EE105 – Fall 2014

Microelectronic Devices and Circuits

Prof. Ming C. Wu
wu@eecs.berkeley.edu
511 Sutardja Dai Hall (SDH)

Ideal vs Non-ideal Op Amps

Ideal Op Amp
A=∞
Rid = ∞
Ro = 0

Other non-ideal characteristics:

Non-ideal Op Amp •  Finite common-mode rejection ratio
(CMRR)
A<∞ •  Output voltage is not just proportional to
the difference input voltage but also their
Rid < ∞ absolute values
Ro > 0 •  Common-mode input resistance
•  dc error sources (offset voltage, input
bias current, offset current)
•  Output voltage, slew rate, maximum
current limits

1
 Classic Feedback Systems

vd = vi − v f
vo = Avd
v f = βv o

vo A 1 # Aβ & Ideal
# T &
Av = = = % (= A % (
vi 1+ Aβ β $ 1+ Aβ '€ v $1+ T '

•  A = transfer function of open •  T = loop gain = Aβ

-loop
€ amplifier or open-loop –  For negative feedback: T(s) > 0
gain. –  For positive feedback: T(s) < 0
•  β = transfer function of
feedback network.

Gain Error and Fractional Gain Error

•  Gain Error:
–  GE = (ideal gain) - (actual gain)
•  For non-inverting amplifier,
1 1 $ T ') 1 $& 1 ')
GE = − && =
β β %1+T )( β &%1+T )(

•  Fractional or
€ percentage error:

1# 1 &
% (
GE β $1+ T ' 1 1
FGE = Ideal = = ≅ for T >> 1
Av 1 1+ T T
β

4
€

2
 Gain Error Example: Noninverting Amplifier
•  Problem: Find actual gain and gain error for an amplifier
•  Given data: Ideal closed-loop gain of 200 (46 dB), open-loop gain of
op amp is 10,000 (80 dB).
•  Approach: Amplifier is designed to give ideal gain and deviations
from ideal case are determined.
•  Note: R1 and R2 are not normally designed to compensate for finite
open-loop gain of amplifier.
•  Analysis:
" T % " 1 %
Av = AvIdeal $ ' with T = Aβ = 10 4 $ ' = 50
# 1+ T & # 200 &
1 " 50 % 200 −196
AvIdeal = = 200 Av = 200$ ' = 196 FGE = = 0.02
β #1+ 50 & 200
1 1
Note : FGE ≅ = = 0.02
T 50

5
€

Gain of Noninverting Amplifier

vo = Avid = A ( vi − v1 ) = A ( vi − β vo )
vo A 1 " Aβ % 1 " T %
Av = = = $ '= $ '
vi 1+ Aβ β # 1+ Aβ & β # 1+ T &
T = Aβ is called the loop gain
For T >> 1
1 R
Av → AvIdeal = = 1+ 2
β R1
vid = vi − v1 = vi − β vo
R1 T v
For i− = 0, v1 = v = βvo vid = vi − vi = i
R1 + R2 o 1+ T 1+ T
R1 Although no longer zero, vid is small
β= Feedback factor
R1 + R2 for large loop gain T.

€
6

3
 Output Resistance
(Both Noninverting and Inverting Amplifiers)

The output terminal is driven by test source

vx and current ix is calculated to determine
output resistance (all independent sources
are turned off). Note that the equivalent
circuit is same for both inverting and non
-inverting amplifiers.
vx
Rout =
ix

Output Resistance (cont’d)

Analysis : ix = io + i2
v x − Avid vx
io = and i2 =
Ro R2 + R1
R1
Also, vid = −v1 and v1 = v = βvx
R2 + R1 x
1 i 1+ Aβ 1
= x = +
Rout vx Ro R2 + R1
Ro
Rout = ( R + R1)
1+ T 2
Thus, shunt feedback reduces R out .
Ro
Typically, Ro (1 + T) << ( R2 + R1 ) and Rout ≅ . For infinite T, Rout = 0.
1+ T

8
€

4
 Nonideal Op Amps
Open-loop Gain: Design Example
•  Problem: Design non-inverting amplifier and find the
required open-loop gain
•  Given Data: Av = 35 dB, Rout ≤ 0.2 Ω, Ro = 250 Ω
•  Analysis:

35dB
1 1
AvIdeal = 10 20dB = 56.2 | β= Ideal
=
A
v 56.2
Ro
Rout = ≤ 0.2 Ω
1+ Aβ
1( R + ( 250 +
∴ A ≥ * o −1- | A ≥ 56.2* −1- = 7.02x10 4 or 96.9 dB
β ) Rout , ) 0.2 ,

€
9

Input Resistance of Noninverting Amplifier

Assuming i− << i2 gives i1 ≅ i2

R1
v1 = vo = β vo
R1 + R2
v1 = β ( Avid ) = Aβ ( vx − v1 )
Aβ T
v1 =
vx = vx
1+ Aβ 1+ T
T
vx − vx
vx − v1 1+ T vx
∴ ix = = =
Test voltage source vx is applied to Rid Rid Rid (1+ T )
input and current ix is calculated: Rin = Rid (1+ T )
v −v
ix = x 1 | v1 = i1 R1 ≅ i2 R1
Rid

10
€

5
 Gain of Inverting Amplifier

vi − (−vid ) (−vid ) − vo
i1 = and i2 =
R1 R2
i2 = i1 and vo = Avid

After some algebra,

v " R % Aβ " T %
Let i1 be the current going from Av = o = $ − 2 ' = AvIdeal $ '
vi # R1 & 1+ Aβ # 1+ T &
the input source through R1 and R1
i2 be the current going through R2 with β=
R1 + R2
into the amplifier output.

11

Input Resistance of Inverting Amplifier

vx ix R1 + v− v R1 removed
Rin = = = R1 + −
ix ix ix
v1 v1 − vo v1 v1 + Av1 ! R $ R
i 1 = i− + i2 = + = + Rin = R1 + Rid || # 2 & ≅ R1 + 2
Rid R2 Rid R2 " 1+ A % 1+ A
i1 1 1+ T For large A, Rin ≅ R1
∴ G1 = = +
v1 Rid R2

12

6
 Nonideal Amplifier Summary
Inverting and Noninverting Amplifier

R1
β= and T = Aβ
R1 + R2

13

Feedback Amplifier Categories

Voltage Amplifiers - Series-Shunt Feedback

•  A voltage amplifier should have a high input resistance to

measure the desired voltage and a low output resistance to
drive the external load. To achieve the desired behavior, the
input ports of the amplifier and feedback network are
connected in series, and the output ports are connected in
parallel (shunt).

14

7
 Feedback Amplifier Categories
Transresistance Amplifiers - Shunt-Shunt Feedback

•  A transresistance amplifier converts an input current to an

output voltage. Thus it should have a low input resistance
to sink the desired current and a low output resistance to
drive the external load. To achieve the desired behavior, the
input ports of the amplifier and feedback network are
connected in parallel (shunt), and the output ports are
connected in parallel (shunt).
15

Feedback Amplifier Categories

Current Amplifiers - Shunt-Series Feedback

•  A current amplifier should provide a low resistance current

sink at the input and a high resistance current source at its
output. The input ports of the amplifier and feedback
network are connected in parallel, and the output ports are
connected in series.

16

8
 Feedback Amplifier Categories
Transconductance Amplifiers - Series-Series Feedback

•  The transconductance amplifier converts an input voltage to

an output current. This amplifier should have a high input
resistance and a high output resistance. The input ports
and the output ports of the amplifier and feedback networks
are connected in series.

17

Feedback Amplifier Category Summary

18