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Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Program
www.spe.org/dl
“Reservoir Engineering While Drilling”
In Horizontal Wells
Shahid Azizul Haq
Schlumberger

Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Program
www.spe.org/dl

2
 Outline

• Why Reservoir Engineering While Drilling (REWD) in

Horizontal Wells?
» Evolution of Logging While Drilling (LWD)
» Evolution of Wellbore Steering

• The Concept of Productivity Steering

» Key Enablers

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 Reservoir Engineering?
Management of fluids and energy distribution in a porous
medium (reservoir) over time and space

The practice (art & science) of

a. estimating recoverable reserves, and
b. maximizing (hydrocarbon) recovery, cost effectively

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 Why Drill Horizontal Wells?

Horizontal
Vertical
Drilling
Drilling

$80M $25M

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 Why Drill Horizontal Wells?

Increase Reservoir Contact

▪ Higher oil recovery rates

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 Why Drill Horizontal Wells?

Increase Reservoir Contact Heterogeneous Reservoirs

▪ Higher oil recovery rates ▪ Isolated channels, bypassed oil
▪ Fractured reservoirs

Reduce water or gas coning

▪ Higher sweep efficiency Heavy Oil
▪ Lower production and infrastructure costs

▪ Cyclic Steam Stimulation

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Uncertainties Associated with Horizontal Drilling

Geologist/
Petrophysicist
Driller
Reservoir
Geophysicist Engineer

Well Position? ±10 ft

Depth? ±10s ft

Dip

Pressures, Connectivity, Fluid

Composition, Fluids Contact? Faults, Pinchouts,
Change of Facies? ±10 ft
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 Logging While Drilling (LWD) Evolution

LWD evolution prompted wellbore steering evolution

High-Resolution Fluid Scanning
Structural Images & Sampling
Steering
Quadropole Sonic
Geometric Spectroscopy &
Steering Geological Sigma Reservoir
Steering Steering
Sonic
Real-Time Images
Azimuthal Seismic Directional Deep Propagation Measurements
Gamma Ray Laterolog
Resistivity Formation Pressure
LWD Images
Magnetic Resonance
Density & Neutron
1990 1994 2004 2008 2018
9
 Logging While Drilling (LWD) Evolution

LWD evolution prompted wellbore steering evolution

High-Resolution Fluid Scanning
Structural Images & Sampling
Steering
Quadropole Sonic
Geometric Spectroscopy &
Steering Geological Sigma Reservoir
Steering Steering
Sonic
Real-Time Images
Azimuthal Seismic Directional Deep Propagation Measurements
Gamma Ray Laterolog
Resistivity Formation Pressure
LWD Images
Magnetic Resonance
Density & Neutron
1990 1994 2004 2008 2018
Reactive Proactive Strategic 9
Real-time Images Identify the Structure

Image
Resistivity
GR

Actual Trajectory

18 ft

Ref: Petrophysics, Vol. 53, No. 3 (June 2012); Page 197-207

Luca Ortenzi et al.
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 Real-time Images Identify the Structure

Fractures and the first concept of Productivity

Image
Resistivity
GR

Actual Trajectory

Fractures;
18 ft

Open or
Closed?

Ref: Petrophysics, Vol. 53, No. 3 (June 2012); Page 197-207

Luca Ortenzi et al.
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 Bed Boundary Mapping Workflow
Positioning the Drain Within the Layer

Effect of undulations?

The bridge between Geosteering and hydrocarbon reserves Well Placement Fundamentals
(via Maximum Reservoir Exposure and Net-to-Gross) ISBN: 978-097885304-4 (2013)

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Wellbore Steering - The Changing Workflows

Geometric
Steering From “landing in the sand” to
From “Staying in the sand”
to “positioning in the layer”

“staying in the sand”

Geological
Steering
Where is my reservoir?
From “reservoir positioning” to Reservoir
“reservoir model positioning” Steering

From “positioning in the layer”

Structural to “reservoir positioning”
Steering
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Wellbore Steering - The Changing Workflows

Geometric
Steering

Geological
Steering
How isismy
Where myreservoir?
reservoir?
Productivity Reservoir
Steering Steering

Structural
Steering
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 Productivity Steering – Key Enablers

• Reservoir Mapping While Drilling

• Fluid Mapping While Drilling
• Simulation While Drilling
➢ Single Well Predictive Modeling (SWPM)
➢ Productivity Index While Drilling (PIWD)
➢ Real Time Productivity Steering (RTPS)

Ref: SPE-185312 The Quest for Productivity Steering

Haq et al. (2016)
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 Reservoir Mapping Workflow

