PAPER

DIFFERENCES AND TYPES OF RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE AND

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

BY:
INUL Azizah
170230041

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF

SEMBILANBELAS NOVEMBER UNIVERSITY
KOLAKA
2020
 INTRODUCTION

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim,
Thank God we pray to Allah SWT for with His help was the one we
could complete this paper.
This paper has the title "Differences and Types of Quantitative
Research and Qualitative Research" which are arranged in order to
fulfill one of the course assignments.
Quantitative research and qualitative research are types of research
that are used quite often. Quantitative research is research in the field of
exact sciences with activities based on the scientific discipline of each
science, also using treatment materials that are arranged in standardized
designs with the aim of finding a solution to a problem, therefore we
make this paper and discuss about quantitative and qualitative research.
There is no ivory that is not cracked, neither is this task. We realize
that the report we have made has not reached perfection because there
are still many deficiencies that we have done. For this reason, we
expect constructive criticism and suggestions from both the lecturers and
other friends for the perfection of this task, so that this assignment can be
used as a guide for the preparation of future assignments.

Kolaka, october 2020

author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER................................................................................................................i
PREFACE............................................................................................................ii
CONTENTS.........................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................1
A. Background....................................................................................................1
B. Problem Formulation.....................................................................................2
C. Purpose of Writing.........................................................................................2
D. Benefits of Writing........................................................................................2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION............................................................................3
A. Definition of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods......................3
B. Difference Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research.........................4
C. Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research...........................................9
1. Types of Quantitative Research.................................................................9
2. Types of Qualitative Research...................................................................11
CHAPTER III CLOSING..................................................................................15
A. Conclusion......................................................................................................15
B. Suggestion......................................................................................................15

Bibliography..........................................................................................................16

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
There are many forms and ways of writing scientific papers that we
encounter. The shape of the area can be different, but the soul and reasoning
are the same. On that basis the most important thing is not knowing the
techniques for their implementation, but understanding the basic rationale
that underlies it. The choice of form and writing is a matter of individual
and institutional taste and preference by taking into account a variety of
other factors, such as what problems are being studied, who are the readers
of this paper and in what scientific activities will be presented.
Based on the above thoughts, in order to uniform the writing
procedures, it is necessary to publish guidelines for the preparation of
research proposals and a thesis. This is done so that readers have the same
perception of terms or terminology related to thesis writing.
Various definitions of studies are stated by many authors. In general,
research can be defined as human activities in order to obtain knowledge
systematically by using certain tools and methods. Broadly speaking, a study
can mean discovering new theories by invalidating old theories, adding
something new to old theories, or actually discovering something new that
was not there before.
A scientific research can use both quantitative and qualitative
approaches. The quantitative approach uses statistical and mathematical
test tools which are often referred to as quantitative descriptive analysis,
while the qualitative approach is based more onlogical reasoning,
understanding the interpretation of the research object. Even at this time,
according to its development, this quantitative approach is meaningless
without using a qualitative analysis approach.

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B. Problem formulation
1. What are the differences between quantitative research and qualitative
research?
2. What are the types of quantitative and qualitative research methods?
C. Purpose of Writing
1. To know the difference between quantitative research and qualitative
research.
2. To determine the types of quantitative and qualitative research methods.
D. Benefits of Writing
The benefits of writing this paper are that the authors and readers better
understand the differences and types of quantitative and qualitative research.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

1. Quantitative Research Quantitative
research is research in the field of exact sciences with activities
based on scientific disciplines of each science, also using treatment
materials arranged in standardized designs. with the aim to find a
solution to a problem. Research that is included in quantitative research
is experimental studies to test the hypotheses stated. This definition
gives an understanding that quantitative approaches or methods are
commonly used in scientific and exact sciences, but quantitative
methods are also widely used in educational research.
In quantitative research in social science or education, the
researcher's task is to test is to test educational theories by making
hypotheses, making hypotheses-making instruments, and testing
hypotheses.
Quantitative research methods can be interpreted as a research
method based on the philosophy of positivism, used to research specific
populations or samples, sampling techniques are generally carried out
randomly, data collection uses research instruments, data analysis is
quantitative or statistical in order to test the hypothesis has been
established.
2. Qualitative Research
The term qualitative research, according to Kirk and Miller,
defines that qualitative research is a particular tradition in social science
that fundamentally depends on human observations in their own area
relating to these people in their language and their transitions.
And in general qualitative research, namely, research procedures
that aim to examine a problem by formulating a problem and then
examining it in an in-depth way, namely observation, recording,

