p ass a g e m a
p o y be i n ,

t e rp re t e d t o p r o ve ex a ctly t h e o p p o s i te ; th a t fa r fr o m be i n g
h i s o bject t o d i s c o u r a g e the s t u dy o f the T a l m u d he w i s he d ,

t o s p re a d i t s k n o wled g e a m o n g th o s e w h o fo r a n y re a s o n w ere
u n a ble t o h a v e a cce s s t o i t o r wh o c o u ld n o t de v o te s u ffic i e n t ,

t i m e t o m a s ter i t It i s a g r o s s i n j u s t i ce o fte n d o n e t o M a i
.

” “
m on i de s s a y s I F ri e d l a e n d e r
, .t o a cc us e h i m o f h a v i n g the ,

i n te n t i o n t o s u pers ede the T a l m u d e n t i rely H e c o n s id .

ered the T a l m u d a s a m o s t worthy o bject o f s t u dy b u t o n ly ,

f o r s ch o l a r s The pe o ple h o wever a re n o t s ch o l a r s a n d ca n

.
, ,

n o t dev o te the w h o le o f l i f e t o le a r n i n g F o r the m a ss o f .

e o ple a l o n e he i n te n ded t o s u p er s ede the T a l m u d by a c o m

p
”
p rehe n s i ve extr a ct f r o m i t Z i e m l i ch fi n ally a s s ert s
. th a t , ,

M a i m o n i de s d i d n o t de s i re t o p u t a n e n d t o the s t u dy o f the
3
,
t i
T al m u d b u t r a ther t o c a s t i n t o s c i e n t i fic fo r m .

A lth o u g h th i s dec i ded d i ffere n ce o f o p i n i o n a s t o M a i m o n i de s

’

a tt i t u de t o wa rd s the T a l m u d s t i ll ex i s t s a ll h o wever a g ree , , ,

1 e b M i m n p 57 ; p 8 3
M os s en 33
a E th i k p 3 0
o ,
. H usa .
,
n . .
2
, .
,
“ Vo n a

an s i der T l m d lle i Ge ge t
se a d e e S t d i m ge w e e
u a n I F ri ed
ns a n s in s u u s s n .
” 3 .

l e der M e M i m
a n , i de
os s i N wE I ll t r ted M g
a on i e Js, ry 1 905
n e ra us a a az n ,
a nua , ,

R epr i t (N w Y rk
n e pp 3 4 35 B er rd Z ie m l ich Pl
o ,
d A l ge d
.
— na , an a n n a es

Mi hsc T r h i M e b
ne o a M im ,
I p 25 9
n los s M F ri e dl a der G i de
en a on, , . se e a so . n , u ,

In tr d pp xix xxi
o .
, .
, .
 IN T R O DU C TI ON 3

th a t h is m a i n o bject w a s t o h a r m o n i z e Je wi s h tr a d i t io n a l bel i e f
l
wi th the c u rre n t A r i s t o tel i a n ph i l o s o phy F o r th i s w o rk .

M a i m o n i de s w a s a d m i r a bly eq u i p ped ; h i s a b il i ty a s a s y s te m a
t i z er w a s m o s t re m a rk a ble a n d n o t o n ly h a d he a p r o f o u n d ,

k n o wled g e o f Je wi s h l a w a n d l o re b u t wa s s o deep a s t u de n t ,

o f p h i l o s o phy a n d the s c i e n ce s th a t h i s w o rk s h a ve s i n ce
exerc i s ed c o n s i der able i n flu e n ce e ve n o u t s i de the d o m a in s o f
Ju d ai s m 2
H i s ch a p ters f o r i n s t a n ce i n the M ore h o n the
.
, ,

M u ta ka lli mu n h a ve bec o m e the m a i n s o u rce fo r the h i s t o ry a n d

k n o w led g e o f the K l m a d 3 .

The m o s t i m p o rt a n t o f h i s w o rk s w h i ch h a v e h a d a p r o fou n d
i n flu e n ce u p o n J u d a i s m a re h i s Comm e n t a ry on th e M s h n a h
H JWD TT the M s h n e h Tora h ( m m mm ) o r Ya d h a
(
H a z a lca h ( npinn a n d the G u i d e f or t h e P e rp l e xe d ( fl ll b
‘

E Dlm) ‘
.

Th e Co mm e n ta ry on t h e M s hn a h M a i m o n i de s fir s t w o rk o f
4 ’
,

i m p o rt a n ce wr i tte n i n A r a b i c wa s be g u n a t the a g e o f t we n ty
5
, ,

1 G i de V l I Pref ce p 1 B eer R a bbi M e b M imo pp 4

M unk , u ,
o .
,
a ,
.
, os s en a n, .

an d 12 A r b L i t pp 203 204 ; R i E th i k p 3 0; Grat V I pp 27 5

a .
,
.
- os n , , . z ,
3
, .
,

30 7 W l ff A c h t C p i t l In t r d p i x M F r i edl
o ,
der G i de I t r d p xxi v
a o ,
o .
, . . an ,
u ,
n o .
, . .

2
J el V h i lt i A l b d Gr M e M i m i de (B re l 1 86 3 ) ; E tw
’

o , er c n ss . . . z u os s a on s s au , as

ii b er d Ei fl en der j ud i h Ph i l p h i e f di ch ri t li ch e S h l ti l
n us s
’

sc en os o au e s c o as t

(F r kel M I X pp 205 21 7 ) J w ki D i E th i k d M
’
an t h s o n a ss c r .
,
t , .
- a ra cz e s , e es , e c .
,

i ZPh K
n XL V I pp 5 24 G tt mr .
, D V h d l t i d Th m
, . Aq i
— u an n ,
_
as er n ss es o as u no

z ur j iid L i ter t r ( G ot t i ge
. D i S h l t i lt d
a u 13 J h h i i h re n n, e c o as es a r . n n

B e ie h z ge jii d L i t t
un t (B re l
n z ur D K fm n . D F uh rer era u r s au , . au a n, er

M im a i i der W l t l tt
un
’
ts A G Ph X I p 3 3 5 ff
n R i c h t er Ge ch i ch te der
e i e ra u r, .
, , .
, s

ch i t li ch e Ph i l p h i e V l I p 6 10 ff ; U b w g H i t f Ph i l
r s n oso ,
o .
, . . e er e ,
s . o .

V l I p 4 28 ; Web er H i t f Ph i l
o .
, . p 210 2 J c b G t tm ,
D s . o . .
,
n . a o u an n , er

E i fl n der m i m i d i h Ph i l p h i e f d ch ri tli ch e A b e dl d i M e
uss a on sc en oso au as s n an ,
n os s

b en M im I pp 1 3 5 230; Ph i lip B l ch Ch l t i t il
a o n, , . d I h lt g be
— o ,
a ra c er s c un n a sa n a

d es M re h N b h i m i b p 4 1
o 1 e M k M él g e
uc p 3 23 H U b
,
.
,
.
,
n . .
3 un , an s, . .
,

p 4 15 ; M G t t m
. D li gi
.
p h i l S y te m der M t k l l i m
u an n , ch as re o ns . s u a a un na

d B eri ch t M i m
.
( Le i p ieg D aK f m onp c i t pp 339 3 4 0 z ,
. au ann ,
o . .
, .
— .

4 Th A r b i c t i t l e i i m am
e a ( n DD B k f Ill m i s ti ) wh i ch ns n: ai s n
‘
I , oo o u na on , ,

h w ever
o S te i s c h e ider (A r b L i t p 20
,
as 0) d Ge ig er (M e b
n n M im a . .
, . an os s en a on ,

p 82 3 1 ) m i t i h rdly ri gi t ed wi t h M im i de
.
, n . a n a n, M w r t e ll f a o na a on s .
5 . o a o

hi w rks wi t h t h except i
s o ,
f th M i h h T r h de m b er f le tt r on o e s ne o a an a nu o e s,

i A b i c b t w it h H eb re w ch r c t er
n ra ,
u A r b ic w th l g ge ed b y a a s, as a as e an ua us

t h Je w l i vi g
e der I l m O h i b ject i t h vi g t h M h c p i ed i
s n un s a . n s o on o a n e arc o n

o t h er th an H e b re w c h r c t er M k N ti ce J ep h b n J h a a d (P ris s , se e un , o s ur os e e ou a a ,
4 TH E E TH ICS O F M A Ih ION ID ES

three i n S p a i n a n d w a s c o m pleted a t the a g e o f th i rty , .

three 1 a f ter he h a d t a ke n u p h i s re s i de n ce i n E ypt

g .

In th i s T a l m u d i c w o rk o f h i s e a rly m a n h o o d M a i m o n i de s ,

s c a rcely h a d a p redece s s o r 2
Th o u gh o n e o f h i s e a rl i e s t w o rk s .
,

a n d i n s p i te o f the d i ffi c u lt i e s i n w r i t i n g i t d u r i n g ye a r s o f

w a n der i n g a n d s eek i n g a s ec u re h o m e w i th n o b o o k s a c ce s s i ble , ,

the Comm e n ta ry i s a m a rvel o f l u c i d i ty m a s terf u l k n o w ledg e , ,

a n d c o m prehe n s i ve n e s s G r at z a ttri b u te s i t s ex is te n ce t o the

'

“
a u th o r s s tr i v i n g f o r cle a rn e s s m eth o d a n d s y m m etr y
’ ” 2 3
, , .

The fa ct th a t i t i s s o o fte n re ferred t o i n h is l a ter w ri ti n g s

te s ti fie s th a t a t a v ery e a rly d a te M a im o n i de s h a d o u tl i n ed
f o r h i m s el f a th o r o u g h ph i l o s o ph i c al s y s te m a n d a l i ter a ry
s che m e f r o m w h i c h he s u b s eq u e n tly dev i a ted o n ly l
s g i htly 3 .

M o s t o f the the o ri e s a n d pr i n c i ple s e s t a bl i s hed i n the Com

m e n ta ry w ere ret a i n ed in the M s h ne h Tora h 4 .

p . 27 , r b i c l g ge f M im ide d h is t yl e
n . 1 . On th e A a an ua o a on s an s ,
se e

I F i d l d Sp r ch ge b r ch d M i m i de (F k f t M
. r e ae n e r, a I tr au es a on s ra n ur a . .
, n o

d c ti
u d by th
on an me th r i M e b M i m I t h r t i cl e D i
e sa au o ,
n os s en a on, , e a s, e a ra

b i c h e S p r ch e d
s M i m id e pp 4 21 4 28
a es d D S ti l d
a M i m i de pp
on s, .
—
,
an er es a on s, .

4 29 4 3 8 — l h i h r t cc t i S electi f r m th A r bi c W i ti g f
a so s s o a ou n n o ns o e a r n s o

M i m i de ( S e m i t i c S t dy S er i e
a on s N XII edi t ed b y G t t h il d J tr w
u s, o. , o e an as o ,

Le ide n, I t r d pp xi xx iii n o .
, . v— .

S 1 i fr ee p 10 1 n Ge iger M e b M i m p 59 H rk vy i
a, .
, n . .
2
, os s en a on , . a a ,
n

H e b re w ed f Gr t I V Ap p e d ix p 5 2
. o Gr t V I " pp 26 6 d 274
a z , , n , . .
2‘ a z , , . an .

3 I t h M re h wh i c h ppe red t l e t t we t y fi
n e o , ye r ft er t h C m a tha a as n - ve a s a e o . on e

M i h a h t h ere
s n ,
t w elve m re refere ce t t h l t t er f r f wh i ch
a re or t o n s o e a ,
ou o a re o

th P e l im e ra r S M re h I 3 9 III 3 5 (t wi ce ) 4 8
. ee S c h eyer i D
o p y h l
, , , ,
.
,
n as s c o o

g is k e S y t e m d
e M i m i de (F r k f rt
s es M a wh i ch h de ig te d
on s an u a . .
, e s na

as a n i tr d cti n t t h M re h dr w l rg ely fr m t h P
o u on o l im e d c t tl y
o ,
a s a o e e ra t , an ons a n

refer t t h e m i t h te S e pec i ll y C h p I II d IV M k i t h
s o n e no s . ee s a a s .
, ,
an . un ,
n e

no te i h i G i de refer a
s n s m b er f t i m e t t h M i h C m m
u , y f th e e
s nu o s o e s . o .
,
an o s

b e i g to t h P
n lpi m I V l I p 21 0
e e ra 1 h q te t l e gt h f r m Per
. n o .
, .
,
n .
,
e uo s a n o a

h im I th r t i l fac lt y d p 23 2 1 fr m P l i m V III t h t
on e a o na u ,
an on .
, n .
,
o e ra c on e a

t r ib t e uf G d s o Ot h er re fere ce
o f d i V l I p 1 25
. 2 to P lgi m n s are ou n n o .
,
.
,
n .
, e ra

II (th cl e ifi c t i f th
ass vi rt e ) p 28 6 3 t Per ki m V III (m ir cl e )
a on o e u s .
,
n .
,
o a a s

p 3 5 5 1 t P lt i m I (t h f c l t ie ) p 4 00 2 t P l i m I (th t h e ry
.
,
n .
,
o e ra e a u s .
,
n .
, o e ra r e o

o f i m gi ti
a f t h M t k ll i m
na on o ) tc Z ieml ich Pl
e d A l ge d
u a a un e .
4
, an a n n a es

Mi h sc Th r
ne i M e b M im
o a, I p 3 05 D i im M K fe t g e t el l t e
n os s en a o n, , .
, e . . s s n

R e l t t e h t er
su a m gr e Teil e i d M T fge m m e
a z u Se e
oss l n n en . . au no n .
”
a so

au t h ri t i e
o c it ed b y Z i em l ich O t h c t r di c t i
s f th Mi h h C m . n e on a ons o e s na o

m t ry d th M i h h T r h D b g i Z J b l h if t (Berl i
’
en a an e s ne o a ,
se e e re n our ,
n un z s u e sc r n,

Di U b t e g d M i h h C mm t
e e rs e z u n d s M i m o n i de en es sc na o e n a rs e a s.
 6 TH E ETHIC S OF M A IM ON I D E S

C h a pters ) , S am u el i b n Ti bb o n wh o w a s a t w o rk o n the tr a n s ,

l a ti o n o f the M o r e h w a s e m i n e n tly fitted , The S h e m on a h .

P e ra lcim h a v e a l w a y s bee n w i dely re a d a m o n g the Je w s a n d

s t u de n t s o f the ph i l o s o phy o f M a i m o n i de s o n a cc o u n t o f the i r

s i m pl i c i ty o f s tyle a n d s u bject m a tter a n d n o le ss o n a cc o u n t ,

o f the i r a cce s s i b i l i ty be i n g f o u n d i n a l l ed i t i o n s o f the M s h n a h

,

a n d Ta l m u d
1
th a t c o n t a i n M a i m o n i de s c o m m e n t a ry i n a n u m ’
,

ber o f Jll a h z ori m e s pec i a lly o f the R o m a n a n d G reek r i tu a l

2
, ,

3
a n d a l s o i n v a r i o u s s ep a r a te ed i t i o n s The i r p o p u l a r i ty i s .

ev i de n ced by the fa ct th a t they h a ve bee n tr a n s l a ted i n t o L a t i n ,

F re n ch D u tch E g l s h a d m y t e s i n t o G er m a n
,
n i n, a n i m ,
4
.

A n ex a m i n a t i o n h o w ev er o f the H ebre w text o f the Pe ra lci m

, ,

i n the ed i ti o n s o f the M s h n a h a n d the Ta l m u d i n the M a h z o r i m , ,

a n d the m a n y s e p a r a te p u bl i c a t i o n s a t o n ce s h o w s th a t n o t w o ,

a gree a n d th a t e a ch i s i n m a n y i n s t a n ce s i n a c o rr u pt s t a te
, A .

li ke ex a m in a t i o n o f the m a n u s cr i pt s o u rce s be a r s the s a m e re s u lt .

A g a i n i f a n y i n d i v i d u a l text ev e n th a t o f the be s t m a n u s cr i pt
, , ,

be pl a ced be s i de the o r i g i n a l A r a b i c i n Po c o c k e s P orta M os i s 5 ’

o r Wo l ff s A ch t Cap i te l o n e w o u ld fi n d m a n y d i ver g e n ce s
’
, It .

m ay be s a f ely s t a ted th a t there i s n o t i n ex i s te n ce t o d a y i n a n y -

,

f o r m a text o f the S h e m on a h P e r a lt i m w h i ch i n i t s e n t i rety i s a

,

f a i th fu l repr o d u ct i o n o f the v ers i o n o f Ib n T i b b o n By a s elect .

i v e pr o ce s s b a s ed o n a c o ll a t i o n o f the be s t text s wi th the A r a b i c ,

a s a c o n s t a n t g u i de i t i s p o ss i ble h o w ev er t o rec o n s tr u ct the

, , ,

S h e m on a h P e ra lci m s o th a t a l m o s t e very c o rr up t re a d i n g c a n be
,

rect i fied The p u rp o s e o f th i s w o rk i s t o re s t o re a n d el u c i d a te

.

l i n g u i s t i c a lly the text o f Ib n Ti bb o n a s fa r a s p o ss i ble a n d by ,

a tr a n s l a t i o n m a ke i t a cce s s i ble t o re a ders o f E n g l i s h .

A s th i s i s m a i n ly a text u a l w o rk i t s a i m i s n o t t o tre a t w i th ,

an
y de g ree o f det a i l M a i m o n i de s eth i c s i t s s o u rce s Je w i s h o r
’
, ,

G reek a n d i t s p l a ce i n Je wi s h ph i l o s o phy a l l o f wh i ch h as
, ,

bee n a d m i ra bly d o n e by Ro s i n in h i s E thi k Bu t i n o rder t o .

,

o bt a i n a m o re c o m p lete k n o w led g e o f the P e ra ci m a n d the

l
the o r i e s l a i d d o wn there i n the ed i t o r dee m s i t w ell t o m e n t i o n
,

a n d de s cr i be M a i m o n i de s o ther eth i c a l w r i t i n g s the pl a ce o f

’
,

1 See pp . 25 an d 31 .
2
See pp . 24—25 , 29—3 0, and 31 .
3 See pp . 31 a nd 32
.

4 See pp . 3 2 a nd 33 .
5 S ee p . 27 .
 IN T R O DU C TI O N 7

eth i c s i n h i s p h i l o s o ph i c a l s y s te m , a n d w h a t e th i c s m e a n t t o
h im . T he n a m e a n d the d a te o f the o r i g i n a l c o m p o s i ti o n o f
the Pe ra lt i m a s w ell a s th a t o f i t s tr a n s l a ti o n by Ib n T i bb o n
, ,

w i ll be d i s c u s s ed The rel a t i o n o f the P e r a ki m t o M a i m o n i

.

’
d e s o ther wo rk s w i ll be t a ke n u p fo ll o w ed by a c h a ra c t e ri z a ,

t i o n a n d s u m m a ry o f the i r c o n te n t s A br i e f a cc o u n t o f the .

s tyle a n d ch a r a cter o f Ib n T i bb o n s tr a n s l a t i o n s i n g e n er a l
’
,

a n d as p o rtr a yed i n the P e ra ki m w i ll a l s o be g i ve n There i s , .

a l s o i n cl u ded a l i s t o f m a n us cr i pt s ed i t i o n s c o m m e n t a r i e s a n d , , ,

tr a n s l a t i o n s .

II
A . M A I M O N ID E S
’
E T H I C A L WR I T I N G S D E F I N ITI O N OF
E THIC S
TH E w o rk s i n w h i ch M a i m o n i de s p re s e n t s h i s ethi c a l te a ch
in g s a re a s f o ll o ws
I . Com m e n ta ry on th e Z
lIi s h n a h 1
( 7! l 7! in m an y

p l a ce s , b ut e s pec i a lly in
a . G e n era l In t ro d u cti on to the M s hn a h Com m e n ta ry
( 77
71312 3 7! ww n ”1 1
11 2
3
2
;
b . In trod u ct i o n to S a n h e d r i n , C h a pter X 5
( P1 P H ) ;
D 8

c . In trod u cti on t o A bot ( ma s ”THE o r P

D fi b 7 315 2
2 0 4 ‘
1

5
d . Comm e n ta ry on A bo t .

D “
II . B ook o f C o mm a n d m e n ts
( 7113 5 3 RE ) i n v a ri o u s pl a ce s .

1
See Ca t a l . B od l .
,
1 8 53 ; A r ab . L it .
,
p . 200 ff .
, an d Gra t z VI p 273 ff ,
3
, . .

2 Ge er l ly b t i c rrec t l y m ed a m “ 05 m p
n a ,
u n o i P k P rt M i
,
na c n n, a s n oc o c e, o a os s ,

wh i ch c t i th A r b ic t ext w it h L t i t r l t i
on a ns e A r b i c wi t h L t i
a a n ans a on .
3 a a n

tr l t i i P rt M i A r b i c w it h H e b re w t r l t i J H l er Z
a ns a on n o a os s . a a ns a on , . o z ,
ur

Ge ch ich te der D gm l h i der jiid P l igi p h i l p h i d M ittel lt er

s o en e re n . e o ns os o e es a s .

M e M im i
os E i le i t
a g un Ch l l (B erl i
’
s E gl i h t r
n unl ti b y z u e cc n, n s an s a on

J A b el
. J QR l XXIX p 28 ff
s on , Th A r b i c t ex t w i t h
, vo . te h b ee
,
. . e a no s as n

rece tl y ed it ed b y I F i dl d i S lec ti f r m th A r bi c Wri t i g f

n . r e ae n er n e ons o e a n s o

M ai m i de pp 1—3 9 on s, S C t l P d l 1 8 90 9 1
. . A r b L i t p 27 3
4 ee a a . o .
,
- .
5 a . .
, .
,

n .1 A r b ic t ext b y B
. a th B rl i 19 05 ; Ger t r l ti i R wi c
ane ,
e n, . an s a on n a z ,

C mm t o d M en ar d Sp ii h
es der Vii t r eu Wri t t e b y M t
en r c en o
6 n . o

s erve i tr d ct i
as a n t th n M i h h T r h ; it c ta i
o u on th e m er t i n
o e s ne o a on ns e nu a o

a n d cl ific t i f t h 6 1 3 precep t
as s a f th L w
on o S Gr t V I p 29 1 F
e s o e a . ee a z ,
3
,
. . or

a p rt f t h A r b i c t ext with t h H eb re w t r l ti f S h el m h b J eph

a o e a e an s a on o o o en os

i b A yy b
n d Germ u t ra l t i
,
an w i th t e M Per it an D s B ch d r
ns a on no s , se e . z , a u e
8 TH E E TH I CS OF M A M I ON I D E S

II I M IS E N E R 0- 1 1 80
( m m mm )
l
. To r u n ( 1 1 7 ) , s c a ttere d
re fere n ce s b u t e s pec i a lly i n ,

B ook of K n owle dg e (mm fi BD) i n the Tre a ti s e on B e l i efs

( 1119 7 a n d i n the Tre a ti s e on R ep e n ta n ce (T63 57!

IV . M ORE H N E B UK IM ( W5 I3 ) m ums i n m an y pl a ce s , b ut
e s pec i a lly Pa rt III C h ap ter s 5 1—5 4 , .

V S c a ttered re fere n ce s i n h is m i n o r w o rk s a s
.
,

a .
“
Te rm in o logy of L og i c ( ll Jflfl man)
‘ ‘

b Tre a ti s e on t h e Un i ty of G o d
.
5
m an)
0 V a ri o u s R e sp on s a ( 1113 12711 ) L e tte rs (mu s ) a n d
.

M e d i a l Ap h r m (
c o i s s m m ‘
P fi
fi b ’

In h i s Te rm i n ol gy of L og i c
o 7 M a i m o n i de s d i v i de s
ph il o s o phy i n t o t w o d i v i s i o n s : the o ret i c a l
a n d pra ct i c a l p h i l o s o phy ( n w
i
sm T he l a tter
he a l s o ter m s h u m a n p h il o s o phy (mn us i
or
“
p o l i t
i c a l s c i e n ce m arm) U n der the o reti c al ph il o s o p hy
-
.

he g r o u p s m a the m a t i c s p hy si c s a n d m et a phy s i c s U n der p ra c , , .

t i c a l ph i l o s o phy a re fo u n d eth i c s (W75 3 m un mai n) h o u s e ,

h o ld ec o n o m y (WDTI mai n) the s c i e n ce o f o v e rn m e n t (mm: '

,

a n d p o l i t i c s i n i t s br o a de s t s e n s e ( H 11 37! nms n mm m
mms n IN) .

Ge et e Th eil I (Bre l 1 881) th e A r b ic t ext w p b l i h ed b y M e Bl ch

s z , s au , a as u s o rs o ,

P ri 18 8 8
a s, S H U b p 9 26 J w L i t p 7 1
. ee d i M e b M im . I, . e . .
, . an n os s en a on , ,

a rt icle b y M rit Perit D B ch d Ge et e ch ei er A l ge d e i m

s o z z , as u er s z ,
na s n n a un s ne

I h l te
n ter
a ch t d b y F erdi d R e th al D i K ri tilc d M i m id i h
un su ,
an n an os n , e es a on sc en
4‘
B ch e l r Ge et e
u d rch N h ma id
s ce s z u ac n es .

C t l B d l 186 9 ff Grat V I p 285 ff Z i em lich Pl

1
a a . o .
, d A l ge d . z ,
3
,
. .
, an a n n a es

Mi h sc Th r i M e be M i m
ne o a,I pp 248 3 18 n Ib pp 273 27 8 os s n a o n, ,
.
-
.
9 .
, .
, ,

28 1 283 -
F l i t er t re de crip ti
.
3 d c ort e ts f th M h H Ub
a u , s on , an on n o e a rc , see .
,

pp 4 1 4 4 34 Gr t V I p 306 ff ; M F riedl a der G i de I t r d B l c h Gi

.
- a z ,
3
, . . . n , u , n o . o , za

ra kt i t i k d I h lt
er s g be d M re h N b h i m i M e b
un n a M im sanI a es o e uc , n os s en a on , ,

pp 1 5 2. H U b pp 434—4 36
— . H e b re w b y M e i b
4 Ti b b . i , m y . . os s n on n an

ed i ti H U b pp 43 6 4 3 7
on s .
5C i t f A r b i c excerp t fr m th
.
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— .
6 on s s s o a s o e

wr it i g of G al e n d th er p h y i c i
s H e b re w b y N t
n an h M e t i ed it ed i
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n

Le m b erg 1800 1 834 3 5 d i Wi l 18 88 S J w L i t p 19 5 ; H U b pp

, ,
—
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an n na, . ee e . .
,
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,
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7 6 5 7 6 7 A r b L i t pp 21 4 21 5 R i
—
a E th i l p 3 2
. 6. P ge ] M i m
,
i l .
-
os n , c, .
,
n . a , a un a s

m edi i i ch er S ch rif t teller i M e b

z n s M im I pp 23 2 238 C h pt er
s ,
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7 a

XI V I th e i t r d cti on t o S h edri n C h p X ( P h H l lg) M pe ks

.
3 n n o u an ,
a . e rc e e , . s a

o f N‘DIDI5’DH
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 IN T R O DU C T I ON 9

E thi c s , the s c i e n ce o f s el f g u i d a n ce c o n s i s ts o n the o n e

or -
, ,

h an d i n a cqu i r i n g f o r o n e s s el f n o ble s o u l q u a l i ti e s o r ch a r a c
,
’
-

t e ri s t i c s ( 11 11 3 3 11 a n d o n the o ther h a n d o f a v o i d i n g , ,

ev i l qu a l i ti e s (11 111 111 3 11 The s e q u a l i t i e s w hether g o o d ,

o r b a d a re c a lled s ta t e s o r c on d i ti on s
, a n d w he n a c q u i red

e a ch i s k n o w n a s a p rop e rty ( P JP ) N o ble q u a l i t i e s a r e c a lled .

vi rt u e s ( 1
1 11 f
3 fl w hi le the vi ce s a re ter m ed
1111 3 3 The v i rtu e s c a u s e go o d deed s ( 11 13 113 1
. the 1

v i c e s b a d o n e s (9 1 1
, E th i c s i s the s c i e n ce o f v i rt u e s
o r o f g o o d deed s
1 .

B . N AM E D A T E DE S C RI PT I O N A N D C O N T E N T S
, , , OF TH E
S H E h ION A H P E R A K IM

S h e m on a h P era lcim , i n M a i m o n i de s
’
The s y s te m c o m e , , cc o rd
a

i n gl y, der the he a d o f e t h i c s (11273 3 3 1 5211

un w h i ch i n
t u rn i s a bra n ch o f pr a cti c a l ph i l o s o phy ( n WS Dfl ‘ ‘

They a re d i v i de d i n t o e i g ht ch a pter s f r o m w h i ch fa ct the n a m e ,

i s deri v ed Th is d i v is i o n u n d o u btedly g o e s b a ck t o M a i m o n i
.

d e s h im s el f wh o i n h i s s h o rt i n tr o d u ct i o n t o the Pe ra lci m s a y s
, , ,

“ a n d they a re e i g ht ch a pter s ” 2 The A r a b i c e q u i v a le n t i s .

Th a ma n i a t F u s i t l w h i ch Wo l fi u s e s a s a t i tle f o r h i s e di ti o n o f
'

the A r a b i c te xt It s ee m s h o w ever th a t n e i ther o f the s e ti tle s

.
, ,

o r i g i n a ted w i th M a i m o n i de s f o r i n M or e h I I I 35 i n re ferr i n g , , , .
,

t o the P er a lci m he c a ll s the m the Prefa ce to A bot ,

3 Whether .

Ib n T i b b o n u s ed the t i tle S h e m o n a h P e ra h i m i t i s d i ffic u lt t o ,

4
as cert a i n The s im pl ic i ty o f the t i tle h a s fo rt u n a tely bee n the
.

c a u s e o f a v o i d in g c o n fu s i o n a s t o i t s ex a ct m e a n i n g wh i ch is ,

n o t the c a s e w i th the t i tle M o re h N e bu ki m

5
.

1 R os i n , E th i k, p . 3 7, D ie E th ik is t a l s o na ch M d ie . Leh re vo n d e n T ug en
den und d e n gu t n H a n l u n g n e d
e re w t ext p 7 e .
” 2 nn mv am . See H b , . .

3 n u s p 3 4
mu m : A r m a n 1 1 3 See th A r b i c t i t le f t h C m
. . .
, n .
,
on e a o e o . on

th eM i h h (i m ) fs wh ich M i pr b b ly l
ne s t re p ,
i b le I h is
or . s o a a so no s on s .
4 n

Pref ce t t h t ra l t i
a f th
o C mm t y A b t I T refer t t h e m
e ns a on o e o e n ar on o , . . s o as

m r m nmp m nu mm S p 22 1 n ar O th ppr pr i t e e o f m m
n
-
. ee .
, n. .
5 n e a o a n ss

a t r an l t i A r b ic t i t l e D ld l t l H d i i (m b 5 5 6
’
cu m as of t h . s a on e a a a c r n i
sn s 1

see H Ub p 4 18 M im i de h i m elf w f t h pi i t h t n nm m h m m
.
, . . a on s s as o e o n on a i

w l d b prefer b l e S
ou e l K fm A ttr i b p 3 6 3
a d. l ; d e pe
ee a so au an n , .
,
.
, an n . an s

i lly M
c a k G i de N te un l Ti tre de ce t O r ge
, u t b e gi
, i g f V l I;
o s ur s ut a , a nn n o o .

a d II pp 37 9 38 0
n , .
- .
10 TH E ETHI C S OF M A I M ON I D E S

The d a te o f c o m p o s i ti o n o f the P e ra lci m c a nn o t be a cc u ra tel y

determ i n ed All th a t ca n be s a i d i s t h a t i t wa s w ri tte n s o m e
.

ti m e bet w ee n 1 1 5 8 a n d 1 1 6 5 a l o n g wi th the re s t o f the c o m ,

m e n t a ry o n the M sh n a h w h i ch w a s m a de p u bl i c i n ,

A s t o the tr a n s l a t i o n the o n ly s o u rce o f i n f o rm a t i o n re g a rd i n g ,

i t s d a te i s the m a n u s cr ip t Pa rm a R 4 3 8 6
w h i ch i n a n o te .
,

s t a te s th a t the Comm e n ta ry on Abot w a s tr a n s l a ted by S a m u el

i b n Ti b b o n i n Te be t 9 6 3 w h i ch i s the ye a r ,

A lth o u g h w ri tte n o ri g in a lly a s a n i n tr o d u ct i o n t o the c o m

m e n t a ry o n the Pi rlce A bot f o r the p u rp o s e o f expl a i n i n g i n ,

a d v a n ce pr o ble m s th a t M a i m o n i de s br i n g s u p i n the c o u r s e o f

h i s c o m m e n t a ry t h e P e ra ki m f o r m i n the m s elve s a c o m p lete

'

s y s te m o f p s ych o l o g y
3 4
a n d eth i c s s o m u ch s o th a t R o s i n i n , ,

w r i t i n g o n th i s ph a s e o f M a i m on i de s a ct i v i ty u s e s the m a s a
’
,

b a s i s o f h i s d i s c u ss i o n i n the fir s t h a l f o f h i s E thik i n w h i ch ,

he t a ke s u p M a i m on i de s g e n er a l eth i c s They d o n o t h o w ever ’

.
, ,

f o r m a n exh a u s t i ve tre a t m e n t o f th i s s u bject a s M a i m o n i de s ,

cc rd i g t
1 A p ts cri pt t th C mm e t y th M i h h wri tt e b y
o n o a os o e o n ar on e s na n

M im i de h b eg
a on t w rk s,it t th eg f t w e t y t h ree an d o o on a e a e o n -
an

fi i h ed it t t h g f th i rt y i t h ye r 14 79 f t h S el e c id i
n s a e a e wh i ch
o ,
n e a o e u a n e ra ,

i t h ye r 1 16 8 wh e
s e h wever M im
a i de w t h i rt y t h ree ye r
,
f g
n, d o ,
a on s as -
a s o a e an

no t t h i rt y M im ide c l d t h ve m de m i t k e i h i w g
. a on s ou no a a a s a n s o n a e .

Geiger expl i t h d iffi c lt y b y t ti g t h t M i m ide m t h ve writ t e

a ns e u s a n a a on s us a n

t h p ts cr ip t wh il e h w
e os i t h M gh re b i 1 16 5 wh e t h C m m e t ry w
e as n e a n , n e o n a as

pr ct ic l ly fi i h ed Th w rd 0m m d m w? 3 1 In
a a n s . w ere h w e o s : an an
'
71 3 ?) Ni n a
? , o

ever dded t h ree ye r l t er ft er revi i h d b een m de Th w rd

, a a s a a a s on a a . e o s

m s 1 th r gh ver igh t w ere ll wed t re m i

: ou S Ge iger N ch
an o s a o o a n . ee , a

gel e e S ch r ifte III p 8 7 d f t e 4 1 ; d Gr t V I p 273 3

a ss n n, ,
.
, en o no an a z ,
3
,
.
, n . .

R i os n , E th i k p 3 0 3 y t h p t cr ip t h ld re d wh n h
,
.
, n Cf .
, sa s e os s s ou a e a rc ?) .

Ja ra c z ew ki ZPh K X L V I p 23
s , 3 S p ge 28 f de cri pt i f
r .
, , .
,
n. .
2
ee a or s on o

th em cript d t h
a nus t e re f erred t J w k i (Ib i d
an p 22) t t e e no o . ara c z e s .
, . s a s

t h t I T tr
a l t ed ft er t h
. . de t h o f M
an s a S ch eyer P ych l S y t d a e a .
8
, s o . s . .

M im p
a 9 1 y
,
“
D i e e S c h r i ft d
.
,
n M i t e i e e t h i ch p yc h l gi c h e
.
,
sa s, s es . s n s -
s o o s

Abh dl g S t ei ch e ider de crib e t h P lpi m “ th celeb r t ed eigh t

an un .
”
ns n s s e e ra as e a

ch pt er
a p ych l gy (J w L i t p
s on s F r i edl a der G ui d e
o o I ”
e . .
,
. n , n

t r d p xx t y l e t h e m ep r t e p yc h l gic l t re t i e Th D tc h t r ”
o .
, .
, s s a s a a s o o a a s . e u ans

l ti
a 1 84 5 (
on , i fr p h b t it le M i m
se e i de P ych l g i e
n a, S l . as a s u -
, a on s s o o . e e a so

Y ll i
e d Ab r h m M im
n an id p 77 R i
a E th i k p 3 3 de cr ib e t h
a s, a on es , . .
4 os n , ,
.
,
s s e

hi m i ge er l A b ri der ll gem e i e E th ik d C h p ter I ”

P e ra
'
n n a as a n d ss a n n , an a s an

II as d i p ych l gi c h e Gr e dl ge der E t h ik im A llgem ei e d B e dere

s o o s un a n n un son n.
”

W lff A ch t C p i tel I tr d p xii c ll t h e m

o , a S y t e m der E t h i k
,
n o .
, .
, a s a s .
”
 IN T R O DU CT I O N 11

h im s el f s t a te s b u t , re f ere n ce here a n d there t o s o m e

w i th a

o ther o f h i s w o rk s m ay be e as ily m a de t o d o s o 1
The M i s h .

n a h Com m e n ta ry a s a w h o le w a s w r i tte n f o r th o s e w h o w ere

u n a ble o r n o t d i s p o s ed t o s t u dy the T a l m u d a n d f o r th o s e wh o ,

w ere t o fa c i l i t a te i t s s t u dy
, It s p h i l o s o ph i c a l a n d p s ych o
.

l o g i c a l p a rts w ere i n te n ded f o r th o s e w h o th o u g h they h a d ,

a k n o wled g e o f the T a l m u d w ere u n a cq u a i n ted w i th ph i l o

,

s o ph i c a l pr o ble m s o r w ere u n a ble t o h a rm o n i z e the m w i th

,

Je wi s h th o u g ht The P e ra lci m c o n s eq u e n tly be i n g i n te n ded

.
, ,

fo r re a ders n o t n ece ss a ri ly ver s ed i n ph i l o s o phy a n d s o m e n o t ,

be i n g d eep s t u de n ts o f the T a l m u d a v o i d al l i n tr i c a te ph il o ,

s o ph i c a l a n d T a l m u d i c a l d is c u ss i o n s F o r s t u de n t s v ers ed .

b o th i n the T a l m u d a n d i n p h il o s o phy M a i m o n i d e s w r o te h i s ,

M or e h N e bu kim the o bject o f w h i ch w a s t o bri n g i n t o h a rm o n y

,

T a l m u d i c a l J u d a is m a n d p eri p a tet i c p h i l o s o phy a s de vel o ped

a m o n g the A ra b s Th u s the M s hn a h Com m e n ta ry i n w h i ch
.
, ,

the r a bb i n i c a l a n d the ph il o s o ph i c a l ele m e n t s a re s u cce s s fu lly

h a r m o n i z ed a n d ble n ded le a d s the way t o M a im o n i de s m a s ter
,
’

p i ece the, M ore h The P. era lci m the n m a

y be l o o ked u p o n as
, ,

a n i n tr o d u ct i o n t o M a i m o n i de a n ph il o s o phy a n d m a y be p ro fi t ,

a bly s t u di ed by the s t u de n t be f o re he a tt a ck s the p r o ble m s

c o n ta i n ed i n the M ore h They m a y be br i e fly d e s cr i bed a s a

.

tre a ti s e o n the s o u l i t s ch a ra cteri s t i c s a n d p o w er s a n d the ir

, ,

e m pl o y m e n t t o w a rd s the g o a l o f m o r a l per f ect i o n 2 .

C h a pter I i s p s y ch o l o g i c a l i n ch a r a c ter It de a l s w i th m o r a l .

l if e t h e s o u rce s o f w h ic h re s i de i n the s o ul
, an d its
p o w ers The s o u l i s a u n i t h a v i n g v a ri o u s a cti vi tie s
( 11 13 19 3 ) c a lled
p o we r s a n d a t t i m e s p a rts

M ed i c a l a u th o r s s pe a k h o w e ver o f m a n y s o u l s a s fo r i n s t a n ce
, , , , ,

H i pp o cr a te s w h o s a y s there a re three s o u l s — the phy s i c a l

, ,

the v i t a l a n d the p s ych i c a l The

i m pr o ve m e n t o f m o r a l s (11 11 3 1 113 11 ) i s the c u re o f the s o u l
a n d it s
p o w er s There . f o re j u s t a s the phy s i c i a n m u s t k n o w
,

a b o u t the b o dy a s a w h o le a s w ell a s i t s i n d i v i d u a l p a rt s s o ,

m u s t the m o r a l phy s i c i a n k n o w o f the s o u l a n d a ll i t s p o w ers

1 r Ch pt er I p 4 5 C h pt er V p
S e e i nf a, a ,
. a , . 74 C h a pt er VII p , . 83 Ch apt er
V III p 100 , S Gr t V I p 27 5
. .
2 ee a z ,
3
,
. .
12 TH E E THI C S OF M A M I ON I D E S

or
pa r ts . There a re fiv e p a rt s t o the h u m a n s o u l : ( 1
) the
n u tr i t i v e 2
( ) the p er c ept i v e ( 3 ) the i m a g i
n a t i ve
(4 ) the a ppeti t i v e a n d ( 5 ) the

ra ti o n a l O ther be i n g s a re s p o ke n o f a s h a v i n g the s e
p o w er s b u t they a re e s s e n ti ally d i ffere n t f r o m th o s e o f m a n
, ,

w h o s e s o u l a s the be a rer o f h u m a n p r o pert i e s i s n o t the s a m e

, ,

a s th a t o f o ther cre a t u re s a s the h o r s e the a ss o r the e a g le

, , , .

The n u tr i t i ve p a rt o f the s o u l h a s s e ve n p o w er s o r pro per ,

t ie s : ( 1 ) the p o w er o f a ttr a ct i o n ( 2) the p o w er o f

rete n ti o n ( P 1 113 11 ) ; ( 3) the p o w er o f d i g e s t i o n
4
( ) the p o w er o f repell i n g s n e rfi n i t i e s
p ( 1
1 11 11 13 3
( 5 ) the p o w er o f g r o w th ( 6 ) the p o wer o f p ro p a
g a t i o n ( 1 3 11 3
1 an d (7
) the p o w er o f d i ff ere n t i a t i o n

bet w ee n the n u tr i t i v e h u m o r s (11111 3) a n d th o s e t o be repelled

1
.

The p e rcep ti ve p a rt c o n s i s ts o f the fi v e s e n s e s s ee i n g ,

he a r i n g s m ell i n g t a s ti n g a n d f eel i n g

The i m ag in a ti ve p a rt i s th e p o w er o f ret a i n i n g i m p re ss io n s
o f o bjects ev e n w he n they d o n o t ercept i bly a ffect the s e n s e s
p ,

a n d o f c o m b i n i n g t he m i n d i ffere n t w a y s s o th a t the i m a g i n a
,

t i o n c o n s tr u ct s o u t o f o r i g i n a lly re a l th i n g s th o s e th a t n ever
h a v e n o r c a n ex i s t The M u ta h a l li mu n o v erl o o k th i s tr u th a s
.

re g a rd s the i m a g i n a t i o n w h i ch they m a ke the c o r n er —s t o n e o f

,

the i r ph i l o s o ph i c a l s y s te m .

The ap p e ti ti ve p a r t i s the p o w er t o l o n g fo r a th i n g o r t o
s hu n i t . F r o m th i s there re s u lt s the s eek in g a fter o r flee i n g
f r o m a pers o n o r th i n g ; i n cl i n a t i o n a n d a v o i d a n ce ; a n g er a n d
s a t i s fa ct i o n ; f e a r a n d br a very ; cr u elty a n d c o m p a s s i o n a n d ,

m an y o ther q u a l i t i e s ( 3 1 1 33 a c ci d e n ts ) o f the s o u l The

1
.
,

o r g a n s o f th i s p o w er a re a ll p a rt s o f the b o dy .

The ra t ion a l p a rt i s the p o w er p e c u l i a r t o m a n by wh i ch he

u n der s t a n d s th i n k s a cq u i re s k n o w led g e a n d d i s cr i m i n a te s b e
, , ,

t w ee n pr o per a n d i m pr o per a ct i o n s T h i s m a n i fo ld a ct i v i ty o f
.

the ra t ion a l p a rt i s b o th p r a cti c a l a n d s pecu l a ti v e The p ra c t i

.

711 3 m s vn) a n d p a rtly

‘
ca l a c t i v i t i e s a re p a rtly m ech a n i c a l ( 11 3 12

i n tellect u a l . T he s pec u l a t i v e a ct i v i t i e s a re the p o w er s o f m a n

by w h i ch he k n o ws th in gs w h i ch by the i r n a tu re a re n o t s u b
, ,
14 TH E E T H IC S OF M A M I ON I D E S

an ex a gg er a ti o n o r a defic i e n cy o f the s e v i rt u e s The n u triti ve .

a n d the i m a g i n a t i ve p o w er s h a v e n e i ther v i ce s n o r v i rt u e s .

The d is e a s e s o f the s o u l ( 1273 33 311) a re d e s cri bed i n

33

C h a pter I II . The a n c i e n t ph i l o s o phers l a i d d o w n the di ctu m

th a t the s o u l l i ke the b o dy c a n be he a lthy o r s i ck
, , A .

he althy s o u l i s i n s u ch a c o n d i ti o n ( 3 313 11) th a t o n ly g o o d a n d

h o n o ra ble deed s flo w f r o m i t The o pp o s i te i s tr u e o f a d is
.

e a s ed s ou l J u s t a s the phy s i c a lly s i ck de s i re th i n g s th a t a re

.

b a d f o r the m b u t w hi ch they c o ns i der g o o d s o d o th o s e w h o s e

, ,

s o u l s a re il l s eek the b a d a n d the ev i l th i n k i n g th a t they a re

,

g o o d F u rther m o re j u s t a s th o s e w h o s e b o d i e s a re d i s e a s ed
.
,

c o n s u lt a phy s i c i a n a n d t a ke m ed i c in e s th a t a re u n ple as a n t t o
the t a s te i n o rder th a t they m a y be re s t o red t o a he a lthy c o n
d i ti o n s o m u s t the m o ra lly ill c o n s u lt the wi s e m e n
,

w h o a re the phy s i c i a n s o f the s o u l ( 1173 33 a n d a s cert a i n

f r o m the m w h a t a re the b a d a n d wh a t a re the g o o d deed s .

