A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

“STABILIZATION OF SOFT SOIL

USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE”
In the partial fulfillment for Bachelor of Engineering
Civil Engineering

Submitted By:
Mr. KHOMANE KRUSHNAKUMAR KAILAS(T150510107)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. MOHITE S.J.

JSPM’s
IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &RESEARCH,
Department of Civil Engineering
WAGHOLI, PUNE-412207
A.Y.2020-2021
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 JSPM’s
IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
WAGHOLI, PUNE - 412207
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled “STABILIZATION OF SOFT SOIL USING
INDUSTRIAL WASTE” submitted by KHOMANE KRUSHNAKUMAR KAILAS is a

record of the bonafide work carried out by him, under my guidance, and it is
approved for the partial fulfillment of requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune
University.

Date:

Place: Pune

Prof. Mohite S.J. ____ ______ Dr. N. V. Khadake Dr. R. S. Deshpande

Guide Head Of Department Principal
Department of Civil Department of Civil I.C.O.E.R, Pune

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It’s my great pleasure to present seminar report entitled “STABILIZATION OF

SOFT SOIL USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE”. This seminar is an outcome of
various efforts by me in collating and identifying the sources of information and
knowledge.
I use this occasion to thank my guide with whose guidance this effort would not
have borne fruits. I find no words to express my gratitude to Prof. Mohite S. J.
who not only advised and guided me during the report writing but also answered
all my queries concerning collection of data, proper structuring of the report, and
its improvement. I would also thankful of my friends which gave me a proper
guide line about my subject.
I am virtually indebted to the Head of the Department Prof. N. V. Khadake. from
Imperial College of Engineering and Research who have bestowed all their
blessings in the form of guidance which was the leading light to complete this
seminar report. I would also like to thank our principal, Dr. R S Deshpande who
provided me valuable support in completion of seminar by providing me different
facilities in college and by giving permission for working out of college.

Student Name

KHOMANE KRUSHNAKUMAR KAILAS

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 ABSTRACT

Soil stabilization can be explained as the alteration of the soil properties by chemical or physical
means in order to enhance the engineering quality of the soil. The main objectives of the soil
stabilization is to increase the bearing capacity of the clay soil, it’s resistance to weathering
process and soil permeability. The long-term performance of any construction project depends
on the soundness of the underlying soils. Unstable clay soils can create significant problems for
pavements or structures. Therefore, soil stabilization techniques are necessary to ensure the good
stability of clay soil so that it can successfully sustain the load of the superstructure especially in
case of clay soil which are highly active, also it saves a lot of time and millions of money. when
compared to the method of cutting out and replacing the unstable soil. This paper deals with the
complete analysis of the improvement of clay soil properties and its stabilization using industrial
waste sand and lime.

Due to rapid increase in urbanization, the lands are required essentially. The role of land in
developments is very important. For the development of any country or nations sufficient, land
should be available, but the land resources are limited. Some of them are suitable for structures
or buildings, but there are some land resources which are not suitable for structures for example
soft soil. Soft soils have low bearing capacity. Due to this reason, it is not suitable for structures.
The bearing capacity of soft soil can be maximize are increased with the help of some industrial
wastes and by using some methods. In this review paper, there is a list of industrial wastes (i.e.
GGBS) and methods or tests (CBR, compaction sp. Gravity etc.) for improving of bearing
capacity of soft soil.

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 INDEX

SR.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 7

2. WHAT IS SOIL STABILIZATION AND 8

IMPORTANCE?

3. LITERATURE REVIEW 9

4. OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY 10

5. AREA OF STUDY 11

6. MATERIALS USED 11

7. METHOD OF SOIL STABILIZATION 15

8. MATERIAL PROPERTIES 17

9. ADVANTAGES OF STABILIZATION OF 20
SOFT SOIL

10. FUTURE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY 21

11. METHODOLOGY 22

12. CONCLUSION 24

13. REFFERENCES 25

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.1. Geo max Soil Stabilization ……………………………………….………08