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 interviewing and being involved in the research process in order to find
explanations in the form of patterns, descriptions and compiling
indicators.
Qualitative research methods are research methods based on the
philosophy of postpositivism, used in natural object conditions, (as
opposed to experiments) where the researcher is the key instrument,
sampling of data sources is done purposively or snowball, the
collection technique is triangulation (combined), data analysis is
inductive or qualitative in nature, and qualitative research results
emphasize meaning rather than generalization.
B . The Difference Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research
The fundamental difference between qualitative research methods
and quantitative research methods lies in the basic research strategy.
Quantitative research is seen as confirming and deductive, while qualitative
research is exploratory and inductive. It is confirmatory because this
quantitative research method is to test the hypothesis of an existing theory.
Research has the character of confirming the theory with existing reality by
basing it on scientific data both in the form of numbers. Conclusions are
deductive in nature, namely from something general to something specific.
This departs from the theories that build it.
There are 12 differences between qualitative and quantitative
No Aspect Comparison Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
.
1. Perspective Using an ethical More using an emic
approach, in the sense perspective. In this case,
that the researcher the researcher collected
collects data by first data in the form of
establishing the concept detailed stories of the
as the related variables, respondents and
which comes from the disclosed as they were
theory chosen by the according to the

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 researcher. Then the language and views of
variables are searched the respondents.
for and the indicators
are determined.
Based on the office
indication, a
questionnaire was
made, the choice of
answers, and the score.
2. In terms of Starting from the Starting from extracting
concepts and concepts (variables) data in the form of
theories contained in the theory respondents' views in the
chosen by the form of their detailed or
researcher, then the data original stories, then the
is searched through a respondents and the
questionnaire to researcher provide
measure the variables. interpretations so as to
In simple terms, create the concept as
quantitative research findings. Qualitative
departs from a concept, research is to develop,
theory or test (retest) create, discover concepts
theory. or theories.
3. In terms of Formulate a hypothesis Can use hypothesis and
Hypothesis from the start, which can without hypothesis.
comes from the relevant If there is a hypothesis,
theory that has been then the hypothesis can
selected. be found in the middle of
data mining, then
“proven” through deeper
data collection.
4. In terms of Data Prioritizing the use of a Prioritizing the use of
Collection questionnaire or interviews and

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 Techniques questionnaire. observations.
5. Aspect of Problem Ask or want to know Asking or wanting to
or Purpose the level of influence, know the meaning (in the
closeness of correlation, form of a concept)
or association between behind the detailed
variables or the level of stories of the respondents
one variable by means and the social
of measurement. background under study.
6. Technique in terms Respondents (sample) The number of
of obtaining the of quantitative research, respondents is known
number (size) of the size (size, number) when data collection is
respondents of the sample is saturated. The data
representative, and is collection begins with
obtained using a interviewing the initial
formula, percentage or informants or key
sample population table informants and stops
and has been with the respondents who
determined before data have stopped providing
collection. new information. That is,
it stops at the umpteenth
informant when the
information is "no longer
of high quality" through
the snowball technique,
because the information
provided is the same or
does not vary anymore
with the previous
informants. Qualitative
research on the number
of respondents or
informants is based on a

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 process of achieving
information quality.
7. Accurate Aspects Proceed deductively, Process inductively, that
of Conclusion namely from is, the process begins
determining variables with efforts to obtain
(concepts), then detailed data (life history
collecting data and of the respondent, life
concluding. history, life sycle,
regarding the topic or
research problem),
without evaluation and
interpretation, then
categorized, abstracted,
and sought for themes,
concepts or theories as
findings.
8. In terms of Data In the form of numbers Presented in the form of
Presentation Form or tables. a detailed story
according to the
respondent's language
and views.
9. In terms of Quantitative research Qualitative research does
Operational uses the term not need to use an
Definition "operational definition" operational definition
which is an indication because it will not
of how a variable is measure the variable.
measured, or uses an Using an emic
ethical perspective. By perspective.
establishing an
operational definition, it
means that the
researcher has