They m u s t fo ll o w the a d v i ce o f the s o u l phy s i c i a n s e v e n th o u g h

-
,

w h a t they p re s cr i be be d i s t a s te fu l If a per s o n i s p hy s i c a lly

.

ill a n d d o e s n o t c o n s u lt a p hy s i c i a n hi s e n d w i ll be p re m a t u re
, ,

de a th a n d l i ke wi s e o n e m o r a lly i l l w h o d o e s n o t s eek the

, , , ,

a d v i ce o f the s a g e s w i ll ex p er i e n ce a m o r a l de a th
, .

C h a pter IV de a l s wi th the c u re o f the d i s e a s e s o f the s o u l .

In a g ree m e n t w i th A r i s t o tle M a i m o n i de s decl a re s th a t a ct i o n s

,

a re g o o d w he n they f o ll o w a m ed i u m c o u r s e bet w ee n t w o ex

tre m e s w h i c h a re b o th b a d V i rt u e s a re c o n d i ti o n s (11 1313 11 )

.

o f the s o u l a n d ch a r a cter i s t i c s w h i ch are m i d wa y bet w ee n t w o

s t a te s o n e o f w h i ch i s exce s s i v e a n d the o ther defic i e n t

, Th u s .
,

g e n er o s i ty i s the m e a n bet w ee n s o rd i d n e s s (11 13 3 ) a n d e xt ra v 3

a g a n ce co u rag e the m e a n bet w ee n reckle s s n e ss

( n u m b m p 5 ) a n d c o w a rd i ce
1a ) ; h u m i li ty
( nus ) ,

th a t bet wee n h a u g hti n e s s (3 18 3) a n d s el f a ba s e m e n t (11 133 127 -

a n d s o f o rth Pe o p le o fte n c o n si der o n e o r the o ther

.

extre m e a v i rtu e a s w he n they pr a i s e the reckle s s m a n a s b e

,

i n g br a v e o r the l a z y a s be i n g c o n te n ted
, T o c u re a p er s o n
.

w h o i s m o ra lly u n s o u n d th a t i s w h o per fo r m s deed s w h i ch g o

,

t o the o n e o r the o ther extre m e he s h o u ld be m a de t o pr a ct i s e

,

the o pp o s i te extre m e u n ti l h i s o ri g in a l fa u lt h a s been re m e di ed .

 IN T R O DU CT I O N 15

T h a t i s i f a m a n i s n i gg a rdly he m u s t p ra ct is e deed s o f e xt ra v a
, ,

a n ce u n t i l h i s n i gg a rdl i n e s s d i s a pp e a r s T he n he i s i n s tr u cte d
g .

to s t o p h i s extr a v a g a n ce a n d f o ll o w the m ed i u m c o u r s e o f
,

g e n er o s i ty M a n m u s t c o n s ta n tly g u a rd h i s a ct i o n s th a t they
.

m a i n ta i n the pr o per b a l a n ce betw ee n ex a g g er a t i o n a n d d e fi

c i e n cy .By th i s m e a n s he g a in s the h i g he s t de g ree o f h u m a n
er f ect i o n c o m e n e a rer t o G o d a n d p a rt a ke s o f H i s eter n a l
p s
, ,

ble s s in g s Th i s i s the m o s t per fect fo r m o f revere n c i n g the

.

D e i ty . M a i m o n i de s e n d s the ch a pter by h a r m o n i z i n g the ph i l ~

O S Op h i ca l a n d T a l m u d i c a l v i e ws i n re g a rd t o m a n s p o w er s o f
’

w e i g h i n g h i s a cti o n s a n d fo ll o wi n g the pr o per m e a n .

The d i rect i n g o f the p o w ers o f o n e s s o u l t o wa rd s a certa i n

’

g o a l i s the s u bject o f C h a p ter V M a n s o n e a i m i n l i fe s h o u ld

.
’

be t o u n ders t a n d G o d A ll h i s a ct i o n s a n d w o rd s s h o u ld be
.

s o a rra n g ed a s t o a cc o m pl i s h th i s p u rp o s e a n d c o n s equ e n tly h e ,

s h o u ld s eek n o t the m o s t p le a s a n t b u t the m o s t u s e f u l th i n g s .

T he b o dy s h o u ld be kept i n a he a lthy c o n d i ti o n fo r the s a ke

o f the p u r i ty o f the s o u l Whe n o n e p a rta ke s o f fo o d th a t
.

i s p le a s a n t b u t d a n g er o u s t o the he a lth he i s l i ke a s e n s ele s s ,

be a s t M a n a ct s s e n s i bly o n ly w he n all h i s a ct i o n s a re a i m ed
.

a t g a i n i n g b o d i ly w el f a re a n d s p i r i t u a l s u p er i o r i ty S c i e n ce .

a n d ed u c a t i o n a i d i n th i s f o r the s t u dy o f a l g ebr a g e o m etry , ,

a n d m ech a n i c s s h a rpe n s o n e s i n tellect

’
an d e n a ble s o n e t o,

u n der s t a n d the tr u th o f the

p r o o fs o f G o d s ex i s te n ce M an
’
.

o u g ht t o d i rect h i s w o rd s t o w a rds th i s g o a l H e s h o u ld s p e a k .

o n ly o f s u ch th i n g s a s w i ll be n efit h i s s o u l o r a vert d a n g er ,

fr o m h i s b o dy In c o n s e qu e n ce o f th is m a n wi ll de s i s t fr o m
.
,

m a n y o rd i n a ry a ct i o n s a n d w o rd s H e w i ll n o t th i n k o f be a u
.

t i fyi n g the w a ll s o f h i s h o u s e wi th c o s tly dec o r a t i o n s o r h i s

cl o the s w i th expe n s i v e e m br o i der i e s u n le s s i t be d o n e fo r the
,

p u rp o s e o f s p i r i tu a l u pl i f t i n g S u ch a n a i m i s l o fty a n d d i f
.

h e u lt o f a tta i n m e n t b u t o n e a cc o m pl is h i n g i t r a n k s a s h i g h a s
,

d o e s a pr o phet T he r a bb i s h a ve m o s t w o n derfu lly a n d c o n

.

i l
c s e y ex p re ss ed th s s e t i n i m e n t by the s a y i g n
“ Let al l y o u r ,

a ct i o n s be fo r the s a k e o f G o d
( A bot II.
,

In C h a p ter VI M a im o n i de s d is c u s s e s the di ff ere n ce bet w ee n

1
,

1 On ti tl e s e e H e b re w t ext p 3 5 n 1 .
, , .
,
.
16 TH E E TH ICS OF M A I M O N I D ES

the s ai n tly m a n ( 3 313 3 3 1 3 11 3 ) a n d the o n e w h o c u rb s h i s 3

de s i re s (113 3 3 11 k 313 13 3 1 11 31 113 3

A g ree i n g w i th
A ri s t o tel ia n ph i l o s o p hy M a i m o n i de s a s s ert s th a t the tr u ly v i r
,

t u o n s m a n pr a cti s e s the g o o d a s a re s u lt o f a n i n n a te i n cl in a
t i o n t o d o s o H e i s s up er i o r t o the o n e wh o th o u g h he m a y
.
,

d o deed s eq u a lly g o o d yet i n o rder t o a cc o m pl i s h the m m u s t

, ,

s u bd u e h i s de s i re s w h i ch a re o f a n e v i l n a t u re Th a t i s the .
,
’
con di ti on o f the sa i n t s s o u l i s better th a n th a t o f the m a n w h o

s u bd u e s h i s p as s i o n s Pr o v erbs X X I. 1 0 The s o u l o f the

“ .
,
”
wi cked l o n g eth fo r e vi l a g ree s w i th th i s s e n ti m e n t
, The .

ra bb is h o w e ver s ee m t o c o n t ra d i ct th is o p i n i o n by s a y in g
, ,

th a t he wh o h a s e v i l th o u g ht s a n d de s i re s b u t wh o c o n q u er s ,

the m i s g re a ter th a n he w h o h a s n o b a ttle t o fi ght They

, .

eve n m a i n t a i n th a t the g re a ter a m a n i s the m o re p o w er fu l ,

a re h i s de s i re s .O n t h e f a ce o f i t the o p i n i o n s o f the r a bb i s ,

a n d the ph i l o s o pher s s ee m t o d is a g ree B u t here M a i m o n i de s .

u s e s h i s w o n der f u l a b i l i ty as a h a r m o n i z er o f p h i l o s o ph i c a l a n d

r a bb i n i c a l d o ctr i n e s H e expl a in s a w a y the c o n tra d i cti o n by

.

s t a t i n g th a t the ph i l o s o p her s m e a n t by the de s i re s f o r ev il the

i n cl i n a ti o n t o c o m m i t s u c h tr a n s g re s s i o n s a s m u rder s te a l in g , ,

dece i t a n d s o fo rth The l a w s fo rb i dd i n g the s e a re c alled by the

, .

“
r a bb is c o m m a n d m e n ts ” “ o rd i n a n ce s
”
or

There i s n o d o u b t th a t a s o u l th a t de s i re s a n y o f the s e g r a ve
ev i l s i s a b a d s o u l There i s h o wever a n o ther k i n d o f le s s
.
, ,

i m p o rt a n t tr a n s g re s s i o n s the p er fo r m a n ce o f wh i ch i s p ro h i b
,

i t e d by s ta t u te s It i s i n re f ere n ce t o the s e ev i l s a n d ,

n o t t o the firs t m e n t i o n ed th a t the r a bb i s s a

y th a t i f a m a n
,

de s i re s b u t c o n qu ers the m h is re wa rd i s g re a t The s e a re fo r

, , .
,

i n s t a n ce the p a rt a k i n g o f m e a t a n d m i lk t o g ether o r the w e a r

, ,

i n g o f cl o the s m a de o f t w o d i ff ere n t m a teri a l s The r a bb i s .

w o u ld n o t s a y a n y m o re th a n the ph i l o s o pher s th a t the m a n

, ,

w h o de s i re s t o m u rder b u t re f ra i n s f r o m d o i n g s o i s g re a ter
th a n the o n e w h o n ever de s i re s t o m u rder .

In C h a pter VII M a i m o n i de s d i s c u s s e s the p a rti ti on s o r wa l ls

,

1 13 1 1 3 h i ch ep r te m n fro m G d d l d e cr i be
(
3
1 1 ) w s a a a o a n a s o s s ,

wh a t pr o phecy i s A s expl a i n ed i n C h a pter II there a re i n

.
,

t e l l e c tu al a n d m o r a l v i rt u e s a n d the i r o p p o s i te v i ce s , The s e .
 IN T R O DU CT I ON 17

vi ce s , wh i ch ter m ed p a rti ti on s p re ve n t m a n fr o m beh o ld

a re ,

in g G o d . A s m a n y v i ce s i n tellectu a l o r m o r a l a m a n h a s by
, , ,

s o m a n y p a rti t i ons i s he s e p a ra ted f r o m G o d The p ro p het s .

l oo ked u p o n G o d f ro m beh i n d the le as t n u m ber o f p a rt i ti on s .

The fe w er they w ere the hi g her w a s the r a n k o f the pr o phet

, .

Three v i rtu e s the pr o p hets h o w e v er m u s t h a ve w h i ch Ma i , , ,

m o n i d e s ded u ce s f r o m the r a bb i n i c a l s a y i n g Pr o p hecy re s t s ,

”
o n ly u p o n the w i s e the bra v e a n d the r i ch
, The wi s e m a n
, .

i s the o n e wh o p o s s e s s e s a ll i n tellect u a l v i rt u e s The bra ve .

m a n i s he w h o c o n q u er s h i s de s i re s The r i ch m a n is the o n e .

w h o i s sa ti s fie d w i th h i s l o t M o s e s w a s the o n ly pr o p het i n
.

w h o m a l l m o ra l a n d i n tellect u a l v i rt u e s w ere c o m b i n ed The .

o n ly a rti ti on o r wa ll bet w ee n h i m a n d G o d was h i s hy s i c l

p p a

b o dy f ro m w h i ch the s p i r i t o f m a n c a n n o t d i v o rce i t s el f o n
,

e a rth Th i s p a rti ti on the r a bb i s c a ll sp e cu la ri a tra n s p a re n t

. a
1
,

w all thr o u g h w hi c h M o s e s g a z ed u p o n the h i g he s t tr u th b u t

, ,

n o t a s o n e d o e s w i th h u m a n eye s .

T he i n tere s t i n g p r o ble m o f t h e freed o m o f w i ll i n wh i ch ,

a g ai n M a i m o n i de s s u cce s s fu lly ble n d s the ph i l o s o p h i c a l a n d

the r abb i n ic a l d o ctr i n e s i s t a ke n u p in C h ap ter VI II M ai

, .

m o n i d e s be g i n s w i th the s t a te m e n t th a t m a n i s n o t b o r n w i th
e i ther v i rt u e s o r v i ce s j u s t a s he i s n o t b o rn s k i lled in a n a rt
, .

H e m a y h o w e ver h a ve a pred i s p o s i t i o n t o wa rd s a cert a i n ch a r

, ,

a c t e ri s t i c b u t e very m a n s te m p er a m e n t i s eq ua lly s u s cept i ble

’
,
’
t o v i rt u e a s w ell as t o v i ce It i s m a n s m o r a l d u ty t o e n c o u r
.

a g e a n y pred ilect i o n he m a y h a v e t o w a rd s v i rt u e a n d t o s t a m p ,

o u t an
y de s i re f o r the v i c i o u s N o v i rt u e i s u n a tt a i n a ble
. there
’
i s n o v i ce th a t c a n n o t be a v o i ded n o m a tter w h a t m a n s n a t u r a l ,

be n t m a y be Th e devel o p i n g o f w h a t is g o o d a n d the c o n q u er
.

i n g o f w h a t i s b a d m a y be a cc o m pl i s hed by i n s tr u ct i o n g u i d a n ce , ,

a n d h a b it A s tr o l o g er s h o w ev er a n d th o s e wh o bel i eve wi th
.
, ,

the m m a i n ta i n th a t a m a n s de s t i n y h is c o n d u ct i n l i fe i n fa ct
,
’
, , ,

a ll h i s a ct i o n s a re deter m i n ed a cc o rd i n g t o the c o n s tell a t i o n

,

u n der w h i ch he i s b o r n Th i s bel i e f M a i m o n i de s de n o u n ce s as
.

r i d i c u l o us The rabb i s a n d the p h il o s o p hers a l ike a g ree i n the

.

beli e f th a t m a n h a s a b s o l u te f ree ch o i ce a n d th a t he a l on e is ,

1 S e e i nf ra ch a pt er V II p
, , , 79 , n ot s e 3 a nd 4 .
18 TH E E T HI C S OF M A I M O N I D ES
re sp o n s i ble fo r h i s ac t i o n s If th i s w ere n o t s o a ll c o m m a n d s
.
,

a n d p r o h i b i t i o n s o f the l a w w o u ld be i n v a i n A ll le a r n i n g .
,

te a ch i n g a n d c fi o rt o f a l l k i n d s w o u ld be u s ele s s i f m a n s a ct i o n s
,
’

k n o wled g e a n d ch a r a cter is ti c s w ere determ in ed by a n o u t s i de

,

p o w er. I f s u ch w ere the c a s e re w a rd a n d p u n i s h m e n t w o u ld

,

be u nj u s t ; fo r n o m a tter h o w m u ch a m a n w o u l d try t o d o a
cert a i n deed i f i t were predeter m i n ed th a t he s h o u ld n o t d o i t
, ,

he wo u ld be u n a ble t o per fo rm i t If S i m e o n k illed Re u be n .

,

i t w o u l d be u nj u s t t o p u n i s h S i m e o n ; f o r he d i d n o t k i ll o f h i s
o wn v o l i t i o n b u t w a s f o rced t o d o s o
, .

M a i m o n i de s the n a tt a ck s a p o p u l a r bel i e f th a t all a ct io n s ,

eve n s u ch a s s i tti n g o r s t a n d in g a re d o n e by the w i ll o f G o d

, .

In g e n er a l th i s i s tr u e b u t n o t o f a n y g i ve n i n d i v i d u a l a ct i o n
, , .

A s t o n e thr o w n u p i n the a i r fa ll s t o the g r o u n d w h i ch i s i n ,

a cc o rd a n ce wi th a g e n er a l l a w o f n a t u re th a t G o d w i lled a t

cre a ti o n . G o d h o w ev er d o e s n o t w i ll th a t a cert a i n s t o n e a t
, ,

a cert a i n t i m e w he n thro wn i n t o the a i r s h o u ld fa ll t o the

, ,

g r o u n d A t cre a t i o n G o d wi lled a l s o th a t m a n s h o u l d h a v e
.

cert a in ch a r a cteri s t i c s th a t he s h o u ld wa lk u p r ig ht h a v e a
, ,

br o a d che s t h a ve fi n g er s o n h i s h a n d s a n d s o fo rth a n d l i ke
, ,

wi s e m a n w a s e n d o wed w i th the ch a r a cter i s ti c s o f h a v i n g f ree

d o m o f w i ll w h i ch h e c a n exerc i s e M a i m o n i de s the n pr o ve s
.

th a t cert a i n s t a te m e n t s i n the Bi ble wh i ch s ee m i n g ly s u pp o rt

the the o ry o f prede s ti n a ti o n a re n o t o f s u ch a n a tu re .

In c o n cl u s i o n M a i m o n i de s t a ke s u p a q u e s ti o n o fte n a s ke d
, ,

D o e s G o d k n o w i n a d v a n ce th a t a certa i n m a n w ill d o a g o o d
o r a b a d deed a t a cert a i n t i m e o r d o e s H e n o t k n o w i t ? , If
H e d o e s n o t k n o w the n the pri n c i ple s o f rel ig io n a re u n der
,

m i n ed f o r G o d i s s a i d t o be a ll k n o w i n g
,
If H e d o e s k n o w i n
-
.

’
a dv a n ce the n th i s cle a rly pr o ve s th a t m a n s a ct i o n s a re pre
,

o rd a i n ed M a i m o n i de s a ns w ers by h a v i n g rec o u r s e t o m eta

.

phy s i c s G o d d o e s n o t k n o w he s a y s by m e a n s o f h u m a n
.
, ,

k n o wled g e n o r d o e s H e l i ve by m e a n s o f h u m a n l i fe s o th a t i t
, ,

c a n be s a i d H e a n d H i s k n o w le d g e a re d i s t i n ct o r th a t H e a n d ,

H i s l i fe a re d ifi e re n t a s i s tr u e o f m a n
, G o d i s h o we ver the .
, ,

k n o w e r the k n o wi n g a n d the k n o wn H e i s the l i v i n g He i s

,
.
,

the l i fe a n d the g i ver o f l i fe M a n c a n n o t o w i n g t o h i s im p er

'

.
, ,
 IN T R O DU C TI O N 19

c o m prehe n d wh a t i s the k n o w led g e o r l ife o f G o d a n y

fe c t i o n s ,
m o re th a n he c a n g r a s p w h a t G o d H i m s el f i s Th u s M a i m o n i .
,

d e s rec o n c i le s the t wo bel i e fs th a t m a n i s free t o ch o os e a n d ,

th a t G o d i s y et a ll k n o wi n g -
.

C . S A M U E L IBN TI BRO N AS A T RAN S L A T O R HIS T RAN S —

L AT I ON O F THE S H E M ON A H P E R A K IM

S a m u el ib n Ti bb o n 1 the m o s t f a m o u s o f a n i ll u s tri o u s fa m ,

i l y o f tra n s l a t o rs by h i s tr a n s l a t i o n o f M a i m o n i de s M ore h ’
,

N e bu ki m per fo r m ed a n i n e s t i m a ble s erv i ce f o r Je w i s h p h i l o s o

,

p yh . W r i tte n o r i g i n a lly i n A r a b i c the M ore h w o u ld h a v e ,

re m a i n ed a s e a led b o o k t o the m a j o r i ty o f Je ws h a d n o t Ib n ,

T i b b o n re n dered i t a cce s s ible H a d he n o t tra n s l a ted i t n o .

,

d o u bt s o m e o n e s o o n er o r l a ter w o u ld h a v e a cc o m pl is he d th a t
t a s k b u t i t w a s v ery fo rt u n a te th a t o n e w h o w a s a c o n te m p o
,

r a r y o f M a i m o n i de s wh o h a d h i s e n ti re c o n fide n ce a n d w h o
, ,

c o u ld c o rre s p o n d wi th the a u th o r i n re g a rd t o o b s c u re p a ss a g e s ,

a n d rece i ve v a l u a ble i n s tr u ct i o n s f r o m h i m s h o u l d h a ve d o n e ,

the wo rk F r o m the c o rre s p o n de n ce bet w ee n M a i m o n ide s a n d

.

the m e n o f L u n el Ib n T i bb o n s b i rthpl a ce w e n o te th a t M a i
,
’
,

m o n i d e s h a d a h i g h re g a rd f o r S a m u el s a b i l i ty a s a tra n s l a t o r
’

a n d n h
h o o red i m a s a m a n o f er u d i ti o n 2
It s ee m s th a t the .

s ch o l a r s o f L ii n e l w r o te t o M a i m o n i de s a s k i n g h i m t o tr a n s l a te

the M ore h i n t o H ebre w b u t the a n s w er c a m e th a t Ib n T i bb o n ,

wa s a lre a dy a t w o rk o n i t a n d th a t M a im o n i de s h a d f a i th i n the ,

t ra n sl a t o rfi” H e c o n s i dered Ib n T i b b o n a c a p a ble a n d s k i lled

tra n s l a t o r a n d w o n dered a t h i s k n o wled g e o f A r a b i c a lth o u g h
, ,

he d id n o t l i ve i n a n A ra b i c s p e a kin g c o u n try ~ .

S h o rtly a f ter Ib n T i b b o n tra n s l a ted the M arch J e h u d a h a l ,

Ha ri z i the p o et wa s a s ked by a n u m ber o f s c h o l a r s t o d o the

, ,
’
s a m e w o rk Th i s o f c o u r s e i m pl i ed th a t Ib n Ti bb o n s re n der
.
, ,

i n g w a s n o t s a t i s fa ct o ry t o the m They w i s h ed a l H a ri z i t o .
-

1 Bo r n 1 16 0, d ied 1 230 . See R e e

n an -N u b au er ,
L e s R a bbi ns F r a nca is, p .

5 73 ft ; al s o L e s E cri va i n s F a nca i s ; r Grat z ,

V I2, 205 ; Wi n t er and Wri n s ch e ,

D i e Ju d L i t te ra t u r , ,
. 3 3 0, 3 8 5 ; M II . S ch l o e ss i n ge r, i n JE .
,
vol . VI p , . 54 8 ;
Ge iger , Ju d a ism a nd i ts H is t o y r (N e w York , pp .
2 On

M a im o n i de c rres p o de ce w ith
s
’
o n n th e m e n o f Lu el n , se e H Ub .
, pp . 4 1 5—4 16 .

2 Grat z ,
VI p 3 24 H U b p 4 17
2
, . .
, . .
20 THE E TH I CS OF M A M I ON I D E S

tra n sl a te the M arch i n a s im p le cle a r a n d p o l is hed s tyle a s the , ,

ver s i o n o f Ib n T ib b o n be in g l i ter a l was n ece s sa r i ly he a vy , , .

A I H a ri z i prefixed t o h i s w o rk t w o i n tr o d u ct i o n s o n e c o n t ai n
-
,
”
i n g a n a lph a bet i c a l l is t o f s tr a n g e w o rd s a n d the o ther the , ,

c o n te n t s o f e a ch ch a pter It i s fo rt u n a te fo r Ib n T i b b o n th a t .

a l H a ri z i t o o d i d the s a m e w o rk f o r a c o m p a r i s o n s h o w s the
-
, , ,

m a rked s u p er i o ri ty a n d ex c elle n c e o f Ib n T i b b o n s tra n s l a ti on

’
.

In h i s G l oss a ry of S tra ng e Wor d s w h i ch he l a ter p refixed t o the ,

M arch Ib n T i b b o n r ig ht f u lly s h o ws the m a n y err o r s a n d s h o rt

,

c o m i n g s o f the tra n s l a t i o n o f a l H a ri z i wh o m i ght be a g o o d -

,

o et b u t wh o s h o w ed h i s i g n o r a n ce w he n he a tte m pte d t o de a l
p ,

1
w i th s c i e n ti fic m a tter s .

Po c o ck e s Op i n i o n o f the t w o tr a n s l a t o r s i s i n tere s t i n g He
’
.

say s The vers i o n o f H a ri z i Is i n feri o r t o th a t o f Ib n Tibb o n

, ,

n o t bec a u s e th a t o f T i bb o n i s m o re ele g a n t b u t a s re g a rd s m a t ,
” 2
ter i t i s cl o s er t o the o r i g i n a l text S he m T o b ib n Pa l q u e ra .

In Ib n T i bb o n s tra n s l a t i o n there a re o n ly a fe w
’

i n a letter s a y s ,

err o rs ; a n d i f t h e le a rn ed tra n s l a t o r h a d h a d t im e he w o u ld
cert a i n ly h a v e c o rrected the s e Bu t i n al H a ri z i s tra n s l a ti o n .
-
’

m i s t a ke s a re n u m er o u s a n d w o rd s a re o fte n g i ve n a w r o n g
m e an in g
” 3
M u n k s c o re s Ib n T i bb o n s tr a n s l a t i o n a s a m ere
.
’

c as t o f the o r i g i n a l a n d u n i n tell i gi ble t o the o rd i n a ry H ebre w

re a der 4 S te i n s ch n e i der i n c o m m e n t i n g o n th i s h a rs h cri t i
.
5
,

c i s m s h o w s the di ffi c u lt i e s th a t f a ced Ib n Ti b b o n a n d p o i n ts
, ,

1 Cf H U b p 4 20ff K auf m an n D e r F ii h r r M a i m n i s i n der We l tl i tte a

. .
, . .
, e u
’
r

t u r A G Ph ,
X I p 3 4 6 ff S e e e s pec i a lly K a f m a n n A tt r i b
.
, , p 4 9 3 n 18 2
. . u , .
, . .
,

wh ere a r m e n t i n ed a n u m b er o f t h o s e wh fi nd fa l t w it h al Ba riz i s t ra n s
e o o u -

l at i o n and i nt r d ct i
o u ons . Ab r ah am b e n M a im on sa y s of h im : m p nrn nm n s
'
n vp hi p m nm re n
'
(K o b e z ,
1 11 , f . 16h Ib n T ibb on i n h is o wn Gl oss a ry f
o

S tr ge W rd e pec i ll y c dem ri i with t h w rd L

an o s s a on ns t h a t of a l -B a z e o s 1m R ) um

0 5a
1 13 11 rmv 1
‘
m: a wn wa s : a wn N 51: 15: m a n a w n ?) PE N ) E ms m u m n s nv
n i
bwm a i i
bz o r edl der G id e
i
19 5 s‘
o n wam m um o u r: mm . S ee als o F i an ,
u ,

1 904 , In t ro dp xxx ii Pref ce rt M i “ Ver i (C h i i i) i lli

.
, . .
2 a t o Po a os s , s s ar s

a b Abe Ti b b f t p o tp it
n f it q d i ll Ti b b i d
on l g ac a e s os a, u , n on uo a on ae e e an

ti r f eri t t c H U b p 4 3 2 ; JE art ”
od m t i , seg ti a e r a e c on Ib ru e n or u , e .
3 .
, . .
, .
,
n

Ti b b M k G i d 1 Pref ce p i i “ L ver i
on .
4
d Ib Ti b b un q , u e, ,
a , .
,
a s on
’
n— on , u on
’

p t ppel er v eri t b l e c lq e de l igi l r b e

en a pe t é t b ie m
nu a a u
’ ’
or na e a a , ne u re n co

pri e q p ce l i q i p se de a l f i l
s ue i
ar de l r b e t cel le deu u os a o s a c o n n a s a n ce
’
a a e

l h éb
’
r b b i iq e t q i
re u q is d a ti ffi t de la p h il p h i n
n u e u a ac n es no o ns sn sa n e s . os o c I u

t de t erm i l o gi e H Ub pp 4 1 9 4 23 ” 5
s nl m a ne e sa no . .
, .
, .
22 TH E E TH ICS O F M A IM ON I D E S

an o ther wi s e o b s c u re o r m e a n in gle ss p a s sa g e is re n dered cle a r

by ev i de n ce f r o m m a n u s cr i pt o r o ther rel i a ble s o u rce s , .

Ib n T i bb o n tr a n s l a ted M a i m o n i de s Comm e n ta ry on A bot i n

’
,

c l u d i n g i t s i n tr o d u ct o ry ch a pter s the P e ra lci m a t the requ e s t , ,

1
o f the m e n o f L ii n e l w h o w ere p re s u m a bly c o n v i n ced o f h i s
,

c a p a b il i ti e s by wh a t M a i m o n i de s th o u g ht o f h i m A l l th a t h a s .

bee n s a i d o f Ib n Ti bb o n a s a tr an s l a t o r o f the M ore h i s tr u e

g e n era lly o f h i s w o rk o n the Pe ra ki m A s i n the M ore h he .
,

s a cri ficed s tyle f o r the s a ke o f a cc u r a cy a n d s o o n the w h o le , , ,

tra n s l a ted wi th g re a t l i ter a l n e ss v ery o fte n w o rd f o r w o rd ,

.

Where ver he h a s t o a n y m a rked de g ree dep a rted fr o m the o ri g

i n a l the fa ct h a s bee n m e n t i o n ed i n the n o te s
, A s a n i n s t a n ce .

o f the c a re he exerc i s ed i n t u r n i n g the A r a b i c i n t o H ebre w w e ,

m ay p o i n t t o h i s re n deri n g the A ra b i c phr a s e a bs 3 3 338 ,

m e a n in g u n le ss i n deed i n t o the H ebre w S 3 3 8 3 3 33 wh i ch

“ ” 3
, ,

very n a t u r a lly g a v e r i s e t o a m is re a d i n g ? o r w here pre s erved ,

c o rrectly w a s u n i n tell ig i ble s a v e t o th o s e wh o w ere a cqu a i n ted

,

w i th the A r a b i c i d i o m Th i s s h o w s the j u s ti ce o f M u n k s c ri t i
.
’

c is m Wherev er Ib n Ti b b o n w a s u n certa i n o f the tra n s l a t i o n

.

o f a n A r a b i c w o rd w h i ch m i g ht be re n dere d by o n e o f t w o
,

H ebre w w o rd s h i s u s u a l c u s t o m w as t o p u t o n e i n the text a n d

,

the o ther i n the m a r g i n T he s e v a ri a n t s c a m e a f ter wa rd s i n t o

.

the text In re g a rd t o the M ore h he rel i ed u p o n the a dv i ce o f

.
,

M a i m o n i de s a s t o w h i ch s h o u ld h e ev e n t u a lly u s ed 8 It s ee m s .
,

h o w e ver th a t he d i d n o t c o n s u lt M a i m o n i de s i n re fere n ce t o
,

the S h e m on a h P e ra lci m a n d c o n s eq u e n tly a t o b s c u re p o in ts ,

“ ”
i n tr o d u ced g l o s s e s n o ted by the expre s s i o n , th a t i s t o s ay
or
“
I m e an
”
or
“ the expl a n a ti o n o f ”

A n i n s t a n ce o f th i s is s ee n i n C h a pter II w here a fter the w o rd s , ,

“
a s m o der a t i on there i s a dded the phr a s e th a t i s
”
t o s a y fe a r o f s i n
, ( N3 3 3 1
A t the be g i n n i n g o f C h a pter IV w here the d o ctri n e o f the ,

1 Se e LT .
’
s P fa re ce t o h i t r s a n s l at i o n o f th e Co m m e n ta ry on A bo t 1m wa s :
[ so m e Mss .
,
mun ] nu n: r m awp n wa s s p as m s h ama n n s r u rn s m m n my Su i? man
-

mam m m ”
13 a m wa s : na b 113 1 11 173 3 up ; mp: nu u p . Seer c to P r t P ef a e o a

M o s is , p . 4, an d Pe ra lpi m , S lu t ck i ed
3 .
, p . .
2 S H e b re w t ext O V p 3 2
ee , .
, .
,

n. 28 .
2
S ee .
’
. re c
I T s P f a e to th e M arch .
4
S ee H eb re w t ext 0 II p 1 6 1 , .
, .
,
n . .
 IN T R O DU CT I ON 3

M e an i s d i s c u ss ed Ib n T ibb o n h a s t a ke n w h a t i n hi s c as e m a y
,

be c o n s i dered g re a t l i bert i e s wi th the text re s u lti n g i n s u ch a ,

d i ver g e n ce f r o m the o r i g in a l th a t R o s i n w a s c o m p elled t o

1

as s u m e th a t the tr a n s l a t o r h a d be f o re h i m a n A ra b i c text d i f

fe ri n g fr o m th a t o f the m a n u s cri p t repr o d u ced i n Po co c ke s

’

Porta M os i s The o rder o f the l i s t o f v i rt u e s i n Ib n Ti b

.

’
b o n s v er s i o n i n n o m a n u s cr i pt o r ed i ti o n i s the s a m e a s
th a t o f the o r i g in a l a lth o u g h the m a n u s cri pt s a n d ed i ti o n s
,

d i s a g ree a m o n g the m s elve s i n th i s re g a rd There a re a l s o a .

n u m ber o f g l os s e s expl a i n i n g i n deta i l s o m e o f the v i rtu e s

, .

The re a so n f or a ch a n g e i n a rr a n g e m e n t s ee m s t o be h i n ted
a t in on e o f the g l o s s e s w r i tte n i n a l l l i kel i h o o d by Ib n
,

T i b b o n where there o cc u r s the p h ra s e “ a n d fo r th i s re a s o n I

, ,
”
h a ve a rra n g ed the m th u s ( 13 3 11 1 1 3 The n i ce d i s 3

ti n cti o n dr a w n by M ai m o n i de s bet w ee n the extre m e s o f the

v a r i o u s v i rtu e s he d i s c u s s e s w a s s u ffic i e n t c a u s e fo r Ib n T i bb o n
t o h a v e i n tr o d u ced ex p l a n a t o ry g l o s s e s a s i t w a s i m p oss i ble f o r ,

h i m t o fi n d i n H ebre w the p r o per w o rd s fo r the fin e A ra b i c

ter m i n o l o g y The n ece s s i ty o f el u c i d a t io n bec o m e s ap p a re n t
.

f r o m the fa ct th a t a n u m ber o f g l o s s e s w hi ch d i d n o t o r i g i n a te
w i th I b n T i bb o n a re f o u n d i n s o m e o f the s o u rce s
3 It m a y .
_
,

c o n s equ e n tly be m a i n ta in ed th a t the A r a b i c text w e h a v e t o

,

d a y i s s u b s t a n t ia lly the s a m e a s t h a t fro m w h i ch Ib n Ti b b o n

‘

4
tr a n s l a te d a n d a l s o th a t o n the w h o le th e H ebre w o f the
, , ,

Pe ra ki m f o ll o ws the A r a b i c v ery cl o s ely .

It Is n eedle s s t o g o i n t o det a i l here a s t o the p ec u l i a r i t i e s o f

Ib n Ti b b o n s tr a n s l a ti o n a s the s e a re t a k e n u p i n the n o te s
’
,

o n the text T he cr i ti c a l text o f the H ebre w o fi e rs i n pl a ce s

.

v a l u a ble ev i d en ce o n o b s c u re re a d i n gs in the A r a b i c a tte n ti o n ,

h
t o w h i ch a s a l s o bee n dr a w n i n the n o te s 5
.

1 p 31 2
R os i n , E t h i k, S H e b re w t ext 0 I V p 21 li e 8
.
,
n. . S2
H ee , .
, .
, n .
2 ee e

b re w t ext 0 I V p 1 9
,
t es 16
. d 17 , . Th t r
, no l t r f th e M i h h an .
4 e a ns a o s o s na

C m m e t ry eem t o h ve h ad l y
o n a s c py fr m wh ich t h ey ll t r l t ed
a on one o o a ans a .

Geiger M e b M a i m p 8 3 4 3
, os s en S e e H e b re w t ext c VIII p 4 2
on, .
, n . .
5
, .
, .
,

n 14 ; p 43
. 7 ; p 4 7 n 6 ; p 53 n 1
.
,
n. .
, . .
, . .
24 TH E E TH I C S OF M A M I ON I D E S

D . D E SC RIP TI O N OF C O LL A T E D M A T E R I A L — G E N E RA L
R E MARKS ON T H E T EX T
A g l a n cethe l o n g l i s t o f m a n u s cri pts a n d ed i ti o n s o f the
at

P e ra lt i m s h o w s the i m pra ct i c a b i l i ty o f try i n g t o c o ll a te a ll the

m a ter i a l a v a i l a ble The ed i t o r h a s there fo re ch o s e n a n u m ber
.
, ,

o f the m o s t v a l u a ble s o u rce s a n d h a s m i n u tely c o m p a red the m

, ,

be i n g c o n s ta n tly g u i ded by the A r a b i c H e h a s c o n fi n ed h i s .

a tte n t i o n a s f a r a s t h e A r a b i c i s c o n cer n ed t o the Po c o c k e ver

s i o n a n d th a t o f Wo l ff b a s ed o n i t A c a re fu l c o ll a ti o n o f A ra b i c
.

texts m a y h o w ever cle a r u p s o m e p o i n ts w h i ch a re s ti ll le ft

, ,

i n d o u bt The ed i t o r h o p e s t o a cc o m pl is h th is t a s k s o m e d ay
. .

T he m a teri a l u s e d i n c o ll a ti o n i s a s fo ll o w s
Br m an us cri pt o f B r i ti s h M u s e u m A dd 1 4 76 3 w r i tte n .
,

A D 1 27 3 c o n t a i n i n g S a m u el i b n T i b b o n s tr a n s l a t i o n o f M a i
’
. .
,

m o n i d e s Com m e n ta ry on A bo t preceded by Ib n T i bb o n s i n tr o
’ ’

d u ct i o n t o a n d tr a n s l a ti o n o f the S h e m on a h Pe ra ki m Th i s i s the .

o lde s t a n d o n the w h o le the be s t s o u rce k n o w n t o the ed i t o r

, , .

It i s v ery c a re fu lly w ri tte n w i th s c a rcely a n y s cr i b a l err o r s

, .

F o r the fir s t s i x ch a p ter s i t s ev i de n ce i s v ery rel i a ble In the .

'

s e ve n th ch a pter i t beg i n s t o v a ry f r o m the o r i g in a l A r a b i c a n d ,

i n the e i g hth i t dep a rt s r a ther w i dely h a v i n g re a d i n g s w h i ch ,

a g ree s u b s t a n t i a ll y w i th th os e o f s o m e u n rel i a ble s o u rce s It .

i s p o s s i ble th a t the fir s t s i x ch a p ter s w ere c o p i ed f r o m o n e

s o u rce the s eve n th a n d e i g hth f r o m a n o ther
, T h is m an u s cri pt .

i s ch a r a cteri z ed thr o u g h o u t by a n a l m o s t s u p er flu o u s u s e o f
the m a tre s le ct i on i s ev e n i n Bi bl i c al q u o ta ti o n s It h a s a fe w
, .

v o c a l i z ed w o rd s all o f wh i ch h a v e bee n rec o rded i n the n o te s

, .

Ma a m a n u s cr i t M a z or
:
p h R o m a n r i te fo u rtee n th o r fi f
, ,

t e e n t h ce n tu ry ; i n the l i br a ry o f the Je wi s h The o l o g i c a l S e m

i n a ry o f A m eri c a It s re a d i n g s a re o n the w h o le cl o s e t o the
.
, ,

A r a b i c i n pl a ce s s u per i o r t o th o s e o f B r e s p ec i a lly i n C h a pters

, ,

V II a n d V II I w here the l a tter i s fa u lty

, The rev i s e d text o f .

the s e t wo ch ap ter s i s b a s ed m ai n ly o n th i s m a n u s cri p t There .

a r e h o w ev er m a n y th o u gh u n i m p o rta n t
, , , o m i ss i o n s excep t i n , ,

o n e i n s t a n ce i n C h a pter V III w here a l l text s dep a rt fr o m the

1
,

1 Se e H b e re w t ext p , . 5 1, n . 10 .
 I N T R O DU C T I ON 25

ori gi n a l o n a cc o un t o f w h i ch l a ck o f ev i de n ce o n the p a rt o f
,

M a the ed i t o r h as bee n o bl i g ed t o rec o n s tr u ct the text

, It .

h a s a n u m ber o f err o r s s u ch a s m i ss pelled w o rd s a n d m i n o r

re p eti t i o n s d u e t o c a rele ss n e ss o f the s c ri be o r t o a fa u lty
, ,

s o u rce A fe w v o c a l iz ed w o rd s a n d m a r g i n a l re a d i n g s ch i e fly
.
,

o f a l a ter h a n d o cc u r , .

M a i m on i d e s Comm en ta ry o n A bot S o n c i n o ( 14 8 4 8 5
’
So ,
-

It i s fo u n d i n the l i br a ri e s o f C o l u m b ia U n i ver s i ty o f the ,

Je wi s h The o l o g ic a l S e m i n a ry o f A m er i c a a n d el s e w here a n d , ,

is a n i n c u n a b u l u m It i s m i n u tely de s cr i bed by D e R o s s i i n
.
,

A nn a l e s H e bra e o Typ og rap h i ci Pa rm a p 1 3 1 It wa s pr o b , , . .

a bly c o p i ed f r o m the S o n c i n o ed i t i o n o f the M a h z o r

1
It s ch i e f .

v a l u e l i e s i n i t s be i n g in pl a ce s c o rr o b o r a t o ry o f Br o r M a .

O n ly o cc a s i o n a lly d o e s i t o fi e r a n i n depe n de n t re a d i n g o f v a l u e .

Mi M s hn a h text w i th Com m e n ta ry of M a i m on i d e s N a ple s , ,

1 4 9 2 ; pr i n te d by J o s h u a S o n c i n o 2
T h is i s the fir s t e d i t i o n o f .

the M s hn a h The c o py u s e d by the ed i to r i s f o u n d i n the

.

l i br a ry o f the Je wi s h The o l o gi c a l S e m i n a ry o f A m eri c a It .

h a s m a r g i n a l n o te s o fi e ri n g c o rrect i o n s a s w ell a s s o m e i n ter ,

l i n e ar i n s erti o n s It a g ree s s u b s ta n t i a lly w i th S o i t s s o u rce

.
,

ev i de n tly be i n g the s a m e b o th be i n g S o n c i n o ed i t i o n s Va , . _

r i a n t s f r o m i t a re rec o rded i n the n o te s o n ly whe n d i fi e ri n g

f ro m th o s e o f S o .

A s i t h a s bee n the a i m o f the ed i t o r t o re s t o re the text a s i t

c a m e fr o m the p e n o f Ib n Ti bb o n i t h a s very o fte n bec o m e ,

n ece s s a ry f o r h i m t o p l a ce i n the n o te s re a d i n g s w h o s e H ebre w

i
i s s u per o r t o th a t o f th o s e ret a i n ed i n the text 3 Ib n T i bb o n .
,

o n the w h o le tr a n s l a ted l i ter a lly a n d c o n s eq u e n tly the l i ter a l

, ,

i s m o f a re a d i n g i n d i c a te s c o n cl u s i vely th a t i t o r i g i n a ted w i th
h im The m o re i d i o m a ti c re n der i n g s a re d u e t o c o py is t s wh o
.
,

e n de a v o red t o i m pr o ve the text b u t wh o i t m a y be a dded , , ,

1 See Ca t a l ogo
d i Op r i ch e Grech e L ti e ed It li e t mp te d i
Eb ere a a n a an s a a a

Cele r ac ec l i X V e X VI C mp i l t d G et Z cc r i
b i Tip o gr ji S o n i n i n e S
’
o , o a o a a a na a a a

cc p
A n to n u i , e c e der S p p l m t m C t l gi l i b r h e br i B i b li th
1 13 S t i n s h n i.
, u e en u a a o . . n o .

B dl i a i C t l b l tt f B i b l i t h e k we e (Le i p ig V l X I p 486
’

o e an ,
n e n ra a ur o s s n z ,
o .
, .
,

and JE l VI p 5 7 8
.
,rt I c
vo . b l ,S A to
. cc i C t l g tc
, a . n u na u a .
2 ee n nu , a a o o, e .
,

pp 53 54
. S —f i t .ce H eb re w t ext c I p 9 1
2 ee, or ns a n , , .
,
.
, n . .
26 TH E E TH I C S O F M A IM ON I DES

thr o u g h the i r i g n o r an ce o f the A r ab i c c o n s tr u cti o n s a t tim e s ,

l
i n tr o d u ced err o r s i n t o the i r m a n u s cr i pt s .

In o rder h o w e ver t o eq u a l i z e the text a n d re n der i t a s

, ,

s m o o th a s p o ss i ble w herev er o n e s o u rce h a s a re a d i n g w h i ch

,

i n m i n o r de t a i l s i s m o re c o rrect g r a m m a t i c a lly th a n th a t o f
a n o ther th o u g h p erh a p s better m a n u s cr i pt o r ed i ti o n the
, ,

fo r m er re a d i n g i s pre ferred w i th o u t m e n ti o n i n the n o te s ,

a lth o u g h the l o o s er re n der i n g m a y g o b a ck t o Ib n T i bb o n .

