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    ACI 306R-88 - Cold Weather Concreting

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    Diego

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    american concrete institute P.O. BOX 9094 FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48333 ACI 306R-88 (Reapproved 1997) —— Cold Weather Concreting Reported by ACI Committee 306 international’ Tenth Printing, October 1998 Cold Weather Concreting Most ACI Standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice. The several volumes are arranged to group related material together and may be purchased individually or in sets.The ACI Manual of Concrete Practice is also available on CD-ROM. ‘ACI Committees prepare standards and reports in the general areas of materials and properties of concrete, construction practices and inspection, pavements and slabs, struc- tural design and analysis, structural specifica- tions, and special products and processes. ‘A complete catalog of all ACI publications is available without charge American Concrete Institute P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 ACI Certification Programs The final quality of a concrete structure depends on qualified people to construct it ACI certification pro- grams identify craftsmen, technicians, and inspectors who have demonstrated their qualifications. The follow- ing programs are administered by ACI to fulfil the grow- ing demand in the industry for certified workers Concrete Flatwork Finisher Concrete Flatwork Technician Concrete Field Testing Technician—Grade | Concrete Strength Testing Technician Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade ! Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade Il Concrete Construction Inspector-In-Training Concrete Construction Inspector Concrete Transportation Construction Inspector-In-Training Concrete Transportation Construction Inspector This document may already contain reference to these ACI certification programs, which can be incorporated into project specifications or quality control procedures. I not, suggested guide specifications are available on request from the ACI Certification Department Enhancement of ACI Documents ‘The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omis- sions, and errors in these documents In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incor- rect. To assist in the effort for accuracy and clarity, the Technical Actvities Committee solicits the help of indi- viduals using ACI reports and standards in identifying and eliminating problems that may be associated with their use. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact the ACI Engi- neering Department in writing, with the following infor- mation: 1. Title and number of the document containing the problem and specific section in the document, 2. Concise description of the problem, 3. If possible, suggested revisions for mitigating the problem ‘The Institu‘e's Engineering Staff will review and take ‘appropriate action on all comments and suggestions received Members as well as nonmembers of the Insti- tute are encouraged to assist in enhancing the accuracy and usefulness of ACI documents This document has been approved for use by agon- es of tho Department of Detense and for tng {he 000 index of Specticalons and Standards ‘ACI 306R-88 (Reapproved 1997) Cold Weather Concreting Reported by ACI Committee 306 Nicholas 3 Carino, Chairman Fred A Anderson ‘ibert 1 Haddad Peter Antonich Don B Hil George RU Bure Jules Houde Oleh B Civk David A’ Hint Douglts J Haavik* Robert A Kelicy The general requirements for producing saisfacory concrete during cold weather are discussed, and methods for saiving these requir iments are described One of the objectives of cold weather concre ing practice t 0 provide protection of the concrete a earl ages 10 prevent damage jrom freeing. For many sirciral concrete, pro {ection considerbly I excess ofthat required to preven! damage by carly freezing is neded to essure development of adequate strength ‘The following items are discussed in the report: recommended temperature of concrete, temperate records, temperature of mate tats, preparations prior to placement, duration of protection period, ‘methods for determining in-place strength form removal. protective Insulting covers, heated enclosures, curing methods, and accelert- ing admnstures References are included thet pride supplementary ‘data on te effets of ewing temperature on concrete sirengih Keywords: aclerating dint gt agareanes: cm eer: co ‘wars compresive aren ont enstacon coaster cng dt Uy frm remove formrk costroton) ecsethow derail ha. place texig:wilaton real banding protection! suber re CONTENTS, Chapter 1 — Introduction, p. 306R-1 11 — Definition of cold weather 12 Standard speciation 13 — Objectives 14 Principles 15 — Economy Chapter 2 — General requirements, p. 306R:3 21 Planning 22 Protection dig fall and spring 23 Coneateremperture 24— Temperature rears, 25 — Heated encores 2.6 — Exponie to frecsng and thawing 27 Concrete sump [ACI Commitee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and ‘Commentaries are intended for guidance in designing, plan- ring, executing, or inspecting construction and ia preparing, Speciications Reference to these documents shall ot be made in the Projet Docamens If items found in these documents fare desired to be part of the Project Documents they should be phased in mandatory language and incorporated ato the Proje Documents Albert W_ Knott Dette Thorpet ‘Wills F_Perenchio Valery Tokar* JolnM Scanlon® Harry H’ Tormey Miche! LShydlowskit Lewis H Tuthile Brace A. Suprenant Harold B Wenzel Chapter 3 — Temperature of concrete as mixed and placed and heating of materials, p. 306R-5 21 — Placement temperature 3.2— Mining temperature 33 — Heating mixing water 34—Heatng agresaes 53 3 —Steam heating of ageregntes 3.6 — Overeating of ageresates 3.7 —Calelation of mixture temperature 3.8 — Temperature lors during delivery Chapter 4 — Preparation before concreting, p. 308R-7 ‘61 — Temperature of susfacs in contact with fresh concrete 42 —Menalic embedments 463 — Removal of maw and ice 464 Condition of subsrade Chapter 5 — Protection against freezing