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 determined the type and
number of indicators,
which means that the
research subjects have
limited their opinions,
experiences, or views.
10. In terms of Data Performed at the end of Performed from the
Analysis data collection using beginning down to the
statistical calculations. location to collect data,
by "installment or
saving" information,
reduction, grouping and
so on until the last
member interpretation.
11. In terms of The instrument is in the The main instrument is
instruments form of a questionnaire the researcher itself
or questionnaire. because researchers as
humans can adapt to the
respondents and their
activities. This is very
useful so that
respondents as data
sources become more
open in providing
information.
12. In terms of The conclusion is Data interpretation is
conclusion drawn entirely by the carried out by the
researcher based on the researcher through
results of calculations checking and agreement
or statistical analysis. with the research
subjects because they are
more appropriate to

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 provide explanations for
the data or information
that has been disclosed.
Researchers provide an
explanation of the
interpretations made,
why certain concepts
were chosen. It could be
that the concept is a term
or word that is often used
by respondents.

C. Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research

1. Types of Quantitative Research The
types of quantitative research methods according to experts
include:
a. Descriptive Method
According to Whitney (1960), the descriptive method is fact finding
with the correct interpretation. Descriptive research studies problems
in society, as well as the procedures that apply to society and certain
situations, including the relationship between activities, attitudes,
views, ongoing processes and the influence of a phenomenon.
Descriptive research is a research method that seeks to describe the
object or subject under study in accordance with what it is (Best, 1982:
119).
b. Comparative
Method Comparative method is a method used in research that is
directed to determine whether there is a difference between two
variables in an aspect under study. In this study there was no
manipulation by the researcher. The research was conducted naturally,
by collecting data with instruments. The results were statistically
analyzed to look for differences in the studied variables.

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c. Method of Correlation Correlation
method is a research conducted to describe two or more facts and
properties of the object under study. Research is conducted to
compare the similarities and differences between two or more facts
based on a certain frame of mind.
d. Survey Methods
According to Zikmund (1997), the survey research method is a
form of research technique in which information is collected from a
number of samples in the form of people, through questions ",
according to Gay & Diehl (1992)" the survey research method is a
method used as a general category. research using questionnaires and
interviews.
e. Ex Post Facto
Method The Ex post Facto method is a method used in research that
examines causal relationships that are not manipulated by the
researcher. The existence of a causal relationship is based on
theoretical studies, that a certain variable causes certain variables.
f. True Experiment Method
It is said to be true experiment(real or real experiment) because
in this design the researcher can control all external variables that
affect the course of the experiment. Thus the internal validity (the
quality of the research design implementation) can be high. The main
characteristic of true experimental is that the sample used for the
experiment and as a control group is taken randomly (randomly)
from a certain population.
g. Quasi Experiment Method
This experimental design form is a development of true
experimental design, which is difficult to implement. This design has
a control group, but it cannot fully function to control external
variables that affect the implementation of the experiment.
h. Single subject methods

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 Experiments single subject(singleexperimentalsubject),an
experiment conducted on a single subject.

2. Types of Qualitative Research

The types of qualitative research methods include:
a. Phenomenology The first
type of qualitative research method is phenomenology.
Phenomenology word Derived from the Greek word, phainomenon
which means appearance of oneself and logos which means
reason, phenomenological study is research that specializes in
visible phenomena and realities to examine the explanations in them.
Phenomenology itself has two meanings, namely as a philosophy of
science and also a research method, which aims to find the
meaning or meaning of experiences that exist in life.
Phenomenology will explore data to find the meaning of the
basic and essential things of the phenomenon, reality, or experience
experienced by the object of research.
Phenomenological research can be started by observing and
examining the focus of the phenomenon to be studied, which looks
at various subjective aspects of object behavior. Then, the
researchers conducted data mining in the form of how the object
interpreted in giving meaning to the related phenomenon. This data
mining is carried out by conducting in-depth interviews with
objects or informants in the study, as well as by making direct
observations about how the object of research interprets its
experience to others.
b. Ethnography
Departing from the foundation of anthropology or cultural
studies, ethnography is a research method that looks at the study of
language in social behavior and community communication and how
language is applied based on related cultural concepts. Ethnographic