Th i s i s e sp ec i a lly tr u e a s re ga rd s the a g ree m e n t o f s u fii xe s a n d

p r o n o u n s w i th the i r n o u n s Th us 0 713 um etc o f S o a re .
, , , .
,

o fte n ret a i n ed i n p re f ere n ce t o

in) m m etc o f Br o r M a
"
, , .
, ,

a lth o u g h the l a tter a re m o re a u th o r i ta t i v e s o u rce s

i
.

E m e n d a t i o n s o f the text h a v e bee n a v o i ded u n le s s s u p p o rte d

by g o o d a u th o r i ty a n d a l w a y s by th a t o f the o ri gi n a l A r a b i c
, ,

as , f o r i n s t a n ce i n C h a pter V III where a l l the H ebre w

3
, ,

s o u rce s a re at fa u lt the m an u s cri pt s a n d ed i t io n s re a d i n g

m m infl ux 1mm o r m am mmus The A ra b i c mama
, ,
"
.
, , ,

i n t s pl a i n ly t o a n o r i g i n a l mm
p o .

G l o s s e s w h i ch ca n be tr a ced t o Ib n Tibb o n a re pr i n te d i n
s m a ll ty p e A l l o ther g l o s s e s a re p u t i n the n o te s
. .

The re a der c a n g e n era lly tell the s o u rce o n w h i ch a g i ve n

p a rt o f the text i s b a s ed by the a b s e n ce o f the s i g n o f th a t
s o u rce fr o m the n o te s In C h a pter s I t o VI fo r i n s t a n ce t h e.
, ,

s i g n Br i s s eld o m pre s e n t i n the n o te s wh i ch i n d i c a te s th a t the ,

text fo ll o ws th a t m a n u s cri p t v ery cl os ely The ch a ra cter o f .

the n o te s i n th i s re g a rd s h o u ld h o w ever be t a ke n i n t o c o n s i d , ,

e ra t i o n Th u s C h a p ter s VII a n d V III a re b a s e d m a i n ly o n

.
,

M a b u t th a t s i g n a ppe a rs o fte n i n the n o te s bec a u s e o f m in o r

,

err o r s a n d o m i s s i o n s i n i t s text V a r ia n t s o cc u rri n g i n M i a re .

n o ted o n ly w he n they d i ff er f r o m th o s e i n S o .

1 See H b e re w t ex t
V p 3 2 28 H T w c o ci u f ch err r i h i , 0 .
, .
,
n . . . as ns o s o su o s n s

tr l ti S h i Pref ce t th M re h i wh i c h h re f er t h i f t h er ’
an s a ons . ee s a o e o , n e s o s a s

(J h d h ) Pref ce t h i t r n l t i f B h y ib P k d m m wh ere
’ ’
e u a s a o s a s a on o a a n a u a s u va h h ,

J h d h d w el l
e u p t h d iffi c lt i e i t r n l ti g fr m A r b i c in to H eb re w
a s u on e u s n a s a n o a .

Cf H Ub p 3 74
. S .H e b re w t ext p 54 n 3 7
,
. .
3 ee , .
, . .
 IN TR O D UC TI ON 27

E . M AN US CRIPTS E DI TI O N S TR AN S L AT I ON S OOMME N
T A RI E S

F or a l is t an d d e s cri pt i o n of the A ra b i c m a n u s cr i pt s c o n ta in
Th a m a n i a t F u sul
the S h e m on a h P e ra lpi m ) , Ca ta l B o dl
in g ( se e . .
,

1 8 8 9—1 8 9 0 .

The A r ab i c text , i n H ebre w ch a ra cter s , w i th a L a ti n t ra n s l a

t io n is c o n t a i n ed i n
1 . Port a M os i s si ve Di ss e rta ti on e s A li qu ot a R . M os e M a i
m an i d e , su i s in va r i a s M is h n a i oth etc , .
, by E d w a rd Po
c o cke ( O x fo rd , pp 1 81 25 0 .
—
.

2 . Th e The o log i ca l Works of th e L e a rn e d D r Poe o clc, . ed i ted

b y Le o n a rd (L d Tw e l l s
p p 68 93 on on, .
— .
l

3 . It h a s a l s o bee n ed i ted by Wo l ff w i th a G er m a n t ra n sl a ,

t i o n u n der the ti tle Th a m a n i a t F u s ul M u sa M a i m u n i s

, ,
’

A e h t Cap i t e l A ra bi s ch u n d D e u ts e h m i t A n m e rku ng e n
.

von Dr M IVOZ fi ( p
r
Le i z ig,
. S ec o n d rev i s ed

ed i ti o n Le i de n , , 1 9 03 .

the fo ll o win g a re e n u m er a ted a p a r ti a l l is t o f m a n u scr ip t

In
w o rk s c o n t a i n i n g the w h o le A bo t Com m e n ta ry a n d a l s o o f the ,

m a n u s cri pt M a h z ori m i n w h i ch the S h e m on a h P e r a ki m a re

fo u n d : 2

I . WI TH AB OT

e L ibr ry ” Oxf o d B od l i a n r a

M ekh th A b th with S h m el i b Ti bb
as s o tr n l o ,
'
u n on s
’
a s a t io n of M .
’
s co m

m e ta ry C py m de b y M d kh i b Le i 7 m err r
'
n . o a or a en v 97 at F a a f or R .

1r Th e Po ta M osi s a ls o c o n t a ins th e er i tr d c t i f
o th n o u ons oun d in M a i m o n i
des C mm e t ry
’
o n a on th e Mi s h n a h , na m ely t h I t r d c t i
, e n o u on t o th e M i s h na h
(err e ly c ll ed i
on o us a n S eder Z er ai m p ra e f t i ) th i tr d cti
a o , e n o u on to Pe re l; He l e lc ,

to Kod o s h i m , to To h o ro th , cc t f th l if eand to M
’

n a h o th . T we lls , i n h i s a oun o e

an d wr it i gs f P k n y (p 4 4 ) th t th M P k m de
o o co c e , sa f w ere s . a e ss . oco c e a us e o

very g d d so m e f th e m b im agi ed t h very rigi l wr itt e b y t h

oo an o , e n , e o na s n e

th r s w h nd XLVI p 22) t t e t h t ”
au o
’
J w k i (ZPh Ko n a . a rac z e s r .
, ,
. s a s a

P k
o c oc ed Oxf rd M 8 Th t itl e p a e f t h P r t M i h th i m pri t
e us an o . e g o e o a os s as e n

of H H l l A c d mi
. Typ g p h
a 16 55 b t t h t it le p ge f t h
a e ae Ap p e d i x i
o ra us , ,
u e a o e n s

d t ed 16 54
a S l Ct lg e d M
.
2 cr ip t H ébre x t S m i t i
e e , a so, a a o u s es a nus s u e a ar a ns

d l B i b l i th eq
e a Imp ér i le (P r i
o 3 3 2 334
ue 6 05 6 09 6 17 6 74
a a s, nos .
1
,
1
, , , ,
3
,

750 d 1 19 1 0
2
, d c tal g e o f t h er lib r r ie
an 1
, an Ne b a C t l g o u s o a s .
1 u au e r, a a o ue .
28 TH E ETH I C S O F M A IM ON ID ES

N oa h b e n fi i h ed S d y 22d of Iyya 5237

'
Imma n u l N o rz i ; e n s on un a , r,

(1 4 77 ) ( Ger r c c r c t er ) m an a b b i n i a l h a a s .

O A b th t r f S h m el Ti bb I M c mm ‘
F l 28 5 o . l ti . n o ,
an s a on o u on . n .
’
s o on

ta ry M i h h ( Germ
on r b b i ic l ch r ct er ) s na an a n a a a s .

S h m el i b pref ce d H b t r l ti n f M e '
F l 54 o . Ti bb . u n on s
’
a an e . ans a o o .
’

c m m e t ry
o A b th d n af th E i g h t Ch p ter ( It l i n r b b i i c l
on o an o e a s a a a n a

ch r ct er )
a a s

F l 1 12 oM c m m e t a ry
. A b th i H b ( Ger m
. r b b i ic l .
’
s o n on o n e . an a n a

ch r c t er )
a a s .

S h m el i b Ti bb tr l t i f M E igh t Ch p ter d ' ’

F l 14 o . . u n on s an s a on o .
’
s a s an

h i c m m e t ry
s o A b th w it h m rgi l te b y
n a l t er h d (Germ on o ,
a na no s a a an an

r b b i i c l ch r ct er )
a n a a a s .

r
B i tis h M us e mu L i bra ry 1
A dd 14 76 3 . . S am ’
l ib n Ti b b o n r
’
s t an s a l ti on o f M .
’
s C omm ent a ry o n mas , p re
ceded b y Ib n T bb o s
i n
’
i t r d ct i
n o u o n a n d ai ms '
n, A D . .

Add . 16 3 9 0 . M .
’
s twp
-
w ‘
n, X VIt h ce t ry n u .

A dd . 1 705 7 . Th e awp w mum of M . a nd h is C o m m e n ta ry o n A b oth (i m perfect ) ,

tr l ti ans a on fr o m th e A r a bi c in t o H e b re w b y S a m u el ib n Ti b b o n X Vth ,

ce t ry n u .

D e R os si L ibra ry (Pa rm a ) 3

Go d 4 6 . . R M o s is M S e e m o n e P
. . er a ki m , s e u o c t C p i ta de
o a a n im a e f a cu l
ver
t a ti b u s a R S Tib b o n i d e h e b ra ic e S . . sa . ec . XV .

Co d . 71 F rk e A t h
. i C p it l p t r m m C m m M i m o id is j q
no se u a u a a u cu o . a n e us ue

p f t ; m mb r bb i 4 i S
ra e a XV e . a . n
°
n ec . .

Co d . 26 9 .F i r k e A th m C mm e ta r i M i m id i f j p f vo cu o n o a on s ac u s a e us rae a

ti e m m b r b b in
on 1 44 4
e r . a . an .

Co d . 273 . F i r ke A th C pi t l p t r m m C m M im vo se u a u a a u cu o . a on .

Co d . 3 27 .M im idi C m m i F i rke A th m fa p f s on c to s o . n vo cu u sa ra e . eu o

P l i m ex R S Tib b i d t
e ra c l ti . . on es ra n s a one .

Go d . 3 53 P A . c p it l p t r m m C m m M im id i t S XV
. . se u a u a a u cu o . a on s , e c. ec . .

Co d . 4 38 .M C mm i P A m p f S m Tib b . id i A d c l c ver
o . n . . cu ra e . a . on s . a . o

C M i P A h ec
o rn . p i . t “ F i it
n t t l t i c mm
. h j . a re e r un ur n a es ra n s a s o . u us

t r ct t a ex l i g
a us rb i t m me t e b e th 96 3 ( h n 1 202) ua a a . n s an c a ns a an . c r .

q e m t it i rce L ii l pi e p h il p h
u ve r d it n i m i a i ne sa ns os o us , e ru us n o n a s c en

ti R S m fil
a, pi ti m g i R J h
. a be Ti b f l m G
. . t n is sa en s a n . e . a n. . e . . ra n a e s
”
h i s p an u s .

Go d 1 1 6 1. . Pi rke a vo t h c u m c o mm e nt a ri o M . et fus a e jus p re fat i o ne . An .

14 19 .

Go d 124 6 . . R M M Pe ra ch i m ,
. . . C ap it ul a de f acu lt at ib us an i m ae seu fusa
p ra e fa t i o ad P A . .

P A . . seu C a pi tul a p a t ru m ,
cu m M . com . ex ve rs i o n s R . ab en T .

S ec . XIV .

1 M a rgoli ou t h , H b e re w a nd S a m a i ta n M s s r .
, L d on on , 1 893 .
2
Se e s up r a,

p . 24 8 M ss
. Co i . dc H es e b ra i c i , r
Pa m a , 18 03 .
30 TH E ETH I CS OF M A IM ON I D E S

A d d 27070. . Pa t 1 o f r a ni ne ,
“
R o m an i t r e , in cl di u ng A bo th w ith t h e E i gh t h ap C
t er s an d C om m e nt a ry of M i n S a m u l ib n T i b b o n
. e ’
s H b e re w r
t a ns la t i o n .

X Vt h ce ntu ry .

A dd . 1 99 44- 1 9 945 . w h r , R o m an r it e ,
c d
i n l u i n g A b o th wi t h th e E i gh t h ap t s C er
an d Co mm enta ry of M i n th e . H b e re w r
t ans at i on o f S a m u l i b n Ti b b on l e .

A .D . 144 1 .

D e R o ss i L ib r a ry

C od 63. . M ah z o r e it m F i k r e Ab o t h c u m co m M a i m o n id is m e m b r
. . r
abb .

in 4 °
m in r e . q e Sec im .XV . M .
’
s com . in F i k A no th u m i n M a ch a z or

p im ddi
as s i m ad t im
,
t ex H e b r ver i
a e R S m li su pr a an ve r us , es . s on . a ue s

A b e Tib b O n n t e t i m e j de m M ct Per k im
on c pi ta . c cu rru a us . o o a se u a .

26 0 M h r . A d t F i rk e A
a th se C pi t l p t r m m m
z o cce un vo u a u a a u cu co .

M m mb r b b f l m m
. XV M m F i rke A t epi t l
e . a . o . . se c . . . co . v e . s o a

de ti t ex ver i
re su rre c e R S m l i A b e Tib pri r ill e
on e s un s on . a ue s n . ac o

p fi x im h b e t f c m
ra e t a p f ti m C pit l de fac l t ti
, a u a a u c on us rae a on e ,
se u a u a u a

b us a n i m ae .

C od 3 7 8
. r . P i m t Pe c h
M ahz m l ib r E t h er tc — t M C m
o se u ur e sa cu o s ,
e . e . . o .

P A ex ver i e S A b e T m m b r b b M t il i i 4
. . m j X III s on . n . e . a . u s n
°
a . s ec . .

V t t c dex i g l ib i t t l t i ib
e us u s tc o s n u ar us , ns ru c us ec on us , e .

Cod . 40 3 M h r bi p
. m S ec t b ib li ia Pse l z o P A c m s . cu . c a ac . o c cu rr . . . u

m M Mi h g Treve m m b r b b i 14 70
°
co . . i 8 a n a se u s, e . a n . n n . .

Cod . 4 20 M h r i t l. m R th tc P A
a m C m M
z o XV a . cu u ,
e . . . cu o . . sec . .

Co d . 74 0 M h it l
. Pi k A th a m c mm M i m nid i
z or m e mb a . r e vo cu o . a o s, r .

r b b f l m vel 4 M j S XV
a . o . in . .
°
a . ec . .

C od . 76 7 M h r i ta l
. P A m c mm M m mb
a z o r bb i f l . . . cu o . . e r . a . n o . an

1 463 .

C od 7 7 0
. . P A . . cu m M . C o m m en t . h b e r ver . so a R . S . ab e n Tib . S ec . X IV .

Cod 8 02
. . M ah z o r ita i lc m u P A . . cu m c om . M . ci Pe ra ch i m se u V III
ca p i t ib us . Sec . XV .

C o d 8 14
. . M a hz o r ri t us it a li i c P A . . c um c om m . M . e j . Pe ra ch i m
m e m b r i ta l . . 1 4 89 .

Cod 9 5 5
. r bi p
. M ah z o s . P A . . cu m co m . M ; m e m b ram h is p
. . f ol . se c .

X IV l XV ve .

Co d . 9 59 M h rr m . a z o o anum ve l i tal i c um P A . . cu m c o m . M . ac Ja rch i i

c i M Pe ra ch i m
. . an . 14 00 .

No ra — M ai m o n i de in P A q u i
s com . . . c e st on s u et a. Sam . Tib b o n i d is
ver i e p s on rae m i t t u r in t e rp re t is e t a u ct o ris l t er a a f us i o r de a n i m ae fac a l
t t ib
a q us u a m s ce m o n e p e ra ch i m s e u o c t c pi t lo a u a i n s crip s i t .

Co d 121 2 . M a ch a z or it a l i c um P A . . c u m co m . M . ac fusa e us j p rae f . se u

c
O t o Ca p it ib us . S ec . XV .

e e l gi c l S mi ry (N w J wis h Th o o a e na e Yo rk)
M a hz o r R om an ri te f urt ee t h fif tee th ce t ry
.
, o n or n n u .
1

1 Se e s up r ppa, . 24—25 .
 IN TR O D U C T I ON 31

E DI TI O N S O F TH E S H E M ON A H PE RA K IM

The Pe ra lci m a re f o u n d i n all ed i ti o n s o f the M i s h n a h a n d

Ta lm u d w h i ch c o n t a i n the Com m e n ta ry o f M a i m o n i d e s l The .

text o f the Pe ra lcim c o n t a i n e d i n the fir s t ed i ti o n o f the M is h n a h

a g ree s s u b s t a n t i a lly w i th th a t f o u n d i n the Comm e n ta r o n A bo t
y
w h i ch h a s bee n c o ll a ted by the ed i t o r a n d de s ig n a ted by S o , .

B o th w ere p r i n ted by S o n c in o “ The P e ra lci m i n the firs t .

edi ti o n o f the Ta lmu d a re p r a cti c a lly i n a cc o rd w i th the s e .

The Comm e n ta ry on A bot wi th the Pera lcim w a s i n c o rp o r a ted

i n to the It a l i an r i t u a l ( 1 4 84 ) a n d al s o i n t o the G reek r i tu a l
i n ce They m a y a l s o be f o u n d i n the M a h z ori m o f the
( s

S o n c i n o Bro thers S o n c i n o 1 4 8 5 (fi n i s hed C a s a l M a gg i o re , , , ,

a n d Ri m i n i 15 21 a n d i n the B o l o g n a ed i t i o n o f the , ,

M a h z or 1 5 4 0 ,

E D ITION S OF A B O T WITH TH E S H E M ON A H PE R A K IM

1 . A bo t w i th c o m m e n t a ry o f M a i m o n i de s i n cl u d i n g the S h e ,

m on a h Pe ra lci m S o n c i n o 1 4 8 4 ; de s cr i bed o n p a g e 25
“
.
, ,

m1 m - "
2 . : p mam as h r "
m mam 1 a as mus as:
p
mas nam run m am c w: m p1 bs m ns m m 1 5 4 5
‘ ~
, .

may nwxmn fi

3 . mus Plb w i th c o m m e n t a r y o f M ai m o n i de s L o n d o n
” '

, , ,

5 5 32

S E PA R A TE E D ITION S

1 . H u r wi t z , A br a h am m ans b [N W m ans ID”RED 6 ‘ "

i -
mme mmw 5s yam r man an L u bl i n Ka l o n ym o s .
,

b e n M o rdech a i J a fe u n d s e in S o h n Ch ojyi m 1 5 74 . .

2 ERYN YD R WW ! DJN“ E WJ V i e n n a 1 7 9 8
‘ ‘ ’
.
, .

1 S e e Fu s t , B i b i o th r l r p 25 H U bec a Ju d ica a , vo l . II p , . 3 09 .
1“S e e s u
p a, . .
2
.
,

pp 43 7 4 38 C t B d l 1 890 2483
.
— . S a aA t cci C t l g e t p 1 1 5
l . o , .
3 ee n on u , a a o o, c .
, . .

H U b p 4 38 4 77
.
,
. R i E th i k p 3 1
,
n . 2 S C t l g e of th
.
4
os n , ,
.
,
n . .
5 ee a a o u e

C h e L i br ry B lt im re M d
o n a O t h er ed i ti
, f th
a me L b l i 1 6 16 ;
o , .
6 o ns o e sa a re u n,

i b 16 22 ; Kr k
.
, 1 5 7 7 ; i h 16 02 S a F r t l au , it H w it w p pil .
, . ee u s , oc . c . ur z as a u

f R M e I l M t h fu G d Wi e ch f t d J d th m
’

o . os s h
ss e r e s see ona s c . r esc . un ss ns a es u en u

l X I p 16 3 1
vo A cc o rd i g t t h pref ce i t f ll w
.
, .
,
nL ti. .
7 n o e a , o o s a a n

t ext pre m b ly th at f P
,
su k b t i t t ext i h rd l y d iffere t f r m t h t f t h
a o o co c e, u s s a n o a o e

o th er edi t i ons .
 !

32 T H E E T H IC S o r M A IM O N I D E S

-
m
3 . L i chte n s te i n ( A br a h a m b e n E l i e z er )
“ zi p P 1 3 fl a b .

rp m mm a: ma m um me n by ne w m mn" -
.

Wil n a 1 7 9 9 KI
,
T“ ( C.o n t a i n s o n ly ch a
p .

ter s I V ) — .

mu s e u ms yaw we n um b m ane name n -

r am
m u ms m u rmu rs: w as B a s el 1 8 04 Pr i n ted b y .
, .

Wilhel m H a a s l
.

5 . S a l o m o n G o tth old 2
mpwa name 551: ppm: np vn
,
‘
.

w‘ “ b m w m
‘
a m x w us v s m n r m a s a s ylu m w m ‘
v
nz a w e : W m: m ai nnbw m m m am a Impasms
i ‘

D e s sa u , M o s e s Ph i l ip p s o h n , 1 8 09 . Wi th
v o w el s
“
.

6 . B eer M i c h a l
, . m m ? mp1 ; ”WS W . L e h u i t Ch ap i tre s
d e M a i m on i d e , etc .
, tra d . en f ra n c . Pa ri s , 1 8 1 1 .

7 . A e h t A bs ch n i tte 3
aus d e m A ra bis ch e n . Br a u n s ch w e i g ,
1 8 24 .

8 . F al ke n h e i m , S . D i e E th i k d e s M a i m on i d e s o d e r S e h e m on e h
P e ra ki m ; d e u ts ch be a rbe i t Kon i g s berg 1 8 32 .
, .

DDDW WB nnnw
'
9 . 7
'
DP ‘
. D e A e h t H oof d s tu klce n va n M a i
m on id e s . B e va tte n d e z zyn e Zi e lku n d ig e Ve rh a n d e li ng .

H e t H e bre e u ws e h op n i e u w n ag ez ien en i n h e t N e d e rd u i ts e h
G r o n i n g e n S J O ppe n he i m 1 84 5
ve rt a a ld .
4
, . .
, .

1 0 S l u ck i D a v i d
. m m nv D Pla mm i n 5m m m m
,
‘
.
” ‘ ‘

C o n t a in s a l s o a b i o g r a phy o f S a m u el Ib n Ti b b o n a n d
no te s Wa rs a w 1 86 3
“
.
.
,

11 . Wo l f M i ch a l m , . 5 ? 101 m: pm : nu m b t p
-
15 nm u s

-
mam r w ne w‘ r
pm 53 m nan mm a s uit n 1m m
‘

mm 09 N W lH
‘
. Le m ber g 1 876 ( Fo ll o ws ed De s s au , .
,

Wi th v o w el s , b u t u n rel i a ble .

C OM M E N TA RIE S , A N N O TA TE D E DITION S , A N D
TR A N S L A TION S

The c o m m e n t a r i e s o n the Pe ra kim a re fo u n d i n s o m e o f the

a b o ve m e n t i o n ed e d i t i o n s
- They a re the DH IDS W DH fl ab by .
'

1 H a a s w as a e er
c d der m ch K ii t i B erli
m mb of H Ub
th e A a . e . ns e n n .
2
.
,

p . 43 8 . Sa l m o w t e c h er t t h
on F re i ch le i D e
as a a B eer R bbi M e a e s u n s sa u , a os s

be n M aimo n , p 72 C t l g e f H e b rew B k i th B ri t i h M e m
. .
3
a a o u o oo s n e s us u ,

p . 5 87 .
4A c py is f d i t h C l m b i U iver i ty L i b r ry
o ou n n e o u a n s a
 IN T R O D U C T I O N 33

H u r w i t z , w h i ch i s fo u n d i n ed it i o n s o f the T a l m u d w h i ch
al l

M a i m o n i de s c o m m e n t a ry 1 a n d th a t o f Li ch t e n s te i n i n
’
c on t ain ,
“ "
h is P1 3 it ! 15 0 .

The t a ted ed i ti o n s a re th o s e o f V i e n n a 1 7 98 ; D e s s a u
an no , ,

1 8 09 ; G r o n i n g e n 1 8 4 5 ; Wa r s a w 1 86 3 a n d Le m ber g 1 8 7 6
, , , .

The p o p u l a ri ty o f the P e ra ki m i s e v i de n t f r o m the f a ct th a t

they h a ve bee n tr a n s l a ted m an y t i m e s i n t o v a r i o u s l a n g u a g e s .

The fo ll o w i n g i s a l is t o f the tr a n s l a t i o n s
a L a ti n
.
— The Pe ra lci m i n L a t i n a re fo u n d i n
.
2

1 P o c k e s P or ta M os i s f r o m the A r a b i c The tr
’

( ) o c ( 2) a n s , .

l a t i o n o f the M i s h n a h w i th the c o m m e n t a r i e s o f M a i m o n i de s ,

2
a n d B a r t i n o ra by S u r e n h u s i u s 3
( ) T
, he u n ed i ted t ra n sl a .
2

t i o n o f M a i m o n i de s Com m e n ta ry on A bo t by J a c o b M a n ti ’
,

o f M a i m o n i de s
3 4 The tr a n s l a t io n C
’
n us .
( ) o m m e n tar
y o n

A bo t by C C U y t h a g e
, .
4
. .

b G e rm a n
. In the e d i t i o n s o f ( 1 ) V i e n n a 1 7 9 8 ( 2) H a a s
.
—
, ,

Ba s el 1 8 0 4 ; ( 3) S a l o m o n D e s s a u 1 8 09 ; (4 ) Wo l ff Le i p z i g
, , , , ,

1 8 6 3 a n d Le i de n 1 9 03 f ro m the A r a b i c ; ( 5 ) Wo l f Le m berg , , , ,

1 87 6 6
( ) by M R a w i c z i n K o mm e n t a r d e s M .a i m on i d e s e u d e n ,

Sp rzi c h e n d e r Va te r i n s D e u t s ch e u be r tr ag e n 1 9 1 0 pp 1 4 7
'

.
—
, , , .

Po rti o n s o f ch a pter s I a n d V III a re tr a n s l a ted by B eer i n R , .

M o s e s be n M a i m o n .

0 . F re n c h .
— B eer, Pa r i s , 1 8 1 1 ; J u le s Wo l ff ,
42
Pa r i s , 1 9 1 2 .

d . D u t ch .
— G r o n i n g e n , 1 84 5 .

e . E n g li s h .
— H e bre w R e vi e w , ed i ted by M o rr is J . Ra p h a l l ,
Lo n d on V o l u m es , I a n d II ( 1 834

1 See Fu rt s ,
l oc . ci t .
2 Ja ra c z e ws ki (ZPh Kr , XLVI p , . 23 ) refer t s o a

L at in r
t ans a l ti on wh i c h appe a red in Bo l o gn a i n 1 5 20 .
28 M is h n a h i e t ti
s v o us

H e b r a e o ru m ju i s , r i t u u m , r a n t i q u it a t u m , a c leg u m o r a l i u m s ys t em a cu m M a i mo
n id i s e t B a rt e n o r a e co m m e n t a r i i s i n te g ri s . A cce d u n t va r r io um a u ct ro u m n o ta e

L a ti n a t ed o n a vi t G S . ure n h u s i u s . A m s te l a e d a m i , 1 6 9 8— 1 7 03 .
3 Ja k M au t in o
.

(A . in T rt
o os a ) Oct C o ap i ta R . M o s is M a i m o n i d i s in v er s i on el a ti n a , e t c .

Bo l o gn a , 1 5 26 . S e e Fu r s t, lo c . ci t .
; H Ub .
,
p . 438 .
4 On e ] . C rn el
o

U y t h a ge (i n Leyde n ) , E xp l i c a t i o R . fil os i s M a i m o n id i s co mp l e ct e n s o ct o

cap i ta , e tc .
,
L yde
e n, 1 68 3 . H Ub p 4 38 “S J w Ch r i cle (L d )
.
,
. .
4 ee e . on on on ,

N 0 225 5 ,
. p . 30 .
5 In c ple te
om an d very free C h pt r I V i t r l t ed b y C p . a e s an s a ou

l an di n Th o u gh ts an d A p i r ti s a ons o f th A g e L d e 1 8 9 5 pp 206 ff s, on on , ,
. .
 FORE WORD

TH E au thor R a bb i
, M s
o e s m
( ya Go d p re s erv e hi m ! ) s a i d :1

We h ave al re a dy expl ain ed in the in trodu ct io n t o this work

i e the C omme n ta ry on th e Mi sh n a h ) the re a s on the a u th o r
( . .

o f the Mish n a h h a d for p u tt in g thi s tre a t is e (Abot) i n t hi s

O r d er (Nez ilti n) 2 W e h ave al so m en ti on ed the gre a t be n efit

.

th a t is to be derive d fr om this tre a tis e a n d h a ve pr omis ed ,

m a n y t im e s in precedin g p assa ge s t o dis cu ss cert ain im p o rt a n t

p oin t s a t s om e len gth i n c omm e n tin g u p o n it F or al th ou gh .
,

the con ten t s o f the tre a tis e s eem cle a r a n d e asy t o u n der
st a n d yet t o c a rry ou t all th a t it c on t ain s is n ot a sim ple
,

m a tter for everyb o dy M oreover n ot all o f it s c on te n t s is i n

.
,

t e lli gib l e wi th ou t am ple c omm e n t wi th al th a t it le a ds t o gre a t

,

per fecti on a n d tr u e h ap p in e ss F or the s e re a son s I h a ve deem ed

.
,

it a dvis a ble here t o go i n t o a m o re le n gthy dis cu ssi on B e si de s .

,

“H e wh o wishe s t o
our R a bb is o f ble s s ed m em o ry h a ve s a i d ,

”3
be s a in tly let hi m pr a ctis e the te a chin g s o f Abot
, N ow .
,

there i s n othi n g th a t r a nks s o hi gh wi th u s as s ain tlin ess ,

u nl e ss i t be p r o phecy a n d it is s ai n tli n e ss th a t p a ve s the wa y

,

“
t o pr o phecy ; a s o ur R abb is of ble ssed m em ory s a i d S a in tlin ess ,
”
le a ds to h oly i n sp ir a tion 4 Thu s the ir words m ake it cle a r
.
,

1 S ee H b w t t e re ex p
5 , n 2 Th e i n t o d u t o
. . . r c ry
w o d s are b y ib n Ti bb o n r .

c
2 S e e Gold s h m i d t D er B a b l on i s ch
, y e
Tal mud, I, B li n , 1 897 , E inl ei tung er
in e
d i e M i sna h von M os s M a i monide s, p
XXX ; an d H brew R e vie w, v ol
. e .

I, p . 19 1 .

3 B a ba Ka m ma , 30 a : “
we n~
~$
p m u arms u m um u m m ars t n was
m am mam as n e w was ru n rpm x -

A boda h Za ra h 20h :
’
, s un m m ‘ “N: rim e nu» may “ name m rnn
in ; '

-
mus 1p m5 s wab man m y
 F OREWORD 35

t h a t t h e p u tting in t o p r a cti ce the te a chings of this tr a ct a te of

le a ds on e t o p r o phecy I s h al l l a ter exp o u n d the tru th o f t hi s

.

a s s ert i o n , beca u s e u p on it depe n ds a n um ber of ethi c al pri n

ci p l e s .

F urther
deem it fit t o pre fa ce the c om m e n t ary on the re
, I
sp e ctive H a la h ot 1 pr oper by s om e us e ful ch a pter s fro m whi ch ,

the re a der m a y le a r n cert a i n b a si c pr in ciple s whi ch m a y l a ter

s erve a s a key to wh a t I a m g o i n g t o s a
y i n the c om m e n t a ry .

K n o w h o wever th a t the i de a s pres en ted i n the s e ch a pter s a n d

, ,

in the foll owin g c omm e n t a ry are n ot of m y own i n ve n ti on ;

n e ither di d I th i n k o u t the exp l a n a t i o n s c o n t a i n ed there in 2 ,

b ut I h a ve gle a n ed them fr om the wo rds o f the wi s e o ccurrin g i n

the M idrash i m in the Talmu d a n d in o ther of the ir works , , ,

a s well as fro m the words of the phil osopher s a n ci e n t a n d ,

recen t a n d al so from the work s o f v a r i ou s a u th or s 3 a s on e

, ,

1 I . e .
, th e ver e s s of A bot .

2 See H . M al t er , Sh em Tob Jos ep h Pa l qu er a , i n JQR (n e w s eri e s ) , v o l. I,

p . 16 3 , n . 21 .

3 c e t p hil p h er p
Th e “a n i n
”
oso s u on w h om M dre w al th o u gh n ot al w ays
.
,

fr o m t h rce ( M k G i de e so u s se e un , u ,
I p 345 n 4 ; R o s in E th i k p 5
, .
, .
, ,
.
,

n . e S cr t ear Pl t t h e S t o i c o a s, a o, s, e peci ll y A ri
s a s t o tl e (s e e In tr odu c ti on ,

p 5 n
.
,
A l ex d er o f A p h r o di i
. an s as (M eh I 31 ; or , , II, an d Th e m i s ti u s
“rece p p h er M m e A b u N a s al -F a ab i r r
”
(I bi d I . By,
t h e t ,
h il n oso s . an s

(Ib id I 7 3 74 ;.
, ,
III ,
II , e r 15 , 1 8 , 19 ; , Ibn S i n a , al -Ga z z al i , A b u B k Ib n
al Za i g (Ibi d
- I 74 ce ; III r y
, ,
II , 24 tw i , b u t h a dl Ib n R o sh d (Av e rrh e s ) .

Th e “w ork s o f v a ri o u s a u th o r s re fer s t o th e e th i c al wri tin g s o f M s

”
.
’

Je wi sh p re d ece s s o r s a m on g w h o m w ere S aa di a Ib n Gab i ro l Ba hy a Ba r , , , ,

Hi ya Ib n Za d di k Y eh d ah h a L evi Ab r ah am Ib n E z r a an d Ib n D a u d
, ,
u -
, ,
.

S e e M s L e tter to Ibn Ti bbon in Robes Te s h u bot h a R a m ba m II 28 h ;

’
-
.
, , ,

M un k Ibid I p 107 n 1 ; p 34 5 n 4 ; p 4 33 n 2; 4 34 n 4 ; III p 4 1 7

,
.
, , .
, . .
, . .
, .
, .
,
.
,

n . 2, p 4 38 n 4 ; B eer
an d , , R a bbi .M os s b e n M a i m on. 4 7 -5 0
; G ig , e pp . e er
Na achgel ssene S ch iften III
r , , M os e s b e n M a i m on ,
4 1 ; K a u fm an n , A t i r i p .

bu tenl eh r e , p 324 , n 186 ; R o s i n , Ibid , . 5 -25 , 9 6 , n 3 ; Wo l ff, A h t Cap i t l,

. . pp . . c e
In tr odu c ti on , X II-XIII ; Co h n , Ch a r a kter i s ti k, in M os s be n M a im on, I 79 ; e e p .

in JE , a ti l s o n th e G r ce
k, A ab i , an d J w i s h p h il o s o p h s m n t i o n d ree r c e er e e
e
in t h i s n ot , a n d a ti l b y I Bro yd é , A r a bi Ph i l os op hy — Its Influ nc e r ce . c e
on Juda i s m, II, 58 On M s ’
p
l a ti o n t o Ib n R o sh d , s e e M un k , N oti e
. . . re c
su r Josep h ben -Je h ouda , p . 31 , an d n . e
1 ; S t in s h n id c e er , Ca ta l B odl . .
, M os es
M a i/moni de s .
36 TH E ETH IC S OF M AIM ONID ES

s hould a ccept the tru th fr om wh at ever sour ce it p rocee ds 1 .

S om etim es I m a y g ive a s t a tem en t in full word for word i n

, ,
’
the a u th or s own l a n g u a ge bu t there is n o h a rm in thi s a n d
, ,

it is n ot d on e with the inte n ti on of gl or ifyin g m y s el f by pre

s e n t in g a s m o wn s o m ethin g th a t wa s s a i d by o ther s be fo re
y
m e sin ce I h a ve j u st co n fe ss ed (m y i n debtedn e ss t o other s)
, ,

“ ”
eve n th ou gh I do n ot s a y s o a n d so s ai d whi ch woul d n e ,

ce ssit a t e u s ele ss proli x i ty S om etim e s t oo the m e n tion i ng of

.
, ,

the n am e o f the a u thor ity dr a wn u po n m ig ht le a d on e wh o

l a cks in si ght t o beli eve th a t the st a tem en t qu oted is fau lty a n d ,

wro n g i n i t s el f bec a u se he d o e s n ot u n der s t a n d it

,
There fo re .
,

I pre fer n ot t o m e n ti o n the a u th or ity for m y in te n t i on i s o nly

,

to be o f s ervi ce to the re a der a n d t o elu ci d ate for h im the

,

thou ght s hi d d e n i n this tr a ct a te I s h all n ow beg i n the

.

ch a pter s whi ch in a ccor d a n ce with m y i n te n tio n are t o s erve

, , ,

here a s a n i n tr o du cti o n whi ch is to c on sist of eight ch a pter s

,
.

1 S e e Ja ra cz e w ski , D i e E thik des M a i m onid es , etc .

, i n ZPh Kr .
, XL VI ,

p . . er
9 ; a n d H M al t , Ibi d , . p1 6 9 , n 31
. . .
38 TH E ETIH CS OF M AIMONIDE S

th a t the phr a se the soul frequ en tly em pl oyed “p a rt s of

p a rts , so ,

by phil oso pher s is c om m o nl y u se d B y the w ord p a rts h ow “ ”

.
, ,

ever they d o n o t in ten d t o im ply th a t the s oul i s divi de d i n t o

,

p ar ts as are bodi es b u t they m erely e num er a te the differen t ,

a cti vi ti e s o f the s oul a s be in g p a rt s Of a wh ol e the un i o n o f ,

whi ch m ake s u p the soul .

Tho u kn owest th a t the im provem e n t o f the m or al qu aliti e s

is br ou ght a b ou t by the he a l in g o f the s oul a n d it s a ctiviti e s 1 .

Therefo re j u st a s the physi cia n wh o e n de avor s t o cur e the

, ,

hu m a n b o dy m u s t h a ve a p er fect k n o wle d ge o f it i n it s en tirety

,

a n d i t s i n d iv i d u a l p a rts j us t as he m ust kn o w wh a t c a u s es ,

si ck n e ss th a t i t m a be a v oi ded a n d m u st al s o be a cqu a in ted

y ,

wi th the m e ans by wh i ch a p a ti e n t m a y be cur ed so l ikewis e , , ,

b e wh o tri e s t o cur e the s oul wishi n g t o im prove the m or al ,

qu aliti es m u st h a ve a k n o wledge of th e soul in it s t o t al ity a n d

,

it s p art s m u st k n ow h ow t o preve n t it fr om bec omi n g d is e as ed

, ,

a n d h ow t o m a in t a i n i t s h e a lth 2 .

S O I sa y th a t t h e s ou l h as five fa cul ti e s ; the n u trit ive [ al so

,

“ ”
kn o wn a s the gr o win g fa cul ty] the s en sitive the im a g in a tive , , ,

1 Th e p h r e as , th e i mp rove men t the m or a l qual i ti es (mum

f
o an, Ar W .

ps 75s m
' '
ns nm) ,
'
is on e wh i ch M . pr ob a b l y b o rr
o w d f o m Ib n Gab iro l , a u th o e r r
of Tilclcun M i dd o t ha -N efes h (Th e Imp r ove men t of th e M oral Qu a l i ti es) to
e r c c e
d s i gn at th e p a ti al t a s k o f e thi c Cf R i E th i k pp 1 2 3 7 n 5 s. . os n , , .
, , . .

M i n t c o cer e d wi th
. s o t h e re ti c al di c
n ni O f e thi c b t wi th th a o s u s s on s, u e

pr b l em
o t h ow e m r al q li ti e
as o t o b i m pr ve d whi ch i
on
’
s o ua s a re e o , s a

pr cti c l q e ti
a a Th ere f re th e c i e n ce f c ri g t h
u s on . o l i t o hi m o ,
s o u n e s u s as

pr c ti c l i th t o f h e li g th b dy Wh t Ari t o tl e y i E th N i
a a as s a a n e o . a s sa s n . c .,

II 2 ma y w ell pp l y h ere S i ce th en th e b j ec t f th e pre e t t re ti e

,
“ a . n , , o o s n a s

is n o t m ere pec ul ti it i fs m e th er (f we
a in q i ri g
on , ast s o so o s or a re u n no

m ere l y t h at w e m y k w wh t vi rt e i b t th t w e m ay b ec m e vi r t o
a no a u s, u a o u us,

e l e i t wo ld b e s el e ) w e m t c n id er a t th p r ti c ul r c ti
s u u ss , us o s s o e a a a on s

h ow w e e t d o t h e m b ec
ar e o w e h ve j t s id th e ch r c ter f, au s , as a us a , a a o

t h h b i t th t h ll b
e a f rm e d d epe d o th e e
s a s a e o n s n s .
”

2 Ph il o to o peak o f p h y i ci n f th
, , s ul ( ua d Om n i s P obu s
Q s a s a o e so r

L ib Ier , Cf E th N i
, I 12 wh ere Ar i t tl e tat e th t i t i
. . ece ry
c .
, , ,
s o s s a s n s sa

fo r th Pol i tici a n (m or li t) t o h ve a cer ta in k owl e d g e o f th n t re

e a s a n e a u

o f th o ul j
e t a it i f
s th , c uli t t o h a ve a k o wl ed g e f th wh l e
us s s or e o s n o e o

b o d y an d in fa c t m o re o a Pol i ti c s (e th i c ) i s m o re i m p o t n t t h an th e
, s , s s r a

h e ali n g a t r .
 THE E I GH T CH APTER S — I 39

the a ppet it ive ,

the We h ave a lre a dy st a ted
and r a ti on al .
1

i n thi s ch apter th a t our word s c o n cer n them s elve s o nl y wi th the

hum a n s oul ; for the n u tritive fa culty by wh ich m a n i s n our ished
i s n o t the s am e for i n st a n ce a s th a t o f the a ss or t h e hor s e
, , .

M a n i s su st a in ed by the n u tr i tive fa cul ty Of the hu m a n s o ul ,

the a ss thr ives by m e a n s Of the n u tr itive fa cul ty o f its s oul ,

a n d the p al m tree 2 flou r i s he s by the n u tr i tive fa culty p ecul i a r

-

t o i t s s o ul Al tho u gh we a pply the s a m e term nu tri ti on to a ll

.

o f the m i n dis cr i m i n a tely n everthele s s it s sig n i fic a ti on is by n o , ,

m e a n s the sa m e In the s a m e wa y the ter m s e ns a ti on is u s e d

.
,

h om o nym ou sly 3 for m a n a n d be a st ; n ot with the i de a h o wever , ,

1 M . a
g s ree wi th r
A i s to tl e as t o th e er o f th
n um b e v
di i s i on s of th e
fa c u l ti e s o f th e s ou l , b u t in s te ad O f th e la tt er f c l t y o f
’
s a u m oti on, h a s th a t
m mm rmmbu
'

of i mag i n a ti on .
/ d et s 6
aux u ch apt e r S pe rrn xbv (1 ) , p
b e xrmbv
( 1 1 1 ),
'
a lo i’ '

mmrrucbv Ka r a r én or,
'
dw onfl xbv D e A n i m a , II, 3 , e d Hi c k s , .

pp . 58 v
an d pre fer b l e t th t o f A ri t otl e m oti on b ei g
59 . M .
’
s di i s i o n i s a o a s ,
n

sub ervi en t t o th ap p eti ti ve

s d th e a ti ona l f c l ti e
e s A ri s t tl e h im e l f an r a u s, a o s

t t e s (D e M otu A n i m al i u m c h p
s a 6 d M c o i d er m oti on e p e ,
a s . an . ns s , s

i ll y t h t f th lim b
c a f th b d y t b d epe d e t p o th ap p eti ti v
a o e s o e o , o e n n u n e e

f c l ty ( e i nf a p
a u sed t b “ cci d en t pert i i g t li vi g th i g
r , .
”
an o e an a a n n o n n s

(M or eh , I , Cf .
,
mu m nr s mam a ) ;
al s o , i bi d .
(1: p3 1 m ph 53 3 i
nn
an d A ri s t o tl e Phy si cs V 2 S e e S ch e y er Psy ch ol S y s t d M a i m , p 1 1 ,
, , , .
, . . . .

n 3 ; p 14 n 4
. . Al F a r ab i (marti an mtnnn in w
, . . h o L e i p z i g 1849 p 2)
as ?! w -
, , , , .

di vi d e s t h e fa c ul ti e s a s foll o w s : am e n m m “wh e n
-
o f M ) nan mu nan .

2 mm m m In m aki n g h i s di vi si on M s eem s t o h a ve h a d in mi n d t h e di v i
.
, .

s i on s O f A ri st o tl e an d al -Fa r ab i By a ddin g th e nu tri ti ve fa c u l ty (1m) . ,

wh i ch A ri s to tl e in clu d e s in hi s li s t t o th e li s t o f al -F a r ab i w e h a ve M s
’
,
.

li s t . S e e R o sin , E thik, 4 7, p . n . 4 .

2 e re
S e e H b w t t, 0 I, p ex . . 9, n . 9 .

3 own mum ; Ar . nos ss m antras , h om ony mou sly , i t h e p a ti i p a ti on . e . r c

of t wo th i n g s in th e sa me n am e . In M il l ot h a -H iggay on, XII , M c . .

d efi e n s thi s t erm as foll o w s .