Fig.2. Fly Ash soil Stabilization……….………………………………….……..08

Fig.3. Clay Soil …………….…………………………………………………...11

Fig.4. Industrial waste Sand……………………………………………………..12

Fig.5. Lime Powder………….…………………………………………………...13

Fig.6. Fly Ash Sand……..………………………………………………………..13

Fig.7 Pyroclastic rock……………………………………………………………14

Fig.8. Waste Stone Powder (Granite).……………………….……….…………14

Fig.9. Mechanical stabilization Process .……………………………………… .15

Fig.10. Cement Stabilization Process …………………………………………....15

Fig.11. Lime Stabilization Process…….…………………………………………16

Fig.12. Bitumen Stabilization Process…..……………………………….……….16

Fig.13. Calcium Chloride Stabilization Process………………………….………17

Fig.14. Graph study Normal clay soil ………………………….………….....18

Fig.15. UCC for Lime Powder Graph ….……………………………………......19

Fig.16. Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag(GGBS) …………………………21

Fig.17. JSW GGBS Bag ….………………………………………………………21

Fig.18.Graph of Compressive Strength ………………………………………. ….21

Fig.19. Clay Soil ………….………………………………………………………22

Fig.20. Fly Ash Sand…………………………..………………………………. ….22

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 INTRODUCTION

Geotechnical properties of soft soil are not sufficient likes low bearing capacity, low
shear strength, more moisture content, Due to variation moisture content, the volume of soil is
also variated at which swelling and shrinkage action are generated. Any structure is fell on this
soil. For this remedy, we can use the industrial waste (i.e.GGBS) mixed with soil. Cement is not
preferable at this time because the cost of this is more as compared to GGBS. In the production
of cement, the carbon dioxide (co2) is more emitted in the environment. There are some wastes,
which are used for the improvement of bearing capacity of soil such as GGBS, flyash, RHA,
geotextile, lime etc. We can use the industrial waste (i.e.GGBS) mixed with soil. Cement is not
preferable at this time because the cost of this is more as compared to GGBS. In the production
of cement, the carbon dioxide (co2) is more emitted in the environment.

Marginal soil, including loose sands, soft clays, and organics are not adequate materials for
construction project. These marginal soil do not possess valuable physical properties for
construction application. The usually methods for remediation of this weak subgrade such as
remove the soil and change to the new one is typically expensive.

Waste materials such as industrial waste sand, bottom sand offer a cheaper method for
stabilizing marginal soils. As an added benefit, utilizing waste materials in soil stabilization
application keeps These, material from being dumped into Landfills, Thereby saving already
depleting landfill space. Included material in construction application. Change in the engineering
properties of soils. As a result of adding These, waste material were studied and
recommendations on implementing these effect into construction application are offered.
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What is Soil Stabilization and Importance ?

Soil stabilization is a process by which a soils physical property are transformed to provide long-
term permanent strength gains. Stabilization is accomplished by increasing the shear strength and
the overall bearing capacity of a soil. Once stabilized, a solid monolith is formed that decreases
the permeability, which in turn reduces the shrink/swell potential and harmful effects of
freeze/thaw cycles. The shrink/swell potential of a soil is the amount that a soil can change in
volume depending on the moisture content. Some expansive soils can expand as much as ten
percent! This drastic change in volume can easily produce enough force to cause serious damage
to a home, building or roadway. Soil stabilization can improve in-situ, or natural state, soils
eliminating the need for expensive remove-and-replace operations. Often soils that provide the
structural base for roads, building pads or parking lots are chemically treated to control
engineering properties of a soil, such as moisture content. Soil stabilization is accomplished by
using lime, lime-based products or other chemicals such as Portland cement. These chemicals
rely on pozzolanic reactions to form permanent bonds between soil particles. Pre-project testing
is essential to be sure that enough material is present to permanently stabilize the soil.

Fig.1:-Geo max Soil Stabilization Fig.2:-Fly Ash soil Stabilization

Stabilized soils provide a strong working platform, the foundation for all other parts of projects.
After stabilization techniques, weak soils can be transformed by the formation of permanent
pozzolanic reactions. In addition, soils that have been stabilized have also under gone some
modification. In other words, the soil has physically changed making compaction easier and
reducing plasticity. Easier compaction makes achieving maximum dry density easier. Plasticity
index is an important geotechnical measure that involves the critical water contents of soils. Any
time plasticity in soils is reduced, the soils are more friable and workable.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Alanmusuru, The consistency, compaction characteristics, and strength of lateritic