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studies have two basic concepts on which to base research, namely
aspects of culture (anthropology) and languages (linguistics), where
language is seen as an important system in people's culture.
The ethnographic research method aims to examine the forms and
functions of language available in culture and used to communicate
by individuals in it, and to see how the forms and functions of
the language become part of people's lives. In addition,
ethnographic methods also interpret social groups, the prevailing
system and the roles they play, as well as the social interactions that
occur in a society. Ethnographic methods are usually used to focus
on certain activities or rituals in society, language, beliefs, ways of
life, and so on.

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c. Case Study
As the name implies, the case study research method examines a
particular case or phenomenon in society which is carried out in
depth to study the background, circumstances, and interactions
that occur. Case studies are carried out on a single system which
can be in the form of a program, activity, event, or a group of
individuals who exist in certain circumstances or conditions.
Because it specifically examines a particular thing or
system, case study research is not done to draw conclusions on the
phenomenon of a particular population or group but specifically for
the events or phenomena under study.
Although it includes one unified system, case study research
does not have to examine just one person or individual, but it can be
with several people or objects that have a single focus on the
phenomenon to be studied. To obtain in-depth data, case study
research uses interview techniques, observation, as well as
documentary studies which will then be analyzed into a theory. A
case study will understand, analyze, and then interpret the meaning
obtained from The phenomenon under study.
d. Historical Method
The next research is a historical method, which is research that
focuses on past events and reconstructs the past using historical data
sources or witnesses that still exist today. The data sources can be
obtained from various historical records, artifacts, verbal reports,
as well as living witnesses that can be justified for the truth of
their testimony. Because it examines past events, the hallmark of
historical research is time; where the phenomenon is seen as
development or change based on shifting time.
Another feature of the historical method is that research
studies rely more on the observational data of other people who have
previously conducted the research, not just the observational data of

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 the researcher himself. In addition, the data sources used must be
objective, systematic, accurate, and authentic which can be justified
and come from the right sources. Since the historical method has a
time-based concept, it is necessary to pay close attention to the
sequence of events and their times in detail and clearly.
e. Grounded Theory
Methods. Another type of qualitative research method is the
Basic Theory Method. The basic theory method is research
conducted to find a theory or strengthen an existing theory by
examining existing basic principles and rules and then making basic
conclusions that form the basic principles of a theory. In carrying
out this method, researchers need to sort out which phenomena can be
said to be core phenomena and which are not so that a theory can be
taken and formed.
The data collection of this basic theory method is carried out
by field studies, observations, comparisons between categories,
phenomena and situations based on various assessments, such as
inductive, deductive, and verification studies until the data is
saturated.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
The difference between quantitative research and qualitative
research is that the qualitative research method uses calculations, while
the qualitative research method uses words or descriptions.
Furthermore, it is necessary to note that quantitative research methods
have a very broad scope. In general, this research method is divided into
two, namely experimental and non-experimental. Experimental research
consists of several parts, including quasi experiments, single subjects,
and so on. Meanwhile, non-experimental research consists of comparative,
descriptive, survey, correlational, and so on. You can determine which
quantitative research you will use in your thesis. This depends on the object
or data you use in your research.
B. Suggestions
Thus the compilers of this paper, we are aware that there are still
many shortcomings in the preparation of this paper, due to our limitations
or lack of references. Therefore, constructive criticism and suggestions
from readers are highly expected for the improvement of our next paper.
Hopefully this paper is useful for readers and can add to our knowledge.
Amen ya Rabbal 'alamin.

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 REFERENCES

http://ceritakuaja.wordpress.com/2014/06/08/metode-penelitian-pendidikan/
http://badrussalam-muchtar.blogspot.com/2011/12/makalah-penelitian-kualitatif-
dan.html
http://muhammadnasikhul.blogspot.com/2014/01/makalah-penelitian-
kuantitatif_7763.html
http://sorayadwikartika.blogspot.com/2014/04/metodologi-penelitian-pendidikan.html
https://pakarkomunikasi.com/jenis-metode-penelitian-kualitatif

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