“ If a n oun h as a n um b o f s i gn ifi c a ti on s er
it i s a h o m o n ym Th e w ord wh i ch is us ed to d e s i gn a t e th e
ey e whi ch e
s e s , an d a c mm o ppel ti ve
foun ta in ,
is a h om o n ym . Th e o n or a a

n o (
un M k G
se ei d I I t r d
un p 6 ,2 ) de i g tue m e thi n g c mm
e, ,
n o .
, .
,
n . s na s so o on

t tw
o m re th i g
o or d by ch w r d w e rec g i e
o n re g r d e ch
s , an su a o o n z ,
as a s a

o f th e e t h i g th c l s t whi c h i t b e l g o
s n s, cc t f th c cep tio
e as o on s n a oun o e on n

o f t h e thi g whi c h e c h h re in c om m
n f i t ce t ha w ord s a s on , a s, or n s an . e

l i vi g (m) wh i c h i
n pp li e d t o m h r e sc rp i nd
a fi h; f a an , a o s , a s o on , a a s or

li fe wh i ch c
,
i t f t r i ti an d e a ti o i c mm n p e i o f
on s s s o nu on s ns n, s a o o oss ss n o

e ch on f th e e p ec i e
a e
”
o In th i e e th e w or d nu t i ti on (1113) a d
s s s. s s ns , s r n
40 THE ETH I CS OF M A I M ON I DE S

th a t the s e ns a ti o n o f on e speci es is the s am e a s th a t of a n other ,

for e a ch s peci e s h a s it s o wn ch a r a cteris ti c s oul di stin ct fro m

every o ther with the re sul t th a t there n ece ssarily a rise s fr om
,

e a ch s oul a ctivi ti es pecul ia r t o it s el f It is p o ssible h owever .

, ,

th a t a n a ctivity o f on e s oul m a y s eem to b e sim il a r t o th a t o f

a n o t h er i n co n s equ e n ce o f wh i ch o n e m i g h t th in k th a t b oth
,

bel on g to the sam e cl a ss a n d th u s c o n si der them to be al ike ; b ut

,

su ch i s n ot the c a s e .

By wa y Of elu ci d a ti on let u s im a gin e th a t three d a rk pl a ce s

,

a re il l u mi n e d o n e lit u p by the su n sh i n in g u p o n i t the s ec o n d

, ,

by the m oon a n d the th ir d by a fla m e N o w in e a ch of the s e

,
.
,

l a ce there i s li ght b u t the e ffic i e n t c a u s e i n the o n e c as e i s

p s ,

the s un in the other the m o o n a n d in the thir d the fir e S O

, ,
.

it i s wi th s e n s a tio n a n d i t s c a u s e s In m a n it i s the h u m a n .

soul in the a s s it i s the soul Of the a ss a n d in the e a gle the

, , ,

so u l o f the e a gle Thes e s en sa ti o n s h a ve m ore over n oth in g i n

.
, ,

c omm o n except the h om o nym o u s term whi ch is a ppli ed t o them

,
.

M a rk well th is p oin t for it i s very im port a n t a s m a n y s o ca lled

’

-
, ,

phil os opher s h a ve fallen in to err o r reg a rd in g it in c on s equ en ce ,

o f wh i ch they h a ve bee n dr i ve n t o a b su rd it i e s a n d fall a c i e s .

Retur n in g t o our su bj ect of the fa cul ti e s of t h e s oul let m e ,

sa y th a t the n u tr itive fa cu lty co n s is t s o f

()1 the p ower o f a t

tr a ctin g n our ish m en t t o the b o dy (2) th e rete n tion o f the s am e , ,

( ) ts dige stio n (a ssim il a tion ) (4 ) the rep uls ion o f su p e rflu it ie s

3 i , ,

(5 ) gr o wt h (6 ) pr o cre a tio n a n d (7) t h e differe n tia tio n of the

, , ‘

n u tr i t ive j ui ce s th a t are n ece s sa ry for su ste n a n ce fr om th o s e

i
wh ch ar to be expelled
e
1
The deta iled dis cussi o n Of thes e.

s eve n fa c ul ti e s— the m e a n s by wh i ch a n d h o w they per for m the ir

fun ctions i n wh i ch m em ber s o f the b o dy their O p er a ti ons are

,

m ost v isible a n d perceptible whi ch of them a re a l wa y s pre s e n t , ,

a n d whi ch di sa ppe a r wi thi n a g i ve n t M e— bel o n g s to the s c i e n ce

o f m e di ci n e a n d n eed n ot be t a ke n u
, p here .

The fa cul ty o f s e nsa tion co n sists Of t h e five well kn o wn s e ns e s - !

sens a tion (wh o) are h om o n ym s S e e M unk, G u i de , I , In tr od ,

. . p . 6, n ot s e
2 an d 3; an d Ka u fm an , Attri bu tenl e hr e, 4 20, n 9 1 , 460, n pp . . . 148 , 46 1 ,
n. 1 49 .

1 Th e fir st fo u r of th e e p w er
s o s a re di s c uss e d with mo re e
d ta il in
M arch , I , 72 . S e e M u nk , G u i de, I p , . 36 7 , n. 5 .
 TH E E IGH T CHA PTE RS — I

of eein g he ar in g t ast ing sm ell in g a n d feelin g t h e l a st o f

s , , , , ,

wh ich is fo un d Over t h e whole sur fa ce o f the b o dy n ot be in g ,

c on fin ed to a n y s p ecial m em ber a s are the o ther fou r fa cul ti e s , .

The i magi na ti on i s th a t fa cul ty whi ch ret ai n s im pre ssi o n s o f

t hi n gs p e rce p tibl e to the m in d a fter they h a ve ce as ed to a ffect
‘

dir ectly the s en s e s whi ch c on ceived them This fa cul ty com

,
.
,

b inin g som e o f the s e im pre ssi on s an d s ep a r atin g o ther s from

o n e a n o ther thu s co n stru cts out Of or ig in ally perceive d i d e as
,

s o m e o f wh i ch i t h as n ever rece i ved a n y im pre s si on a n d whi ch ,

it co ul d n ot p ossibly h a ve perceive d F or i n st a n ce o n e m a y .
,

im a g i n e a n ir on ship flo a ti n g in the a ir or a m a n wh os e he a d ,

re a che s the he a ve n a n d wh os e feet re s t o n the e a rth or a n ,

a ni m al wi th a tho u sa n d eye s a n d m a n y other sim il a r i m p os si ,

b iltie s whi ch the im a g in a t ion m a y c on str u ct a n d e n d o w with

a n ex iste n ce th a t i s fa n c iful 1 In thi s reg a rd the Mu ta kalli mu n 2 .
,

1 M d efi n e s i m agi na ti on in M or eh
.
,
I ,
7 3 , Te n th Pr op os i ti on, N ote . It
i s th e o pp o s it e
e ec t wh i ch
of y e
th e in t lln d d i v i d e t h c m p e t “an a l
z s a s e o on n

p r t f th i g i t f rm b tr c t id e
a s o n s, f th e m repre e t th e m in th e i r
o s a s a as o ,
s n s

t r e f rm a w e ll
u o i th ei r c
s l re l t i as d eri ve fr m
n b jec t au s a a on s , s o on e o a

g re ta m y f c t
an w h i c h f a t h i t
s, e ll ec t— t t ll
y di ffer fr m e ch
— or th er e n o a o a o ,

j t
us twas h m i d i vi d al
o u ppe r di ff ere t t t h i m gi ti ; i t
an n u s a a n o e a na on

di ti g i h e t h t wh i ch i t h pr per t y f th g nu s fr m t h t whi c h i
s n u s s a s e o o e e o a s

pec uli r t th i di vid l — d n o pr f i c rrec t l e f de d

a o e n ua , an th oo s o un ss o un on e

f m er ; th e i te ll ec t f r th er d e t ermi e wh e th er cer t i q li ti e f
or n u n s a n ua s o a

th i g n e e ti l
are n e
ss n e ti l Im gin tio n h
a or n o e f th e e f c t i
- ss n a . a a a s n on o s un on s .

It l y perce i ve t h in di vi d l t h c m p
on s d i th t g gre g t e c o di ti
e ua , e o oun n a a a n on

in wh i ch i t pre e t i t el f t o th e e ; o i t c m b i e t h i g wh i c h
s n s s e s ns s r o n s n s

exi t ep r tel y j i
s s a a me f th em t g e th er
,
o ns d repre e t th em ll
so o o , an s n s a as

o ne b dy o f rce f th e b dy H e ce i t i t h t om e im gi e
or as a o o o . n s a s a n a

m n wi th h r e he d w ith w i g e t Th i i c ll e d ficti
’
a a o s s a , or n s, c . s s a a on , a

p h t m ; i t i thi g t whi ch th i g i th c t l w rl d c rre p d

an a s s a n o no n n e a ua o o s on s .

N o r c an i m gi na ti n i a y w y O b t i o p re l y i m
n m t er
an i l i m g e ofa a n a u a a a an

Ob jec t h w ever b tr c t th f rm f th im ge m y b
, o a s a Ima g i n ti n
e o o e a a e . a o

yi e l d th ere f re
s, te t f o th e re li t y f
, no t hi g s F th er (ibi d II 3 6 )
or a o a n .
”
ur .
,

it i s t te d t h t p r t f th
s a f c ti
a O f th i m gin ti on i to re t i im
a o e un on s e a a s a n

pre i s s on s b y th e e t c m b i e t h em e s ns d c hi e fly t
s, f rm im g e
o o n ,
an o o a s .

Th e m t per fec t d eve l pem e t

os f th i m gi ti ve f c l t y re l t
o n i o e a na a u su s n

p r o p h ec y S e i nf a p 4 7
. e d 3 r , .
, an n . .

1Th e M u ta k l l i m un w ere ec t f d gm ti c reli gi

a p h il o o p h er
a s o o a or ous s s

wh o t ri e d t o h rm n i e M h m m e d a th e l o gy wi th A r i t te li n p hi l o p h y
o z o a an o s o a so .

S t r ti g wi th t h “w rd o f Go d (ka l d m Aby )
a n e o c n tai n ed in th K r ”
,
oc , as o e o an ,
42 TH E ETH ICS OF M A IM ON IDE S

h ave fall en in t o gri evo u s a n d per ni ci o us error a s a re sul t o f ,

whi ch the ir fal s e the or i e s form the cor n er sto n e o f a S o ph isti c al -

sys tem whi ch di v i de s thi n g s i n t o the necess ary the p os s ible a n d , ,

the i mp oss ible ; so th a t they bel i eve a n d h a ve led o ther s t o ,

bel i eve th a t a ll cre a tion s o f the im agin a ti on are p ossible n o t

, ,

h a vin g i n m in d a s we h a ve st a te d th a t thi s fa cul ty m a y a t , ,

tr ibu te existen ce t o th a t whi ch c ann ot p os sibly exi st 1 ’

The ap p eti ti ve i s th a t fa cul ty by whi ch a m an de sire s or ,

l oa the s a thing a n d from wh ich there a r is e the foll owin g ,

th y e e d e v ore d n rec cil e revel ti wi th p hil o p h y I T i h i

a to on a on os . . .
,
n s

G l oss ary of St a nge Wo ds h r hl y cri ti c i e t h e m r

“
ec t o f p e d o r , a s z s as a s s u

s ci en ti t wi th o t wi dom T J D B er y o f th ei r y tem f p h il
s s u s .
”
. . e o sa s s s o o

so ph y “An , er ti o expre e d i l gi c l a ss di al ec ti c f hi o n, wh eth er ss n o a or as n,

verb al o wr itt en w c ll ed b y th e A r b g e er ll y b t m re p r ti c l arly

r ,
as a a s ,— n a ,
u o a u

i n rel i gi t e ch i g K l m ou s nd tha e wh d v ce d
n — ch a a a os o a an su

ass er ti w ere c l l e d M ta ka ll i mun Th

on s me w atr ferre d fr m th u . e na as an s o e

i di vi d l
n er ti n t th e tire y t em
ua ass d i t c vere d l o th i t r o
o o e n s s , an o a s e n

d t y e l e m e n t r y b erv ti
u c or , o M e th o d d a O be t d
o s a on s n ,
— an so on . ur s e

s i g ti na fo th on ci e ce f th K la m i Th e l ogi c al Di l ecti c o
r e s n o e a s
‘
o a s
’
r

i m p l y Di l ec ti c wh t f ll w w e m y t r l t e M u t k ll i mu n
’
nd i
‘
s a s , a n a o o s a an s a a a

by G es c h i c h te d Phi l osOp hi i m Isla m S t t tga rt 19 01 er e , u , ,

p 4 3 iii ; E g
. d L d 19 0
n3 pp 42 4 3 . T M we
e .
, e i d eb t e d f o
on on , , .
-
. o . ar n r

a k wl e d g e o f t h d e t il
no f th y tem f th M u t k ll imun whi c h h e
e a s o e s s o e a a ,

d e cr ib e i
s m t erl y w y i s n hi f moa tt c k as t h e K a l d m (M a ch a n s a us a a on r ,

I 71,
H i veh em e tl y O p p e d t o t h em e o t b ec
s e o f th vi e w t h ey n os , n aus e s

h el d i re g r d t o t h e un i ver e d Go d m a y f wh i ch c i c ide d with

n a s an ,
n o o n

hi o w s b t n, cc t O f th m e th d th ey p r e d i rri vi g t th ei r
u on a oun e o u su n a n a

c on c l i On th M u t k l l i m n n d t h K ld m se Y e h d h h L evi
u s on s . e a a u ,
a e a ,
e u a a- ,

C z a i O V ; M n k M él nges p p 311 3 12 3 18 ff ; id e m
u r , . u r ti c l e A a b s
, a ,
.
-
,
.
, a r e ,

i D i c ti onn a i e d s S c i en ces p hilosOp h i gues ; id e m N oti c e su R Sa a di

n r e , r . a

G a On p 1 5 6 ii ; id em G u i de I p 3 3 5
, . 2; S t ein s ch e id er H e b L i t
.
, , , .
,
n. n , . .
,

p 1 1 7 ; id em H (Ib p 4 15 ; K fm
.
, A tt i bu ten l h e s e i d ex ; M G t
.
, . au ann , r e r , e n . u

m D a s R eligi onsp hi l Sy s t d M ta ka l l i mun n a ch der B i ch te des M a i

a nn , . . . u er

m n L e i p i g 1 88 5 ; L d wi g S t e i
u , z in A G Ph
,
ol : X I pp 330334 ; u n, .
, v , .
-

S ch re i er De r Ka ldm i n d judi sch e n L i tera tu B erli n 1 8 95 ; S H r o

’

n , er r, , . o

vi t in ZD M G 5 7 p
z ,
I G ld i h e Vorl sungen ti ber den Isl m
, , . . o z r, e a ,

(H ei d elb er g p 100f ; 127 f ; 129 ; 1 72 f ; 17 7 f ; t

, . . . . . e c.

Cf M ch I 7 3 T n th P op os i ti on i whi c h M d e cri b e th e th e o ry
1 . ar , , , e r , n . s s

o f a dmissi bili ty o f th M u ta ka lli m un w hi c h f rm th p ri n c i p l e p p o rt , o s e a su

o f th e i r d o c t ri n e (m m mm? mu mass w a s m arti n ns r ma m u m um pua

E very th i g c n c e i ve d b y th e i m gin ti o t h e y m i t ai
-
own i b n) . n i ad o a a n, a n n, s

m itt d e
p oss i bl e C f
as a l o ib id I 49 ; I I I 15 S . S c h e y er Psy c ho.l ,
s , .
, , , . ee , .

Sy st d M a i m . .
, pp 12-1 3
; . M unk , Gu id e , I , p . 400, n . 2 .
 TH E E I GH T CH APTE R S — I 43

a ctiviti es : the p ur sui t of a n Obj ect or flight fr om it i n clin atio n ,

a n d a v oi d a n ce a ng er a n d a ffect i o n fe a r a n d co ura ge cr u elty

, , ,

a n d c om p as si o n l o ve a n d h a te a n d m a n y o ther simil a r p sychi c

, ,

qu aliti e s 1 All p a rt s Of the b o dy are su b ser vi e n t to the s e a c

.

t ivi t i e s as the a b ili ty o f the h a n d t o gr a sp th a t o f the foo t t o

, ,

wal k th a t Of the eye t o s e e a n d th a t of the he a rt to m a ke

, ,

o n e b ol d or t im i d S imil a r ily the other m em ber s Of the body .

, ,

whether exter n al or in ter n al are in str um e n t s o f the a ppetitive ,

fa c ul ty 2 .

R easo n th a t fa cul ty peculia r t o m a n e n a ble s h im t o u n der

, ,

s t a n d re flect a cqui re k n owledg e Of the s ci e n ce s a n d t o dis cr imi n a te

, , ,

bet wee n p rOp e r a n d im pr oper a cti on s 1 It s fun ction s are p a rt ly .

p ractica l a n d p a rtly sp ecu la ti ve (the oreti c a l) the p ra ctica l bei n g in , ,

tur n either me ch a ni cal or i ntellectu a l By m e a n s Of the sp e

, .

cu la ti ve p o wer m a n k n ows t hi n g s a s they re al ly a re a n d wh i ch

, , ,

by their n a tur e a re n ot su bject to ch a n ge Thes e ar e ca lled, .

the s ci e n ce s 4 in gen er al The m ech a ni c a l p o wer is th a t by .

1 h u m an h u po n, p sy ch i c a c c iden ts Cf M . . ar ch , I ,
51 .
“
It i s a s elf
evide t f c t th at t h e
n a i th ob jec t t o whi c h i t
a tt rib t e i n t i h ere t
u s o n n n e

is crib e d b t i t i
as ,
u d i c e q e tl y
s o
su
p er d d e d t i t e e ce
a o s ss n , an s on s u n an a

cid en t S e e al i bi d I 7 3 F ou th P op os i ti on Wi th M d e cr ip ti
”
.
,
so, .
, , . r r . .
’
e s on

o f th pp e titi ve f c l ty c om p re th at O f l F r b i in mss mn riminn p 2

e a a u
-
a a - a a , , .

m Al ib i: m an 13 ll lfl s paw n: n M JRfl m u m m WW ”3 W
- ‘
WR R fl 111 1 19 13 11)
‘ ‘ ‘

RIPS ? “nu n 1m , unnam ame n l l fl 121 m uv e I

-
ns r m ” R anos ww 13 ‘ ‘
a
'
‘

309 371 “lPD 38 W ) mmm m nm ras m m um m

2 Cf
M oreh I 4 6 : m m mm s ) m5: O51: mus m um: umm ans nos : um s um
.
' '
, ,
'

5 1 maSnnnn A ll th e o r g an s o f t h e b o d y a re e m p l o ye d i n t h e v a r i o u s
.

a c ti on s o f t h e s o ul Cf Ar i s t o tl e D e An i ma III 1 0 . e d Hi c k s p p . 152 . .
, , , , ,

and 15 3 .

3 . c X IV (b g ) “Th w r d dibb
Cf M i ll o t h a -H iggay on , ed b y . e : e o ur a s u s

f r er p
o m p er c re d ti
h il o s o h s o f u l tu i h m o ym h vi g th ree na on s , s a o n a n

si gni fi ti n In t h e fir t p l a ce i t i
ca o s . e d t d e i g t e t h t p w er s , s us o s na a o

pec uli r t m b y whi ch h fo rm c cep ti o

a o an c q i re k owl e dg e O f e s on ns, a u s a n

th ci e ce
e s d di ff ere ti t e
n b e t w ee
s, th pr per n d th im pr oper
an n a s n e o a e .

Thi i sc ll e d th re o i g fa c ul ty
s a l Cf Ib D d E muna h
e as n n or s ou .
”
. n au ,

Ra ma h , I ,
6 .

1 VI, 3 : “Wh a t s ci en ce fr om th e fo ll o win g c on

is is pl a in

sid er ti o if a ns, on e is to s pe a k a cc u r a t e l y in s t e a d O f b e in g l e d a w a y b y
,

re em b la ce s F
s n . or we all c o n ceive th a t wh a t w e s ci en tific all y kno w c ann o t
b e o th e rwi e th s an it i s S o t h e n w h a te ver c o m e s w ithin th e
, ,
44 TH E ETH I CS OF M AIM ONIDES

whi ch the a rts su ch a s a rchitectu re a gr icul ture m edi cin e a n d

, , , ,

n a vi g a t io n are a cquir ed The in tell ectu a l power is th a t by

1 .

whi ch o n e whe n he in te n d s to d o a n a ct re flect s u p on wh a t

, ,

he h as prem edita ted c on si der s the p ossibil i ty of per fo rm ing it , ,

a n d i f he thi n k s it p o ssible d eci de s h ow i t s h o ul d be do n e 2

, , .

Thi s is all we h a ve deem e d it n ece ssa ry t o say i n this reg ard

co n cer nin g the soul K n ow ho wever th a t the sou l who s e fa cul .
, , ,

ti e s a n d p a rts we h a ve d e scribed a b ove a n d whi ch is a u ni t , ,

m a y be c om p a red t o m a tter i n th a t it lik ewis e h as a f orm ,

whi ch i s reason If the form (re a son ) d o e s n ot c omm u ni c a te i t s

.

i m p re s si on t o the soul the n the di sp ositi on exis tin g in the s oul ,

t o rece ive th a t fo r m i s O f n o a v a il a n d exi s t s t o n o p u rp o s e , ,

a s S olo m o n s a ys
“Al so in the wa n t o f k n o wledge in the soul,
” 3
there i s n o thin g g o o d This m e a n s th a t i f a s oul h a s n ot .

r an g e of sci e ce i s b y n ece i ty
n ss , an d th ere f re e tern l— b ec e ll
o a au s a t h in g s
a re so wh i ch exi t ece ril y s n s sa — an d a ll e t er l t h i g
na wi th n s a re out be
n d i d e t r c ti b l e
”
g in n i n g , a n s u .

que e h e me n pn 53 s nz s ae h e m
‘
1 Cf M i ll ot h a H iggay on , l oc
.
- .

5: maps
ne z n s e ve n : : m 15 151 9 1 1 ne w ne e n 5: 5r
5: 5x
ne nne 1
we re nz s ae jna ne n e ne wni nrnm mm ne
' ‘
m s 5: am ps m ul e ne s te wmmr e n
‘
.

“ ”
Cf , a l s o , E th N i c VI, 4 , o n A rt
. . . .

2 Wi th
M s d efin i ti on o f t h e ra ti ona l fa cul ty c om p a re th a t o f al -F a r ab i
.
’

(maye m mtnnn p me s be m m e an n m an , e m i n.s e a s i n a m e n neni s

.

See R o s in , E th ik, p 47
K a u fm a nn , A t tr ibu ten l eh re , p 3 98 a n d
.
, n . 4; . ,

n ot e 6 0 On thi s a u a n d i t s fu n c ti o n s f c lty
s e e S ch eyer , Ps c h ol S ys t d
.
y , . . .

M a i m , pp 14 -29 ; R o sin , E thik, pp 4 9 5 1 , a n d Wo lff, A ch t Cap i tel ,

. .
-

p . 7, n. 1 .

Th e foll o wi n g s ch em e w i ll el u cid at e v
t h e di i s i o n s of th e fun cti on s O f
th e r a ti on a l fa c u l ty , a cc r di o ng to M .

R e a s on “
( me n nan nm n nan m ave n e e i n ;
Ar pe s z m)
.
‘

Pra c ti ca l (e re ; Ar .
25m
) Th eore ti ca l (me me re nes t e ;

An na )

M echa n i c al (mne ne re s ae
'
In t ll e ec tual (u e ne ; c
S i en ces (me an; Ar . our) ;

m e re m use ; Ar i v . e) ;

3 Pro v X IX .
, 2 .
46 TH E E TH I CS OF M A I M ONIDES

I Fri e dl ae n d e r, Ara bi Wr i ti ngs of M ,

. c p . M m en ti on s hi s inte n ti on
.

r
o f w i tin g a B ook o n Prop h y an d a B ook ec of H a rm ony (mm n us 13 1 9 51

5 1 pom : us e nmnm 1 9 a: i s 1
111 1 » w
as m m 1m m: a s 1D1P
ru
- '
D7) f or th e ,

p rp e
u os el cid ti g th exot eri c l e o o f th pr op h et
of u a n e d f th ss ns e s an o e

M i d a sh i m A ft er h vi g t a rt e d h w ever h ab d e d th i i t e ti
r . a n s , o , e an on s n n on ,

and l t er i c o rp r t e d t h m t e i l f
a n o ath B ook on P op h ecy i n t h M or h
e a r a or e r e e ,

P r t II in c h p t er 3 2 t 48
a ,
a d th t o f th
s B ook of H a m ony (w
o , an an a e r

nwe na) h c tt ere d th r o gh t th M a h S M ar ch I In t od ; Bl ch

e s a u ou e rc . ee , , r . o ,

Ch a kteri s tik a n d Inha l ts ng be d M a h N bn c hi m in M os es ben M a i m on

ra a a es rc e , ,

I pp 7 8 d 1 5
,
.
,
an .
 CHA P TER II
CONCE RNIN G TH E TR ANS GRE S S ION S OF THE
FA CUL TI ES OF TH E S OUL A ND TH E D E S I GNATI ON
OF TH O S E FA C UL TI E S WH I CH A RE THE S EA T OF
TH E VIRTUES AND TH E VICE S i

K N OW th a t tr a n sgre ssion s a n d Ob serv a n ce s of the L aw h a ve

their o r i gin onl y in t wo of the fa cul ti e s of the soul n a m ely , ,

t h e s e ns i ti ve 2 a n d the ap p e ti ti ve a n d th a t t o the s e t wo fa cul ti e s ,

a l on e a re t o be a s cr ibed a ll tr a n s gre ssi o n s a n d O b s erv a n ce s .

The fa cul ti e s of nu tri tion a n d im agi na ti on do n ot g ive r is e t o

o b s erv a n ce or tr a n sgre s si on for in c onn ecti o n with n ei ther i s ,

there a n y c on s ci ou s or v olu n t a ry a ct Th a t is m a n c an n ot .
,

co n s ci ou sly su spen d the ir fun ctio n s n or ca n he cur t a il a n y on e ,

o f the i r a ct iv i t i e s The pr o o f o f th i s i s t h a t the fun cti on s o f

.

b oth the s e fa cul ti e s the nu tritive a n d the im a g in a tive c on tin u e

, ,

t o b e Oper a tive when on e i s a sleep whi ch i s n ot tr u e o f a n y ,

’
other of the s oul s fa cul ti e s 3 .

Fo r a di s c u s si on of th e c e
on t n t s of th i s ch p t er
a , se e S h c eyer , Psy ch ol .

Sy s t d M a i m
. .
, p10 2 iii ; Ja racz e w s ki , ZPh Kr ,
. X L VI p 10; a n d R o sin
. .
,

E thi k, 5 4 if p . . On t h e t i tl , s e e H b t et, 0 e re w ex II p 14 n 1 a n d 2 .
, .
, . .

2 cr ib i g tr gre i
In as n an s ss on s a n d O b s erv a n ce s t o t h e fa c u l t y o f sen s a ti on ,

M di ffer fr m A i t otl e wh
. s o er t th t s ens e i th ri gi ti g c e
r s o ass s a s e o na n au s

of m o r l c ti
no i ce b r t e
a a to p e e d f s nse b t
on , s n i u s, o , are o ss s s o e ,
u a re n no

w y p r t k er f m ral cti
a s a a s
(E th N i c VI
o o M h w ever d r w
a on s . .
, , .
, o , a s a

d i t i c t i o b e tw ee t h e e i ti ve f c l t y o f m
s n n n d th t f im l
s ns S en a u an an a o an a s .

s a ti on ppli e d t m
as a d be t i h m ym
o t erm t h e e i t i ve
an an as s a o on ou s ,
s ns

f c lty o f m b ei g differe t fr m th t o f ll th er im t e b ei g S e
a u an n n o a a o an a n s . e

s up r a c I p p , 39 — 4 0
.
, . .

M di ffer fr om l F r b i wh o a crib e p r t i ci p t i
3 . s a i m ral
- a a d im s s a a on n o an

m r al ct t
o a ll th e f c ul t i e
s o f th e
a l (mas s i f: mannn p 3 5 if )
a Th e s o s ou
'
, . .
48 TH E ETH I CS OF M A I M ON ID ES

As reg ards the cert ain ty prev ail s (a m o n g ra tio n a l fa cul ty, un

u t I m a i n t a in th a t o b s erv a n ce a n d tr a n sgre ssi on

p hil osO p h e rs
) 1 b ,

m ay a l so or i g in a te i n thi s fa culty i n s o far a s o n e bel i eve s a ,

tr u e or a fal s e d o ctrin e th ou gh n o a cti on whi ch m ay be de ,

s ign a t e d a s a n ob s erv a n ce or a tr an sgressi o n re sul ts there

from 2 Con s equ e n tly a s I s ai d a b ove the s e two fa culti e s (the
.
, ,

l a tter h ow ever d e ot c id er nu t i ti on t o b o o f th f c l ti e
, , o s n on s r e ne e a u s.

A b r h m i b D d i cl di g nu t i ti on m f c l ti e ll t ’
a a n au , g th n o l u n r a on e s u s a u s, a o s

t e ch
o a c r di al vir t e (E mun h R m h III p
a a n u A r i t otl e excl d e a a a , , . s u s

th e i ma gi n ti on e a f t h f c l ti e di rec tl y ffecti g th p er fo rm
as on o ce e a u s a n e an

o f v ir t e b t c
u s,i der i t u pr d ci g m vem e t th r o gh th ge c y
on s s as o u n o n u e a n

o f a pp eten cy (D e A ni m a III M l t er d ep r t m e wh t fr om t h
, , .
, a , a s so a e

vi e w h h l d i th P a Ze o ci m re g r di g t h e i m gi n ti on
s n e er d i n a gree m e t a n a a , an ,
n

w i th A ri t otl e c i d er t t b b o d p i di rectly t h r gh th p p eti

s , on s s i o e un u n ,
ou e a

ti e f c l t y wi th c
v a u ci
, cti vi ty ( e S ch eyer i bi d p p 9 8 d
on s ou s a se ,
.
, .
,
an

Th i i ths s e e f t h p g e i M o eh II 4 wh ere h t at e th t
e s ns o e a s sa n r , , ,
e s s a

an i m t e b e i n g m ve e i th er b y i n s ti n c t (x
a s o im c id ere d e q i v al e t t n: on s u n o

fifii rnb n) b y eas on

, or In s ti n c t h d efi e
r th e i t e ti
. f n im t e e n s as n n on o a an a

b ei g t n ppr o ch m e thi g gree ab l e o t o h

o a a so om e th i g di n
gree b l e a , r s un s n sa a ,

a s, fo i t ce t r n s an ppr ch w t er , a cc
o t o f th i r t o t
a oa v oid th a on ou n s ,
r o a e

su n on cc o t of i t h e t H t h e g e
a un s t y th t i t m k e n o
a . e, n, o s on o sa a a s

di ffere ce w h e th er th th i g re ll y exi t
n i i m gi ry
e i ce th e i m
n a s s or s a na , s n a

g i n a ti o n f m e t hoi g g ree
so b l e f om e th i g di
n ag ree b l e lik e w i e
a c a e or o s n sa a s us s

th e i m t e b e in g t
an a m o ve ( m 17mm mww m o m 1 11: mm nu 11 m: 1 1

F rth erm re i M a h II 12 h e d ecl re th t all d e fect i p eech o

u o ,
n rc , , , a s a s n s r

ch r c t er
a a e i th er th di rect i di rect w rk f t h im agina ti on (5: "D
a re e or n o o e

15175 fi ns we : i s 1m m am m un IR I re g r d t o pr op h ec y "
n a ,

M l y gre at t re
. a s p o th ima gi n ti on (ibid II
s ss u nc i deri g p e a .
, ,
on s n ro

p h e cy t b tho m t p er fec t d evel p m e t

e e f th
os i m gi ti v e f c l t y o n o e a na a u .

D ri g l eep t hi f c l t y i th e
u n s me s w h e i t rece i ve pr op h ecy excep t
a u s sa as n s ,

t h t wh e
a l eep th n i m gi n a ti on i
as t f ll y d evel pe d
e d h
a n t s no u o ,
an as o

re ch e d i t h i gh e t per fecti n S e sup ra c I p 4 1 1

a s s o . e , .
, .
,
n . .

1S e Ro i e E th i k p 5 5 s n, 1 , .
,
n. .

2Cf M or eh II 4 “B t eve
.
, b e i g th t i s e d o w e d wi th th fa c l ty
, , u n a n a n e u

o f fo rm i g i de n d po e e
an o l wi th th
a , an f c lty o f m vi n g d e ss ss s a s u e a u o ,
o s

n ot c h g e i t p l ce o e ch o cc si
an s t h t i t f rm
a n id e ; for a n ide
n a a on a o s a a a

a l n e d oes n ot
p od c e m oti on b ee exp l i e d i (A ri t tl e ) M e ta
’
o h r u ,
as as n a n n s o s

p hy s i c s W c e a ily d er t d th i wh en w e c o id er h w ft en w e
. e an s un s an s, ns o o

f rm i d e
o f cer t ai thi g
as o y t d o n o t m o ve nt w r d t h e m tnh g h wes, e o a s ,
ou

a re b l e to do o ; i t i
a nl y w h e s th e d e ire ri e f s th thi g i m gin e d
o n s a s s or e n a

t h t w e m ve i
a o r d er t
o b t i it
”
n Of D e A ni ma III 1 0 Th e s m e o o a n . .
, . a

th ou g h t i expre esd i E h Ni
t VI 2
ss
“
A d i ce m ral v i rt e i
n . c .
, ,
n so s n o u s a
 THE E I GHT CH APTER S — II 49

s n si
e tive a n d the a p petitive) al on e re ally pr o du ce tr a n s gre ssion s
a n d Ob s erv a n ce s .

N ow a s for the v irtu e s they are of t wo k in ds m oral a n d

, , ,

i ntell ectu a l with the c orr e s p on di n g t wo cl a sse s o f vi ce s 1 The

, .

i n tellectu a l v irtu e s belo n g t o the r a ti on a l fa cul ty They are .

()1 w i s do m w h i ch i s the k n owledge o f the d irect a n d i n direct

,

c a u s e s o f thi n g s b ased o n a previ ou s re aliz a ti on of the exi ste n ce

o f th o s e thi n g s the c a u s e s o f wh i ch h a ve bee n i n ve sti g a ted ; 2 2 re a
, ()
s on c o n sis t i n g o i h
, ()a i n bor n,
t e ore tical re a s o n th a t i s a x i o m s 3
, , ,

()b t h e a cqu i re d i n te llec t l wh i ch we n eed n o t dis cu ss here a nd ,

‘
,

di s p o s it i o n exerci
ch i ce d ch i ce i will c e q e t d eli b er tisi n g o ,
an o s on s u n on a on ,

th ree m t b tr e
a s on d t h w il l r i gh t t c o ti t t e g d c h i ce
us e u an d e o ns u oo o , an

Wh t th re a ffirm t h will m t p r e
e as on a B u t p e ti n f th is e us u su o ra o o e n

t l l t by i ts elf mo es no thi ng
e ec l y w h e d i rec t e d t v cer t i re lt i e , on n o a a n su — . .

exerci e d i m r l cti ns n S S c h e yer i bi d p 103— 104 ;

o a a o d R i ee , .
, . an os n ,

E thik p 5 6 ,
2 .
,
n . .

C f E th Ni c (dp
1 .
fl l d b r l) I 11 ( d) ; II VI 2; E nde
. .
, er at ora an
'
l a uo r ruf a , en , ,

m i n E th i c s II 1 ; M ill ot ha H iggay on c X IV (mu m n m u mi e n m m

‘
a , , ) -
, . .

Wi d m (moan) cc r di g t M i
2 s o e d f f r di ffere t t h i g
, a o n o .
, s us o ou n n s

(M or eh III ,
It d e t e (l )
,
t h e k w l e d g e o f t h e t r t h no w h i ch l e d
s no os u s a

t th k
o wl e d g e o f G d (2) th k wl e dg e f y w rkm h i p (3) th
e no o , e no o an o an s ,
e

a c q i i tiu s f m o r l pri c i p l e
on o d (4 ) c i g da b tl e t y In M ch
n s, an un n n an su . ar ,

I 6 9 wh ere M d em tr t e th t G d i t h P i m l C e i greem e t
, ,
. on s a s a o s e r a a us ,
n a n

w i th A r i t tl e (Phys i cs II s o h er t th t ever yt hi g w e i t r i gi , , e ass s a n o s s o n

t f o r c e th b ta ce th f rm th e agens
ou au s s, e su d th fi n l c
s n e , e o , an e a au s

Th e e e m e t im e di rec t (tramp)
s ar d om e tim e i n di rec t
so s , an s s

th gh e ch i i t e l f i
ou a c us (71517 ru n c rre p o di g t A Al
n s s a d a e or , o s n n o r. e an

w ; t i l Cf M
a r a, k Gu i d e I p 313
u n a r. . un , , , .
,
n .

3 L i t er ll y e i m m m m m A Sw d l ‘
fi s t i m p r ss a
n s (a u ,
a u
r n ; n s pr n ; p x o r. a

N W“ 05 m Ewu 6 i n t lligi bil i p ri m ) wh i c h

a t f d m e t l pri ci p l e
a ra , e a a , a re un a n a n s

or xi om th t w l d ee d
a s pr f eve th gh m w ere l e ft i h i
a ou n no oo n ou an n s

prim i ti ve t t e (M ar h I s a d wh i c h exp l i e d b y c m m
c , , e e an a re a n o on s ns .

Th ere f r ki d f k wl e dg e wh i ch ee d
a re ou dem
n s tr t i
o no f n no on s a on , on e o

th em b ei g th k wl ed g e o f xi om
n e f i t ce th t t h wh l e i
no a s, as, or n s an ,
a e o s

g re t er t
a h p rt t h t t w an i eve
a m b er
a t h t,
t w t h i
a g eq l t o s an n nu ,
a o n s ua o

th e m e th i g
sa eq l t e ch th er (M i ll t ha H igg yon c XIV) d
n a re ua o a o o -
a , .
, an

th t o a c t b th
ne ffirm an n od de y th i g S o S ch eyer a te t an n a. n . ee ,
no o

M h I 51
ar c Of E th N i
, , VI 6 . In t i ti e Ap p eh ens i on ; S c h eyer
. . c .
, , on u v r ,

Psy ch ol Sy s t d M i m p 16— 1 7 ;
. . d M .k G i de I p 1 28
a .
,
3. an un , u , , .
, n . .

F 4 th d efi i t i
or d d e cri p ti o
e f th ncqu i d i ntell ec t (ra pt
on an s n o e a re

or 51 mm -
mph 1 53 m Ar . w ane d» : 5136 3 ,
was: ew ww ) , see M arch , I , 72; I . T .

D
50 TH E E TH I CS OF M A I M ONID ES

c s ag aci ty a n d i n tell ectu a l clevern ess w h i ch i s t h e a b il ity to

() ,

perceive qui ckly a n d to gr a sp a n i de a with ou t d el ay or in a

, ,

ver y s hort tim e The v i ce s o f thi s fa culty ar e the a n tithe se s

.

or the Op p osite s o f the s e vi rtu e s .

M or al v irt u e s b el on g o nly to the a p petitive fa culty t o wh i ch

th a t o f s en sation in thi s c on n ecti on is m erely su b servi e n t 1 The .

vir tu es o f thi s fa culty ar e very n um er ou s being m o der a tion [i e , , . .

fe a r o f sin ] l i ber a li ty h on e sty m eek n e ss humi li ty c on te ntedn e ss

, , , , , ,

[ whi ch the R abb is c all we alth whe n they s a y Wh o i s tr ul y

“ ” “
, ,
”
we al thy ? H e wh o i s co n te n ted with h i s l ot c our a ge [faith ,

ful n e ss] a n d o ther v irtu e s a kin to the s e

,
The vi ces o f thi s .

fa culty c on sis t o f a defici e n cy or o f a n ex a gger a ti o n o f the s e

qu aliti e s .

A s reg a rds the fa culti e s o f n u tr iti o n a n d im a g in a ti on it ca n ,

n ot be sa i d th a t they h a ve v i ce s or v i rt u e s b u t th a t the n u tr i ,

tive fun ction s work pr operly or im pr o perly ; a s for in sta n ce , ,

whe n on e s ay s th a t a m a n s di ge sti on i s g oo d or b a d or th a t
’
,
’
o n e s im a g in a t i o n i s c on fus ed or cle a r This d o e s n ot m e a n .
,

ho wever th a t they h a v e virtu e s or v i ce s

, .

S o m u ch we wished t o dis cu ss i n this ch a pter .

G l oss a ry f S
o tr a ng e W or d s , s u b v o (u n d D); S h ce
y , i bi d , pper
1 7 — 19
, c e er . .

3 9 — 93 ; M u n k , G u i de , I , 307— 30 pp e
8 , n o t ; R o s i n , E th i k, p 5 7 , n 1 ;
. . .

Wol ff , A h t Cap i t l , 1 1 , u 1 ; an d id m , M iis a b M a i muns s h a tologi s h

c e p . . e . ec c e
e
G da nk n , e p 13, e tc
. .

c e er
S e e S h y , i bid , 10 . pp
4— 1 05 , an d R o s i n , i bi d , p 5 7 , n 4
. . . . .

2
Abot, IV , 1 .
 CHA PTER III
C O N C ERNIN G THE DIS E ASE S o r TH E S O UL 1

TH E ci en t s 2 m ain tain ed th a t the s oul lik e the body is

an , ,

su bject t o go o d he alth a n d ill n e ss

’
The soul s he al th ful s t ate i s .

du e t o it s co n di ti on a n d th a t of it s fa culti e s by wh i ch i t con
, ,

s t a n tl y d o e s wh a t i s ri ght a n d per fo rm s w h a t i s pr o per whil e , ,

the ill n e ss of the s oul is o cc asio n ed by it s co n di ti on a n d th a t ,

o f i t s fa cul ti e s wh i ch re sul t s i n it s co n st a n tly do in g wro n g

, ,

a n d per fo rmi n g a ct i o n s th a t a re 1m p ro e r 3 The s ci e n ce of

p .

m e di ci n e i n ve s tiga te s the he a lth o f the b o d y N ow j u st as .

,

th os e wh o a re p hysi c ally ill im a gin e t h a t on a cc ou n t o f their

, , ,

vi tia ted t as te s the sweet is bitter a n d the bitter i s s weet a n d

,
—

l ikewis e fa n cy the wh ole som e t o be u n wh ole s om e a n d j u st as —

their de sire gr ows stro n ger a n d their enj oym e n t i n cre a s e s for ,

su ch t hi n g s a s d us t c oal very a ci di c a n d s ou r foo ds a n d the

, , ,

like whi ch the he althy l o a the a n d re fuse a s they a re n o t o nly

—
,

n ot b e n eficial eve n t o the he al th y b u t p ossibly h a rm ful — s o ,

th os e who s e soul s are ill th a t i s the wi cked a n d the m or ally ,

perverted im a gin e th a t the b a d i s g o od a n d th at the g oo d is

, ,

b a d Th e wi cke d m a n m oreover c o n tin u all y l on g s for exce ss es

.
, ,

wh i ch a re re all y per ni ci ou s b u t whi ch on a cco u n t o f the ill n e ss , ,

o f h i s so ul he co n si der s to be go o d 4 L ikewis e j u st as whe n

, .
,

1 F or a di s c u s si on of th e c o te n nts of th i s ch p t er a ,
se e Jaracz e w ski ,
ZPh Kr .
, XL V I pp .10— 11
; a n d R o s i n , E th i k, p . 77 ii . A sh o rt s u mm a ry
is c on t a in ed in H . e
D ot, II , 1 .

1 S e e F or wor d, e
35 p . n. 3 .

II, 20b , we wmmrnn 1 m mmr n 11: mm: fins

‘
3 Cf Pi rlce M osh eh , in
.
Kobez ,

51 6 1m mm : 105 15 .

4 Ari s t o tl e , in di s c u s s in g Pl ea su res (E th Ni c , . . X ,
sa
ys ,
“
Ye t in th e
c a e o f h m cre at re
s u an u s e
th y (p l e e ) difi n t
a s ur s
'

er o a e
li ttl ; for th e very
sam e t h i n g p l e a e om e s s s an d p a in o th er ; a d wh t
s n a a re p
a in fu l an d h a t ef l
u

D*
 52 THE E THICS OF MAIM ONIDE S

people u n a cqu a in ted with the s ci e n ce o f m edi cin e re aliz e th a t

, ,

they a re s ick a n d c ons ul t a p h ysi cia n wh o tell s them wh a t they

, ,

m u s t do fo rb i ddin g them t o p a rt a ke o f th a t whi ch they im a g in e

,

be n eficial a n d p re s cr ib in g for them thi n g s whi ch a re u n ple a sa n t

,

a n d b i tter i n o rder th a t their b o di e s m a y bec om e he a lthy a n d

, ,

th a t they m a y a g a in ch o o s e the go o d a n d S p u r n the b a d s o ,

tho s e wh os e s o ul s bec om e ill s h oul d c on sul t the sa ge s the m o r al ,

physi cian s wh o will a dv is e them a g ain st in dul gin g in th o s e evil s

,

wh i ch they (the m or a lly ill ) thi n k are g oo d s o th a t they m a y ,

be he al ed by th a t art o f wh i ch I s h al l S pe a k i n the n ext

ch a pter a n d thr ou gh whi ch the m or al qu aliti e s a re re st ored t o
,

their n orm al c on di tio n Bu t i f he wh o is m o r ally sick be n ot .

,

a wa re o f h i s ill n e ss im a g i ni n g th a t he i s w ell o r be i n g a wa re , , ,

of it d o e s n ot s eek a rem edy his e n d will be simi l a r t o th at

, ,

of on e wh o su fferin g fr om b o d ily a il m e n t yet c on t in u i n g t o

, , ,

i n dulge him s el f n eglect s to be cur ed a n d wh o i n c on s equ e n ce

, ,

su rely m eet s a n u n tim ely de a th .