soil can be affected by using of GGBS in the soil. GGBS content can be varied from 0 to 15% by
weight of dry soil. Liquid limits and plastic limits decreases and plasticity index increases, if
GGBS content or amount of GGBS increases. Compaction, cohesion and CBR are also increased
if GGBS increase up to 10% and after 10% the value of compaction, cohesion and CBR
decreases. If GGBS content increases then the angle of internal friction decreases.
According to Wong, Early strength can be achieved by finer GGBS, if working time is long then
GGBS preferred and it is effective in controlling of erosion like as Portland cement.
According to wild et. al, The expansion of highway and other foundation layers due to sulphate
can be reduced by using GGBS.
According to Higgins at. Al, GGBS reduces the swelling of the soil of soil which is due to
sulphate.
According to Neerja and Rao, If we use lime up to 5%, RHA, and GGBS up to 15% and FAF up
to 20%. Then the property of soil changed maximum.
According to Dayalan J (2016), They studied the different amount of GGBS, fly ash
individually added to the soil. For example, 5, 10, 15, 20 % by dry weight of soil and performed
some test specific gravity, Atterberg’s limits, CBR test at the moisture content and it is found
that soil is stabilized maximum at 15 % of fly ash and maximum stabilized take place at 15 % of
GGBS. These results are calculated on the basis of CBR test.
According to Tarkeshwar pramanik et al (2016), The stabilization of sandy and clayey soil is
performed by using marble dust and GGBS different proportions. For example, 0%+0%,
5%+5%, 10%+10%, 15%+15%, 20%+20% and behaviour of soil observed and it is found that
marble dust and GGBS (15%+15%) is the best proportion for the CBR value.
According to Vishnu T.C and Shree Lakshmi (2016), Many researches have been carried out on
soil with RHA and CSA separately, and the following results were obtained. Coconut shell ash
on lateritic soil showed that, till 1-4% of CSA the properties were observed to be increasing and
decreasing after 4%. With the combination of RHA and cement with soil, 10% RHA and 6%

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cement showed good results. When RHA and fly ash were used on expansive soils, 10-20% of
RHA and 25% of fly ash were recommended.
According to AMU O.O (2005), AMU O.O studied the effect of egg shell powder on the
stabilizing potential of lime on an expansive clay soil. He conducted series of test to determine
the optimal percentage of lime – egg shell powder combination. The optimal quantity of lime
was gradually replaced with suitable amount of egg shell powder. Result’s indicated that the lime
stabilization at 7% is better than the combination of 4% egg shell powder + 3% lime [3].

OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY

The major objectives of the project are :-

1) To explore the possibility of using waste sand in construction programme.

2) To study the effect of lime and waste sand on proctor’s density and OMC of clayey soil.
3) To study the effect of lime and waste sand on the consistency limits of clayey soil.
4) To study the changes in CBR of soil by the addition of lime and waste sand.
5) To study the effect of curing period on the properties of clayey soil.

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AREA OF STUDY

1.Location of study
Soft soil for the study has collected from Hooghly river bank hawda bridge, Kolkata
India at 0.6-meter depth, and GGBS has collected from Krishna Udyog Kolkata India.
2.Testing method
There is some laboratory test which is performed on natural raw soil such as
1) Atterberg’s limit
2) specific gravity
3)Compaction Test
4) Unconfined Compression test
5) California Bearing Ratio test.

MATERIALS USED

1) Clay soil
The soil used in this study was collected from area Agri culture university, Coimbatore. The
sample was thoroughly oven dried, weighed and stored in sacks at room temperature. The
general property of the soil was thoroughly studied in the laboratory. The soil was tested for
liquid limit, plastic limit optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, permeability etc.

Fig.3 :- Clay Soil

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2) Industrial waste sand (IWS)
Industrial waste sand is high quality silica sand with uniform physical characteristics. It is
a byproduct of the ferrous and nonferrous metal casting industry, where sand has been used for
centuries as a molding material because of its unique engineering properties. In modern foundry
practice, sand is typically recycled and reused through many Production cycles. Industry
estimates are that approximately 100 million tons of sand are used in production annually. Of
that, four (4) to seven (7) million tons are discarded annually and are available to be recycled
into other products and industries.