OBJECTIVE: Maximize oil recovery in a 6-well (15 multilaterals) offshore field

Ultra Deep EM Density Images CHALLENGES
11H 11H L1 12H 12H L1

• Oil underlain by aquifer

• Discontinuous sand bodies
• Highly faulted sections
RESULTS
✓ RMWD mapped Top of Sands and OWC
in all 15 MLs
✓ 83,660 ft MD mapped
✓ 11,150 ft MD of lateral section extended
✓ 11% increase in expected reserves
Ref: SPE-176109 3D Reservoir Mapping While Drilling (RMWD)
Mauro Viandante et al.
Recoverable Reserves?
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Fluid Mapping While Drilling

Less Likely More Likely

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 Fluid Mapping While Drilling

Ref: SPE-177402 Formation Sampling While Drilling in Productivity Steering Process

Makhmotov et al. (2015)
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 Fluid Mapping While Drilling
The Physics of Reservoir Fluids - Optical Spectrometry

IIN IOUT
Light source Detector

Optical Density
 I in ( ) 
OD=0 OD=1 OD=2 OD=3
 = log10  
100% 10% 1% 0.1%  I out ( ) 
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 Fluid Mapping While Drilling

Fluid Properties From Downhole Fluid Analysis (DFA)

2.5
water

2
Absorbance

Heavy oil

1.5

Black oil
1

0.5
Volatile oil CO2
Gas
0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Wavelength (nm)
OD=0 OD=1 OD=2 OD=3 ISBN: 978-0978853020
100% 10% 1% 0.1% (2008)
LFA-pH 10 ch
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CFA 10 ch
 Fluid Mapping While Drilling

Derived Fluid Properties from downhole optical spectrometer

• Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)
• Hydrocarbon Properties
– Composition – C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6+ plus CO2 (wt%)
– Formation Volume Factor
– Asphaltene Content (wt%)
Ref: Indo et al. (SPE 166464, 173152, 178837)

Integration with Bulk Fluid Properties (Density, Viscosity),

Advanced Mud Gas Log, Geochemistry

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 Simulation While Drilling Evolution

Productivity Real-Time
Near Underbalanced Estimation Productivity
Productivity
Wellbore Index While during Steering
Modeling Drilling Drilling

Numerical Operation Analytical Integrated solutions

(NWM, 2000) (2002) (2010) (SWPM, RTPS)

Ref: SPE-65149 (2000), SPE-77529 (2002), SPE-99945 (2006), Pages 20-29 Oilfield Review 2006,
SPE-130811 (2010), SPE-175671 (2015)
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Single Well Predictive Modeling (SWPM)

Ref: IPTC-17807
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 SWPM - Uncertainty Analysis
Parameters
Anisotropy
Aquifer strength / properties
Asphaltene onset pressure
Productivity Index

Drainage radius
Fault transmissibility
Fluid contact
GOR / CGR
Horizontal permeability
Landing section
Oil density
Pressure drawdown / rate
Reservoir pressure
Measured Depth Rock type
Productivity Index Saturation pressure
Skin
Thickness
Productivity Index (PI) = Flow Rate / Pressure Drawdown Viscosity
(STB/d/psi) Water saturation
Well length
Ref: IPTC-17807
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 Footage Decision Based on PI Analysis
10 100

9 90

8 Cum. Prob. = 75% 80

Cumulative probability, %
7 70
PI, STB/(D-psi)

6 60

5 50

4 40

3
PI Target 30

2 20
Bit point
1 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Reservoir Footage, 10 3 ft
Reservoir
Reservoir entry
entry
Min footage req. Footage for 100% cum. prob.

Ref: SPE-130811 Method and Utility of Well Productivity Estimation During Drilling
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Zhang and Jalali (2010)
2

Real Time Productivity Steering Workflow

SWPM

Ref: SPE-178416 While-Drilling Productivity Evaluation of Horizontal Wells

Okoroafor et al. REWD in HW 25
 Real Time Productivity Steering (RTPS)

Ref: SPE-178416 While-Drilling Productivity Evaluation of Horizontal Wells

Okoroafor et al.
REWD in HW 26
 Real Time Productivity Steering (RTPS)

• Complement Geosteering
with quantitative productivity
estimation
• Minimize productivity
uncertainty with LWD data
– LWD Planner
– Bring out Value of
Information (VOI) of LWD
measurements
• Determine the impact of well
trajectory on productivity
• Optimize drain length

Ref: SPE-178416 While-Drilling Productivity Evaluation of Horizontal Wells

Rita Okoroafor et al.
REWD in HW 27
In Conclusion

• Reservoir Engineering While Drilling (REWD) in

Horizontal Wells is now possible due to
» Evolution of Logging While Drilling
» Evolution of Wellbore Steering
» The Workflow of Real Time Productivity Steering

• REWD is the collaboration platform for asset team

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Acknowledgments
• My colleagues in industry and academia:
– Rita Okoarafor
– Jean Michel Denichou
– Wentao Zhou
– Julian Pop
– Hani Elshahawi
– and many more…
• The Haq family
• SPE and yourselves for this opportunity

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