Th os e wh o k n ow th a t they a re in a dis e a s ed st a te b u t n e ve rth e ,

le ss yi eld t o their in o rdi n a te p a s sio n s are de scribed i n the tru th ful ,

“
L a w wh i ch qu ote s the ir o wn wo rds Th ou gh I walk i n t h e st u b b or ,

n e ss o f m he a rt i n o rder th a t the i n dul ge n ce o f the p a ssi on s m a

y , y
”1
a p p e as e the th ir s t for the m T hi s m e a ns th a t i n te n din g t o qu e n ch the .
,

to s om e are pl e a s an t to an d lik d b y o th s e
Th e s am er . e i s th e c e wi th
as

s w ee t th in g s ; th e s am ew ill n o t s m s o t o t h e m a n in ee a fever as t o hi m
wh o i s i n h e al th ; per i r b t h e al th h ve
n or w ill th e i n v li d
a an d th e s on n o us a

m e n ti f w rm th m e i th c e wi th th er th i g l ”
th e sa oTh on o a . e sa s e as o n s a so .

Cf . l, H D ot
a so, e II 1 “T
o th
. e wh di e e d th b i tt er t t e
, , ,
w ee t os o a re s as e as s s

an d th w ee t b i tt er S m e i ck pe p l e m re ver cr ve d l g f f d
e s . o s o , o o , a an on or oo

th t i
a fit t
s t
un ch d t d c h rc l
o ea p r i g f d th t i b e e
, su as us an a oa ,
s u n n oo a s n

fi i l
c a ch
, b re d
su d me t as o d mg t tha i t e i t y f th e i r ill e
an a ,
acc r o e n ns o n ss .

L ik e wi e pe p l e wh o e
s ,
l o di e e d d e i re d l ve evi l c h r c t er
s s ou s a re s as s an o a a

i ti
s a n d h t e th
cs, m r al p th b e i g l th e to p r e i t
a e oi ce a , n oa u su ,
s n , on ao

c o t of t h eir ill n e it i ve y di ffic l t f o th em t d

un ss, Th I i h
s r u r o o so . u s, sa a

sa
y sf c h
o pe p l e
su W t o t h e t h to y f th ,
evi l i‘
t i g d o d un os a sa o e s oo , an

o f th g o d i t i ev il ; th t p t d rk e
e o s f l i gh t n d li gh t f d rk e
a u a n ss or ,
a or a n ss,

th t p t b i tt er fo w ee t d w ee t f b i tt er (V C cer i g t h e m
’
a u r s an s or , on n n
,

i t i al o
s i d th t (th e y
s sa t h o e ) wh l e a ve th p th f pri gh t e
a
‘
t
are s o e a o u n ss o

w lk in th w y f d ar k e (Pr v II
a e a s o n ss
’
o .
,

1 Dt . XXIX , 18 .
 C HA PTER IV
C O N C ERNING THE CUR E or TH E DI S EA SES o r TH E S O UL !

Go o n dee d s are su ch a s are equi b al a n ced ,

2 m a i n t aini n g the
m e a n between t wo equ a lly b a d extrem e s the , too m uch and the

1 To th i s ch p t er in wh i ch
a ,
th e r
A i s to t li an d o t i n e cr e of th e M ea n
Mao 6m ba l a J wi s h n ce) i pp li ed to
thi s , M l m nt d e e c l t er pp e e e
-
( s a ,
a su .

H D o , ,
. t I 1 — 7 ; e
II , 2, 3 ,
7 ; a n d III , 1 C f E th N i c II, 5 — 9
; III , 8 — 14
; . . . .

IV Al th o u gh M foll o w s A i s t o tl
. in d n in g i t u .a s a s tat in t r e efi vr e e er
e e e ee
m di at b tw n tw o e
t m s , th e too l i tt l a n d t h e t oo m u h , h e s t ill ex re e c
re e
m a i n s o n J wi sh g o u n d , a s thr ere
are b ib li al a n d Ta l m u di alcp a s s ag s c e
expre in g c h th gh t S ch p ge
ss su a Pr v IV 26 “B l ce w ell
ou . u assa s a re o .
, , a an

tr c k o f th y f t d l t ll t h y w y b fi rml y ri gh t ; i bi d XXX 8
”
th e a oo , an e a a s e .
, , ,
“ e i th er p ver t r i c h e i ve t h m E cc l e V II “B
”
N y o g n
n ort o ; 16 s t ou u e s .
, , e no

ri gh te verm ch ; ei th er h w th y el f verwi e (q o t ed i H D ot
ous o u n S o s o s
”
u n . e ,

III , t c I M or eh Ie .3 2 Mn i n t erpre n e er
t “ i t h ,
h w h y el f verwi e
t , ,
” . s S o s o s

m ch h ey i t g d (Pr v XXV 27)

”
a nd
“
T t t o ea oo u on wa i g s no oo o .
,
as a rn n

a g i a nst tt e m p t i n a
g t excee d t h l i m i t of o e i n t el l ec t l p w er
o d e s n
’
s ua o s, an

as an dm i ti a t k eep kn wl e d g e wi th in b
on on o nd I t h P l e t i ni o ou s . n e a s an

T lm d (H agig h II 77
a u t h ere i fo
a ,
d n i t ere ti g p
,
a g e whi c h s un a n s n a s sa

su m p w ell th th
s u gh t o f th i c h a p t er a d i t i c r i u th t M di d
e ou s , n s u o s a .

no t re f er t i t I t re d o
“ Th w y. f th To r h m ay b li k e e d t o tw
a s, e a s o e a e n o

ro d n
a s, o f w h i c h fire
one d o th o th er n o w i e c
o tere d If n an n e s s n o un . o e

g o l on ga o p th h wne ill b b a rn e d t o d e th n d i f h p r cee d l g

, e e u a ,
a e o a on

th e th er h o will p eri h in th
,
e ow Wh a t th e h oul d o d ? H es e sn .
, n, s ne o

m t g b e t w ee extrem e A im il r p g e i fo
”
us o th n e d i Tos f t s. s a assa s un n e a

Hagiga h 2 ( c f Y er H a gg i h .p “Th ey m k e i t i c m b e t
. ap ma
,
. a n u n u on n

t o g b e t w ee t ho extrem e n d ot te i c lin e t th i ide t o th t

s,
”
an n o n o s s or a .

S e
e l, o S ota
a s h 5 a
,
“h
(th ch ol r) i wh om th ere i p id e d e erve ex
, , e e s a n s r s s

c omm i c ti un n d al
a h
on , i wh m th ere i
a pri d e t all Fo
so
”
e n o s no a . r a

di c o f A r i t o tl e d c t ri e f th M bm Gr n t The E thic s of
’
s i u s s on s s o n o e ea s, se e a ,

A r i s totl e , v o l I, p p 25 1— 262 F o r th a t o f M , s e e Jara c z e ws ki , ZPh Kr ,

. . . .

XL VI , p p 1 1— 12; R o sin , E thik, p 26 , n l ; 7 9 111; L az a u s , E thik, v ol

. . . p . r .

I, A bh a ng X IV (En g e d v o l I , 27 3 Wol ff, A h t Ca p i t l , In t o d ,

. . . p . c e r .

pp X.I II — X IV
; Y e ll i n an d Ab a h a m s , M a i m on id s , pp 7 8— 83
; Coh n , r e . e
Cha r alcter i s ti k, e t c .
, e
in M os s ben M a i m on, I, p 1 11 111 ; A L ow n th al in . .
'

e
JE , II, p 101 ; L . e c
wi s , i n Asp e ts of th e H ebr ew G en iu s, (L o n d on , 1 9 10)
pp . 82— 8 3 On th e me an in J wi sh
. li gi o u s p hil o so h , s e e Ro sin , E th ik, e re p y
pp . 1 0, 12, 14 , 1 9 , 24 ; H M al te , JQR (n e w s i s) v ol I, p 1 6 0, n 15 . r er e . . . .

m e n, the qu id i s tan t ( q ui val n t t o th e Ari s to te li an tow , the exa ctly

e e e
 THE E I GH T CHAPTERS — IV 55

too li ttle 1 . Virtu es

p sy chi c c o n ditio ns a n d disp ositi o n s whi ch a re

are mi d wa y betw ee n t wo reprehen sible extrem e s o n e o f whi ch

-
,

i s ch a r a cter iz ed by a n ex a gger a tion the o ther b y a d e fici e n cy 2 , .

Go o d dee d s a re the pr o du ct of the s e di s p o sitio n s To ill u str a te .

,

a b st e mi ou sn e s s i s a d isp o si t i on whi ch a d o pt s a mi d c ours e bet wee n -

i n ordi n a te p a ssi o n a n d t ot a l in s e n si b il ity t o ple a sur e A b stem .

iou sn e ss the n i s a pr oper r ul e o f co n du ct a n d the p sychi c dis

, , ,

p osition whi ch g ive s ri s e to it i s a n ethi c al qu al ity ; b u t i n ordi

n a te p a ssi o n the extrem e of exce ss a n d t ot al i n s e n sib il ity to
, ,

e nj oym e nt the extrem e o f defici e n cy 3 are b oth a b s olut e l e y

, ,

per ni ciou s The p sych i c dis p o sition s fr om whi ch the s e two

.
,

extrem e s i n ordi n a te p a ssi o n a n d i n se n sibil ity re sul t the on e

, ,
—

bein g a n ex a gger a ti on the o ther a de ficie ncy are al ike cl a ss ed ,

—

a m o n g m o r a l im per fect i o n s .

L ikewis e l iber ali ty is the m e a n between s or di dn e ss a n d extr a

,

va ge n ce ; c o ur a ge betwee n reckl e ssn e ss a n d c owa r di ce ; dig nity

, ,

betwee n h aughtin e ss a n d lou tis h n e ss 4 ; hum ility between a rr o g a n ce ,

equ al , th e n or ma l , or e qu iba la n ced) ; c f . M or eh , II, 3 9 , “It is cl e r a ,

th en ,

th a t t h e L a w i s no rm al (name ) i n th i s e e;
s ns for i t co n t a in s th e w o rd s ,

‘
Ju s t s t atu t e s an d j dgm e t (De
u n s
’
ut . IV , b ut j
‘
u st
’
is h ere id e ti c al
n

Wi th ‘
e quib al ce d an
’
(M 110
m ea n (A ri s t o te li a n
“ ob
1 13 173 11
1
313 71, th e uéo ov
'

) . N i c E th . .
, II, 6 , By an

i e c t iv e m e an , I un d er s t an d th a t ve w h i ch is eq ui di s t an t fr om
th e t w o g i n
extrem e d whi c h i
s , an e d th m e t o ll s on e re ve
an e sa a , an d b y a m an l a ti l y
t th per s d er t n d th t whi c h i s e i th er c e ”
o e I on , un s a a n t o o m u h n o r t o o li ttl .

“V r
3 Cf ibid . i t e th e .
,
i a di p i ti o f th
u ,
m r l p rp o e i
n, s s os n o e o a u s n

rel ti ve b l ce whi ch i d eterm i e d b y

a a an ,
t d rd cc rdi g
s th n a s an a , a o n as e

th g h
ou t f l m w
u u l d de t er man i e It i mo i ddl e t a t e b e t w ee t w o fn l t y . s a s n au

on e i th e w y f exce
s, n n aid e od d e fec t th ss o th er ;
on d o e s ,
an on e an

it i so m re ver
s , b ec
o e th e f l t y t t e o o
o ,
id e f ll h r t f
au s au s a s n ne S a s o o ,

an d th o e th s th er id e excee d w h a t i r i gh t b th i n th c e f th
on e o s ,
s ,
o e as o e

em ti o o d th
ns cti n ; b t virt e fin d
an e d wh e f
a o s d d o p t th
u u s, an ,
n ou n ,
a s e

me n Cf H D eot I 4
”
a . . d II 2 .
, , ,
an , .

p3 w m n m pn i th e x t e m of e x
,
ce ss ( A sr i t t l e f
e p fl h fi ) r n d aspne s o
’
s ir e o ,
a

111 m m th e e x tr m e of fi d e c i en cy e C f H D e o t I 5 ; III 1 ; pm n m . .
, , ,

1 nn
11
rr 3 51 we : Sa w 1 11 11m m 1 3 5 w h ere 111 11 1171 13 c l e r l y m e a t h ,
a ns e

e xt re m e o f th e too l i t tl e .

S e H eb re w t ext c IV pp 19 20
4 e 1 7 On th e gl , . 11m m
,
: 11mm .
—
,
11 . . oss

in t r o d ce d h ere i u om e M an d dd H eb re w t ext c IV p 20
n s ss . e .
,
see ,
.
,
.
,

ote Th i gl o s s s e e m t o g o b a c k to E th N ic II 7 “
n . s s H e th t i as h . .
, , ,
a s e
56 TH E ETH I CS OF MA I M ONI D E S

a nd s el f a b a s em e n t ; c o n ten tedn e ss betwee n a v a ri ce a n d sloth ful

-
,

in differe n ce ; a n d m a g n ifice n ce betwee n m e a nn e ss a n d pr o fusi on , .

[ S i n ce defi n i te te rm s d o n o t exi st i n our l a n g u a ge wi th wh i ch t o

expre ss the s e l a tter qu al iti es it i s n ece ss a ry t o expl ain their con ,

te n t a n d tell wh a t the phil oso pher s m e a n t by them A m a n i s

,
.

called m a g n i ficen t wh os e wh ole in te n ti o n i s to do g oo d t o o ther s

by per so n a l s ervi ce by m on ey or a dv i ce a n d with a ll h i s po wer
, , , ,

b u t with ou t m e a n while brin g i n g su ffer in g or di sgr a ce u p on hi m s el f .

Th a t i s the m e di um lin e o f co n du ct The m e a n m a n is o n e .

wh o d o e s n ot wa n t o ther s t o su cceed i n a n yt h in g eve n th ou gh ,

he hi m s el f m a y n ot thereby su ffer a n y lo ss h a rdshi p or inj ury , , .

Th a t i s the on e extrem e The pro fuse m a n o n the c on tr a ry .

, ,

is o n e wh o will in gly per fo rm s the a b ove m e n ti o n ed dee ds i n S p ite -

,

o f the fa ct th a t thereby he br i n g s u p on h im s el f
gre a t inj u ry ,

or di sgr a ce terr i ble h a rd s hi p , or c o n si der a ble lo ss Th a t is the , .

o ther extrem e 1] Gen tlen e ss is th e m e a n betwee n ir a scibility

.

a n d i n s e n sib il i ty t o s h a m e a n d d is gr a ce ; a n d m o de s ty between ,

im p u d e n ce a n d sh am e fa cedn e ss 2 [ The expl a n a tion o f the s e l a tter .

sh o ul d b e m a y b e all d c e fri en dl y ,
an de t t e fr i e dli e ; h
hi s m th t an s a n n ss e a

excee d s , i f i t b e w i th o u t an y in t ere t e d m ti ve
s o m e wh t t c m pl i a t
o ,
s a oo o a s n ,

if wi th su ch m o ti ve , a fla tt e re r ; h t h t i d efic i en t
e ad i ll i t ces an n a n s an s

un ple rrel m e n d cr
a san t , qu a so a o ss .
”

Th vi r t e w h i c h I T exp l i
1 e u h ere o w in g t o th i a d e q a c y o f th
. . a ns , e n u e

H eb re w t erm i th o whi ch Ari t tl e c ll m gnificence (I T 3 119

s, s e ne s o a s a . .
’
s

Th exce i wa n t of tas te vulg p rofu si on (3 3 511 3 119 mm) n d

e ss s or ar ,
a

th d e fec t p a l tri n ess

e S e E th N i l oc ci t A cc r din g t A ri t o tl e e . c .
, . . o o s ,

m agn ific en c i hi gh er kin d f li b er li ty

e s a d c n i t o f th o a an o s s s e

s pe di g o f m e y o a gr n d s c l e wi th t t e d p r op ri ety It i
n n on n a a , as an . s

p r om p t e d b y a d e i re f wh t i ob l e c o cerni g i t el f with th e ervi ce

s or a s n , n n s s s

o f rel i gi p bli c
on ,w o r k n d
u s fo r t h T h e v l g r
s, a m a w h o e o b jec t i
o . u a n, s s

os t en t ti ao ff e d wi th exce ive p l e d r whi l e th m e n m

on , n s sso n th S n o , e a an , e

o th er h d th r o gh t im i di ty
an , d c o t t fe r f exp e e eve th o gh
u an n s an a o ns ,
n u

h e d o e expe n d l rg e m
s t m r th wh ol e e ff ec t b y
a a m e pe t ty ch r c
o un s , a s e so a a

t i ti
er s f me
c o e s (ibi d IV a nn I T ha s cc o r din gl y i c o rrec tly ex
.
, , . . s, a , n

p l i ed th t erm s 3 1141 3 5 7153 1 d

a n e 3 11
9 11111
-
, ,
an 1
.

S e e H D e ot I an d II fo
2 .
,
li t ,
d di c i n o f th vi r t e r a s an s uss o e u s .

Ari s t o tl e m en ti on n d di s c e th e foll o wi n g vi r t e in E th Ni ; c o r ag e
s a uss ss u s . c . u

(H 7 , a d ,I I I 6 n
p e rf ec t e d,
e l f m t e y o t e m per ce (I I 7 d s - as r r an , , an

III 10 , l ib er li ty (II 7 n d IV a m gn ifi ce ce (II 7 n d IV

, , a , a n ,
a ,

gr tn e
ea of ul (II 7
ss an d IVso l ve f h on r (II 7
, ,
n d IV , o o o , ,
a ,
 TH E E I GH T CHA PTE RS — JV 57

term s gle a n ed fr om the sayi n g s o f our s ag e s (m a y their m em o ry

,

be ble ss ed ! ) s eem s t o be this In their o p ini o n a m ode st .

,

m a n i s o n e wh o i s very b a sh ful a n d there fo re m ode sty i s the ,

m ean .
“
This we g a ther fr om the ir s a yin g A sh am e fa ced m a n ,
” “
c an n ot le a r n 1 They al so a ssert A m o de st m a n is wo rthy o f
.
,

b u t they d o n ot s ay th i s o f a s h a m e fa ce d m a n
”2
Pa r a di s e , .

”3
There fore I h a ve thu s a rr a n ged them ] S o it is with the other
,
.

qu aliti e s On e d o e s n ot n ece ss aril y h a ve t o u se c on ve n ti on a l

.

term s for the s e qu al iti e s if o nl y the i de a s a re cle arly fixed in ,

the m in d 4 .

It o fte n h a ppe n s h owever th a t m e n err a s rega r ds the s e , ,

qu a l itie s im a gini n g th a t o n e o f the extrem es i s g ood a n d is a

, ,

virtu e S om etim e s the extrem e o f the too m uch is c o n sidered

.
,

n o ble a s whe n te m er ity i s m a de a v irtu e

,
a n d th os e wh o reck ,

le ssly r isk the ir l ive s are h a ile d a s her o e s Thu s wh en pe o ple .

,

s e e a m a n reckle ss t o the h i ghe s t degree wh o r u n s d el i ber a tely

, ,

in t o d a n ger i n ten ti on a ll y tem ptin g de a th a n d e sc a p in g o nl y by

, ,

m ere ch a n ce they l a u d su ch a o n e t o the sk i e s a n d sa y th a t he

, ,

i s a hero A t other tim e s the Op p o site extrem e th e too li ttle i s

.
, , ,

gre a tly e steem ed a n d the c owa rd 5 i s c on si dered a m a n o f for ,

be a r a n ce ; the i dl er a s bein g a per s on o f a c on te n ted disp ositi on ; ,

a n d he wh o by the dull n e ss o f hi s n a t ur e i s c all o u s t o every

,

i pr i s ed a s a m a n o f m o der a ti on th a t i s on e wh o e s che ws
jyo ,
s a [ , ,

s in ] .In li ke m a n n er pr ofus e liber a l ity a n d extrem e l a vish n e ss ,

ar e err o n eo u sly ext olled a s excellen t ch a r a cter istics 6 This i s .

,

h owever a n a b s olu tely mi st aken vi ew for the re all y pr ais ewo rthy
, ,

g entl e e n ss (1 1 , 7, an d IV,fri en dl i n e s s (II , IV 7, an d , t r u th f uln e s s

(II, 7 . and IV , j o c u l ari ty o r li velin e s s (II 7 a n d IV
, , ,
an d m od e s ty

(II ,
7, an d IV , Cf .
, al s o , E ude mia n E thi c s II 3 wh ere
, , , a fo rm al tab l e
ve
i s gi n c on ta n in g o u t f r een v r e i t u s an d th i e r re pec ti ve p i r s a s of extrem e s ;
a n d Ma g M or I, 2011 . . .

Abot, 2 Abot, V ,
20 .
3 See H b e re w t ext 0 IV p , .
, . 21 , n. 16 .

4 A i s t otl r e al s o m e n ti on s th e p a c i ty
u of t erm t expre s o ss th e ni ce
c
di s tin t i on s h e m a k e (E th
s . Ni c .
,

5 B tt e er ,
“th
e a p th e ti c
a
”
; se e H eb re w tex t , 0 . IV p , . 21 , n . 27 .

4 Cf E th N i c , II, 9 , “fo r w
. . . e r el ve o m e tim e pr i e
ou s s s s a s th o s e wh o
a re e ec ve
d f ti in th i s f li n g (an g ee er) and w e c ll th em g e tl e ;
,
a n a t an ot h er ,

w e er t m th e h o t-t m d m anl y e pere and p i ri t e d

S .
58 TH E ETH I CS OF MA I M ONIDE S

is the m e di um c our s e o f a cti on t o whi ch every o n e sh oul d str i v e

t o a dhere a l wa ys we i ghi n g hi s co n du ct c a re fully s o th a t he m a y
, ,

a tt ai n the p roper m e a n .

K n o w m ore over th a t the s e m or al excellen ces or d efect s

, ,

ca n n ot be a cquired or im pl a n ted in the soul except by m ea n s , ,

o f the frequ e n t repeti ti o n o f a ct s re sul t in g fr om the s e qu a li t i e s ,

whi ch pr a ctis ed dur in g a l on g p er i o d o f tim e a ccus t om s u s t o

, ,

them 1 If thes e a cts per fo rm ed are g oo d o n e s then w e S h a ll

.
,

h a ve gain ed a v irtu e ; b u t if they a re b a d we S h all h ave a c ,

qui re d a vi ce S in ce h ow ever n o m a n is b or n with a n in n a te

.
, ,

vir tu e or vi ce as we sh all expl a in i n C h a pter VIII a n d a s

, , ,
’
every o n e s c o n du ct from chil dh o o d u p i s u n dou btedly influ en ced
by the m a nn er o f l ivi n g o f hi s rel a tive s a n d c ou n trym e n 2 hi s ,

c o n du ct m a y be i n a cc o rd wi th the r ule s of m o d er a tion ; b u t ,

the n a ga in it is p ossible th at hi s a cts m a y i n cli n e t owa rd s either

,

extrem e as we h a ve dem on str a ted in whi ch c a s e hi s s oul b e

, , ,

c om e s di s e as ed 3 In su ch a c on tin gen cy it i s p rOp e r for h im

.
,

t o re sort t o a c ure ex a ctly a s he woul d w ere his b o dy su fferin g ,

fr om a n ill n e ss S o j u st a s whe n the equ ili br ium o f the phy si c al

.
,

he alth i s di sturbed 4 a n d we n ote whi ch wa y it i s ten di n g in ,

or d er t o fo rce it t o go i n ex a ctly the o p p osite dir ectio n u n til

it s h all retu r n t o it s proper c on di ti on a n d j u st a s when the , ,

pr oper a dj u stm e n t i s re a ched we ce a s e this Oper ati o n a n d h a ve , ,

rec our s e t o th a t whi ch will m a in t a in the proper b al a n ce i n ,

ex a ctly the s am e wa y mu st we a dj u st the m or al equili br ium 5 .

1 Cf . Yoma 8 6 b ; S ota h , 22 a , A s
,
“ s o on as a m an h a s c om mi tt ed a s in

an d repe e a t d i t, i t b om s t o h i m a ec e permi tt e d a ct
”
.

Cf H D eot, V1 , 1 , “Th e n a t u a
2 . . s os r l di p i ti on of th e h um an min d
occasi o n s m an t o b e in flu n d in hi s o p in i o n s e ce an d a c ti on s b y th o s e wi th
c e
wh om h e a s s o i at s , an d h i s on d u t t o b e c c depe d e n nt on th a t of hi s fri e d n s

and c o n trym e
u
”
n .

3 On th cq i e a u si ti o n of vir t e u s an d vi ce s, see E th . Ni c .
, 11 , 1— 3 ; an d

H B e at, 1 , 2, 7
. S e e b el o w 0 . . VIII p
, . 8 5 11.

4 Cf
E th N i c , II, ,
. 2 “fo r
. . exce ve tr i i g im p ir th tre gth
s si a n n a s e s n as

w ell as e t a dd efic ie nt ; m a n dri k i n lik e m

, er i t gre t
n to ann , n oo a or o

s m all q im p ir t h
ua n ti t i e s, a e h e al th ; w hil e i n d pr p rti n th ey c e ue o o o au s

i cre a e
n nd
p re e ve i t
s , a s r

Cf H D eo t II 2 Th
5 . .
, ,
. e s am e th o gh t u is expre ed ss r
b y A i s t o tl ei n

E th Ni c 11 9
. If w e fin d
.
, , . ou r el ve t
s s a on e of th e fa ul ty extrem e w e s,
 TH E E I GH T CHAPTE R S — IV 59

Let t ake for ex am ple the cas e o f a m an i n who s e s oul there

us , ,

h as d evelo p e d a di spo siti o n [of gre a t a v a ri ce] o n a cc ou n t of

wh i ch he d eprive s hi m s el f [ of every c om fort in li fe ] a n d wh i ch , ,

b y the wa y is on e of the m o st dete st a ble o f d e fects a n d a n im

, ,

m or a l a ct a s we h a ve s h own in th is cha pter

,
If we wi sh t o .

cur e thi s s ick m a n we m ust n ot c om m a n d hi m m erely [to p r a o ,

tis e] d eeds o f gen er osity for th a t wo ul d be a s i n effective as a ,

physi cia n tr yi n g t o cur e a p a ti e n t c on sum e d by a bur nin g fever

by a dm i ni ster in g m ild m edi cin e s whi ch tre atm en t wo ul d be i n ,

e fli ca ci ou s We m u st ho wever in du ce h im t o s qu an d er so o ft en
.
, , ,

a n d t o repe a t hi s a ct s o f pr o fusi o n s o c o n t i n u o u sl y u ntil th a t

pro p en sity whi ch wa s the c au s e of h is a v a r i ce h a s t ot all y dis

a p p e a red Then when he re a che s th a t poin t where he is a bou t
.
,

to bec om e a s qua n derer we m u st te a ch hi m t o m oder a te hi s ,

pro fusion a n d tell hi m to co n tinu e with deed s o f ge n ero sity a n d

, ,

to wa tch ou t with du e c a re le st he rel a p s e either in to la vi sh n e ss

or n igga r dl in e ss 1 .

m u s t dra g r el ve s a w y i th pp o it e d irect i o f b y b e di g o
ou s a n e o s n, or n n ur

s el ve s l n g w y b ck fr m th err e o ext rem e ll wi g f th

a o a a o e on us ,
a o n or e

rec oil wh en o e t rai gh t e

, as cr ke d p i ece o f tim b er w e h ll t
n s ns a oo , s a a

l e gth
n rri ve t th pr per m e
a Pu i h m en t o f i
a l e cc or di g t o an . n s s n a so , a n o

M f rce th c l prit t th e oth er ex trem e o f th

.
, o s e u i c m mi tt e d Th o e s n o . us,

if a m i anre g r d p r p er ty h m t pe d h i m o e y lib er ll y i
s n as a s o , e us s n s n a n

th e ervi ce f G d ; if h e h i d l ge d i in f l b odily e j ym e t h
s o o as n u n s u n o n s, e

m t c h t i e hi b o dy w i th f ti g p ri v t i
us as s s d th lik e Th i pr c ti ce as n , a on , a n e . s a

h oul d eve ex t e d i t el f t m n i t ell ec t al f ilin g wh i ch m y c a e ’

s n n s o a s n u a s, a us

hi m t o b e li eve m e f l e d c t rin e f l t th at i t b rem e di e d b y

so a s o , a au s o e

t r in g ne en ti rel y a w ay fr m wo dl y a ff i r d d ev tin g
’
u n t h o gh to s u s o r a s, an o

t h em exc l s i ve l y t i t ell ec t l exerc i e

u a d c re full y re flec t i g
o n p ua s s, n a n u on

th ose b eli e f i whi ch h h o l d h ve f ith (M or h

s n C m p re w i th e s u a a e , o a

th i Ar i t tl e
s t h e ry
s o re g r d c rrec ti on cc r di g t whi ch th
’
s o as a s o ,
a o n o e

rem e di e of ch
s a re n a t re t b t h e c o tr r i e
su f th il l th e y
a u as o e n a s o e s

s eek t c re (E th Ni c o u . .
,

4 Cf H D e ot 1 1 2
.
“H ow h all h c re th em (th m r l il l ) ? Th
.
, , , s e u e o a s e

s a ge t e ll t h e w r ath f l m a
s th at i f h e i cc t m e d t c ld d c r e u n s a us o o s o an u s

h e h oul d t r i h i m e l f
s ever t give ve t t th e e feeli g a d th t h
a n s n o n o s n s, n a e

s h o ul d c on ti e th i c o r e l g whi l enu t il h e h er di c t e d wr ath

s u s a on , un as a a

fr om h i h e rt If h i h gh t y l e t h im tr ain h im el f to b e h m bl e l t
s a . e s au s u , e

hi m c l th e hi m e l f i
o r gg e d g a rm en t wh i ch h m ili t e th o e wh w r
s n a s u a s o ea

th e m an d l e t him d o s im il ar a c ts
, n til h e h pr o t ed h i p r id e and , u as u o s ,
60 TH E E TH I CS OF MA I M ON ID E S

If, the o ther h a n d a m an i s a s qu an derer he m u st be

on , ,

di rected to pr a ctis e s tri ct ec on om y a n d t o repe a t a cts o f ni gg a rd ,

lin e s s It i s n ot n ece ss a ry h o wever for h im to per form a ct s o f

.
, ,

a v a ri ce a s m a n y t im e s a s the m e a n m a n s h oul d th os e o f p ro

fusi on This su btle po in t whi ch i s a c a n on a n d s ecret o f the

.
,

s ci e n ce o f m e di c in e tell s u s th a t i t i s e a si er for a m a n o f pr o fu s e
,

h a bits t o m o der a te them to gen er o sity th a n it is for a mi ser t o ,

bec om e g e n erou s L ikewi s e it i s e a si er for on e wh o i s a p a theti c

.
,

[ a n d e s che w s S i n ] t o be exc i ted t o m o der a te enj oym en t tha n it ,

i s for o n e b ur n in g with p a ssi on t o curb h is de sir e s Con s equ e n tly

, , .
,

the li ce n tiou s m an m u s t be m a de to pr a ctis e re str a in t m ore th a n

the a p a theti c m a n S h oul d be i n du ced t o in dul ge h is p a ssion s ;
an d s im il a rly
,
the c owa rd require s exp osure t o d a n ger m ore
,

frequ e n tly th a n the reckle ss m a n s h oul d be forced t o cowa rdice .

The m e a n m a n n ee ds to pr a ctis e l a vis h n e ss t o a gre a ter degree

th a n S h ould be required o f the l a vi sh t o pr a ctis e m e a n n e ss .

This i s a fun d am en t al pr in ciple o f the s cien ce o f cur in g m or al

ill s a n d i s worthy of rem em br a n ce
, .

On this a cco u n t the s a in tly o n e s 1 were n ot a ccu st om ed ,

t o c a u s e their disp o s iti o n s t o m a in t a in a n ex a ct b a l a n ce

between the t wo extrem e s b u t devia ted som ewh a t by wa y , ,

o f [ c a u t i o n a n d] re str a in t n ow t o the S i de o f ex a g ger a tio n , ,

and n ow to th a t o f defici e n cy Thu s for in sta n ce a h .

, ,

s ti n e n c e woul d in cl in e t o s o m e degree t owa rd s exce ssive

denial of all ple a sur e s ; va lor woul d a ppr oa ch som ewh a t t owa r ds
tem er ity ; ge n er o sity t o l a vi sh n e ss ; m o de sty t o extre m e h u mi li ty 2 ,

re t rn e d
u e c r e wh i ch i th m o r l
t o th e m iddl ; d wh en h h a
ou s s e a on e an ,
e s

d neo l t h i m c o ti
so, ee i i t all h i d y H h o ul d a ct in sim il r
n nu n s a s . e s a a

w y w i th
a ll h i ch r c t eri ti c
a If h i f fr m th m iddl e c r e t
s a a s s . e s ar o e ou s ,
a

on e ex trem e l t h im f rce h im el f t o g t t h th er d cc t m h im
, e o s o o e o ,
an a us o

s el f f ll y t o it n til h e ret r t th pr per c o r e whi ch i th m e di l

u , u u ns o e o u s , s e a

t r it
a re g r ds e ch ch r c t eri ti c
as a a a a s

S e e i nf
t c VI ; d M Comm n ta ry on Abot V 7 11
ra , . an .
’
s e , , . .

M d e p r t fr om t ri c t dh ere ce t o th e A ri t t eli an d c t ri e o f th m e an
1 . a s s a n s o o n e ,

whi ch Ari t tl e hi m el f d o e t t i m e n d e peci ll y re gar d th vi rt e

s o s s, a s, a s a as s e u

o f j ti ce us M ta t e h ere th t th d evi a tio fr om th m e n on th p a r t

. . s s a e n e a e

o f th in t w
e sab ec e f c ti o
s asd re tr i t L t er i n H D o t
au s o au n an s a n . a ,
. e ,

h exp d thi t h gh t in d rawi g di tin c ti on b etw een th e wi e

e an s s ou n a s s
62 TH E ETHICS OF MAIM ONIDES

g “ o
sa yin , D m ore th a n the s tri ct letter of the la w
”1
dem an ds
When a t tim es som e of the p i o u s on es devi ated t o o n e
, ,

ex trem e by fa stin g keep in g ni ghtly vi gil s i re fr a inin g fr om e a tin g

,
’
,

m e a t or dr inki n g wi n e re n ou n cin g S exu al i n terc our s e cl o thi n g , ,

thems elve s i n wo olen a n d h a iry g a rm e n t s dwellin g i n the m ou n ,

t a i n s a n d wa n der in g a bou t in the wil der n e ss they di d so p a rtly

, , ,

a s a m e a n s of re s tor in g the he a lth o f the i r sou l s a s we h a ve ,

expl a in ed a bove a n d p a rtly beca u s e o f the imm or a lity o f the

,

t o wns p e ople 3 Whe n the p iou s sa w th a t they them s elve s

- .

mi g ht beco m e co n t ami n a ted by a ss o ci a ti on with ev il m e n o r by ,

co n sta n tly s eein g their a ction s fe a r in g th a t their own m o r a l s ,

m i ght bec o m e corru pt o n a cc ou n t o f c on t a ct with them they ,

fle d t o the wil der n e ss e s fa r fr om the ir so ci ety a s the p r ophet ,

“
J eremia h sai d O h th a t s om e on e woul d gr a n t m e in the wilder
,

n e s s t h e d welli n g o f a wa n derer a n d I woul d qu i t m y pe o ple ,

a n d a b a n do n them ; for they a re a ll a du lterer s a tr o o p o f fa i th ,

le s s evil—d o er s 4 Whe n the i g n or an t ob served sai ntly m e n

”
.

a ct i n g thu s n ot k n owi n g the ir m o t ive s

,
they c on sidere d their ,

deeds of them s elve s virtu ou s a n d so blin dl y imi t a tin g their a cts , , ,

thi nki n g thereby t o bec om e like them ch a stis ed their b o di e s ,

with a ll ki n ds o f a ffli cti on s im a g in i n g th a t they h a d a cquir ed ,

per fection a n d m or al w orth a n d th a t by this m e a n s m a n woul d ,

a ppr o a ch n e a rer t o G o d a s i f H e h a ted the h u m a n b o dy a n d , ,

de sired its de stru ctio n It n ever d a wn ed u p on them h owever .

, ,

th a t the s e a ctio ns were b a d a n d re sul ted in m or al im p er fecti o n

o f the s o ul S u ch m e n can o nl y b e c om p ared t o on e wh o
.
,

ign or a n t o f the a rt o f he alin g when he s ee s skil ful phy si cia n s ,

a dm i ni ster in g to th o s e a t the o i n t o f de a th [ p u rg a t ive s k n own

p

an s w er n ot ; th ey d o g o o d f om u r
m o ti s p re ve of lo ve ; th y e rej i ceo am i d s t

er
th i su fferin g s ,
e
a n d o f th m i t i s s a id ,
‘
Th o s e th a t l o ve h im a re lik e th e

g oin g fo r th e V S e e R o sin ,
’
s un i n i t s m i gh t (Ju d g s 1
, 3 , Sh a bb a t,

E th ih , p
8 7, n . . e e
5 ; C oh n , Cha r a kt ri s tik, in M os s ben M a i m on , , p p 1 1 2— 1 1 6e I . .

S e e , h ow ,
ever sup ra , p e
54 , n ot 1 , f o r b ib li al an d Tal m u di al p a s s a g s
. c c e
whi ch su pp rt o th e d o c t ri n e of e
t h e m di um co r e u s .

1 B a ba M oe i
'
a, 35 a : 111 11151: 131 19 5 11 1 11111 was .

2 To stu d
y Tor a h .

3 Cf H . . D e ot, VI , 1, an d H Ne da ri m ,
. XIII , 28 .

4 Je r IX .
, 1 .
 THE E I GH T CHAPTE R S — IV 63

in A r a b i c as ] colocyn th
c y a l o e a n d the like a n d
,
s am m o n , , ,

dep r ivin g them of foo d in c on sequ e n ce of wh i ch t hey a re com

,

p l e t e l y c ur e d a n d e s c a pe de a th fo oli shly co n cl u de s th a t sin ce ,

the s e thin g s cur e S ickn e ss they m u st be a ll the m ore e ffic a ciou s

,

in pre s erv in g the he alth or pr olo n g i n g l ife If a per s o n sh oul d

, .

t a ke the se thi n g s c o ns ta n tly a n d tre a t him sel f a s a sick per s o n , ,

the n he woul d re ally bec om e ill L ikewis e th o s e wh o a re .

,

Sp ir itu ally well b ut h ave recour s e to rem edi es will un dou btedl y
, ,

becom e m or a lly ill .

The per fect L a w whi ch le a ds u s to p er fecti o n a s o n e wh o —

“
k n ew i t well te stifie s by the word s The L aw of the Lor d i s ,

per fect re stor in g the s oul ; the te stim oni es o f the L o rd a re fa ith ful
” 1
m ak i n g wi se the sim ple — recomm e n d s n o n e o f the s e thin g s
su ch a s s el f t o rtu re fli ght h om s o c i ety
( O n the co n tr a ry
'
-
, ,

it a im s a t m a n s foll o win g the p a th o f m oder a ti o n i n a cc o r d an ce

’
,

with the d i ct a te s o f n a t ure e a tin g dr inki n g e nj oyi n g leg itim a te

, , ,

s ex u a l i n terc ou r s e a ll i n m o d er a t i o n
,
a n d l i v in g a m o n g people ,

i n ho n e sty a n d u pr ig ht n e ss b u t n ot dwelli n g i n the wilder n e ss ,

or i n the m o u n t a i n s o r cl o th in g o n e s el f in g a rm e n t s o f h a i r a n d
,

wo ol or a ffli ctin g the b o dy

, The L a w even wa r n s u s a gain st .

thes e pr a cti ce s if we i n terpret it a cc ordi n g t o wh a t tr a di ti on tell s

,

u s i s the m e a n in g o f the p a ss a ge c o n cer n in g the N a z a r i te “And ,

he (the pr i e st) s h all m ake a n a t on em e n t for h im bec a u s e he h a th

i
s n n ed a g a i n s t the so ul
”2 “
The R a bb is a sk A g a i n s t wh a t soul
.
,

h a s he sin n ed ? A g a in st h i s own s oul bec au s e he h a s depri ved ,

him s el f o f win e Is thi s n ot then a c on clu si on a mi nori ad ma

.

ju s ? If o n e wh o deprive s hi m s el f m erely o f win e m u st brin g

a n a t o n em e n t h ow m u ch m ore i n c um be n t i s it u po n o n e wh o
,

de ni e s hims el f every enj oym e n t ” .

By the word s o f our pr o phet s a n d of the s a ge s of our L aw ,

we s e e th a t they w ere be n t u p o n m o der a ti on a n d the c a re o f

their s o ul s a n d b o di e s in a cco rda n ce wi th wh a t the L aw pre
,

s cr ibe s a n d with the a n swer whi ch G o d g a ve thr ou gh H is

1 XIX 9
Ps .
,
.

2 Nu m VI 1 1 .
, .

3 Na z ir , 19 a , 22a ; Ta a n i t, 1 1 a ; B a ba
’
K a m ma , 9 1 h ; N e da ri m , 10a ; cf
.

M .
’
e Com m en ta ry on Abot, V , 15 .
64 TH E E TH I CS O F M A I M ONI D E S

pro p het t o tho s e wh o a sked whether the fa st da y o n ce a ye a r -

“
They a sked Zech a r i a h S h a ll I weep
s h oul d co n t i n u e or n ot .
,

i n the fifth m on th with a b sti n e n ce a s I h a ve d on e a lr e a dy the s e

H i s a n swer was Whe n ye fa sted a n d m our n ed
“
”1
m a n y ye a r s ? ,
,

i n the fifth a n d i n the s eve n th (m on th) alre a dy the s e s even ty

ye a r s di d ye i n a n ywis e fa s t for m e ye a for m e ? A n d if ye
, ,

do e at a n d i f ye d o dr i n k a r e ye n ot y our s elve s th os e th a t e a t
”2
a n d y o u r s elve s th o s e th a t dr in k ? A fter th a t he e nj oin ed ,

u p o n the m j u sti ce a n d v irt u e a l o n e a n d n o t fa s tin g whe n he , ,

s ai d t o them
“ Thu s h a th s a id the L o rd of H o sts E xecu te
, .

j u stice a n d S h ow ki n dn e ss a n d m ercy every m an t o h is br other ”3

.

H e sa i d fu rther “Thu s h a th sa id the L ord of H o st s the fa st

, ,

d ay o f the fou rth a n d the fa st da y of the fi fth a n d the fa s t o f

,
-
,

a n d the fa st o f the te n th (m o n th
s eve n th , ) s h a ll bec om e t o the

h ou s e o f J u da h gl a dn ess a n d joy a n d m erry fe stiv a l s ; only l ove

, ,

ye tr uth a n d pe a ce ”4 “ ”
K n ow th a t by tru th the i n tellectu al
. .

v irtu e s a re m e a n t for they a re imm u t a bly tr u e a s we h a ve ex

, ,

“
pl ain ed in Ch a pter II a n d th a t by pe a ce the m or a l virtu e s”
,

a r e de sign a ted fo r u p o n the m depe n d s the pe a ce o f the world

,
.

Bu t t o re sum e S ho uld tho s e o f o u r cc rel i gi oni sts a n d it

.
- —

i s o f them a l on e th a t I s pe a k wh o imi t a te the foll o wer s o f —

o ther rel i g i o n s m a in t a in th a t w he n they t orm e n t the ir b o di e s

, ,

a n d re n o u n ce every th t they d m erely o di s ci pl i n e the

jy
o a o s o t ,

fa cu lt i e s o f their sou l s by i n cl in in g som ewh a t t o the o n e ex

trem e a s i s pr oper a n d i n a cc o rda n ce with our own re comm e n
, ,

d a tio n s i n th is ch a pter our a n swer i s th a t they a re i n err or , ,

a s I s h a ll n o w dem o n s tr a te The L a w did n ot l ay d own it s .

pr o hib ition s or e nj oin it s c omm a n dm e n ts except for j u st thi s

, ,

p ur p os e n am ely th a t by it s dis ciplin a ry effects we m a y per

, ,

si s t e n t l
y m a i n t a i n the pr oper d i st a n ce fr om e ither extrem e F or .
,

the re stri cti o n s reg a rdin g a ll the fo rb i dde n foo d s the pr o hib iti on s ,

o f i ll i c it i n terc o u r s e the fore wa r n in g a g a in st pr ostitu tion the

,
-
,

du ty o f per form in g the leg a l m a rr i a ge r ite s whi ch n evertheless - —

, ,

d o e s n ot perm it i n terc ou r s e a t all tim e s a s for i n st a n ce dur in g , , ,

the peri o d o f m en stru a ti on a n d a fter chil d b irth be si de s its ,

-
,

1 Zech VII, 3 . .
2 Ibid .
, VII 6, .
3 Ibi d .
, VII, 9 .

Ibi d .
, VIII , 9 .
 THE E I GHT CHAPTER S— IV 65

be in g o ther wis e re s tr i cte d by our sa ge s a n d en tirely in ter di cte d ,

du ri ng the d aytim e a s we h a ve exp l a in ed i n the Tracta te S a n

,

b edrin — all o f the s e God co m m a n ded i n o rder th a t we s h o uld

keep e n tirely dis t a n t fr om the extrem e of the in ordi n a te i n
d ul ge n ce o f the p a ssi on s a n d eve n dep a rti n g fro m the ex a ct
, ,

m edi um s h oul d i n cli n e som e wh a t t owa rd s s el f de ni al so th a t

,
-
,

there m a y be firm ly ro oted i n our s oul s the dis p ositio n for

m o der a ti on 1 .