Fig4.1:- Waste Foundry Sand Fig 4.2:- Waste Sand

Fig.4:- Industrial waste Sand

3) Lime
Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic material in which carbonates, oxides and
hydroxides predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. The
word "lime" originates with its earliest use as building mortar and has the sense of "sticking or
adhering." These materials are still used in large quantities as building and engineering materials
(including limestone products, concrete and mortar) and as chemical feedstock‟s, and sugar
refining, among other uses. The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived,
typically limestone or chalk, are composed primarily of calcium carbonate. They may be cut,
crushed or pulverized and chemically altered. "Burning" (calcinations) converts them into the
highly caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and, through subsequent addition of
water, into the less caustic (but still strongly alkaline) slaked lime or hydrated lime (calcium
hydroxide, Ca(OH)2), the process of which is called slaking of lime.

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 Fig.5 :- Lime Powder

4)Fly ash
Fly ash is the finely divided residue that results from the combustion of pulverized coal.
Fly ash is most commonly used as pozzolan in PCC applications. Pozzolans are siliceous or
siliceous and aluminous materials, which in a finely divided form and in the presence of water,
react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to produce cementitious compounds. Fly
ash is typically finer than Portland cement and lime. Fly ash consists of silt-sized particles which
are generally spherical, typically ranging in size between 10 & 100 μm. Fineness is one of the
important properties contributing to pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash. Fly ash consists primarily of
oxides of silicon, aluminium, iron and calcium. Magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium and
sometimes sulphur are also present to a lesser degree.

Fig.6 :- Fly Ash

5) Pyroclastic rock
The pyroclastic rock dust was sourced from quarry sites located at Ezza and Abakaliki
area of south-eastern Nigeria. The rock dust is an industrial by-product of quarries exploiting the
light to dark grey lapilli, tufts and lapilli stones of basaltic composition (Hoque, 1984). The rocks
consist of a compact chaotic mixture of unsorted angular to sub-angular lithic fragments (shale,
limestone, mudstone and siltstone) and amygdaloidal scoria and pumice set in a highly altered

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basaltic groundmass. (Obiora, 1994). The primary mineralogy comprises of pyroxene (augite?)
that has been mostly replaced by chlorite and calcic plagioclase crystallized and altered to albite,
carbonate and epiolite. Iron, apatite and titanium oxides are necessary accessory minerals. The
rock matrix is made up of altered, petrified glass, plagioclase, chlorite and secondary carbonate.

Fig .7 :- Pyroclastic rock

6) Waste stone powders

The Waste stone powders are derived from waste slab marble as sludge. Waste stone powder
cause great amount of environmental pollution that By reusing and recycling of these waste
materials as an additive in the geotechnical properties of soils have great contribution to the
economy and to the environment by minimizing polluting effects coming from stone quarries
and stone plants. Recycled stone powder used in research was produced in slab stone processing
and plant.

Fig.8 :- Waste Stone Powder (Granite)

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METHOD OF SOIL STABILIZATION
There is some method for stabilization:
(i) Mechanical stabilization
(ii) Cement stabilization
(iii) Lime stabilization
(iv) Bitumen stabilization
(v) Chemical stabilization

I. Mechanical stabilization
Compaction is the basic form of mechanical stabilization of soil. We can use
some additional material for the mechanical stabilization. The physical prospect can be changed
but chemical properties cannot be changed by mechanical property, The percentage of additional
material will be from 10 to 15 % mechanical stabilization is economical for poorly graded soil.

Fig.9:- Mechanical stabilization

II. Cement stabilization

OPC is very useful for the soil stabilization by using OPC bending between
material particle take place due to this soil stabilized. Hydrated cement is the main reason for
cement stabilization of soil. If cement content is increased then the soil stabilization also
increase.

Fig.10:- Cement Stabilization

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 III. Lime stabilization
Lime is a material which can be used in the soil stabilization. Lime, stone is
the source of lime. In the road construction, quicklime and hydrated lime are used in solid form.

Fig.11:- Lime Stabilization

IV. Bitumen stabilization

Bitumen or Tar has the property of viscosity at sufficient temperature. The
deposition of bitumen takes place when the solvent evaporates from the emulsion of bitumen.
The function of bitumen is liked as the glue which is helpful for the binding of the material. In
some cases, bitumen acts as an impervious surface or layers.