and protection for concrete not requiring construction supports, p. 306R-7 5.1 — Protection o prevent carly.age feczing 52 —Need for additional proesion 53 — Length of protection period 54 — Stripping of forms 5.3 — Temperature dop after removal of proteton 546 — Allowable temperature difeental Chapter 6 — Protection for structural concrete requiring construction supports, p. 306R-9 61 — Introduction 62 — Tests of led cured specimens 63 —Inplace testing 6 4—Maturty method 665 —Autsinment of desi strength 6 6— Increasing early srenath 6 7 — Cooling of concrete 6 8 — Estimating strength development 669 — Removal of forms and supports 6 10— Requiremenis “Ths ee spaces ACL 368-78 (Rev 198) Cyr 6 Ts, Aner Canes ne Aight sre icing ii ef rooney fo oy sy meng th ling fps by ft rcs ey ay creo ‘chance, pate er ween er earag fund oa sec ty lp oil em ves 068-4 206-2 Chapter 7 — Materials and methods of protection, p. 306R-13 71 — Ineoduetion 72 — Insulting materia 73 — Selection of insulation 74— Enclosures 75 — Invermal elec heating 16 — Covering fer placement 17— Temporary removal of protection 178 Involated forms Chapter 8 — Curing requirements and methods, . 806R-20 81 — Intodvesion 8 2— Curing during the protection period 83 — Curing following the protection period Chapter 9 — Acceleration of setting and strength development, p. 306R-21 91 —Ineodvetion 9.2 — Calcium ehovde as an accelerating admintre 9 3 — Other acculeratng admintores Chapter 10 — References, p. 306R-22 10 1 — Recommended references 102 — Ged references 103 — Selected references CHAPTER 1 — INTRODUCTION 11 — Definition of cold weather This report describes construction procedures which, if properly followed, can result in concrete placed in cold weather of sufficient strength and durability to satisfy intended service requirements Concrete placed during cold weather will develop these qualities only if it is properly produced, placed, and protected The necessary degree of protection increases as the ambient temperature decreases Cold weather is defined as a period when, for more than 3 consecutive days, the following conditions exist: 1) the average daily air temperature is less than 40 F (5 ©) and 2) the air temperature is not greater than 50 F (10 C) for more than one-half of any 24-hr period.* ‘The average daily air temperature is the average of the highest and the lowest temperatures occurring during the period from midnight to midnight Cold weather, as, defined in this report, usually starts during fall and usually continues until spi 1.2 — Standard specification If requirements for cold weather concreting are reeded in specification form, ACI 306 I should be ref- ‘erenced; if necessary, appropriate modifications should ‘be added to the contract documents after consulting the specification checklist 1.3 — Objectives The objectives of cold weather concreting practices are to: 1.3.1 — prevent damage to concrete due to freezing at early ages When no external water is available, the degree of saturation of newly placed concrete decreases [ACI COMMITTEE REPORT as the conerete gains maturity and the mixing water combines with cement during hydration. Under such conditions, the degree of saturation falls below the critical level (the degree of water saturation where a single cycle of freezing would cause damage) at ap- ately the time that the concrete attains a com- pressive strength of 500 psi (3 5 MPa) (Powers 1962) At 50 F (10 C), most well-proportioned concrete mix- tures reach this strength during the second day 1.3.2 — assure that the conerete develops the re- quired strength for safe removal of forms, for safe re- moval of shores end reshores, and for safe loading of the structure during and after construction 1.3.3 — maintain curing conditions that foster nor- mal strength development without using excessive heat and without causing critical saturation of the concrete at the end of the protection period. 1.3.4 — limit rapid temperature changes, particu- larly before the concrete has developed sufficient strength to withstand induced thermal stresses Rapi ‘cooling of concrete surfaces or large temperature ferences between exterior and interior members of the structure can cause cracking, which can be detrimental to strength and durability “At the end of the required period, insulation or other means of protection should be removed gradually so that the surface temperature decreases gradually during the subsequent 24-hr period (Gee Section 5 5). 1.3.5 — provide protection consistent with the in- tended serviceability of the structure Concrete strue- tures are intended for a useful life of many years. The attainment of satisfactory strength for 28-day, stan- dard-cured cylinéers is irrelevant if the structure has corners damaged by freezing; dehydrated areas; and cracking from overheating because of inadequate pro- tection, improper curing, or careless workmanship. Similarly, early concrete strength achieved by indis- criminate use of excessive calcium chloride is of no avail ifthe concrete bcomes excessively cracked in later years because of the likelihood of disruptive internal expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction or of possi- ble corrosion of reinforcement (see Section 9 2). Short- term construction economy should not be obtained at the expense of long-term durability 1.4 — Principles This report presents recommendations to achieve the objectives listed in Section 1 3 (Schnarr and Young 1934a and 1934b) The practices and procedures de- scribed in this report stem from the following princi- ples concerning cold weather concreting: 1.4.1 — Concrete that is protected from freezing un- til it has attained a compressive strength of at least 500 psi (3.5 MPa) will not be damaged by exposure to a single freezing cycle (Powers 1962) 1,4.2 — Concrete that is protected as in Section 1.4 1 will mature to its potential strength despite subsequent exposure to cold weather (Malhotra and Berwanger 1973). No further protection is necessary unless a cer- tain strength must be attained in less time COLD WEATHER CONCRETING 3.1—Recommended concrete temperatures sion sz, minimum dimension in, (om)

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