L ikewis e a ll th a t is co n t ain e d in the L a w co n cer n in g the

,

g ivi n g o f tithe s the gle ani n g o f the h a rve st the forg otten
, ,

s he a ve s the sin gle gr a pe s a n d the sm a ll b u n che s i n the vi n e

, ,

y a rds for the poor the l a w o f the S a bb a ti ca l ye a r a n d o f the

, ,

J u b ilee the g i vin g of ch a rity a ccordin g t o the wa n ts o f the

,

n eedy o n e all the s e a p p r o a ch the extrem e o f l a v is h n e s s t o be

,

pr a ctis e d in o rder th a t we m ay dep a rt far fr om i t s o pp osite ,

s t in g i n e ss a n d thu s n e a r in g the extrem e o f exce ss i ve prodi g a l ity

, , ,

there m ay bec om e i n still ed in u s the qu ali ty o f ge n er o sity 2 If you .

s h oul d te s t m o s t o f the c om m a n dm e n t s fro m t hi s p oi n t o f v i e w ,

you woul d fin d th a t they a re all for the d is cip li n e a n d gu i d a n ce

o f the fa cul ti e s o f the s o ul Thu s the L a w fo rb i d s reve n ge
.
, ,

the be a r in g o f a gr u dg e a n d blood reve ng e by s ayin g Th ou “ -

, ,

s h a lt n ot a ve n ge n or be a r a n gr dge ”
3 “ th o s h a lt sur ely
y u ; u
” 4 “
u nlo a d with him a ss o f h im wh o h a te s yo u ) ;
( the tho u s h a lt

Sur ely help h im to li ft them u p a g a in (thy br other s a ss or

”5 ’

o x whi ch h a s fa lle n by the wa a n dm e n t s a r e

y) The s e c o m m .

i n te n ded t o we a ke n the fo rce o f wr a th or a n g er L ikewis e the .

,

“ ” ’
comm a n d Th ou sh alt surely bri n g them b a ck 5 (thy brother s
,

ox or l a m b whi ch h a s g on e a str a y) is m e an t t o rem ove the ,

“
di spo sition o f a v a ri ce S im il a rly B e fore the h oa ry he a d s h a lt ,
.

” “
th ou ris e u p a n d h on o r the fa ce o f the ol d m a n
,
7 H o n o r thy ,

fa ther a n d thy m other 8 etc ” “th ou s h a lt n ot dep a rt fr om the

.
,
”
s e n te n ce whi ch they m a tell thee 9 etc a r e i n te n d ed t o d o
y .
,

a wa y wi th bold n e ss a n d t o pr o du ce m o de s ty
,
Then i n o rder .
,

to keep a way from the o ther extrem e i e o f exce ssive b a sh ful , . .

Cf M or e h , III, 35 , an d H D
1 . . e ot , III .
2 Cf M or e h ,
. III , 39 .
3 Lev .

XIX , 18 4 E x XXIII 5
.
, . .
5 D eu t . XXII , 4 .
6Ibi d XXI I 1 ,
.

7 L e v X IX
.
,
32 .
8 Ex . XX ,
12 .
9 D ute . XV II l l ,
.
66 TH E E THICS OF M AIM ONID ES

“Tho
n e ss we a re t old
,
u s h a lt i n deed reb uk e thy n e i ghb o r
,
etc 1 .
,

“th o u s h a lt n ot fe a r hi m ” 2 the fa l s e pr o phet etc

( ) s o th a t ex .
,

ce ssiv e b a sh ful n e ss t oo S h oul d dis a ppe a r i n o rder th a t we p ur su e

, , ,

the m e dium c our s e S h oul d h owever a ny o n e wh o woul d wi th

.
, ,
—

o u t d o u b t be fo ol i s h i f he di d so — try t o e nfo rce the s e c omm a n ds

with a ddi ti o n al r i gor a s for i n s t a n ce by pr o hi b itin g e a t i n gia n d

, , ,

dri nki n g m o re th a n d o es the L aw or by re stri ctin g c onn u b ial ,

i n terc our s e to a gre a ter degree or by di s trib u tin g all o f h i s ,

m o n ey am o n g the p o o r or us in g i t for s a cred p u rp o s e s m ore ,

freely th an the L a w requ ire s or by s pe n d in g it e n tir ely u p on ,

sa cred o bj ect s a n d up on the s a n ctu a ry he woul d i n deed be ,

per form in g im pr o per a ct s a n d woul d be u n c on s cious ly g oin g t o ,

either on e or the o ther extrem e thu s for sak in g c om p letely the ,

pr oper m e a n In thi s c on n ecti o n I h a ve n erver he a rd a m o re

.
,

rem a rk a ble sayin g th an th a t of the R a bb is fou n d i n the ,

Pal es ti ni a n Ta lmud i n the n in th ch a pter o f the tre a tis e Nedari m

, ,

where they gre a tly bl a m e th os e wh o b i n d the ms elve s by oa ths

a n d v ows i n c o n s equ e n ce o f whi ch they a r e fettered lik e pris o n er s
, .

“
The ex a ct wo rds they u s e are S a i d R a bbi Idda i i n the n a m e , ,

o f R a bb i Isa a c D o s t th o u n ot thi n k th a t wh a t the L a w p ro

,
‘

h ib it s is su ffic i e n t for thee th a t tho u m u s t t a ke up o n thy s el f

a d di t i o n al proh ib i ti o n s ?
’
3

F r om a ll th a t we h a ve st ate d in thi s ch a pter it is evi den t ,

th a t it i s m a n s du ty t o a im a t per fo rmi n g a ct s th a t ob serve

’

the pr o per m e a n a n d n ot t o de sist fr om them by g oi n g t o on e

,

extrem e or the other excep t for the re st or a t ion o f the soul s ,

’

he alth by h avin g rec our s e to the Opp o site of th a t fr om whi ch

the s o ul is sufferi n g S o j u st a s he wh o a cqu a in ted wi th the
.
, ,

s c i e n ce o f m edi ci n e u p o n n oti n g the le a s t s i g n o f a ch a n ge for

,

the wo r s e i n h is he alth doe s n ot rem ain i n di ffere n t to it b u t , ,

preve nt s the si ck n e ss fr om i n cre asing t o a degree th a t wil l re

qu ir e rec our s e t o vi ole n t rem edi e s a n d j u st a s whe n a m a n , ,
'

feelin g th a t on e o f h is lim b s h a s beco m e a fle ct e d c a re ful ly n ur s e s ,

it re fr a inin g fr om thin g s th a t a re i nj u ri ou s t o it a n d a pplyi n g

, ,

every rem edy tha t wil l re st ore it t o its he althy c on di tion o r a t ,

1 Lev . x1x , 17 . De n t XVII I, 29

2 . .
a Yer Neda rim , IX
.
,
1;
ed . Kr o to s c h in , 4 1 h :
1 511 1108 5 wpnn 7mm R53
1 “
.
 THE EIGH T CHAPTERS — IV 67

le a st keep it fr om g ettin g wor s e likewis e the m or a l m a n will , ,

c onsta n tly exa m in e hi s ch a r a cteristi c s wei gh hi s deeds a n d da ily , ,

i n ve s ti g a te h is p sychi c co n di tion ; a n d i f a t a n y tim e he fin d s , ,

h is s o ul devi a ti n g t o o n e extrem e or a n other he will im m e dia tely ,

h a sten t o a p ply the p r o per rem e dy a n d n ot suffe r a n ev il ,

a pt i tu de t o a cqu ir e s tre n gth a s we h a ve s ho wn by a co n sta n t

, ,

repetiti on o f th a t evi l a ctio n whi ch it o cc a sion ed H e is like .

,

wis e bo u n d t o be mi n d ful of h is de fect s a n d c o n st a n tly to e n d e a v o r

, ,

t o re m edy the m a s we h a ve sa i d a b o ve for it i s im p ossi ble for

, ,

any m a n t o be fl e e fr om a ll fa ult s 1 Philo sop her s tell u s .

th a t it is m ost difficul t a n d r a re t o fin d a m a n wh o by h is ,

n a t ure i s e n do we d with every per fecti on m o r a l a s well a s

, ,

m e n t al 2 This th ou g ht i s ex p re ss ed ofte n in the pr ophetic a l

.

“
bo ok s a s B ehold in h is s erv a n t s he p u tteth n o tr u st a n d h i s
, , ,
” “
a n gel s he ch arge t h with foll y 3 H ow ca n m a n be j u stified ,

wi th God ? or h ow ca n be p ure o n e th a t i s bor n of

a n d S ol om o n s ay s o f m a n ki n d i n ge n er al
“
F or n o m a n i s s o ,
”
r i ghteo us u po n e a rt h th a t he sh oul d do always go od a n d n ever sin 5 ,
.

Th ou k n owest al so th a t G o d s ai d t o our te a cher M os e s

, , ,

“
the m a ster o f for m er a n d l a ter a ge s B ec au se ye h a ve n ot ,
”6 “
c on fided in m e to s an ctify m e ,
beca u s e ye rebelled a g ain st ,

m y order a t the wa ter s o f M erib a h

”7 “ beca u s e ye did n ot ,

All t hi s (G o d s a i d) a lth ou gh the sin o f M os e s

”
s a n cti fy m e 8 .

co n siste d m erely in th a t he dep a rted fr om the m or a l m e a n of

p ati e n ce to the extrem e of wr a th in so fa r a s he excl a im ed ,

“ ”9
H e a r n ow ye rebel s etc yet for t hi s G o d fou n d faul t with
.
,

h im th a t su ch a m a n a s he s h oul d sh ow a n g er i n the pre s e n ce

o f the e n t ir e c omm u ni ty o f Isr a el where wr a th i s u n bec omi n g ,
.

This wa s a pro fa n a tion o f G o d s n am e bec a u s e m e n im it a ted ’

,

the wo rds a n d c on du ct o f M os e s h op in g thereby t o a tta in ,

tem p or al a n d etern al h a pp i n e ss H ow c oul d he the n a ll ow h is .

, ,

wr a th free pl a y sin ce i t i s a per n i ci ou s ch a r a cter i sti c a r i sin g

, , ,

a s we h a ve s h own fr om a n evi l p sychi c c o n diti o n ? The div in e

,

1 Cf M or h ,
. e
2 Cf M s Comm en ta ry o n Abot, V , I4 (Ra wi z , Com men tar ,
’
. . c p .

S e e E th Ni c , VII, 1 , “i t i s a a
. . r re
t h in g fo r a m a n t o b e go dlik e
3 Job I
V, 18 4 Ihi d
, XXV ,
4 .
5 E l V II ,
20 6 Nu m . cc . . . XX ,
12 .

7 Ibid , XX ,
24 .
8 De u t . XXXII ,
51 .
9 Nu m . XX ,
10 .

*
E
68 TH E ETH ICS OF M AIM ONID E S

”
words , Y e (Isr a el) h a ve rebelled a g a in st m e a re , ho wever t o
,, ,

be expl ain ed a s follo ws M o se s wa s n ot S pe akin g t o i g n or a n t .

and vi ciou s p e ople b u t t o a n a ss em bly the m os t in sig ni fic a n t

, ,

o f who s e wo m e n a s the sa g e s p u t i t , were o n a pl a n e wi th ,

E z ek i el the
,
s on o f B u z i 1 S o whe n M o se s s a i d or di d a n y .
,

thin g they su bj ected h is word s or a cti o n s t o the m o st se a rchin g

,

ex am in a ti on 2 There fo re when t h ey saw th a t he wa xed wr a th

.
,

“
ful they sa i d
,
H e h as n o m or a l im per fectio n a n d di d he n ot
, ,

k n ow th a t G o d is a n gry with u s for dem an di n g wa ter a n d th a t ,

we h a ve s tirre d u p the wr a th of G o d he wo ul d n ot h a ve b ee n ,
”
a n gry wi th u s H o wever we d o n ot fin d th a t whe n G o d sp oke
.
,

t o M o s e s a b ou t th is m a tter H e wa s a n gry b ut o n the c o n tr a ry , ,

“
said ,
T ake the st a ff a n d give dr in k t o the co n g re ga t i o n
”
a n d the ir c a ttle 3

We h a ve in d eed di gress ed fr om the subject of this ch a pter

, , ,

b u t h a ve I hope s a tisfa ct oril y solved o n e of the m o st di fficul t

, ,

p a s sa ge s of S crip tu re c o n cer ni ng wh i ch there h a s bee n m u ch

a rg u i n g i n t h e a ttem pt t o s t a te ex a ctly wh a t the sin wa s whi ch

M os es co mmi tted L et wh a t other s h a ve sai d be com p a red

.

with our Op i n ion a n d the tru th will sur ely prev ail , .

N ow let m e retu r n t o m y s u bj ect

, If a m a n will al ways .

c arefully di s cr imi n a te a s reg a rds h is a cti o n s directing them t o ,

the m e diu m c ou r s e he will re a ch the hi ghest degree of p e r ,

fe cti on po ssible t o a hum a n b ein g thereby a p pro a chin g God 4 , ,

a n d s h a r in g i n H is h a pp i n e s s This i s the m ost a ccept a ble wa y .

o f s erv in g God whi ch the s a g e s t oo h a d in m in d whe n they , ,

“
wr o te the word s H e wh o o r d ereth his co ur s e a ri ght is worthy
,

o f s eein g the salv a t i o n of G o d a s it i s sa i d to hi m th a t ordereth ‘

, ,

h is c our s e a right will I sh ow will I s ho w the s al va tion o f ,

”
G o d ! 5 ’
D o n o t re a d w es a m b u t w es h a m d ere k 6 Sh u ma h .

“ “ ”
m ean s we i gh in g an d v a lu a t i on This is ex a ctly the i de a .

whi ch we h a ve ex p l a in ed in this ch a pter .

T h is i s all we thi n k n ecessa ry t o be sai d o n this s u bject .

1 M ekil ta t o 7I5W: (E x . XV , S e e M ar ch , I, 4 ,
2 on th e i n t er
p re t a t i on of Ex . XXIII ,
8 .
3 Nu m XX , 8 . .

4 S e e b l ow , e
VII, 11 5 a On n e a rn e s s t o Go d (n1n1 pnn) s e e Coh en ,
0 . . .
,

Ch a r a kteri s ti k, e t c , in M os e s b M a i m on , v ol I p p 106 an d 1 24
. . .
, .
, .

; M o ed Ea ta n, 5 a
5 Ps
'

L 23 G S ota h 5 b
.
, .
, .
70 THE ETH ICS OF MA I M ONID E S

us ed fr om cur a tive p oin t of vi ew a s for i nst a n ce whe n

a , , ,

o n e su ffer s fr om lo ss o f a ppet ite it m a y be stirred u p by hi g hl y

,

s e a s o n ed d eli c a ci e s a n d a gree a ble p al a ta ble fo od S im il a rly

, .
,

o n e wh o s u ffer s fro m m el a n ch olia m a y ri d hi m s el f o f it by

l iste n in g t o singin g a n d al l kin d s o f in str um en tal m usic b y ,

s tr o ll i n g t hr o u gh be a u t iful ga rde n s a n d S pl e n di d b u il di n g s by ,

g a z in g u p o n be au tiful p i ctur e s a n d other thi ngs th at enli ve n

,

the m in d a n d di s sip a te gl oom y m oo ds The p ur p os e o f all thi s

,
.

i s t o re st ore the he al th ful c o n d iti o n of the body b u t the re al ,

obj ect in m ain t a ini n g the b o dy in g oo d he alth i s t o a cquire

wis d om L ikewis e in the p ur sui t o f we al th the m ain d e sign
.
, ,

in i t s a cqui sitio n s ho ul d be t o expe n d it for n oble p urp os e s ,

an d t o e m pl oy i t for the m a in te n a n ce o f the b o dy a n d the pre

s erv a t i on o f l i fe so t h a t i t s o wn er m a y obt a in a k n o wle dg e of

,

G o d in s o far a s th a t i s v ou ch sa fe d u n to m a n
,
.

F r om thi s p oin t of vi ew the stu dy o f m e di cin e h a s a very

,

gre a t influ e n ce u p on the a cqu isitio n of the v irtu e s a n d o f the

k n o wledge o f G o d a s well a s u po n the a ttain m en t of tr u e
, ,

s p ir it u a l h a pp in e ss There fore it s stu dy a n d a cquis iti o n a re

.
,

r e e m i n e n tly im p o rt a n t rel i g i ou s a ctiv i t i e s a n d m u s t n ot be

p
-
,

r a nked in the s am e cl a ss with the art of we a v in g or the s ci en ce ,

o f a rchi tectur e for by i t o n e le a r n s t o we ig h o n e s deed s

’
, an d ,

thereby hu m a n a ctiviti es are re n d ered tr u e vi rtu e s The m a n .

wh o in sist s u p on in dul g in g i n s a vory swe e t sm e llin g a n d p al a t ,

a ble foo d al th ou gh it be i nj u r i o u s a n d p ossi bly m a y le a d t o

—
,

s er i ou s ill n e ss o r su dde n de a th — o u ght i n m y Op ini o n t o be , ,

cl a ss ed with the be a st s H is c on du ct is n ot tha t of a m a n in

.

so fa r a s he i s a be in g e n d o wed with u n d er st a n di n g b ut it i s ,

r a ther the a ction of a m an i n s o far a s he i s a m em ber o f the

a n im al ki n gdo m a n d so
“ he is like the be as ts wh o perish ” 1
.
,

M a n a ct s like a hu m a n be in g onl y whe n he e a t s th a t w hi ch

i s whole som e a t tim e s a vo i d in g the a gree a ble a n d p a rt ak in g o f
, ,

the di sa gree a ble in hi s s e a rch for the ben eficial S u ch c on du ct .

is in a cc ord a n ce with the di ct a tes o f re a son an d by the s e a ct s ,

m a n i s di st in gui s hed fr om all other bein g s S im il a rly if a m a n .

,

sa t is fy h is s exu al p a ssi o n s whe n ever he h a s the d e s ire re ga r dle s s ,

1 Ps . XL IX , 13 .
 TH E E I GHT CHAPTER S — V 71

of g o od or ill effects , he a ct s as a br u te , an d n ot as a

m an .
1

It isp ossible ho wever for o n e t o sh a pe o n e s co n du ct e n tirely ’

, ,

fr om the p o in t o f v i ew o f u til ity a s we h a ve st a ted with n o , ,

a im beyon d th a t o f m ai n t a in i n g the he alth o f the body or ,

g u a rdin g a g a in st di s e a se S u ch a o n e d o es n ot d e s erve t o be .

ca lled vir tu o u s for j u st a s he str ive s for the enj oym en t of g oo d

, ,

he alth a n other l ike h im m a y h a ve a s h is a im the gr a tifica tio n

,

o f e a tin g or o f s exu a l i n terco u r s e n o n e o f whi ch a cti o n s le a d s

, ,

to wa rds the tr u e g o al The re a l du ty of m a n is th a t i n a d optin g .

,

wh a tever m e asur e s he m a y for h is well bein g a n d the pre -

s erv a t i on o f h i s exi ste n ce i n g o o d he a lth he s h oul d d o so wi th ,

the o bj ect o f m a int ai nin g a per fect co n di ti on o f the i n str um en t s

o f the s o ul whi ch a re the l im b s o f the b o dy s o th a t h is s o ul
, ,

m a y be u n h am pered a n d he m a y b u sy h im s el f i n a cqu ir in g the

,

m o r a l a n d m en t al v ir tu e s S o it is wi th all the s ci e n ce s a n d .

kn owledge m a n m a y le a r n Con cer nin g tho s e whi ch le a d directly .

to this g oal there is n a tur a lly n o qu estio n ; b u t su ch su bj ect s

,

a s m a the m a t i c s the stu dy of co ni c secti on s 2 m ech a n ics the

, , ,

v ar i o us p r oblem s o f ge om etry 3 hydr a ul ic s a n d m a n y o ther s o f , ,

a S im il a r n a t u re wh i ch d o n o t te n d d irectly t owa rd s th a t g oa l
, ,

s ho u ld be s tu di ed for the p u rp o s e o f s h a rpe n i n g the m i n d a n d ,

tr a ini n g the m e n t a l fa cul ti e s by s ci e n tific in ve s tig a tion s so th a t ,

m a n m a y a cqui re i n tellectu a l a b il i ty t o dis ti n g ui s h dem o n str a

tive pr o o fs fr om o ther s whereby he will be e n a bled t o c om ,

prehen d the e sse n ce o f G o d Simil a rly i n reg a rd t o m a n s .

,
’

c o n ver sa ti o n he S ho ul d S pe a k only of th os e thi n g s th a t will be

,

co n du cive t o the tru e wel fa re of h is s ou l a n d b o dy or tha t ,

will te n d to a vert i nj ury fr om them whether hi s wo rd s c on cer n ,

them s elve s with s ci en ce or virtu e or pr a is e o f v irtu e or o f a , ,

virtu ou s m a n or with cen sur e of v i ce or of a vi ciou s per s o n ; for

,

to exp re ss c on tem pt for tho s e wh o a re lo a de d with vi ce or t o ,

1 Cf H . D e ot, III, 2, an d M or e h , H I 8 ,
. e wh o d e si re t o b e m e n .
“Th o s

in t r u th , an d n o t b r u t e s , h a v in g o n l y th e a ppe a r a n ce a n d s h a pe o f m e n ,

m u st co e de v or t re d ce t h w t f th b dy ch s e ti g
n stan tl y n a o u e an s o e o ,
su a a n ,

c oh ab itin g d i ki n g a g er nd ll vi ce o ri gin atin g in l t a d p a ion

,
r n ,
n
”
,
a a s us n ss .

S e Wol fl A ch t Cap i tel p 38

'
2 e ,
1 ,
.
, n. .

3 S e e S a c h s B ei trage vol II p 7 8 ; an d R a wi c
,
Com men ta r p 22 , .
, . z , ,
. .
72 TH E ETH I CS OF M AIM ONID E S

depi ct their deeds a s c o n tem ptible ii do n e for the p u rp ose o f —

disp a r a gin g them in the eye s of other m e n wh o m a y a v oi d

them a n d n ot d o a s they do— is in d eed a virtu o u s d uty
,
.

“
Does n ot S cr ipture sa y A fter the doin g s o f the l a n d o f ,

E gypt ye sh a ll n ot d o a n d a fter the d oi n g s ,

”
o f the l a n d o f C a n a a n ? 1 Al s o the s t ory o f the S o domi te s ,

a n d a ll the p a ss a ge s o ccu r in g i n S cr i pt u re wh i ch ce n sure th os e ,

l a de n wi th vi ce a n d repre se n t their d oin g s a s di sgr a ce ful a n d

, ,

th os e p a ssa ge s whi ch pr a is e a n d h old the g oo d in high e steem ,

e n de a v o r a s I h ave sa i d t o i n du ce m a n t o foll ow the p a th s

, ,

o f the r ighte ou s a n d t o s h u n the wa y o f the wi cke d

,
.

If m a n h a s thi s a s h i s i d e a l he will dis pe n s e with m a ny o f ,

hi s cu st om a ry d eeds a n d re fr a i n fro m a gre a t de a l o f o rd in a ry

,

co n ver sa ti o n 2 H e wh o foll ows this lin e of co n du ct will n o t

.

tr o u ble him s el f with a d or n in g his wall s with g olden o r n am e n ts ,

n or wi th dec o r a ti n g h i s g a rm e n t s wi th g ol de n fr i n ge u nle ss i t be ,

for the p u rp os e o f e nli ve n in g h i s s o ul a n d thu s re stor i ng it t o ,

he alth or of b a nis h in g S ickn e ss from it s o th a t it S h all bec om e

, ,

cle a r a n d p ur e a n d thu s be in the pr op er c on di ti o n to a cqu ir e

,

wis d o m There fore our R a bb is o f ble ssed em ory s ay It is

. m “
, ,

becomi n g th a t a sag e S h oul d h a ve a ple a sa n t d welli n g a be a u ti ,

”
ful wi fe a n d d om e sti c c om fort ; 3 for o n e bec om e s we a ry a n d
, ,

o n e s m i n d dulled by c on ti nu e d m en t al c on cen tr a ti o n u p on difficul t

’

problem s Thu s j u st a s the b o dy beco m es exh au ste d from h a rd

.
,

l a bor a n d the n by re st a n d re freshm en t rec over s so is it

, ,

n ece ssa ry for the m i n d t o h a ve rel a x a ti o n by g a z in g u p on

p icture s a n d o ther be a u tiful o bj ects th a t it s we a rin e ss m a y be ,

dispell ed A cc o r di n gly it is rel a te d th a t whe n the R a bb is b e

.
,

c am e exh a u sted fr om stu dy they were a ccu stom ed to e n g a ge in ,

e n tert ai n in g c o n ver sa tion 4 (in order t o re fresh them selves) F r om .

thi s p o in t o f vi e w there fore the u se of p ictur e s a n d em broi deri e s

, ,

for be a u tifyin g the h ou s e the fur ni ture a n d the clothe s i s n ot , ,

t o be co n si dered im m o r al n or u nn ece ssa ry .

K n o w th a t to l ive a cc ordi n g t o th is s t a n d a rd i s t o a rr ive a t

1 Lev . XVIII , 3 .
2 S ee H . D e ot, an d 5 , fo r a fu r th er
di s c u s si o n of thi s s ub jec t .
3 Sha bba t 25 b ,
.

4 Cf i bi d
. .
, 30h 111111111 31 1111511: 11115 1 DpD
‘ 1
3 .
 THE E I GHT CH APTERS — V 73

a very high d e gree o f per fectio n which in co n sequ e n ce o f the , ,

di fficulty o f a tta in m e n t o nly a fe w a fter l o n g a n d c on tin u ou s , ,

per s ever a n ce o n the p a th s o f v irtu e h ave su ccee d e d in re a ch in g , .

If there be fo u n d a m a n wh o h as a cco m pli s he d th is— th a t i s

o n e wh o exert s all the fa c ul ti e s o f hi s s o ul a n d di rect s the m ,

towa r d s the s ole i de a l o f c om prehe n din g God u sing all h is ,

p ower s o f mi n d a n d b o dy be they gre a t or sm a ll for the a t , ,

t a inm e n t o f th a t whi ch le a d s di rectly or i n d ir ectly to v irtu e 1 —

wo uld pl a ce h im i n a r a n k n ot l ower th a n th a t of the pr o phet s .

S u ch a m a n be fore he does a s in gle a ct or dee d c on si ders a n d

, ,

reflect s whether or n ot it will br in g hi m t o th a t g o al a n d if it ,

will the n a n d the n o nl y d o e s he do it

, , , .

S u ch str ivin g doe s the A lmighty requ ire o f u s a ccor di ng to ,

“
the wor d s Tho u sh a lt l ove the L o rd thy G o d with a ll thy he art
, ,
” 1
a n d with all thy s o ul a n d wi th all thy mi ght th a t is with a ll , , ,

the fa cul ti e s o f thy soul e a ch fa cul ty h a ving a s it s s ole i d e a l the ,

l ove o f Go d 2 The pr o phets S imi l arly ur ge u s on i n s ayin g In “

.
, , ,
” 3
all t h w a y s k n o w H i m i n co mm e n tin g u p on wh i ch the sa g e s
y ,

sa id
“ eve n a s rega rd s a tr a n s gre ssi o n (of the r itu al or cere
,

m o ni a l m e a ni n g thereby th a t tho u sho ul d st s e t for every

a ct i on a g o a l n am ely the truth eve n th ough it be fro m a
, , , ,

cert a in p oin t of v i ew a tr a ns gre ssion 5 The sa ge s o f ble ssed , .

m em ory t oo h ave summ ed u p thi s i de a i n s o fe w word s a n d

, ,

1 D e u t VI, 5 . .

Cf M or h , I, 3 9 (e n d) w hi h
2 . e
f s to t h i s c re er pa s sa g e i n th e Pera ki m ,
a n d t o th e M i sh n eh Tor ah Y d I Tora h ,
( e s o e ra -

3 P o III, 6r v . .

B era lcot, 6 3 a
4 Thi s d o s n ot im ly th at th e e n d u s t i s th e m an s ;
. e p j fie e
th a t cr e
i m m a y b e om m it t d t o b i n g ab o u t c
li gi o u s o r h a i t ab l n ds e r re c r e e .

It re er
f s o nl y to t h e i ol ati o n o f th e v
m on ial o r i t u al l a w s , a s t h e cere r
re
b akin g o f t h e S a b b a t h , a n d ati n g o n Yom Kip p ur , fo r t h e s ak o f s a in g e e v
l i fe , e tc. . re m o ve deb ri t ve li fe on th
Cf K e tubot, 5 a , “Yo u m u s t s o sa a e

S b b th ;
a
”
a d Sha bba t 30b "
Be tt er t exti n g i h th li gh t o t h e S b b t h
an , , o u s e n a a

th ant ex tin g i h li fe wh i ch i s G d li gh t e t Th di ti c ti i
o u s , o
’
s
”
, c. e s n on n

re g r d t th v ri
a o ki d o f t ra gre i o
e w h i c h M m k e b el w
a ou s n s ns ss ns . a s o ,

Ch p te r VI pp 7 6 — 78
a p p li e h ere S e e S hem on h P lcim d W l f
, .
, a s . a era , e . o ,

18 7 6 p 5 3 n 5
, .
, . .

Cf M Commen t y on B er a kot IX 5
’
5 . . s 1 3 : 1 1 11 119 : ar :
1 1 1 1
, ,

111 71 1 301 Cf al h i Com men t y on A bo t V 20 (R a w i c

. . so Co mm n t
s ar , , z , e ar,

p . an d March , (e n d) .
 TH E E TH I C S OF M AIM ONI DES

so co n ci sely a t the s a m e tim e el u cid a tin g the wh ole m a tter

,

with su ch c om plete th o r o u gh n e ss th a t whe n o n e c on si der s the

,

brevity with wh i ch they expre ss ed th is gre a t a n d mi ghty th ou ght

i n i t s e n t irety a b ou t wh i ch o thers h a ve wr itte n wh ole b ook s
,

a n d yet wi th ou t a dequ a tely expl a in in g it o n e tr u ly rec o g n i z e s

,

th at the R a bb is u n dou bte dl y sp oke thr ou gh divin e in spir a tion .

Th is sayin g is fou n d am on g the ir precept s (in this tr a cta te) ,

a n d is
“ Let a ll thy deeds be d on e for the sake o f G o d 1 ”
.
,

This the n i s th e th o ught we h ave bee n d wellin g u po n i n

, ,

the pre s en t ch a pter a n d wh a t we h a ve sai d m u st be co n sidered

,

s u ffic i e n t for th e n eed s o f t hi s i n tr o du ct i o n 2 .

1 Abot, II, 1 2 .

2 Th a t i s t h e Sh em on a h Pera ci m wh i h
, l ,
c c
o n s ti tu t M ’
e
s i n t o du ti o n t o. r c
h i s Comm en ta ry on A bot S e e In tr oduc ti on ,
. 5 p . .

c r c
H D eot, III , 3 o n t ai n s a s um m a y o f th e on t n t s o f th e l a tt
. e a t er p r
o f th i s h ap tc er .
 C HA P TER VI
CONCERNING THE DIF F ERENCE BE TWEEN TH E S AINTL Y [ OR
HIGH LY ETH I CAL ] M AN AND HIM WH O [ SUBDUES H IS
PA S S I ONS AND] HA S S EL F RE S TRAINT 1 -

PHIL O S O PHER S m a in t a in th a t th ou gh the m an elf re str a in t of s -

per form s m or a l a n d pr a ise wo rthy dee ds yet he d oe s them desir ,

i n g a n d cr a vi n g a ll the wh ile for im m or a l d ee d s b u t su bdui n g , ,

h is p a ssi on s a n d a ctively fightin g a g ain st a l o n g in g t o do th os e

thi ngs t o wh ich h is fa cul ti e s h is de sir es a n d h is p sychi c dis , ,

po siti o n excite h im su ccee d s th ou gh with c o n st an t vex ati on

, ,

a n d i rr it a ti o n i n a ctin g m o r a lly
,
The s ain tly m a n h owever .
, ,

i s gui ded i n h i s a cti o n s by th a t t o wh i ch h i s i n cl in a tion a n d

dispo siti o n pro m pt h im i n co n sequ en ce of whi ch he a ct s m or a lly
,

fr om in n a te l on g in g a n d de sir e Phil oso pher s u n a ni m ou sly a gree .

th a t the l a tter is su per io r t o a n d m ore per fect th a n the on e , ,

wh o h a s t o cur b h i s p a ss i on s altho u gh they a d d th a t it is ,

p ossible for su ch a on e t o equ al the sa in tly m a n in m a ny

rega rds In g e n er al however he mu st n ecessa rily be r a n ked
.
, ,

lower in the sc ale of virtu e beca u s e there l urk s wi thin h im ,

the d e sire t o do evil a n d th ou gh he d o e s n ot do it yet b e

, , ,

c a u s e h is in cli n a tio n s a re a ll in th a t di rection it de n ote s the ,

p re s e n ce o f a n imm or a l p sychi c di sp o siti o n S ol om o n a l s o .

, ,

“
e tert ain e d the sa m e i d e a whe n he s ai d The soul of the
n ,
” 2
wi cke d de sireth evi l
’
an d in reg a rd t o the s a i n tly m a n s re
, ,

j n g in d o ing go o d a n d the disc on te n t experi e n ced by h im

oi c i , ,

1 On th e c on t e n t s of thi s ch ap t er , se e Jarac z e wski , ZPh Kr, XL VI ,

pp . 1 3— 14 , an d R o s in , E thik, 923 See p . . c ec er

S h h t , S om e A sp e c ts f
o

R a bbi ni c Th e ology , p 201 111, o n H a s i du t (S a in tl in

. e s ) Cf
s . . E th .
, Ni c .
, VII,
o n S e lf -con trol .

2 Pr o v X X I, 10
. .
76 TH E ETH IC S OF M AIM ONID E S

wh o is n ot r ighteo u s whe n requi red t o a ct j u stly he

in n a tely , ,
“
sa y s It is bl iss t o the r ighte ou s t o do j u sti ce b u t tor m e n t t o
, ,
” 1
the evil do er- T hi s is m a n i fe stly a n a greem en t between S crip
.

tu re a n d phil os ophy .

Whe n ho wever we c on sul t the R abbis o n this subject it

, , ,

woul d s eem th a t they c o n sider h im wh o de sire s i n i qui ty a n d ,

cr ave s for i t (b u t d o es n ot do i t) m ore pr a is eworthy a n d per fect ,

th a n the o n e wh o feel s n o t orm e n t a t re fr a in in g fr om evil ; a n d

they eve n g o so far a s t o m a in ta in th a t the m ore p r a ise worthy
a n d per fect a m a n i s the gre a ter i s h i s de sire t o co mmi t i n i qui ty
, ,

a n d the m ore i rr i t a ti o n doe s he feel a t h a v i n g to de sis t fr om

it. This they expre ss by sa yin g Wh osoever i s gre ater th a n

“
,
” 2
h i s n e i ghb or h a s l ike wi s e gre a ter ev il i n clin a t ion s A g a in .
,

a s if th is were n ot s u ffici e n t they eve n go so far a s t o sa y ,

th a t the rewa rd of h im wh o overc om e s h is evil i n clin a ti o n is

c omm e nsur a te with the t ortur e occa si on ed by h is re sista n ce ,

whi ch th ou ght they expre ss by the word s “

A cc o rdin g t o the ,
”
l a bor i s the re wa rd 3 F u rther m o re they c omm a n d th a t m a n
.
,

s h oul d c o n qu er h i s de sir e s
“
b u t they forb i d o n e t o s ay I by
, , ,

m y n a t ur e d o n ot d e sire to c omm it s u ch a n d su ch a tr a n s
,
”
gre ss io n eve n tho u gh the L a w d o e s n ot forb i d it
, R a bb i .

S im e on b e n G am a li el sum m ed u p thi s th ou ght i n the word s ,

“
M a n sho ul d n ot s a y 1 d o n o t wa n t to e a t m e a t t o gether
,
‘

wi th m ilk ; I d o n ot wa n t t o we a r cl o the s m a de of a m i xtur e

of wool a n d li n e n ; I do n ot wa n t to e n ter i n t o a n i n ce s t u ou s

m a rr ia ge b u t h e sh o ul d s a y I d o i n deed wa n t t o yet I m u st
’
‘
, , ,

n ot for m
, y fa ther i n H e a ve n h a s forb i d d en
A t fir st bl u sh by a s u perfici al c om p a r is o n o f the s a yi n g s
,

o f the ph il o s o her s a n d the R a bb i s o n e m i ght be i n cl i n ed t o

p ,

sa
y th a t they c o n tr a d i ct o n e a n o ther S u ch h o w ever i s n ot .
, ,

the c ase B oth a re c orrect a n d m ore over a re n ot i n dis agree

.
, ,

m e n t in the le a st a s the evil s wh i ch the ph il os opher s term s u ch

,

a n d o f whi ch they s a th a t he wh o h a s n o l on g in g for them

y
i s m ore t o be pr a is ed th a n he wh o de sir e s them b ut c on qu er s

1 Pr o v X X I, 15
. .
2 S ukka h , 5 2a . S e e L az r
a us, E th i cs , 11 , p p 10
. 6 — 107 .

3
A bot, V , 23 .

1
Si fra t o L e v X X , 26 , an d M i dra sh Ya l lcut t o Way ilcra , 226 ,
. al th ou gh

re ferre r
d t o a s th e w o d s o f R El a z a b Az a i a h . e r . r .
78 THE ETH I CS OF MAIMONIDES

s a n gu in u ou s marri a ge s
l r e na ctm en ts are wh a t .
1 The se ,
a n d sim i a
“ ”
G o d c all ed my s t a tu te s whi ch a s the R a bb is s a y a re ,

“s t atute s wh i ch 1 Go d h a ve e n a cted for thee

( ) whi ch th ou h ast ,

n o r i ght to su bj ect to cr i t i c i sm wh i ch the n a t io n s of the wo rld ,

a tt a ck a n d wh i ch S a t a n de n ou n ce s a s for in s t a n ce the s t a tu te s , ,
” 2
c on cer n in g the red heifer the s c a peg oa t a n d s o forth Th ose , , .

tr a n sgre ssi o n s ho wever wh i ch the l ater sage s c alle d ra ti ona l

, ,

la ws a re ter m ed comma ndme nts a s the R a bb i s expl ain ed 3 .

It i s n ow ev i de n t fro m all th a t we h ave s a i d wh a t the tr a n s ,

g r e ssi o n s a r e for wh i ch i f a m a n h a ve n o de sire at al l he i s o n , ,

a h i gher p l a n e th a n he wh o h as a l on g in g b ut co n tr ol s h is ,

a ssi o n for the m ; a n d i t i s a l so ev i de n t wh a t the tra n s r e s

p g
s i o n s a re o f wh i ch the Op osite i s tr u e It i s a n a s to n i s hi n g
p .

fa ct th a t the s e t wo cl a ss e s o f expre ssion s s h ou l d be S ho wn t o

be c om p a tible with o n e a n o ther b u t their co n te n t po in ts t o ,

the tru th o f our expl a n a tion .

Thi s e n ds the dis cu ssion of the su bject m a tter o f this ch a p ter - .

1 S e e Ro s in , E th i k, p . 94, n .
‘
4 .

2 Yom a ,
67 h z 1311 3 1 13 3 171 1
1
1 13 713 1 3 5 3 511 53 1
1: 3 1
1 3 1 119 3 11
113 1 1111
1
3 3 11 1
3 713
1
11 1 3 1 1 1 11
1 13 7 1pn n s []1 1
11 3 1 3 1 5 1 11 1
1 1
3 1 11 13 3 1
9 1 111 1
1 1 1511 711 1 711 13 3 13 151
1 1
31 1

113 5111 11131 19 7 117 3 51 1 111 115 3

1
1 1 1 1
1
1 171 1 53 1 1711
511
1
1
3 3 1
3 3 51 1171 1111
1 13 1 1
3 711
511 3 1
wn jn wr1w 1

1
1 s 71 1 13 1 1 15 1 11
'
1 571 13 71 17111 71101113 1 11 3 71 715111131 71 1 1 1113 1 111 13 1 711 7119 1 7111 3 1
711 715 11113 1 15 11 3 1 11nppr
'
1 71 3 1 1 71 .

3 C f E th .Ni c , V , 1 0. w h ere t h
. e
“j u s t i s s p o k e n o f a s o f t w o k in d s ,
,

th e n a t u al r and th e c veon n ti on a l , th e fo r er c o rre s p

m o n di n g to
“ c o m m an d

m e t n s
”
an d e (won) Th f rm er y
th e l att er to “s ta t u t s
”
. e o ,
sa s

A r i t o tl e
s h ave every w h ere t h
,
m e f rce w h i l e th l at t er m ay b t h i e sa o , e e s

tl y excep t ft er e c tm e t b ei g i n h r t
’

w y a t h t w y i di fl
or a a n e re n , a na n ,
n ,
s o ,

all m tt er a f pec i l decree s o ch s f i t ce t h p r i ce o f

a r m,
su a s, or n s an , e a an s o

b i g fixe d t
e n mi na cri fic i g g at i t e d f t w h eep t
a a , or s a n a o ns a o o s ,
e c .

M di c . e th st re f th c m m
uss s dm e t i n M o eh III 26
e na u H o e o an n s r , , . e

m ke a s h ere
s, a di ti c ti b e tw ee n c om m
,
a dm e t wh o e b jec t i
s n on an n s s o s

g e er al l y ev i d e n t
n ch a s th p r h ib i ti ,
f m r d er th e ft t c
su d th e e o on o u , , e .
,
an os

w h e bjec t i n t g e er lly cl e ar
os o s ch oth pr hi b iti o f w e ari g
n a , su as e o on n

g r m e t Of w o l a d l i e n b ili g m il k
a n s o d m e t t ge th er e t c
n n Th ,
o n an a o ,
. e

f rm er h e c all ju dgm ents (D DDwD t er m e d 7113 13 h ere)

o s d t h l t t er h ‘
, ,
an e a e

de ig t e s ta tu t s ordina n ces
s na s S
e S c h e yer D a la l t a l H a i i i n
or ee , a r ,

P rt III (Fr kfur t am M i

a an p 178 2; d L E thi c s 1
a n, .
, n. an a z u ru s , , ,

pp . 1 18 - 1 19 .
 CH AP TER VII
CONC ERNING TH E BAR R I ER (BETWE EN GOD AND M AN) A ND
ITS S I GNIF I CATI ON 1

M ANY p a ssa ge s the Midra sh the H agga dah a re fo u n d i n , ,

a n d a l s o the Ta lmu d whi ch s t a te th a t som e o f the pr o phet s ,

beheld G o d fr om beh in d m a n y b a rri er s a n d s om e fr om behi n d ,

o nl y a fe w a cc o rd i n g t o the prox im i ty o f the pr o het t o H im

, p ,

a n d the degree o f h is pr opheti c p ower 2 Con sequ e n tly the .

,

R a bb is s ai d th a t M os e s our te a cher sa w G o d from beh in d a , ,

s i n gle cle a r th a t i s tr an sp a re n t p a rtiti on A s they expre ss

, , , .

“
H e (M os e s) l ooked th ro u gh a tr a n sl u ce n t sp ecu laria
” 3
it , Sp e .

cu lari a i s the n a m e o f a m i rr o r m a de o f s om e tr a n sp a re n t b o dy

li ke cryst al or gl a ss a s is expl ain ed a t the e n d o f Tra cta te ,

Ke li m .
4

1 F or a di s c u s s i on of th e c e
on t n t s of th i s c h p t er
a , se e Jara c z e w s k i ,
ZPh Kr, p XL VI pp r e (E g
, 14 — 15
; R o s i n , E th i k,
. 1 1 3 112, a n d G a t z . n .

vol III pp . v ew r p ec
, . 48 3 484 o n M s i
— ’
s on
p o h y . .

F a de e 2c pr p ec
or r S e s p a
t ail d di s u s s i on o f o h y, s e e M a ch ,
II,
32-4 8 . e u r ,

c I p 45 3 S
.
, l Bl c h Ch
. kte is tik a nd In h a l tsa nga be de s M ar h
,
n . . ee a so o , a ra r c

N b h i m i M s s b n M a i m on I pp 35 3 9
e uc ,
n o e e , , .
- .

Ye ba m ot, 4 9 h : 53 11131 1113 1 7111 13

3 711 1111 1
111 1 57
13 11113 153 7111 1 111 1113 171 53
711 1 1113 71 11‘1 5pDD3 3 Cf al s o L evi ti c u s R a bba h , . . I . In Per elc H e le lc, M .

d e cr ib e
s s th e fo u r p o in t s in wh i c h th e pr p h ec y f M e
o o os s w a s di s ti n

gui sh e d fr o m th a t .
of th e o th er pr o p h e t s . See H ol er D gm nl h
z , o e e re , pp . 24 -25 .

Cf al s o M i sh neh Tora h S efer M a dda I, 7 , 6 ; M ar ch , I In tr odu ti on c

'

,
.
, ,

an d II ,
35 .