Fig.12:- Bitumen Stabilization

V. Chemical stabilization
These are some chemicals which are used in the stabilization of soil such as
calcium chloride, sodium chloride etc. These chemicals may be expensive due to more required
money. It is not economical. We can minimize the cost of soil stabilization by using some
admixture which is easily available and cost-effective. For example, GGBS is an admixture
which is economical. There are some properties are as volume stabilities, strength, permeability,

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stress, stress-strain properties, and durability. Swelling and shrinkage can be controlled by
replacement of calcium, magnesium, aluminium and iron GGBS

Fig.13:- Calcium Chloride Stabilization

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

1.PROPERTIES OF CLAY SOIL :-

SR.NO PROPERTIES RESULT

1. Specific gravity 2.63
2. Liquid limit 18
3. Shrinkage limit 25.25
4. Plastic limit 22.22
5. Standard Procter compaction test 16.78 kg/m3
6. Unconfined Compressive strength 2.43x10^3 N/mm2
7. Relative density 55.435%

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 Fig.14.1:- SPCT for Normal clay soil

Fig.14.2:- UCC for Normal clay soil

2. PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH :-

SR.NO PROPERTIES RESULT

1. Bulk Density 0.9-1.3(gm/cc)
2. Specific Gravity 1.6-2.6
3. Plasticity Lower or Non-plastic
4. Shrinkage Limit Higher
5. Grain Size Fine sand
6. Clay Negligible
7. Free swell Index Very low
8. Texture Sandy silt
9. Water content 40-60%
10. Porosity 30-65%
11. Surface Area 500-5000 (m^2/kg)
12. Lime reactivity 1-8 MPa

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 3. PROPERTIES OF LIME

SR.NO PROPERTIES RESULTS

1. CaO >83.3
2. MgO <0.5
3. Fe2O3 <2
4. Al2O3 <1.5
5. SiO2 <2.5
6. SO3 <0.5
7. Na2O 0.4-0.5
8. CO2 <5
9. CaCO3 <10
10. Colour Dry white powder
11. Specific gravity 2
12. Over 90 um <10
13. Over 630 um 0
14. Insoluble material <1
15. Bulk density 600-900

Fig.15:- UCC for Lime Powder

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ADVANTAGES OF STABILIZATION OF SOFT SOIL

• Saves Money

You can usually save significant sums of money by soil stabilisation compared to the
traditional "dig and dump" method. Dig and dump incurs the cost of vehicle movement, landfill
tax and buying aggregates.

• Savings by Design

Soils treated binders can be designed to be stronger than conventional granular sub
base. Using this type of material in a pavement or foundation means that the strength is
considerably enhanced. This strength can be used to reduce the thickness of the foundation or the
thickness of the subsequent layers.

• Saves Time

Soil stabilisation can often shortens the time taken to complete a project by
minimising the site preparation time and reducing tipping or import . The process also enables
wet ground to be dried and strengthened for immediate use.

• Saves Waste

There is no need to import new material when the soil on site can be used after a simple
treatment process. Even Type 1 sub base is not required as the same strength and properties can
be achieved using the soils on site. Costly and time-consuming importation of new material and
generation of large quantities of waste is therefore eliminated.

• Winter Working

Soil stabilisation, using lime is without doubt the most effective way of drying a wet
site. The addition of quicklime instantly dries up wet soils and allows extended working in wet
conditions and into the winter. Ideal for haul roads and those difficult sites

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FUTURE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY

There is some scope for future work:

(i) GGBS can be the ideal choice for civil engineering application.

(ii) Cement production is highly energy intensive.

(iii) Future scope of GGBS is positive due to benefit in durability, strength obtains by partial
replacement of GGBS with cement in soil stabilization.

Fig.16:- Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag(GGBS) Fig.17:- JSW GGBS Bag

Fig.18:- Graph of Compressive Strength of M20 grade vs %of GGBS

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METHODOLOGY

1.Procurement of materials

➢ Clay Soil
Clay soil procured nearby Hooghly river bank howdah bridge is used as a
representative soil sample in the present study. This soil is collected from an open excavation, at
a depth of 1 to 1.5m below the natural ground surface.

Fig.19:- Clay Soil

➢ Fly Ash
Fly Ash procured from sugar factory is used in the present study as a stabilizer. On
visual inspection the Fly Ash appears dark black-white in colour and comes in fibrous form.