4 Th e pa s s ag e in h i s c omm e n ta ry on Ke li m , XXX , 2 t o whi c h M re fer s .

is as fo ll o w s : 113 3 1 11 7151
3 111711 11 1 111111 711111 5 7111 1 1 1011 71113 1371
11 111
71 111
1 51
9 113 1

1 111
.
1
11 5 1 3 11 1 3 1
1 1
11
3 111 1 1
1 53 111 111 11 3 13 113 1117111 7111 3 1 1
1 1
1 17111 71111 11 7111 1
711
111 11 3 13
1 1 11 1 1113 1 713 71 11 11 3 11 71 11 1 3 3 1171 1111 p1 1
1 1
1113 1 1 11 1 1
1 1:
1 511 71111 1 11 5 13 1 1
711 3 11
3 1171 11 1 13 3

1117151 5 11 111 1 3 511 13 71 1 11 511 3 111 711 1 11 1

11 111 1 511 5111 11 11 1 1711113 1 3 1 1 1 71111 115

1711 111 1 1
71111 7171 1 1 113 1 11 111 111 1171 1 1113 1111 7113 1
5
11 53 71 11 1 1 3 7 11
11 11 71 11 171 1
1
111 111 11 71 1
1 111 1
11 5 1 3 71113 113 111
1 13 1 19 11 3 . Sp ecula ria a

Cf S a kka h , 45 b ;
wi ndow . Jo b 111 313 1 , gl a s s 113 595 9 11 (Ta rgu m) . .

Ge n R a bba h , . s ec t . 91 ; e tc .
80 THE E THICS OF M AIM ONIDE S

Let m e n ow expl ai n the a b ove st a tem e n t In a cc o r d an ce .

with wh at we h ave m a de cle a r i n C h a pter II v i rtu e s a re ,

either i n tell ectu al or m or al S imil a rly vi ce s are in tellectu al a s .

, ,

i g n or a n ce s tu p i di ty a n d wa n t of u n d er st a n din g ; or they are

, ,

m or a l a s i n or din a te l u s t pr i de i r a sc ib ili ty a n ger i m p u de n ce a va

, , , , ,

r i ce a n d m a n y o ther simi l a r d e fects a li st of whi ch we h a ve

, ,

g iven a n d expl ain ed i n C ha pter IV E a ch o f th es e de fect s i s .

a s a p a rt it i o n s ep a r a t in g m a n fro m God the M ost H i gh This , .

“
i s wh a t the p rophet m e a n t whe n he sa i d Bu t yo ur in i qui ti e s ,
” 1
h a ve ever m a d e a s ep a r a tion betwee n you a n d yo u r G o d ;
whi ch m e a n s th a t our sin s whi ch a s we h ave sa i d are the —
, ,

evil qu al iti e s— are the p a rtiti o n s whi ch s ep a r a te u s from G o d 2 .

K n o w t hen th a t n o pr ophet received the gift o f p ro p hecy

, , ,

u nl e ss he p o ss e sse d al l the m en t a l v irt u e s a n d a gre a t m aj o r i ty

“
o f the m o s t i m p ort a n t m o r al o n e s S o the R abbi s sa i d Pro .
, ,
” 3
h e c re s t s o nl y u o n the wi s e the br a ve a n d the r i ch B
p y p y , ,
.

“ ”
the wor d wi s e they u n d ou btedl y refer t o a ll the m e n ta l per
,

fe ct i on s “
By r i ch
”
they de sign a te the m or a l per fecti on of
.
,

c on ten tm e nt for they c a ll the co n te n te d m a n r i ch their de

, ,

“
fin ition of the wo r d r i ch bein g
” “ Wh o is r i ch ? H e wh o i s ,
” 4
c on te n ted with h is lot th a t i s o n e wh o i s sa tisfied with , ,

wh a t fortun e br in g s h im a n d wh o doe s n ot gr i eve o n a cc ou n t ,

“ ”
o f th in g s whi ch he d oe s n o t p oss e ss L ike wi s e br ave st a n d s .
,

for a m or a l p er fecti on ; th a t is o n e wh o i s br a ve g u i de s h is ,

fa culti e s i n a cc o rd a n ce with in tell i ge n ce a n d re a son a s we h a ve ,

s h o wn i n Ch a p ter V The R a bb is sa y Wh o i s br a ve ? H e
“ .
,
” 5
wh o su bdu e s h i s p a ssion s .

1 Is a L IX.
, 2 .

2 On m an e arn e t G d b ein g d e term in e d b y th c on d c t o f m a

’
s n ss o o e u n,

and Go d rem o val fr om th e rth b y i

’
s S c h ec h t er S om e A sp e c ts of
e a s n, see ,

R a bbin i c The ol ogy pp 3 3 8 3 232 3 24 1 , .

, ,
-
, .

3 N eda ri m , 38 a ; Sh a bba t, 92a : 5113 1 1 1 3 111 1 13 1 3 3 71 53 11 511 711 13 71113 3 71 11 11

3 13
711 . Of M arch , II 3 2.
4 Abot IV 1
,
.
,
. .

5 Ibid
, IV , 1 S e e
.
, a l s o , Ye.s ode h a -
Tora h , VII , l , fo r a n a o un t o f cc
th e c r c er c ece r
h a a t i s ti s n s sa y pr p e
f or a o h t Cf M ar ch , II, 3 6 , a n d . .

III, 5 1 , wh ere re e cr e e r c
M b i fly d s i b s th o s wh o fo m th e l a s s o f
. pr e op h t s

a s di rec er e er ec
ti n g all t h i m i n d s t o th e a tta inm n t o f p e p c
f ti on i n m ta h ys i s ,
d ev o ti g th e m el ve s e n ti rel y t o G d an d e m p l y i g ll th e i r i t e ll ec t l
n s o , o n a n ua

f c ul ti e i th t dy o f th
a s n i ver e i
e r d er t o d eri ve p r o f f
s u e un s , n o a o or
 TH E E IGH T CHA PTER S— VII 81

It is
h owever a n in di sp e n sa ble requ irem en t th a t a
n ot , ,

pr o phet sh oul d p o ss e ss a ll the m o r a l vir tu e s a n d be e n tirely ,

free fr om every de fect for we fin d th a t S cri ptur e te sti fie s i n ,

re ere ce t o S ol om o n wh o wa s a pr o phet t h a t the Lord a p

f n
“
, ,
” 1
p e ar e d t o S ol om o n i n Gi beo n a lth ou gh we k n o w th a t he ,

h a d the m or al de fe ct o f l u s t whi ch i s pl a inly evi de n t fr om ,

the fa ct th a t he to ok s o m an y wi ve s a v i ce spr ing in g fr om ,

the disp ositi o n o f p a ssi o n wh i ch re si ded in h i s sou l It pl a i nly .

“ ”2
says Di d n ot S ol om on sin by the s e t hi n g s ?
, E ve n D a v i d
“
—
a pr o phet a cc ordi n g t o the wo rds, To m e s p oke the R o ck ,
”3
o f Is r a el we fin d g u ilty o f cr u elty a n d a lth ou gh he exerci s ed
—
, ,

i t onl y a g a i n s t t h e he a the n s a n d i n the de s tr u cti on of n o n ,

beli ever s bein g m erciful t owa rds Isr a el it i s expli citly s t a ted
, ,

i n Chr on i cle s th a t G o d c on si der in g h im u n worthy did n ot , ,

per mi t h im t o build the Tem ple a s it wa s n ot fittin g in H is ,

eye s bec a u se o f the m a ny pe o ple Davi d ca u s e d t o be k illed

, .

S o “
God sa i d t o h im Thou s h a lt n ot bui ld a h ou s e t o m y
, ,

n am e bec a u s e m u ch blood h a st th ou sh ed 4 W e fin d a l s o
,
”
.
, ,

th a t E lij a h g a ve ve n t to h is a n ger a n d alth ou gh h e did s o ,

o nl y a g a i n st u n bel i ever s a g a in s t wh om hi s wr a th bl a z ed u p , ,

the s a ge s decl a red th a t G o d t ook hi m fr om the wo rld s a yin g ,

t o hi m “H e wh o h a s so m u ch z e a l a s th ou h a st i s n o t
,
” 5
fit t o gu i de m e n for th ou wilt de str oy them ,
L ikewi se we .
,

fin d th a t S a m u el fe a red S aul a n d th a t J a c ob wa s a fr a i d t o ,

m eet E s a u The s e a n d simi l a r ch a r a cteristi c s were so m an y

.

p a rtiti on s bet wee n the pr ophets (pe a ce be u n t o them ! ) a n d G o d .

H e o f them wh o h a d t wo or t hr ee qu al iti e s whi ch di d n ot

m a in t a i n the pr oper m ediu m a s i s expl a in ed i n C h a pter IV , ,

is s a i d t o h a ve s een G o d fr om behi n d t wo o r thr ee p a rtiti on s .

Th ou m u st n ot be Surpr is ed to le a r n h owever th a t a fe w , ,

m o r al im per fecti o n s le s s e n the degree o f pr ophet i c i n sp ir a ti on ; i n

fa ct we fin d th a t s om e m o r al v i ce s c a u s e pr o phecy t o be e n tir ely
,

wi thdr a wn Thu s for in st a n ce wr a th m a y do thi s a s o ur

.
, , ,

th e exi t en ce s of Go d , an d to l e r a n in every way p o s s ib l e h o w Go d r le u s

1 I K III 5 .
,
2 Ne h . XIII ,
26 .
3 II S am XXIII .
,
3 .

4 I Ch XXII .
,
8 .
5 S a n h ed r i n, 1 13 a .
82 TH E ETH ICS OF M AIM ONIDE S

R a bb is pr sa
“If
o phet beco m e s e n r a ged
a the S p ir i t o f p ro
y , ,
” 1
h e c dep a rt s fr o m h im They a ddu ce pr o of for this fr om
p y .

the c a s e o f E li s h a fr om wh om whe n he bec am e e nr ag ed p ro, , ,

p h e Cy dep a rted u n t il hi s wr a th h a d su b si ded a t whi ch he ex

, ,

“
cl a im ed A n d n o w br in g m e a m u si cia n ! ”2
,

Gr i ef a n d a n xi ety m a y a l so ca u s e a ce s sa tion o f pr ophecy ,

a s in the c a s e o f the p a tri a rch J a c o b wh o durin g the da ys ,

whe n he m ou r n ed for J os eph wa s depr ived o f the H oly S p ir i t , ,

u n t il he rece i ved the n e ws th a t h i s s o n li ved where u p o n S cri pt u re ,

s ays
“ ”
The s p ir it o f J a cob their fa ther revi ved 3 whi ch the
, , , ,

“
Ta rg um re n der s A n d the s p ir it o f pr o phecy de s ce n ded u p on
4
,

“
their fa ther J a c ob The s a ge s m ore over s a y The sp ir it of
, , , ,

pr o phecy re sts n ot u po n the i dle n or u p on the sa d b u t u p o n , ,

” 5
the j oy ou s .

When M os es our tea cher di sc overed th a t there rem a in e d n o

, ,

p a rt iti on bet ween him s el f a n d G o d whi ch he h a d n ot rem oved ,

a n d whe n he h a d a tt a in ed per fect i o n by a cqui r i n g every p os si ble

‘

m or a l a n d m en t a l v irt u e he s ou ght t o c om prehe n d G o d i n H is ,

tr u e re a li ty sin ce Lt h e re s eem ed n o l o n ger to be a ny hi n dr a n ce

,

“
theret o H e therefo re im pl ored o f G o d S h o w m e I be seech
.
, , , ,
”
Thee Thy gl ory 6 Bu t G o d i n fo r m ed him th a t this wa s im
, .

p os sible a s h is in tell ect sin ce h e wa s a hum a n bein g wa s s til l

, , ,

i n flu e n ced by m a tter S o G o d s a n swer wa s “F or n o m a n c a n

.
’
, ,
” 7
s e e m e a n d li ve Thu s there rem a i n ed between M ose s a n d
.
,

hi s c om prehe n si on o f the tr u e e ss e n ce of G o d onl y on e tr a n s

p a re n t o b str u ction whi ch wa s h is hu m a n in tell ect still re si den t
,

1 Pesalz i m 6 6 b . Cf M arch II 3 6 (e n d)
.
, , .

2 II K III, 1 5 . . S e e Pes a lt i m 1 17 a .
3 Ge n . X L V, 27 .

4 M a t ta ch e d
.
g a t d al o f im o t an
a re e p r ce r
t o t h e Ta g um o f On k e l o s
i n th e e c l u i d a ti on o f m an y b ib li al p a s s a g s , c e y e
an d re fer
s t o i t m an t im s
in th e M ar ch In M ore h , I, 27 , h e sp a k s
. e f O k l th pr o el yt eo n e o s, e s ,
as

e
b in g t h o o u ghl y a q u a i n t dr c e wi th t h H eb re w d Ch l d i c l g ge
e an a a an ua s .

See Fr
an k l , H od e e tik,
g e
322, an p . d Ba ch er D i B i bel ex g s M os es M a i m n i s
, e e e e u ,

pp . 3 8 -42 .

5
Sh ab ba t, 30h ; Pe s alz im , l oc . ci t . : 11 51 11151111 11113 115 711 13 1113
7111 3 3 71 1

1 31 1 17113 1
1 511 3 1
53 3 3 1
131 11713 115 3 111 111511 11113 1151 31113 1111 3 1151 7113 1 11 11713
7113 13 53 71113 3 . Cf M or eh , H , 36 (e n d)
. .

6 Ex . XXXIII , 18 .
7 Ibi d , XXXIII , 20 .
 TH E E I GHT CHAPTERS — VII 83

in ma tter . G o d,
h o wever wa s gr a ci ou s in im p a rt in g t o h im , ,

a fter h i s requ e s t m o re k n o wledge o f the di v in e th a n he h a d

,

p rev i o u s ly p o ss e ss ed i n fo rm i n g h i m th a t the go a l (he so u ght ) ,

wa s im p ossi ble of a tt a in m e n t bec a u s e he wa s yet a hu m an bein g 1 , .

The tru e c om p rehe n si on o f G o d M os es de sig n a te s by the ,

“ ”
term beh oldin g the Di vin e fa ce for when on e s ees a n other , ,

per s on fa ce t o fa ce h i s fe a tu re s becom e im pr in ted u p on the

m i n d s o th a t on e will n ot c on fu s e h im wh om he h a s s een wi th
,

o ther s ; where as if he s ee s o nl y h i s b a ck he m a y p ossibly

, ,

rec o g n i z e h im a g a in b ut will m o re p r o b a bly be in dou bt a n d , ,

co n fus e hi m with other s L ikewis e the tru e c om prehen sio n o f .

,

G o d i s a co n cept i o n of the re ali ty of H is exi ste n ce fixed i n

the m in d (of the kn ower) whi ch a s c on cer n s this existen ce is , ,

a co n cept i o n n o t s h a red by a n y other be i n g so th a t there i s

;
firml y im pl a n ted in the mi n d o f the kn ower a kn o wledge of
G o d s existe n ce a b solu tely di stin ct fr om the kn owledge the m i n d
’

h a s o f a n y other bein g (th a t exi st s) It i s im p o ssi ble h owever .

, ,

for m ort al m a n t o a tt a in t hi s hi gh degree o f c om prehen sion ,

th ou gh M o se s (pe a ce be u n to hi m ) a lm o st bu t n ot qu ite re a ched , ,

it whi ch tho u ght i s expre ss ed b y the words “

, Th ou s h alt s e e ,
”2
m y b a ck p a rt s I in te n d m ore fully t o di s cu ss this su bj ect
.

i n m y B ook on Pr0p 71ecy 3 .

S o , sin ce the sa g e s (pe a ce be un o t them ) kn ew th a t thes e

1 c rp re al el em e t i m i
Th e o o cree d p ar ti ti th t preve t n n an s a s n an on a n s

h i m fr m perce i v i g b tr c t i d l
o th e y It i
n b l t el y im p
a s ib l e a e a s , as are . s a so u oss

for th h m e mi d tu c m preh e d th Di vi e Bei g eve th o gh th

an n o o n e n n ,
n u e

c rp re l el em e t w ere
o o a p re th t f th
n p h ere Th S cri p t r l as u as a o e s s . e u a

p g e P XCVII 2 a d XVIII 12 expre i fi g r ti ve l g ge thi

a s sa s s .
, n ,
ss n u a an ua s

ide cc t f b di e we b l e t c m pre h e d G d
’
a, th t a , on a ou n o our o s, a re una o o n o s

e e ce (M ar h III
ss n c , ,

2 E x XXX III 23 . Of Yes od h Tora k I 1,0 “B t m y f ce h ll

. . e a- , ,
. u a s a

n ot b ee (E x XXXIII 23) m e
e
”
s n th t G d . t r e exi t e ce it i , an s a
‘
o
’
s u s n ,
as s,

can n o t b c m preh e d e d (M orek I

e o d “th h lt n m y b ck , ,
an ou s a see a
”

(E x l o
. i t ) i g i fie th at jG d ll w e d M e t
c. c . s n e t h t wh i c h f ll w
s o a o os s o s e a o o s

H im i , imi l r t H i m
s s d i th re l t f th Di vi e Will i
a o ll, an s e su o e n , . e .
, a

t h i g cre t e d b y G d (M eh I
n s a Of al M or k I 21 o d 54 S or , , . so e , ,
an . ee ,

t h i n t erp re t t i “m y b c k ( 1 113 ) d “m y f ce
”
on e of
”
a on K fm a 1
an a au an n ,

A tt ibu te nl h e p 4 05 a d
r e 72 r ,
.
,
n n . .

3 S s up ra c I p 45
ee 3 .
, . n . .
84 TH E ETH I CS OF M AIM ONIDE S

t wo cl a ss es o f vi ce s th a t i s the m e n t al a n d the m or al s ep a r a ted

, , ,

m a n fr om God a n d th a t a cc ord in g t o them the r a n k o f

,

the pr o phets v a r i ed they (the R abb is) s a i d o f s om e o f their

,

o wn n u m ber , with wh os e wi sd om a n d m or a l i ty they were a c

“
q u a in t e d,
It i s fittin g th a t the s p ir i t o f G o d s h ould re st u p o n
” 1
them as it di d u p on M o se s o ur te a cher , D o n ot h owever
.
, ,

mi st a ke the i n te n ti o n of the co m p a r ison They di d i n deed

.
,

c om p a re them wi th M o s e s for they were far (G o d forb i d !) fr om

,

g iv in g them equ al r a nk In the sa m e wa y they S pe a k o f o ther s

.
,

“
ch a r a cteriz in g them a s bein g l ike J oshu a ”
.

Thi s is wh a t we in te n ded t o expl ain i n this ch apter .

1 S ukka k, 28 a ; B a ba B a tra , l 34 a . S e e R o s in , E th i k, p . 1 14 , n . 5 .
86 TH E ETH I CS OF M AIM ON I D E S

qu a li ty t o m a ke of hi m a br a ve m a n A n other h o wever the .

, ,

tem per am en t o f wh os e hea rt is c older th a n it s h ould be i s ,

n a tur a lly in cli n ed t o wa r ds c o wa rdi ce a n d fe a r s o th a t if he ,

s h oul d be t a u ght a n d tr a in ed t o be a c o wa rd he woul d e a sily ,

becom e o n e If h o wever it be de sired t o m a ke a br a ve m a n

.
, ,

o f hi m he ca n wi th o u t d o u bt bec om e o n e
,
pr ovi din g he receive ,

the pr oper tr a in in g whi ch woul d requi re Of co ur s e gre a t , ,

exerti o n .

I h a ve e n tered in t o thi s su bject so th o u m a ye st n ot beli eve

the a b sur d i dea s o f a str ol o ger s wh o fals ely a ss ert th a t the con ,

s tell a t i o n a t the t im e o f o n e s b irt h d eter mi n e s whether o n e i s

’

t o be vir tu ou s or vi cio u s the in di vi du a l bein g thu s n ece ss a r ily ,

c om pelled t o follo w ou t a certa in lin e o f c on du ct We on the .

,

c o n tr a ry a re c on vi n ced th a t our L a w 1 a gree s wi th Greek

,

phil oso phy whi ch su b st a n tia te s with c o n v in cin g pr oofs the co n

,

te n ti on th a t m a n s c on du ct is e n tirely i n his o wn h a n ds th at ’
,

no com p ul sio n i s exerte d a n d th a t n o exter n al influ en ce is ,

br ou ght t o bea r u p o n him th a t c on str a ins hi m t o be either

vi rtu ou s or vi ci ous excep t in a sm u ch a s a cc ordi n g t o wh a t we , ,

h a ve s ai d a b ove he m a y be by na tur e so c on stitu ted a s t o fin d

,

it e a sy o r h a rd a s the c a s e m ay be t o d o a cert a in t hi n g ; b u t
, ,

th a t he m u st n ece ssa rily d o or re fr a in fl om d oin g a cert a in , ,

thin g is a b solu tely u n tru e 2 Were a m a n com pelled t o a ct a o .

1 . e
Cf M or h, III, 1 7 , F i f th Th ory e .

2 S a a di a wa s th e s t J w i s h p hil o s o h fir e gth p n th e p er to d w ell at l n u o e

q e ti on o f free will (E m u n ot we D e t III) b ei g i fl e ce d b y th di

u s - o n n u n e s
, ,

i
cu s s on s O f A r b i c th e l i al th o gh Ph il
a w h e er ll y f
o o ll w e d
an s , u o o
g g n o, o a

th e y t em
s f th e S t i c
s pr o fe e d a b eli e f i thi d c tri e (Q ad D eus
o o s, ss n s o n u

S i t Immu tabi l i s d M gey p H e wa foll w e d b y Bahy (H ob t

,
e . an ,
. s o a o

ha L e ba bot III 8) Ib Zaddi k ( Gla m Ea ton p 69

-
, , d J llin k L e ip i g
n ,
.
, e . e e ,
z ,

Yeh dah h L evi (Cuz i p t V d C el p

u a- Ab r h am Ib ar ,
.
, e . a ss , . a n

E r ( Y s d M or h VII) ; an d Ib D d (E m n h R m h p 9 6 e d We il
z a e o a ,
n au u a a a ,
.
, . ,

F ra n k f rt M u F o re feren ce t o p
a. .
, ge i M w rk wh ere r s a ssa s n .
’
s o s

h e di c e free wi ll
s u ss p 85 1 M n do b te dl y h ad E th N i c III
s , se e . n. . . u u . .

min d wh e n h ree ree p s phy

“ ”
in id th a t O L w ge w i th
sa G k hil ur a a s o o .

S e e p eci all y E th N to III 5 7 wh ere

e s f d th e f ll win g ta te m en t
. .
, .
, are o un o o s s,

S o i t eem h a b een rigi t o r f h i cti on

“ ”
s id t h t m
s as i th s sa ,
a an s e o na o s a s ,

an
“
d if i t i in o p o w er t o d
s an d t f r b
ur e r d o i g w h at i credi ta b l e o o o a n s

or th c o t ra ry an d th e e re sp ec ti vel y c on tit ut e th b e in g g oo d o b ad
e n , s s e r ,

th en t h b e in g g d e vi c i o ch a r ct er i i o p o w er S R in
oo
”
or us a s s n ur . ee os ,
 TH E E I GH T CHAPTE R S — VIII 87

cor din g t o the dicta te s o f p rede stin a ti on the n the c omm a n ds ,

a n d pr o hi b iti o n s o f the L a w wo ul d bec om e n ull a n d v o i d an d ,

the L a w would be com pletely fal s e sin ce m a n woul d h a ve n o ,

freed om o f ch oi ce in wh a t he , d o e s M ore over it woul d be u s e _

.
,

le ss in fa ct a b solu tely in v a i n for m a n t o s tu dy t o in str u ct

, , , ,

or a tte m pt t o le a r n a n a rt a s i t wo ul d be e n t irely im p ossible ,

for h im o n a cco u n t of the exter n al fo rce c om pell in g h im a o

, ,

c ordi n g t o the Op in io n of th o s e wh o h old this v i e w t o keep fr om ,

d oi n g a cert a in a ct from g ainin g cert a in k n owledge or fr om

, ,

a cqu ir in g a cert a in ch a r a cter isti c Rewa r d a n d p u n ishm e n t .

,

t oo would be p u re i nj u sti ce b o th a s reg a rd s m a n t owa rd s m a n

, , ,

a n d a s bet wee n Go d a n d i n a n 1 S u pp o s e u n der su ch c on diti on s .

, ,

t h a t S im e o n s h oul d k ill Re u be n Wh y s h oul d the form er be .

p u ni shed seein g th a t he wa s c o n str a in ed t o d o the killi n g a n d

, ,

Reu ben wa s prede s tin ed t o be sl a in ? H ow c ou ld the A lm ighty ,

wh o i s j u s t a n d r i ghte ou s ch a stis e S im e on for a deed wh i ch it ,

wa s im p o ssible for hi m to le a ve u n d o n e a n d whi ch th o u gh h e , ,

s tr o ve with a ll h i s mi ght he wo ul d be u n a ble t o a vo i d ? If ,

s u ch were t h e tr ue s t a te o f a ffa ir s all prec a u t i o n a ry m e a su re s , ,

su ch a s b u ildi n g h o u s e s pr ovi di n g m e a n s o f su b sisten ce fleein g

, ,

whe n o n e fe a rs d a n ger a n d s o fo rth wo ul d be a b s olu tely u s e

, ,

le ss for th a t wh ich is decreed beforeh a n d m u st n ece s sa r il y h appen

, .

This the ory is there fore p ositively u n sou n d c on tr a ry t o re a s on

, , ,

a n d c omm o n s e n s e su bver sive o f the fu n d a m e n t a l pr in ci ple s o f

,

reli gi o n a n d a ttrib ute s inj u sti ce t o Go d (far be it fr om

,

In re al ity the u n do u bted tr u th Of the m a tter is th a t m a n h a s

,

full s wa y o ver all h is a cti on s If he wis he s t o do a thi n g he .

,

d o e s it ; i f he d o e s n ot wis h t o d o it he n eed n ot wi th ou t a n y
'

, ,

exter n al c om p ul si o n c o n tr olli n g h im There fore G o d very pr operly .

,

“
c omm a n de d m a n s ayi n g S ee I h a ve s e t befo re thee thi s da y life
, ,
” 2
a n d the g oo d de a th a n d evil,
therefo re ch oos e th ou life ,

E th ik, p 5 , n 4 , an d p 66 , n 1
. . C o n s ul t o n t h i s s u b
. . t I Bro ydé , in
. jec .

J E , vo l V , ar t F r e e Will, an d w o k s m n t i on d th
. . .
; Wo l ff , A h t Oa r e e ere c
p i te l, E xcu r s us ,
I II, p p
8 4— 85
; an d Coh n , Ch a r a c teri s tik, e t c , i n M os e s
. e .

ben Ma i m on, I , 76 p . .

e
1 M m n ti o n s t h e s a m
. e r
a g u m n t in th e M or eh , b u t i t h a d e
ft n b n O e ee
a d anv ce d b fo e re
h im S e e R o s in , E th i k,
. 67, n 2 p . . .

2 D e n t XXX 15
. 19 Of H Tesh uba h , V , 3
. . . .
, .
88 TH E ETHICS OF M A I M ONI DE S

givin g rega rds the se freedom of choi ce Co n s equ en tly

us , as , .
,

pu ni shm en t is infli cted u p on tho s e wh o di s obey a n d re wa rd ,

“ ”
gr a n ted t o the o bedi e n t a s it is s ai d If th ou wilt he a rke n , , ,

and
“If th ou wil t n ot he a rke n
” 1
Le a r ni ng a n d te a chi n g a re .

“
a l s o n ece ss a ry a cc o r di n g t o the c o mm a n d s
,
Ye s h al l te a ch ,
” h “
them t o y our chil dre n a n d ye s h all do them a n d Ob s erve ,
” 2
t o do them a n d s im il a rly all t h e other p a ssa ge s re ferr in g t o
, , ,

the stu dy o f the c om m a n dm e n ts It is al s o n ece s sa ry t o take .

al l the prec a u t i o n a ry m e a su re s l a i d d own i n the L a w su ch a s , ,

“Tho
u s h alt m a ke a b a ttlem e n t for thy r o of ; th a t tho u br i n g
” 3 “ ” “
n ot b l oo d u p o n thy h ou s e le s t he di e i n the b a ttle 4 where in , ,
”5 “
s h all he sleep ? an d n o m a n s h all t a ke t o pledge the n ether
,
” 6
or the u pper mill st on e a n d m a n y o ther p a s s a ge s i n re g a rd t o
,

prec au ti on s fou n d i n the L a w a n d the Pr o phet s 7 .

The st a tem e n t fou n d in the sa yi n g s o f the R a bbis All is “

,
”
i n the p ower of G o d except the fe a r o f G o d 8 is n everthele ss , ,

tru e a n d in a cc ord with wh a t we h a ve l ai d d own here M e n

,
.

a re ,
h owever very o fte n p ro n e t o err in su p p osm g th a t m a n y
,

o f the ir a ct i o n s i n re al i ty the re sul t o f the ir o wn free will

, are ,

fo rced u p o n the m a s for i n st a n ce m a rryin g a cert ai n w om a n

, , , ,

or a cqu ir in g a cert a i n a m o u n t o f m o n ey S u ch a su p p ositi on .

i s u n tr u e If a m a n e sp ou s e s a n d m a rry a wo m a n leg ally the n

.
,

sh e bec om e s h is l a wful wife a n d by h is m arryi n g her he h as ,

ful fil le d the di v in e c om m an d t o i n cre as e a n d m ul tiply G od .

,

h o wever d o e s n ot decree the ful fill m en t of a c omm a n dm e n t

, .

If o n the o ther h a n d a m a n h a s c ons um m a ted with a wom a n

, ,

a n u nl a wful m a rr i a ge he h a s c omm itted a tr a n s gre ssi o n But

, .

God d oe s n ot d ecree th a t a m a n sh all sin A gai n su pp os e a .

,

m a n r ob s a n other o f m o n ey s te als from him or che a ts hi m , , ,

a n d the n u tter in g a fa ls e oa th de n i es it ; if we s h ould s a y th a t ,

G o d h a d d e stin ed th a t thi s sum s h oul d p a ss in t o the h a n ds of

the o n e a n d out of the p o ss e ssi o n Of the o ther G o d woul d ,

D e n t X I, 27 28
1
.
1 9 Ibi d X I 19
, .
2
Ibi d , V, 1
.
3 Ibid
,
.
. . . .

XX II, 8 1 Ibid
.
, XX , 5 o r 7 5 E x XXII 26
, .
6 D e n t XXIV 6
, . . . . .

7 See H Tes h uba h, V , 4 , and M oreh , III, 20; o f Ib n Da u d , E mu na h

. .

Ra ma h , II, 6 , 2, p 96 . .

8 B era ko t, 3 3 b ; Nidda h, 16 h ; Megil lah , 25 a .

90 TH E ETHICS OF M A I M ON I DES

evil dee ds a n d s o he go es o n t o s a y u s s e a rch

“Let
of our , ,
-

thr ou gh a n d i n vestiga te o ur wa ys an d let u s retur n t o the ,

L ord L et u s l ift u p o ur he art with o u r h an d s to G o d in the

.

” 1
he aven s .

A s reg a rd s the theory g en er ally a ccepted by pe o ple a n d ,

likewis e fou n d i n r a bb in ic al a n d pr opheti c al writ in gs th at m a n s ,

’

si ttin g a n d r i sin g a n d i n fa ct a l l o f h i s m ovem e n t s a r e g over n ed

, ,

by the will a n d de sir e Of G o d it m a y be s a i d th a t this is tru e ,

o n ly i n o n e re spect Thu s for in s t a n ce when a s t on e is thr own .

, ,

in t o the air a n d fall s t o t h e gro u n d it is c orrect t o s ay th a t ,

the sto n e fell i n a cc o rd a n ce with the will of G o d for it is tru e ,

th a t G o d d ecreed th a t the e a rth a n d al l th a t goes t o m ake it

up , s h o ul d be the ce n tre o f a ttr a ct i on s o th a t w he n a n y p a rt ,

Of i t i s thro wn i n t o the a ir it i s a ttr a cted b a ck t o the cen tre , .

S im il a rly all the p arti cles Of fire as cen d a cc or di n g t o G o d s

,
’

wil l whi ch preord ai n ed th a t fir e s h oul d go u p wa rd 2 Bu t it

,
.

is wr on g t o s u ppo s e th a t whe n a cert a in p a rt Of the e a rth

is t hr o wn u pwa rd G o d will s a t th a t very m om e n t th a t it
s ho ul d fa ll The Mu ta kal li mu n 3 a re h owever Of a di fferen t
.
, ,

Opini on i n this reg a rd for I h a ve he a rd them s a y th a t the ,

D iv in e Will is c on st a n tly a t work decreein g ever yt hi n g fr om ,

tim e to tim e 4 We do n ot a gree with them b u t beli eve th a t

.
,

the Divi n e Wil l o r d a in ed everythin g a t cre a ti o n a n d th a t all ,

thin g s a t all tim e s a re reg ul a ted by the l aws of n a ture a n d

, , ,

ru n the ir n a t u r al c o ur s e i n a cc o r d a n ce wi th wh a t S ol om o n s ai d , ,

“
A s it wa s so i t will ever be as it wa s m a de s o it co n tin u e s
, , ,
” 5
a n d there i s n othi n g n e w u n d er the s u n T hi s o cc asion ed the .

s a g e s to s a y th a t a ll m ir a cle s w hi ch devi a te fr om the n a t ura l

c ours e of eve n ts whether they h ave a lre a dy o ccure d or a cc or din g

, , ,

to prom is e a re to t ake pl a ce i n the fu tu re were fore o rda in ed

, ,
-

1 Ibi d , III, 4 0— 41 . Cf H Tesh u ba h, l oc

. . . cit .

2 r
A i sto tl u s s th e e e ex m p l e f to e a a o a s n nd fire , i n E th N i c , II, 1 , t o
. .

sh o w t h at n a tu re i n o t a ffec t ed b y c t m
s us o . A e c s t on b y u s t o m ca n n ever
be b r o gh t t
u o a ce n d
s no fire d o d e cen d
,
r s . M o ral vi r t e u s a re , h o w ever ,

th e re ul t o f cu
s s to m .

3 S e e sup ra , I c
4 1 , n 2 ; an d. . p . . p . 77 .

1 Cf M arch , I, 7 3 S ix th Pr op os i ti on
. . . S e e M u n k, G u i de, I, p 286 , . n. 3 .

5 cc e
E l s I, 9 . .
 TH E E I GHT CHA PTE RS — VIII 91

by the Divin e Will durin g the six d ays of cre a tion n atur e bein g ,

then s o c ons titu ted th a t th os e mi r a cle s whi ch were t o h a p pen

reall y di d a fter wards t ake pl a ce Then whe n s u ch a n occu ren ce .
,

h a ppen ed a t i ts pr oper tim e it m a y h a ve bee n reg a rded as a n ,

a b s ol u te i n n o v a ti o n where as i n re al i ty i t was n ot 1 ,
.

The R a bb is exp a tiate very m u ch u p on thi s su bject i n the Mi

drash Koh ele th a n d in other writin g s on e o f their st a tem en t s in ,

“
refere n ce t o this m a tter bein g E verythi n g foll o ws its n a tu r a l ,
”
cour s e 2 In ever yt hin g th a t they s ai d you will a lways fin d th a t
.
,

the R a bbis (p e a ce be u n t o them !) a v oi ded re ferr in g to the Divin e

Wil l a s determinin g a p a rticul a r eve n t a t a p a rti cul a r tim e When .
,

therefore they s ai d th a t m an ris e s a n d sits d own in a cc orda n ce

,

with the will o f God the i r m e a n in g wa s th a t whe n m a n wa s , ,

firs t cre a ted h is n a tur e was so d etermi n ed th a t r isin g u p a n d

,

si tt in g d o wn were t o be Opt i on a l to h im ; b u t they a s l ittle m e a n t

th a t G o d wills a t a n y s pecial m om e n t th a t m a n s h oul d or s h oul d

n ot g et u a s H e determi e t g i ve t im e th t cert ai n
p n s a a n y ,n a a

s t o n e s ho ul d or s h o uld n ot fa ll t o the gr ou n d 3 The s um a n d .

su b st a n ce o f the m a tter i s the n th a t th ou sh ouldst beli eve th a t , ,

j u st as G o d wi ll ed th a t m a n s h oul d be u pr ight i n st a tur e br o a d ,

ches ted a n d h a ve fin g er s like wi s e di d H e wi ll th a t m a n s ho uld

, ,

m ove or re s t o f h is o wn a cc ord a n d th a t h i s a ctio n s s h oul d be ,

reit er te s thi vi e w o f th m i r cl e i h i Comm en ta ry on A bot

1 M . a s e a s n s ,

V 6 whi ch en m er at e t e thi g cre t ed o th eve o f th S ab b th o f

, , u s n n s a n e e a

th w eek O f cre ti o
e S e L ip m H ell er i Tos f t Yom T b a th i n . e a nn , n e o -
o , on s

p g e ; a d H o ffm a
a s sa M is ch na i th S ed N ilcin B erlin 1889 P 35 3
n n, o , er ez , , 1
1

Cf M ar h I 6 6
. d M n k G i de I p 29 6
c , ,M al pp r ted th i
, an u , u , , . . . so su o s

vi ew i M ar h II 29 wh ere h e re fer t G en si R a bba h V 4

n c ,
d , s o e s , , ,
an

E xodus R a bba h X X I 6 w h i ch re d “Wh e G d cre t e d th w rl d H m de , , , a ,

n o a e o e a

an gree m e n t th a t th
a e h o l d di vi d e th e fire t h r t th li t e s a s u ,
no u ,
e on s n o

h rm th fi h
a ,t w ll w per s e i gl e d t by G d f
s cert i tim e
no s a o on s s n ou o or a n s,

an d th th wh l e o r d er o f thi n g ch ge wh e ever h fi d i t e
us e o s an s n e n s n ce s

sa ry C lt
.
”
th i b jec t J el M os s M i m n i des 1 8 76 p 7 7 ; R in
on su ou s su o , e a o , ,
. os ,

E th i k p 6 9 5 ; W l ff A ch t C p i t l E xcu s us IV ; L
,
.
,
n . r E th i cs II o , a e ,
r ,
az a u s , , ,

P 77 1 ; K hl er t M i a c l s in J E l VIII pp 6 06 6 07 ; Ge i g er
'

~ n. o ar r vo —
1 , .
e ,
. .
,
.
, .
,

Juda i sm a nd i ts H i s tory p 348 , . .

A b d h Z a h 54 b
3
'

S o L r i bi d II p 74 ff
a ar , . ee az a u s , .
, , . .

Cf M Comm en t ry on A bot IV 23 (R w i c Com m en to

’
3 . . a
p p 89 a , ,
a z , r, .

H . Te s huba h , V , 4, an d M ar ch , III, 1 7 F if th Th eory , . S e e Ro s in , E th i k,

p . 69 , n . 6 .
92 TH E E TH I CS OF M AIM ONIDE S

su ch as h is o wn t de
free will di ct a te s t o hi m , with ou t a ny o u si

in flu e n ce or re str a in t whi c h fa ct G o d cle arly s t a te s i n the tru th

,

“
ful L a w whi ch el u ci d a te s this pr oblem whe n it s ays B eh old
, , , ,
”
the m a n i s bec om e a s o n e o f us t o k n ow g o o d a n d evil 1 The .

Ta rgu m in p ar a phr a sin g thi s p a ssa g e expl ain s the m e a n in g of

, ,

the word s mimme nu lada a t tob wa ra M a n h as bec om e the o nl y

‘ ‘
.

bein g in the world wh o p oss e ss e s a ch a r a cter isti c whi ch n o o ther

b ein g h as in c om m on wi th h im Wh a t is this ch a ra cteristi c ?
.

It i s th a t b y a n d o f him s el f m a n c a n d ist in gui s h betwee n g oo d

and ev il a n d d o th a t wh i ch he ple a se s with a b s ol u tely n o
, ,

re str a in t S in ce then thi s i s so it wo ul d h a ve eve n been po ssible

.
, , ,

for h im t o h a ve stretched ou t h is h a n d a n d t ak in g o f the tree , ,

o f l ife t o h a ve e a te n o f it s fr u i t a n d th u s l ive fo rever 2

, , .

S in ce it is a n ess e n tia l ch a r a cter isti c of m a n s m a keu p th a t ’

he s h oul d o f h i s o wn free will a ct m o r ally or im m or ally d oin g ,

j u st a s he ch o os e s it bec om e s n ece ssa ry t o te a ch hi m the way s

,

o f r i ghte ou sn e ss t o c o mm a n d a n d exh o rt hi m t o p u n is h a n d
, ,

re wa rd h im a cc ordin g to h i s de s ert s It beh oove s m a n al s o t o .

a ccu sto m hi m s el f t o the pr a ct i ce of g oo d deed s u n til he a cqui r e s ,

the vir tu es corre sp on din g t o tho s e g oo d dee ds ; a n d fur ther m o re , ,

to a bst a in from ev il deed s so th a t he m a y er a dic ate the vi ces

th a t m a y h ave t ake n root in h im Let h im n ot supp os e th a t .

h is ch a r a cteris ti c s h a ve re a che d su ch a st a te th a t they are n o

l on ger su bject t o ch a n g e for a n y on e of them m a y be altered
,

fr om the good t o the b a d a n d vi ce ver sa ; a n d m ore over al l in

, , ,

a cc o r d an ce wi th h i s o wn free will To c onfir m t hi s the ory we .

,

h a ve m en ti o n ed all the s e fa ct s co n cer ni n g the Ob serv a n ces a n d

the tr a n sgre ssion s o f the L a w .

It n ow rem ain s for u s t o expl a i n a n o ther ph as e o f this pr oble m ,

whi ch a r i s e s from the fa ct th a t there a re s ever a l S criptu r al

p a ssa ge s i n whi ch som e think they fin d pr o of th a t Go d pre
ord a in s a n d force s m a n to di sobe di en ce Thi s bein g a n erro n e ous .

Opini o n it becom e s our duty t o expla in thes e p a ssa ge s sin ce

, ,

so m a n y pe ople are c o n fu s e d reg a r din g them On e of thes e is .

“
tha t in whi ch G o d sa id t o A br a h am a n d they (the E gyptia n s) ,

Ge n III, 22
. .
2 Cf H
. . Tes h uba h , V , 1 .
94 TH E ETH I CS OF M AI M ONID ES

bre aker s [i n the Tora h ] th a t he wh o de s ecr a te s the S abb a th was

c om pelled t o vi ol a te it n o m ore c a n we m a in t a in th a t bec au s e,

cert ain m ale di ctio n s o ccur there th at th os e wh o pr a ctis ed i d ol a try ,

a n d u p on wh om thes e c u r s e s c o n s equ e n tly fell were prede s t in ed ,

t o be i d ol wo r shi pper s-
On the co n tr a ry every o n e wh o p ra c
.
,

t i s e d i d ol a try di d s o Of hi s o wn v ol it i on a n d s o rece ived du e ,

p u n is hm e n t i n c on son a n ce wi th the p a ssa ge Ye a they h ave“

, ,

m a de a ch oi ce o f the ir own wa ys so will I al s o m ake ch oi ce

” 1
o f the i r mi sfort u n e .

“
A s reg a rds h owever the word s Of G o d a n d I will h a rde n
, , ,
” 2
the he art Of Ph a r a o h a fter wa rd s p u n is hi n g h im wi th de a th
, ,

there i s m u ch to be s ai d a n d fr om whi ch there m a y be dedu ced ,

a n im port a n t p ri n c i ple Weigh well wh a t I s a y in this m a tter

.
,

reflect u p on it c om p are it with the words o f o ther s 3 a n d g ive

, ,

pre feren ce t o th a t whi ch is be st If Ph a r a oh a n d his c ou n .

s e ll or s h a d c om mi tted n o o ther s i n th a n th a t o f n o t perm i tt i n g

Isr a el t o dep a rt I a dmi t th a t the m a tter wou ld be Ope n

,

t o gre a t d ou bt for G o d h a d preve n ted them fr om rele a si n g

,

“
Isr a el a cc o rdin g t o the words F or I h ave h a rde n ed h i s he a rt ,
”
a n d the he a rt s o f hi s s erv a n t s 4 A fter th a t t o dem a n d of .
,

Ph ar a o h th a t he s e n d them forth whi le he wa s forced t o d o

the c on tr a ry a n d then t o p u n ish h im bec a u s e he di d n ot dis
,

mi s s them fi n a lly p u ttin g hi m a n d al l h is foll ower s t o de a th

, ,

woul d u n d ou b tedl y be u nj us t a n d wou ld c om pletely c on tr a di ct ,

al l th a t we h a ve prev i ou sly s a i d S u ch h owever was n ot the .

, ,

re al s t ate Of a flair s for Ph ar a o h a n d h is foll ower s alr e a dy o f

'

, ,

their own fr ee will wi th ou t a n y c on str ain t wh a tever h a d rebelled

, ,

by Oppre ssin g the s tr an ger s wh o were in their m i dst h a vin g ,

tyra n n iz ed over them with gre a t i nj u s ti ce as S crip tur e pl ainly ,

’

“
s t a te s A nd he s a i d u n t o h i s pe ople B eh old the pe ople o f the
, , ,

childr en Of Isr a el i s m ore n u m erou s a n d mi ghti er th a n we c om e ,

” s
let us de al wis ely with it T hi s they di d throu gh the di cta te s .

Of the ir o wn free wi ll a n d the evi l p a s si o n s o f the ir he a rt s wi th ,

ou t a n exter n al c o n s tr a i n t fo rci n g them theret o The p u n is h

y .

Is a L XVI , 3 4
. . .
2 Ex . XIV , 4 .
3 M . pr ob a b l y

m e an s Ab r a h am ib n Ez r a an d Ib n Da u d . S e e R o s i n , E th i k, p . 24 .

4 Ex , . X , l .
5 Ibid .
,
I , 9 , 10 .
 TH E E I GHT CHA PTE R S — VIII 95

m e n t whi ch G o d then i n fli cted u po n them wa s th a t H e withheld

fr om them the p ower o f repe n t a n ce s o th a t there s ho u ld fall u p o n ,

them tha t p u n ishm en t whi ch j u stice decl a red s h oul d be m eted

o u t t o them Th e fa ct th a t they were preven ted fr om repe n tin g
.

m ani fe s ted i t s el f by Ph a r a o h s n ot d ism issin g them This G o d ’

.

h a d expl a in ed a n d t old h im n am ely th a t if H e h a d m erel y , ,

wis hed t o l iber a te Isr a el H e wo uld h a ve de s tr oye d h im a n d ,

h i s a dhere n t s a n d H e wou ld h a ve br ou ght o ut the Is r a el ite s ;

,

b u t i n a dditi on t o the l iber a ti on o f hi s pe ople G o d wis hed t o

, ,

p u ni s h h im bec a u s e Of h is previ ou s Oppre ssion o f Isr a el a s it ,

i s s a i d a t the beg in n in g o f the m a tter “

A n d a l s o th a t n a t i on ,
” 1
wh om they s h all s erve will I l ike wis e j u dge It woul d h a ve .

been im p ossible t o ha ve pu nished them i f they h a d repen ted ; ,

there fo re repe n t a n ce wa s withheld fr om them a n d they c on tin u ed ,

t o keep t h e chil dr e n o f Is r a el i n b o n d a ge a s it s ays “

F or eve n , ,

n o w I h a ve stretched o u t m h a n d etc b u t for thi s c a u s e

y , .

” 2
ha ve I all owed thee t o rem a in .

N O o n e ca n fin d fa u lt with u s whe n we sa y th a t G o d a t
tim e s pu nis he s m an by withh oldin g repe n ta n ce fr om him thu s ,

n o t all owi n g hi m free will a s reg a rd s repe n t a n ce for G o d ble ss ed

( ,

be H e ) kn ows the sin n er s a n d H is wis dom a n d equi ty m ete ou t ,

their p u ni shm en t S om etim e s H e p u ni she s o nly in this world

.
, ,

s o m et im e s o nl y i n the wo rld t o c om e s om et im e s i n b o th F urther , .

m o re H is p u ni shm e n t i n t hi s wo rl d is v a r i ed s om etim e s be in g
, ,

b o dil y s om etim e s pecu n ia ry a n d s om etim e s b o th at on ce J u st

, , .

a s s om e o f m a n s u n dert a ki n g s
’
whi ch o rd in a rily a re su bj ect to ,

hi s o wn free will are fr us tr a ted by wa y of p u n is hm e n t a s for

, ,

i n sta n ce a m a n s h a n d bein g preve nted fro m workin g s o th a t

’

he ca n do n othi n g wi th it a s wa s the c a s e Of Je re b oam the , ,

s on Of N eb a t 3 eye s fr om s eein g a s h a ppen ed t o ’

or a m a n s , ,

the S o domi te s wh o h a d a ss em bled a b ou t L ot 4 likewis e do es ,

G o d withh old m a n s a b ili ty t o u s e hi s free will i n reg a rd t o

’

1 Ge n XV , 14. .

2 E x IX , 1 5 1 6
. . . Th e s am e exp l an a ti on f or t h e h a d r e n in
g of Ph a r a oh ’
s

h e rt
a ven
i s gi in H . Tesh u ba h V I 3
, , . On t h e w ith h ol din g of rep e n t an ce ,

se e c ec er
S h ht S om e A sp e c ts
, o f Ra bbi ni c Th e ology p 33 2
,
. .

3 See I K XIII, 4
. .
4 S e e Ge n . X IX , l l .
96 TH E ETH I C S OF M AIM ONI DE S

repe n ta n ce s o th a t i t n ever at a ll occur s to h im to repen t a n d

, ,

he th u s fin ally per ishe s i n hi s wi ckedn ess It is n ot n ecessa ry .

for u s to k n ow a b ou t G o d s wi s d om s o as t o be a ble t o as cert a i n

’

wh y H e i n fli ct s preci s ely s u ch p u n ishm e n t as H e d o es a n d n o

o ther j u s t as li ttle as we k n o w wh y o n e s pec i e s h a s a cert a in
,

p a rti cul a r fo rm a n d n ot a n o ther It is su ffici e n t for u s t o k n ow .

the gen er a l pr in ciple th a t G o d i s r i ghte ou s in all H is wa ys

, ,

th a t H e p u n ishe s the sin n er a cc o rdin g t o h is sin a n d rewa rd s ,

the p i ou s a ccor di n g to h i s ri ghte ou sn e ss .

If you s h ould in qui re wh y G o d repe a tedly a sked Ph a r a o h

to rele a s e Isr a el wh i ch he wa s u n a ble t o do while he in —
,

Sp ite o f the pl agu e s whi ch befell h im p er sis ted in hi s rebell ion ,

a n d s t u bb or nn e s s whi ch very rebell i ou sn e s s a n d stu bbor n n e ss

,

wa s hi s p u n is hm e n t a n d yet Go d woul d n ot in v a in h a ve
—

a sked hi m to d o a t hi n g wh i ch he c oul d n ot d o the n k n o w th a t ,

this too wa s a p art o f G o d s wis d om t o te a ch Ph a r a o h th a t

, ,
’
,

God ca n su spen d m a n s freedom of will when it ple a s es H im ’

“
t o do so S O G o d s a d t o hi m (thr ou gh M o s e s) I d e sir e th a t
.i , ,

th ou s houl ds t liber a te them b u t th ou wilt n ot dis mi ss them s o , ,

th a t tho u s ho ul d st die Ph ar a oh s h oul d h ave co n s en ted t o

rele as e them a n d th e re ly d isp r ove the word s o f the pr ophet
,

( M o s es
) th a t he wa s u n a ble t o o bey b u t he h a d n ot the p ower , .

Thu s a gre a t wo n d er was reve a led t o the people as i t is s aid

, , ,

“ n th a t t hey m ay pr o cl a im m y n am e thr ou ghou t the

I o rder
” 1
e art h n a m ely,
tha t it is po ssible for God t o p u ni s h m a n by
,

depr iving him o f h is free will re spectin g a cert ain deed w hile ,

he th ou gh re a liz in g it is h o wever u n a ble to influ en ce his s o ul

, , , , ,

a n d retur n t o hi s for m er s t a te o f freed om o f the wi ll .

S u ch wa s lik ewis e the p u nis hm en t Of Siho n K i n g o f He s hb on ;

, , ,

for o n a cco u n t of his form er m is dee d to whi ch he wa s n ot

, ,

forced G o d p u n is hed hi m by preve n tin g him fr om gr a n tin g the

,

requ e st Of the Isr a el ite s a s a re sul t of whi ch they p u t hi m d o

,

“
de a th a s S cr iptur e says But S i h on the k in g Of H e s hb on
, , , ,

wou ld n ot suffer our p as sin g by hi m

” 2
etc Wh a t h a s m a de , .

thi s p a ssag e difficul t for all com m en t a t or s is their im pre ssi o n

th a t S i ho n was p u ni s hed for n ot perm itting Isr a el t o p a ss

1 E x IX .
, 16 .
2 De n t II, 30
. . Cf . H . Tesh ubah , VI , 3 .
98 TH E E THICS OF M AIM ONIDES

on e wh o der st a n ds subtle i de a s this exp l an a ti o n will ap p e al

un ,

a s be i n g excelle n t .

Very di ff eren t ho wever is the m e a ni ng o f wh at Is ai a h sa i d

, , ,

Wh y h a st thou let u s go astr ay oh Lord from Thy ways , , ,

” 1
a n d sn fle re d our he art s t o be h arde n ed a g a in s t Thy fe a r ? The s e
wo rd s h a ve n o be a r in g u p on the foreg oin g exp ositi on Their .

m e a n in g i s t o be g a thered fr om the c on text in whi ch they o ccu r .

The prophet be wail in g the c a p tivity our re si de n ce a m o n g

, ,

s tr a n ger s the ce s s a t i o n o f o ur k i n gd om
,
a n d the s overe i g n ty o f ,

the n ati o n s Over u s s ays by wa y o f pr a yer O G od if Isr a el “

, , ,

co n tin u e s t o s e e this st a te of a ffa ir s i n whi ch the u n believer s

wi eld the po wer they will go a str a y from the p a th o f tr u th
, ,

a n d the i r he a rt wi ll in cli n e a wa y fro m Thy fe a r a s i f Th ou ,

wa st the c a u s e o f m a k in g tho s e i g n or a n t o n e s or igi n ally de p a rt

fr om the p ath o f tru th a s our te a cher M o se s s a i d The n wil l
, ,
‘

the n a ti o n s whi ch h a ve he a rd Thy fa m e say i n this m a n n er

th a t bec a u s e the Lord wa s n o t etc F or thi s re a so n .
,

i i
Is a a h s a d a fter th a t “ Retur n for the s ake o f Thy s erv a n ts
,
” 3
the tr ibes of Thy her it a ge s o th a t there s h o ul d n ot be a
,

bl a sp hem y o f God s n am e (by the he a the n s) L ike wi s e in the

’
.
,

“m i n o r h
”
h
r
p p O e t s there i s f o
, u n d the Op i n i o n o f tho s e w o ,

follo wi n g the tr u th were n everthele ss co n qu ered by the n a t i o ns

,

a t the t me o f the ex ile wh i ch p as sa g e qu ot i n g their o wn word s

, , ,

“
re a d s E very on e th a t d oth evil is go o d i n the eye s o f the
,

L o rd a n d i n them he fin de t h deli ght or el s e where is the God

, , ,
”4
o f j u st i ce ? The pr o phet qu otin g their o wn word s whi ch were
,
“
occa si o n ed by the le ngth o f the exi le c on tinu es Ye h ave sai d , , ,

It i s v ai n t o s erve God ; a n d wh a t profit is it th a t we h a ve kep t

Hi s ch a rg e a n d th a t we h ave wa lke d co n tritely be fo re the Lord
,

Of H o st s ? A n d n o w we c all the p re sum ptu o u s h a ppy ; ye a ,

”5
bu il t are they th a t pr a ctis e wi ckedn ess etc The n ho wever , .
, ,

expli citly sta tin g th a t God i n the fu ture will reve al the truth , , ,
“
he s ays A n d ye s h all return a n d s e e the di ffere n ce bet ween
, ,
”
the r i ghteo u s a n d the wi cked 5 .

2 Is a L XIII, 1 7
. .
2 Nu m . X IV, 15 . 16 .
3 Is a .
, loc . c it .
4 M al II 1 7
.
, .
6
Ibi d , III, 14
. . 15 .

6 ma ,
III, 1 8 . Of . M or e
h , III, 1 9 .
 THE EIGH T CHAPTER S — VIII 99

The s e a re the a m b ig u ous p a ssa ge s in the L a w a n d S cri ptur e

fr o m whi ch it mi ght a ppe a r th a t G o d co m pel s m a n t o c ommi t
tr a n sgre ssi o n s We h ave h o wever u n do u btedl y expl ain ed the
.
, ,

m e a n i n g of the s e ver s e s a n d i f o n e ex a mi n e s it very cl os ely he , ,

will fin d it a tru thful expl a n a ti o n We therefore hold to our .

, ,

o ri gi n a l c on te n t i o n n a m ely th a t o bedi en ce or tr a n s gre ssion o f

, ,
’
the L a w depe n ds en tirely up on m a n s free will ; th a t he is the
m a ster o f hi s o wn a cti on s ; th a t wh a t he cho os e s n ot t o do he
le a ves un d on e altho u gh God m a y p u ni s h hi m for a sin wh i ch
,

he h as c ommi tted by d epr ivi n g h im of h is free will a s we h a ve ,

m a de cle ar ; furt herm ore th at the a cqui sit i on o f v irt u e s a n d ,

vi ce s i s e n tir ely in the p o wer of m a n i n co ns equ e n ce of whi ch ,

it is hi s du ty t o s tr ive t o a cquir e virt u e s whi ch he al o n e c a n ,

a cqu ir e for hi m s el f as the R a bb i s i n the ir eth i c al s a yi n g s i n

,

“
this very tr a ct ate sa y If I a m n ot for m ys el f wh o will be ,
”1
for m e ?
There is ho wever o n e t hi n g m ore rel ating to th is p roblem
, ,

a b ou t whi ch we m u st s a y a fe w wo r ds i n order t o tre a t i n ,

a c om prehe ns ive m a nn er the su bj ect m a tter o f this ch a pter -

.

Al th oug h I h a d n o t i n te n ded a t a ll to s pe a k of it n eces sity ,

fo rce s me to do s o 2 Thi s t o p i c is the p re s ci en ce o f G o d 3

.
,

bec a u s e it i s wi th a n a rgum e n t b a s ed on this th a t our vi ews

ar e Opp o s ed by th o s e wh o bel i eve th a t m a n i s prede s ti n ed by

G o d t o d o g o o d or ev il a n d th a t m a n h a s n o ch oi ce a s t o ,

hi s co n du ct sin ce hi s v oli ti on i s depe n de n t u p o n Go d

, The .

re as o n for their belie f they b a s e on the followin g st atem e n t .

“ o es
D G o d k n o w or d o e s H e n ot k n ow th a t a cert a in in di vidu a l
will be g o od or b a d ? If th ou sa ye s t H e k n o ws the n it n e ‘ ’
,

c e s sa ril y foll o ws th a t m a n i s c om pell ed to a ct a s God k n e w

befo reh an d he woul d a ct other wis e Go d s kn o wledge woul d b e ,

’

1 A bot, I, 14 . Of M . .
’
s c om m en ta ry on th i s pa ssag e
.

2 M . feel s it nece ar y h ere t ss o di s c uss p hil o so ph i c all y th e p re s ci en ce

of Go d , whi ch he d e re l c ta tl y
o s u n , as th e Pera ki m ar e i t e n d e d fo
n re ader sr

n ot ver e d
s in p hil o op h y S Int oduc ti on
s . ee r , p . 11 .

Fo r M di c ssi o o f God kn wl e d ge Perch H el ezo; H Te sh uba h,

’ ’
3 . s s u n s o se e .
,

V , Yes od e ha
5; Tor ah, II, 8 -10; M oreh , I, 68 , an d III, 19 -21 S ee M un k .

G u ide, I, p 301 , . n . 4 .
1 00 TH E ETH I CS OF MA IM ONI DE S

im per fect ye st th a t G o d d o e s n ot k n o w i n a dv a n ce
. If th ou sa ,

the n gre a t ab sur di ti e s a n d de str u ctive reli g i ou s the or i e s will

”
result L isten therefore t o wh a t I s h all tell thee reflect well
.
, , ,

u p o n i t for it i s u n qu e s t i on a bly the tr u th 1

, .

It i s i n deed a n a xi om o f the s ci e n ce o f the divin e i e

, , , .
.

m et a phy si c s th a t G o d (m a y H e be ble ss ed !) doe s n ot k n o w by

,

m e a n s of k n o wledge a n d doe s n ot l ive by m e a n s o f l ife 2 so , ,

th a t H e a n d H is k n o wledge m a y be c o nsi dered t wo differe n t

thin gs in the s en s e th a t thi s i s true of m a n ; for m a n is dis tin ct
fr om k n o wledg e a n d k n owledge fro m m a n in c on s equ en ce o f , ,

whi ch they a re t wo di ffere n t t hi n g s If G o d k n e w by m e a n s .

o f k n o wledge H e woul d n ece ss a r ily be a pl u r ality a n d the

, ,

pr im al e ssen ce woul d be c om p osite th a t is c ons ist in g o f G o d , ,

H im s el f the k n owledge by whi ch H e k n o ws the li fe by whi ch

, ,

H e live s the p ower by whi ch H e h a s stre n gth a n d sim i l a rly

, ,

o f a ll H i s a ttr i b u te s I s h all only m e n ti on o n e a rg u m e n t sim ple .

,

a n d e a sily u n der s t o o d by all th ou gh there a r e str o n g a n d co n ,

vi n ci n g a r gu m e n t s a n d pr oo fs th a t s olve thi s d ifficul ty It i s .

m a nife st th a t G o d is i de n ti c a l with H is a ttr ib u te s a n d H i s

a ttr ib u te s wi th H im s o th a t it m a
y be s a i d th a t H e i s the ,

kn owledge the k n ower a n d the kn own a n d th a t H e i s the

, , ,

l ife the li vi n g a n d the s our ce o f H i s o wn life the sam e bein g

, , ,

tr u e of H is o ther a ttr ibu te s This c o n cepti o n i s very h a rd t o .

gr a sp a n d tho u s h oul dst n ot h Op e t o th o r ou g hl y u n der sta n d it

,

by t wo or thr ee lin e s i n thi s tre a tis e There ca n onl y be im .

p a rte d t o thee a v a gu e i de a of it 3 .

N ow in c on s equ e n ce o f this im p ort a n t a xi om the H ebre w

, ,

l a n g u a ge doe s n ot a llo w the expre ssi o n He Adona i (the l ife o f

G o d) a s i t d o e s H e F a ra oh 4 (the life of Ph a r a o h) where the
’

1 Fo r a li s t an d th e Op i ni on s of Je wi h p hil o p h er
s so s b e fo re M wh o .

di s c uss ed t hi s pr ob l em , se e R o s in , E th ik p 7 3 ,
5 .
,
n. .

2 Cf . M or eh ,
I, 5 7 : ms : 3 5 mm nu n: 3 5 vs p i, an d Ye s od e ha - Tor a h,
II , 10
S e e K au fm ann , A ttri bu te nl eh re g p 423 , an d n o t 94
. . e .

3 F or an h au s ti ex
di s u s si on o f th e th o i s whi h M m ve l y m n ti o n s c e re c . ere e
h ere, s e e M or e h ,
I , 5 0-5 1
, o n t h e a tt i b u t s o f Go d S e e M u n k, G u ide , r e .
'

I, 50, p
1 79 111, p a ss im ; K a u fm an n , i bid ,
. 41 8 iii ; Coh n , Ch ara kter i s tik, . p . e
et c . in M os es be n M a i mon , I pp
,
. 89 -9 0 .

4 Ge n . XL II , 15 .
1 02 TH E ETHICS OF MAIM ONIDES

divin e e ss e n ce a s it i s is in c om prehe n sible yet they str ive t o

, , ,

c om prehe n d G o d s k n o wledge so th a t they m a y k n o w it b u t

’
, ,

t hi s i s o f c ou r s e im p o ssible If the hum a n re a s o n c oul d gr a s p

, , .

H is k n owledge it woul d be ab le al s o t o defin e H is e ss en ce

, ,

sin ce b oth a re o n e a n d the s am e a s the per fect k n o wledge o f ,

G o d i s t h e c om prehe n sio n o f H im a s H e i s i n Hi s e ss e n ce ,

whi ch co n sist s o f H i s k n o wledge H is wil l H i s life a n d all H i s , , ,

o ther m aje s ti c a ttr i b u te s Thu s we h ave s h own h o w u tterly .

,

fu til e is the prete n si o n t o defin e H is k n o wledge Al l th a t we .

c a n c o m prehe n d i s t h a t j u st a s we k n o w th a t G o d exis t s s o

a r e we c o g n i z a n t o f the fa ct th a t H e k n o ws If we are aske d .

,

“W ’
h a t i s the n ature o f G o d s we a n swer th a t we
d o n ot k n o w a n y m ore th a n we k n ow the n a tur e o f H is tru e
exi ste n ce l F a ul t is fou n d m ore over with h im wh o tr i e s t o
.
, ,

gr a sp the tru th o f the di vin e exi s te n ce as expre ss ed by the ,

“
words , Ca n st th ou by s e a rchi n g fin d ou t G o d ? Ca n st th ou
fin d ou t the A l m i ghty u n to per fecti on ? ”
Re flect the n u p on all th a t we h a ve s a i d n am ely th a t m a n
, , , ,

h a s c on tr ol over hi s a ct i on s th a t i t i s by h i s Own determ i n a t i on ,

th a t he do es e ither the r i ght or the wr o n g with ou t in either , ,

c a s e bein g c o n tr olled by fa te 3 a n d th a t a s a re sul t o f th is

, , ,

di vi n e c omm a n dm e n t te a chin g prep a r a t i on re wa rd a n d p u ni s h

, , , ,

m e n t a re pr o per Of this there i s a b s ol u tely n o d ou bt

. As .

reg ar ds h o wever the ch a r a cter o f God s k n o wledge h ow H e

, ,
’
,

k n o ws everythi n g this is a s we h a ve expl ain ed beyo n d the

, , ,

re a ch o f h um a n ke n .

T hi s i s all th a t we p u rp os ed saying in this ch a pter a n d it ,

i s n o w tim e for u s t o br in g ou r words t o a n e n d a n d beg in ,

the in terpret ati o n o f this tre at is e 4 t o whi ch the s e eight ch apter s

are a n i n tr o du cti o n .

1 C f M or h , III , 20-21
. e 2 Jo b X I 7
, . .

3 In h i s
Com men ta ry on A bo t, III, 15 , M m ain t a in s th a t th e h as . p r e
“
Ever yt hi n re ee
g i s f o s n b
( y Go d) , b ut f d o m o f h o i i s gi
”
n , i s in ree c ce ve
r y
h a m on e ry O
wi th hi s th o f th e om ni s i n o f Go d, whi h d o s n o t , c e ce c e
ever epr ve
h ow , d i ree
m an o f f w ill S e e R awi z , Comme nto r, 7 5 . c p . .

4 I . e ., A bot .
 INDEX
IND EX OF S CRIPTUR AL PAS S A GES

Ge en si s III 22 .
D e ut er on o m y XX 5 .

XV . 13 XX 7 .

XV . 14 XX II . 1
X IX 1 1 . XXII . 4
XL I I 1 5 . XXII . 8
X L V 27 . XX IV . 6
E xod us I 9 . . 10 XXIX . 18
IX . 15 . 16 X XX . 15 .

IX . 16 XXXI . 16
X 1 . II S am u el XXI II 3 .

XIV 4 . I Kin gs III 5 .

XX 12 . XI II 4 .

XXII 26 . XVI II 3 7 .

XXIII 5 . II Ki n gs III 1 5 .

XXXI II 18 . I sai ah VI 10 .

XXXIII 20 . L IX . 2
X X XIII 23 . L XIII 1 7 .

L ev i ti c u s XVIII 3 . L VI 3 4 . .

X IX . 17 Jerem i h IX 1
a .

XIX . 18 H e IV 1 7
os a .

X IX . 32 Zech r i h VII 3
a a .

N um b er VI
s . 11 VII 6 .

X IV 1 5 . . 16 VII 9 .

X X . 8 VI II . 9
XX . 10 M al a c h i II 17 .

XX . 12 III 14 . . 15
XX . 24 III 1 8 .

De u te r o n om y II 30 . Ps alm s X IX . 9
V . 1 XL IX . 13
VI 5 . L . 23
XI 19 .

XVII l l .

XVIII 22 .
104 IN DEX

Pr o verb s X IX . 2 L am e t ti III
n a on s . 40 4 1 .

XXI . 10 E ccl e i st e I 9
s a s .

X X I 15 ,
VII 20 .

Jo b IV 1 8 . N e h em i ah XII I 26 .

XI 7 . I Ch r o ni cl e s XXII 8 .

XXV 4 .

R u th III 1 3 .
TA R G UM ONK E L OS
e
L am nt ati o n s III . Ge en si s III 22 .

III . X L V 27 .

INDEX OF QU OTA TIONS FROM TH E TA L M UD

Pa g e
Ye ba m ot 4 9 b ,

Ne da ri m , 1 0a
38 a
Na z ir , 19 a , 22a
S ota h , 5 b
B a ba Ka mm a , 3 0 3

91 b
B a ba M ez i a , 3 5 a
'

BABYL ON I AN B a ba B a tra , l 34 a
Be r a kot, 3 3 b
e
S a nh dr in , 1 13 a
63 a Aboda h Za ra h , 2ob
25 b 54 b
S ha bba t,

3 0b Ni dda h , l 6 b
9 2a
Pe s ah z m 6 6 b PAL E STINI AN TA L M UD
'

1 17 a
N e da ri m, IX 1 66
M o e d Ka ia n
‘
,
5a
Yoma ,
67 b
S ukka h , 28 a M ID R AS H IM
5 2a M e kil ta t o E x
'

. XV . 2
‘
Ta a n i t, 11 a S ifra t o L e v X X .
, 26
M egi ll a h 25 a ,
 55 Plb mm mm»
'
n

- -
153 9 JWDR
-
w w i
usem nom J W
rm fl ? 11
m m
fla m ar n
n ‘ '

unawar e arm w as 5a r e ms S i mm er : m : m s im p 1 5u m
.
“ -

-
1m m n
'
m u n nyw ‘
n 1s 11113 ”
s m m m : n e w s un m o t or ; 5 :
1
me n: ane mone m s : 13: 6 mm p m nnn mans m 4 m5m ou mm
-
5 s ins m e i n: an s ome i n; s ome 3 5s mm: mm mi r
6 ‘ n

s 5w m: m rm s 5 ur s n 9 m m gym mn 1 s 7 5am om mas :

s ‘

nnns 1 1 55 55 m m 1 0m 5» pv m mas t e r: mis use rm

-
A s am we 115 3 31 1 5 as m an m5s p m 15 may
s i 2 ~ min r '
h ,

ima m 1 5s mu s s m an m5w
~ sw fi r mn e s s no 5: mmmm
1 0 n~
, mvn us e m m 53: 1 6 15 me n nmnn n5ns m ~ m m pm: nit 15 -

rm m w m 5an:m g am m a 3 9 1 17
,
3 5 711 3 m m u m ru n 7 1: u m
- ~ n-
map urns r m m 53 5 i ma m n mi r i s m mus ps o m '

m s m
a s : 20 u ~wn5 ,

m m m m w mm 5 m
’
” p rom o m y npun a n : u: a 13 n o 5 : r
-
1 5 15 s
‘
5 um pn fie s
7x H arp oo n m m e m : 5 nnw mm nun m
~
m op

r ai e d th e q e sti n of Go d kn owl ed g e o f f t re th in g an d th e y
s u o
’
s u u s, d i e in
i gn r an ce o f i t
o M s d e dd a e c o rr p t
. s h owin g th at mm w
. an . r u , s as mis
un d er t o d n d th t
s o ,tt e m p t w ere m d e t o re d en s e in t o th e p
a a a s a a s as sag e .

20 Br h um am: am m S o anne x arm as» wa s mm M a an : wa s mm

ar m a

m m om : dd m m i nm ost um : m : w e re mm Un d o u b t e dl y m m, s i nus an d
1 e . .
,

1mm go b a ck t o an o ri gin al mm Ar 8 15 5719 By l e a vin g o ff th e 1 o f M a .

m m t h e pr op er re a di n g i s ob ta in e d
1 ,
.

- Ar nn51pr nnn up W1 Br ar m
1 Ma r e p: rm nm e m
“
2 nu . . .

-re mm o 15W Ar mix : s i ons M 5» : n uns 15 i s

25 m s S o urns 3 a . . .

-
M a n5 nn S o 55 3 fo r 5mm
‘ 4 Br S o jun u warm M a 13115111
.
8 Br . .

6 Br S o 15 rs 7 Th u s M a Ar az 5m
. Br S o am . .

53 15 1:51am 8 Br inn 9 Br S o 15 .
10 u: 5» p m n 135 1 .
‘

th u s M a Ar 11: m s i pi an d H e fi n d s faul t wi th h im wh o
.
“ ”
mm .

30
“di s
p o r ve
o f, fin d faul t w ith ”
. See 0 . IV, p 28 n 1 7 ; 0 . . . . VIII ,p 49 , .

n . 29 . Br S o ria pom 1 ! Br S o 5» M 1 5 .
12 Br M a
So w . M a nan N Ar
13 53 mi n; Br 5mm M a ram
. .

So p m Br S o m us e Br um S o 15 1: 11 3m fl Ma
1 ’
.
1 5 6 . .

-
So m s 1 8 M a ism m an N Br M a manna 20 nun 15 map Ar
.

g . . .

35 my ws pn; M a m art 2 1 Th u s Br . Ar mops la 5 13 1 p M a .

‘
S m 5 m m m 22 Br S o ns m m 23 Wo l ff
pi s s ; run o p s run u e n . .

om i t s 5m m i - !
n n s i s 1p an) ~
n5s m mme
on5a a
i ‘
9 i 5s 1 = n~
pu >n 5~
nnm .

So ni pnv m: 53 5 n5nn op us mi s e r: i nn .
 51 :
71 7 m ore 54

1s r 1
: 11 p 171 on pe r
: 71 1 1 1 1
1 11 15 11 111 1 1 1 111:a
11 71711s
s 17ne 4 1 1:s 1e 1 p , s 171 111 111111 , 3 111 s 111 11 1 s 17115 1 s : 11.1 1 3 711111111111
'

1171 s 1n1 , 1: 1171 s 1711 , 5 1:11 71 mm 31111 71 s 1r11

1
7 15 1 2 s s 1711 61
1
1
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mph s 5 t
r a p 1
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1 1
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11 : 1
5
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1
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5 1515 1
1s 11 1 11
5 1
1119 5 71111511: mm 5
n1 1:1
w h os e 1 211 1 1 1 1:
111 5 1 1 :p71 112 5 1 01 11171 s5 71151
,

11 5s 15 : 1a
1 m 1
: 311 1111
: are 3 4 71 11 1:
1 Je n:
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1 171
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s 51 1
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z 1r
1s 25 11 1 111 1117115 23 11 11 5 111
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1151:1 1s 11
9 1 71m 71 1: 1
: n: 1 1
1 3 171
28
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: 1
5e 71 511 11
27 11 15 1 5195 m1 ,
1111: 1
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1:1wn1: 29 01111111 3 01 1111 1 119 5 11 19 111m: 1711s :11: 1s
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a m e n 1 1s 7 115 5 1715 1 : 1
s e a me n 1 1s w as 11 s 1 171 1 1s 3 1 1 x13 5:

3 11
1
5 7 15 7 131 1
1
5 3 3 1 1s n 1
1 p
: m 11 111
m 11 11
715 3 25 3 s
1 1:11 s 1: 1: 1:1 111ns 1:11 1:s 1 : mm m m 711:
17111 55: 3 5 1m m 3 4 1151 : n: 111 1 1 11 : 11 515 711 1
1
1

1 1 1 s 1
1
1
1 2 11 mm 1 s n 11511: 3 6 1111 ,
7111 s 171 111111 1 111111 ,

s 5 11 511 11 171 1 2 s 111n15w 71 51: 11 111111 1 15 1: 1y1 1 717115

'

20
'
1

1 Br S o 711 mm 1
: 111:n5 7155 27151 7111111 7151
91 .
2 Ar . 111 5 51 11: 1
711

711 :s 711 :1 ; M a 0715 15 1 Br1

11111115 11 .
3 S o 11s11 .
1 Me 1: Br
115: 1 5 111 15 1 11 .
5 Br 111 1171 111711 1111 1 71 111711 .
1 M a S o 11 7171 111711 11 1
1171 111711 .

7 Br S o M a 11105 1 1 15 111 .
8 Br 1e5m .
9 Ma
10 Ma So M Br 11 1 3 71 S o Ma 1 1:s 5 12 Ma 26
'

11 7171 1 1
111 .
N 1
.

7115 71 S o r11s ::t 13 Br 11 ns w S o 1 5 111: N Br S o 711 1 : 1

11

w e : 1 71 .
15 Ma 7
11 112
15 711 .
16 Ma 17 M a 111 1111 .

18 Br S o 11
1115 19 Br S O 11171 .
20 Br S o 8 171 .
21 Br
1 1111 .
22 Br S o 23 Br S o 111s :r . So 712 : 1 2 s
'
71 1 71

11s171 1111 21 Ma 711: 25 So M a S o 30

26

m m: 27 Br 7115 1 51
5 28 Br M a 111 111151 .
29 Ar 11:51pm.

3 0 Br So Ma 1 31 m ) .
31 Ma 1 111p: .
3 2 Br M a S o

Ar 5: b utt/ 78 “ 1 1: £1 115 5 b ‘5 11 Fo n d in e d d. Ba s l 1 8 04 e D e s s au
.
19 . u

1809, G r on in g n e 1 845 , S l u t cki 1863 , L e m b er g 18 7 6 , e tc .

33 1111 715
1 11171 th u s Ma Ar ; Br S o 111111 71 1 1111: pm 1 1s (S o 715) 1111 71 35
31 So 115101 111111 1: m .
35 11111171 s 51 Ar . 71: 11 51 “an d we
ca nn o t c om p reh en d Hi m 36 So 8 171 .
37 1115 1 = Ar . 1711

8 15 5711: tarla 1
1511 Wolff s
. ren de rin g and exp l n ation (s e e
’
a A ch t Cap i tel p , . 80,
an d n . 2) se e m to b e c o rre c t Th i w nd rful id h e s cap e d
. s o e ea as th o se wh o
 53 11 : 1111
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5 8 111: n
11 13 n 55: 1: 1
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n 115W W 11 1 ,
7
p1: n 11111:
1 071: 111 511 1111111 1 11 11 n1yton 111nw 9 1111 111
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n1 : vn
1
5111 n11111n 511 mm n1 11 nw 1:11 :11 111n
11 : n 1 11 1 1
1
,
1
: 1
n511n l 2111 5n1 1111 1n: 11 mm: 15 1111
1 7111 on:
111 1
1 1
13 mm 1: 111 1
n1n1 11 11 13 w111 n 711 11 1mo n1111 11 n 1111 15
1 0 1 11
1
1 n 5 1
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p . . . . . .

20 1 1 M i 3 51 3 3 13 3 1 2 Mi 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 B r 3 13 3 Mi 3 13 3
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i s n o t fo un d i n Ma The u s e o f t he fir s t per s on in the l a s t p h r a s e s ee ms

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t o s h o w h o w ever that i t ori gi n a te d wi th I T

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. B r Mi co dd (Pa rm a) 8 02 9 5 9
u n . .

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:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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1 1
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Ma M i co dd 7 1 26 9 327 438 1212 E l 56 8 6 .

8 Mi 9 Mi ar . .
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1

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2 So 3 1 3 13 .
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1 “
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20 ab s tin en ce b el on g s t o the goo d dee d s an d t he p s ychi c con di ti on fro m whi c h ,

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1
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25 m ore gl o ss e s o n ly o n e o r tw o o f wh i c h ori gi n a t e d wi th I T E d d a cce s

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. . .

sibl e to e di t or (Wi e n 1 7 9 8 Ba s el 1804 De ss a 1 809 Gron in gen 1845 Le m , , u , ,

b erg 18 7 6 s ee Introduc ti on pp 3 1— 32) ex c e p t e d S l cki con t ain n o gl o ss e s

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an d o mi t t he p h r a s e 3 1 3 3 3 3 13 13 13 1 3 3 3 5 Ma co dd (Pa rm a) 7 1 26 1 1
.
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1 262 o m i t 3 5 3 13 1 b u t a dd 3 3 13 1 M i co dd (Pa rm a) 80 , 2 9 5 9 e dd hav e n in e . . . .

v i r t e s 3 3 13 1 3 1153 3 1 3 5 3 13 1 3 133 3 3 3 3 1 3 113 3 1 3 3 13 1 513 53 3 1 3 1 13 13 1 3 13 1 13

u :
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1

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51 3 1 3 1 1 3
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53 1 13 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 1111
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11 11 . Mi
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1 .

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t o a gree wi th Ar But s ee In troducti on p 26 .

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m a y ha ve b ee correc t e d b y co mp aris o wi th s o m e o th er H eb text b t

n n .
,
u

ha rdly wi th th e Ar ab i c G d 1 1 6 1 whi c h will b e re ferre d t o b elo w is . o .

, ,

d e fec ti ve h ere Si ce a p al m is o ri s h e d b y a n tri ti ve f cul ty (113

. n n u u a

i t wa s p roper for M t o e 3 53 1531 L at er (p 10 l i e s 1 0 p e aki g o f

— 12 i n
.
) us .
, .
, n S n

1 5 th e fa cul ty of s n sa tio n (3 13 11 11 53 3 ) o f th e v a ri o s s pec i e s M re fer s t o that

e u , .

o f th e a gle (A r e Al l H e b M s s . d t ex t s excep t co dd 7 1 d . . an , . an

1 1 6 1 ha ve correc tly 1 3 171 C o dd 7 1 an d 11 6 1 re a d

, Th s i d c ib
. . u ,
n es r

i g th e n u t i ti v fa c l ty o f th e di ffere t s pec i e s th e A r re fer s t o that o f

n r e u n , .

m an ,th e a ss n d th e p l m whil e i di s c ssi g th e fa cul ty of s ens ti on

, a a , n u n a

20 i t s pe a k s o f m th e a ss d th e eagl M wi th i t s m a rgi al re a di g
an , , an e . a n n ,

a lo e a gree s wi th th e A r Th t ext s wh i c h re a d
n , i th e fir s t in s ta ce
. e n n

ha ve 1 3 13 in th s eco d whil e co d 7 1 ha s 1 13 1111 i b o th c a s e s Th is

e n , . n . c on

s i s te cy i th e H e b te xt s i s s p i ci o s Th e Ar co d 7 1
n n . d Ma m g s u u . .
, .
, an ,

n o d o bt re tai correc tly the fir s t l is t o f s pec i e s am ely m a ss d

u n ,
n ,
an , , an

25 th e p a l m d it ,
s afely b e s ai d that I T t r a s l at e d a ccordi n gly
an c an . . n .

Th e p re s en t con di t i on o f th e H e b te xt s a ro s e p erhap s fro m a mi s .

, ,

un d er s tan din g f th e ori gin al I T ver si o o So m e opy i s t thi kin g p rob . . n. C , n

ab ly that th e s am e w or d s h o l d b e s e d in b o th pl a ce s m s t ha ve c ha ge d u u ,
u n

1 3 3 3 1 t o a gree wi th th e l at er occ rrin g 1 3 13 A o ther opyi s t thin ki g u . n C ,

n

30 that i th e s eco d i s ta ce wa s
n error c ha ge d this tn n n an , n o

71 , That M ee d t ha ve s e d th s am e li s t o f s pec i e s i b o th
. n no u e n

i s t ce s is ap p a re n t fro m th co text Fi r s t o f all h e s pe ak s o f e a c h

n an e n .
,

sp e ci e s a s ha i g a n t i ti fa l ty (113 v n
p ec li a r t o i t s e l f
u r n d s tate s
ve cu u ,
a

that thi s fa c l ty o f m diff er s fro m that o f th e a ss d th e h or s e th e

u an an ,

3 5 t w l at t er repre s e t i g
o pec i e s Th e di s c ssi g th nu t iti e f cul ty
n n on e S . n, u n e r v a ,

h e ill s trate s f o m h m a a im al d pl a t li fe s ayi n g that th e n utriti ve

u r u n, n ,
an n ,

fa c ul t y whi c h n o ri s h e s m di ff er s from that whi c h n o ris h e s th e a ss

u an u ,

n d b o t h fro m tha t wh i c h
a o ris h e s th e p alm L ater h o w ever n l o ger n u .
, , o n

s pe aki n g o f th e n u t i ti fa cul ty b t o f th e fa cul ty of s ens a ti on M very

r ve u , .

4 0 properly a vo i d s re ferr i g t o th e p al m a s b e i g e d o w e d wi th s c h a fa c ul t y
n n n u .

In s te a d h e s e s th e e a gle (33 193 53 ) a s

u ill s t r ati o Th s M m a y w ell an u n. u , .

have u s ed tw o di ff ere t ill s trati on s o e from p l an t li fe and th e o th er n u , n ,

 7 3 3 11
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1
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,

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,

1
1
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1 1

11 53 3 53 3 3 3 3 13 5 151 33 1 3 5
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3
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1 1

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5 1113 3 53 3 3 5 3 3
3 3 1 1
3 3 5
1 1
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1
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3 5 113 3 1 3 3 3 1 p3 3 ,
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1
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1
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1 1
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5 3 223 11 13 3 1 3 3 3 1
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1

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. 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 11 3 3 13 25 3 13 3 1 24 3 13 3 1 3 3 3 13 11 13 3 51 ,

3 3 53 13 33 11 3 53 3 3 13 1 26 3 1 3 3 3 3 11 3 1 3 3 13 3 1 1 5 3 11113 3 3
1 13 53 53 3 1 3 13 11 3 53 3 3 3 3 3 53
1 1 1
3 3 11 13 3 3 2713 5111 1 13 53 3 1 3 13 1 1 3 3 25 ,

33 3 3 53 53 31 1 1
1 2 8 3 1
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1 31
1 1 53 13 3 1
1 1 1
1
3 1 3 3 5 3 1
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3 2 9 1
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1
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1
,

1 1
3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 1 3 1 1
3 3 ,11 3 3 3 1
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5111 353 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 111 3 53 11 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 03 13 33 3 13 3 3 13 3 3 1 ,

1 B r So 3 13 53 5
.
2 So 3 13 .
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13 3 5
. 30
5 So 1
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11
.
6 Ma 13 11 .
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3 .
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3 11
3 113 So 3 11
113 3 . So 1 3 3 3
10 1
.
11So 3 33 .
12 Ma 13 3 3 3 .
13 So
5513 3 13 3 N
. B r So 511 .
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16 B r So 3 3 53 .

17 So 3 1 3 11 .
18 So 33 3 3 1 3 3 3 .
19 M a 13 3 0 Ma.
2 1 3 35 .
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3 3 13 1 3 13 Ma .
1 15 So 1 3 13 1 3 3 .
22 Ma . 333 .
33 So "3 1 3 3 3 113 1 . 35
21 Ma 3 3113 1
3 13 11 3 3 13 3 1 3 3 51 1
53 3 3 13 11 3 3 1 11111 3 11 3 .
25 So 3 13 3 .

26 Mi 3 3 33 1
.
27 So 33 5111. 28 Ar . 153
3 11 .
29 Ma 1
13 .
30 Ma
3 13 113 5.
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33
3 3 11
1
1
1
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3 3 1 3 11
: 1
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11 3 53 53 1 1153 3 3 3 53 3 3 33 4 113 3 3 31 83 3 1 3 3 3 111 3 3 3 13

,
1 1 3 53 3 13 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 53 3 13 331 13 3 3 3 3 13 3 3333 33 3 1

3 13 3 3 33 13 53 3 1
33 3 11 3 3 113 11
1
13 3 1 111 3 11 ,
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5 33 1
3 3 3 13 3 11 31 1 1
11 ,
3 3 3 3 3 53 111 311 , 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 53 5313 3 3 11
3 53 3 1 3 13 3 3 1
53 3 53 3 13 13 3 1 13 3 8 113 3 13 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 33
3 3 13 3 1 1 3 1

,
31 1
33 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 53 3 13 1
3 ,
3 1
5 3 13
1 7 3 1 111
33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 1 3 1 5
3 3 13 5 5 13 3
1 3
133 3 3 13 513 1 3 1 3 1 3 33
1 1
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1
1
1 3 3 353 3 3 3 3 3 53 3 3 3 313 3 13 1
11 83 51: 3 1 3 13 3 3 3 13 3 53 113 1
3
1o 153 53 3 3 3 13 1 3 3 3 53 3 53 3 1 53 111 3 1 03 553 3 3 33 9 3 13 5
3 13 3 5
1

S in ce the A r ab i c o f M s fore w or d i s in a cc e ssib le b e in g fo un d onl y

1 .
’
,

i n the M ss an d i n P co cke s Porta M osi s the e di t or h a s dee m e d it

. o
’
,

a dvis ab le t o rep ro d ce it h ere Th e t ext i s that o f the Porto M os is pp 18 1

u . .
, .

— 1 83 Th e H e b re w i fo n d in the e di ti o s o f the Pera lcim b y H rw i tz

. s u n .
u ,

15 an d S l c ki an d a L at in t r an s l at i o n i n S u h e n h si M i sh na h Pt IV
’
u . r u us , .
,
,

p 3 93 ; s ee s up ra In troducti on pp 3 1 3 3
.
, ,
.
,
.

Th u s Ma B r 5 1 13 3 1 3 1 3 13 3 3 3 11 3 1 511 13 3 1 3 1 3 3 So 3 1 3 1 3 3
2 .
11 ' 1

Of the in tro du c t ory p h r a s e o f M s Intr odu c ti on t o t he M ore h :

’
. .

3 3 3 1 13 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 13 3 3 1 3 53 3 11 3 53 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
1
1 3 1 ' I T tr an s l ate d 1 1
. . .

20 t he Pera lci m in 120 2 (s ee s up ra In t odu c ti on p 1 0 ) whil e M w a s ye t ali ve , r , . . .

Th ere fore in re ferri n g t o M h e co ul d n o t ha ve u s e d the abb revi ati on

, .
,

o r 5 3 1 S ee H Ub p 438 W3 . 11 13 .
“m a y h is R ock pro t ect h im
,
. .
”
,

p re t er i te fo r op t at i ve ; s ee M unk G u ide I p 3 n 4 ; i d e m N oti ce sur , , , .

, .
,

Jos ep h ben Je h ou da Pa ris 1842 p 6 9 n 2 F ii rs te n th l M arch I p 2

-
, , , .
, . . a , , .

25 ha s i n correc tly G em e i n devo sci nger W513 )

’

, , r .

3 3 3 3 = Ar 113 in t ro d u c t i on p rol ego m en on M u se s

3 Ma 3 533 3 “ 1 ”
. . . .
,

this w ord t o de s i gn at e hi s in tro du c ti on t o the M arch S ee Mu k G uide I . n , , ,

p 3 n l an d i de m Noti ce p 23 an d 26
.
, .
, , , .
, .

Th e 1 13 3 p a r ex cell en ce is M M i shne h Tora h C f M un k ibid p 23

1 .
’
s . .
, .
, .
,

3 0 an d 28 6 B r 3 5313 M a 3 153 13
.
6 Ma 1 13 3 3 3 13 3 1 113 3 3 3 7 So . .

1
3 1 31 8 M a 3 511 9 Ma M i 3 13 3 51 t o B r 3 55133 So 3 3 13 3
.
1 .
; .

"
153 3 3 3 313 3 51 3 1 3 133 3 53 13
111 3 13 3 5 3 5111
1 1
3 33 .