Fig.20:- Fly Ash

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2. Preparation of representative Soil Sample

Clay soil procured was spread and hand sorted. It was beaten to remove lumps. Then the
soil was sieved through 4.75mm IS sieve. The sieved sample was stored in tin container, ready to
use.

3. Conduction of tests to Determine the basic properties of Clay Soil

Grain size analysis, Specific gravity, Atterberg’s limit test, Compaction test, Unconfined
Compression test, California Bearing Ratio test.

4. Treatment of Clay soil with Fly Ash

▪ Fly ash dosage

Representative soil is treated with 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%

▪ Tests to be conducted
Atterberg’s limit test, Compaction test, Unconfined Compression test, California
Bearing Ratio test.

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CONCLUSION

There are many admixtures which can be used for the soil stabilization. Some of them are
expensive and some are economical.
GGBS is an admixture which is used in the soil stabilization and it is economical and
available. According to the study, there is some conclusion such as followings:
(i) GGBS is cheaper than cement, lime so it is cost saving.
(ii) GGBS is easily available from near steel plant.
(iii) Use of GGBS enhances the waste management techniques.
(iv) The stability is more by using GGBS as compared to using lime.
(v) By using GGBS, The voids of soil can be reduced and the compression strength can be
increased by increasing the GGBS percentage.
(vi) By using GGBS, the specific is increased and the soil gets denser.

From the study it is observed that there is an appreciable improvement in the optimum
moisture content and maximum dry density for the soil treated with industrial waste. In terms of
material cost, the use of less costly Admixtures can reduce the required amount of industrial
waste. Soils had the greatest improvement with all soils becoming non plastic with the addition
of sufficient amounts of industrial waste.
The study after conducting several experiments revealed the following significances in
using lime and industrial waste as a stabilizing agent. The addition of lime and industrial waste
mixes to sub base increases the unconfined compressive strength value more than that by
ordinary methods. The sub base stabilization with lime and industrial waste mixes improves the
strength behavior of sub base. It can potentially reduce ground improvement costs by adopting
this method of stabilization.

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REFFERENCES

[1.] Akinmusuru, J, Q, 1991, potential Beneficial uses of steel slag waste for civil engineering
purpose, Resources conversion and Recycling vol.5, PTI, pp. 73-80.
[2.] Wong, T.K (1992), Use of Granulated slag as stabilizing Agent, proceedings 16 x
conference, Australian road research board, part 2, pp.293-307
[3.] Wilds., Kinuthia, J.S., Robison, R.B., and Humphreys, I, 1996, Effects of Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace slag (GGBS) on the strength and swelling properties of lime stabilized
Kaolinite in the presence of sulphates, clay minerals, 31, 423-433
[4.] Higgins, D.D., Kinuthia, J.M. and Wild. S., 1998, Soil stabilization using lime activated
GGBS, proceeding of the 6’ Int. Conference Fly ash, silica fume, slag, and Natural pozzolans in
concrete, Bangkok, Thailand, vol.2, pp 1057-1075.
[5.] Wild S. And tasong W.A. (1999), Influence of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag
(GGBS) on the sulphate resistance of lime stabilized Kaolinite, magazine of concrete Research.
51 , No 4, pp 247-254.
[6.] Laxmikant Yadu & R.K. Tripathi, (2013), Stabilization of soft soil with Grounds Granulated
Blast Furnace slag (GGBS) & Fly ash, International Journal of research in engineering &
Technology (IJETT), volume 11, Number 6, pp 284-289.
[7.] Phani Kumar, B.R., and Sharma, R.S., (2004), Volume change behavior of fly ash stabilized
clays, Journal of material in civil engineering, pp 67-74.
[8.] Gupta, S., and Seehra, S.S., 1989, Studies on lime ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag
(GGBS) as an alternative binder to cement, Highway Research board, bulletin, No 38, pp. 81-97.
[9.] Lee, R., 1974, Blast furnace and steel slag, Edward Arnold publishers ltd.
[10.] Sharma A.K. and Sivapullaiah P.V. 2012, Improvement of strength of expansive soil with
waste Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag, Geo congress 2012.
[11.] Dayalan J comparative Study on Stabilization of Soil with Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET). E-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 05

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