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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Situation Analysis

Disaster is an event whose timing is unexpected and whose consequences are

seriously destructive (University of Missouri, 2017). This definition identifies an event

that includes three elements: suddenness, unexpectedness, significant destruction and/or

adverse consequences. However, a fourth element, lack of foresight or planning, is

sometimes added in cases where the government lacks support in determining the

possible effects of a disaster.

The most prevalent form of disaster is flooding, which is considered to be a

natural event or occurrence where a piece of land (or area), usually dry, is submerged

under water. Flooding is also further classified as flashfloods, rapid on-set floods, and

slow on-set floods. Flashfloods occur within a very short time (2-6 hours, and sometimes

within minutes) and usually a result of heavy rain. Sometimes, intense rainfall from slow

moving thunderstorms can cause it. Flash floods are the most destructive and fatal, as

people are usually surprised and unprepared. There is usually no warning, no preparation

and the impact can be very swift and devastating. Rapid on-set floods, on the other hand,

take slightly longer to develop and the flood can last for a day or two only. It is also very

destructive, but does not usually surprise people like flash floods. People can quickly put

a few things right and escape before it gets very bad. Last, is the slow on set flooding

where it is usually a result of water bodies over flooding their banks.

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They tend to develop slowly and can last for days and weeks. They usually spread over

many kilometers and occur more in flood plains (E-School Today, 2017).

Globally, floods are the leading cause of natural disaster deaths worldwide and

are responsible for 6.8 million deaths in the 20th century. Between 1980 and 2009 there

were almost 540,000 deaths due to flooding. Part of the increased mortality (but certainly

not all) is due to rapid population growth in areas vulnerable to flooding. Low lying

coastal areas in Southeast Asia are perhaps the most vulnerable areas in the world–and

that is precisely where populations have been increasing rapidly. Pakistan, which had

severe flooding a few years ago, has grown in population from 32 million to 187 million

when the flood occurred in 2010. (Wordpress, 2015).

This is the reason why different countries all over the world have come up with

disaster management practices that will ensure certain actions bound to be done

especially when there is a disaster. Disaster Risk Reduction or DRR is the practical action

that is well placed to connect with humanitarian disaster risk management with the need

to build disaster preparedness and avoidance into development (Practical Action, 2017).

Disaster-risk reduction practices aim at contributing to strengthening resilience

and achievement of sustainable development through preventing new and reducing

existing disaster-risk and managing residual risk. Hence, policies and reduction strategies

define goals and objectives of different timescales. (UNOOSA, 2016).

In early times, emergency response is the only focus on dealing with disasters, but

towards the end of the 20th century it was increasingly recognised that disasters are not

natural and for they can be controlled by reducing and managing conditions of hazard,

exposure and vulnerability that one can prevent losses and alleviate the impacts of
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disasters. The main opportunity for reducing risk lies in reducing vulnerability and

exposure since severity of natural hazards cannot be reduced. Reducing these two

components of risk requires identifying and reducing the underlying drivers of risk,

which are particularly related to poor economic and urban development choices and

practices, deterioration of the environment, inequality and poverty and climate change,

which create and worsen conditions of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Addressing

these underlying risk drivers will reduce disaster risk, lessen the impact of climate change

and, consequently, maintain the sustainability of development (UNISDR, 2015).

To exemplify this point, the case of Nepal where annual flooding results in great

losses of property and livestock, the destruction of irreplaceable assets, the erosion of

land, the spoilage of stored foodstuffs and, too often, even the loss of life. Looking at the

regular recurrence of flood-related losses, it is not surprising that the resources available

to government authorities for development activities are limited, with post emergency

relief being a major budgetary priority in endemically flood prone area. Several studies

document that investment in risk reduction has high economic returns. The Government

of Nepal has already begun to prioritize Disaster Risk Reduction activities by signing the

Hyogo Framework for Action or HFA in 2005 and initiating a new National Disaster

Management Strategy, Policy and Act in 2009. The role and importance of effective

community-based DRR is a stated priority in both documents. The flood management

practices of Nepal aimed to help communities to prepare for and respond to floods to

decrease their dependence on external aid and not only to reduce the risk of flooding.

There are ten (10) flood management practices that are formulated. And these are: (a)

described are street drama as a social empowerment and awareness tool, (b) bottom-up
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DRR planning, (c) the establishment of emergency and maintenance funds, (d) the

innovative development of information, (e) education and communication (IEC) material,

(f) search and rescue (S&R), (g) local resource-based bio-engineering interventions, (h)

cross-cutting issues (gender and social inclusion), (i) capacity building, school safety and

young rescuer clubs, and (j) community-based early warning systems or EWS (Gautam,

2009).

The problem in the foreign flood management practices is that it is equally serious

as to the State Disaster Management Authority’s lack of proper technical assistance and

other back-up measures, severely denting its preparedness. Disaster management

authorities are yet to fully function, while the states admit to lacking a proper framework

for the implementation of the National Disaster Management Act, National Disaster

Management Policy, and the State Disaster Management Policy. The lack of a proper

system to inspect constructions and to ensure their compliance with disaster mitigation

guidelines, building codes and other development control regimes shows that even

development in the State continues to overlook disaster vulnerability (Praveen, 2012).

The Philippines is a hazard prone country and it is due to its geographical and

physical characteristics. It lies along the Western Pacific Basin, the world’s busiest

typhoon belt, with the average of 20 typhoons hitting the country each year. The various

tragedies experienced by the country like flash floods and landslides speak of how

vulnerable the country is to hazards (Disaster Risk Reduction Manual, 2008). The

Philippines, was also fourth in the world among countries hit by the highest number of

disasters over the past 20 years, according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk

Reduction (UNISDR). A total of 274 disasters were recorded in the Philippines from
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1995 to 2015, trailing the United States (472), China (441), and India (288). The

information comes from that of The “Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters”

report covering weather-related disasters from 1995 to 2015. The Philippines is also

among the top 10 countries with the highest absolute number of affected people, with 130

million. The report found out that 90 percent of major disasters were caused by weather-

related events. A collaboration by the UNISDR and the Centre for Research on the

Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), the study reports that 606,000 people died and 4.1

billion people were injured or left homeless because of the aforementioned disasters. The

human impacts of the disasters were most felt in Asia, with 332,000 deaths and 3.7

billion people affected (GMA News, 2015).

In order for the Philippines to cope with the damages and casualties that a severe

flooding or any catastrophe can bring, the Philippine legislators enacted a law that will

increase much of the disaster preparedness of the country. This law is the Republic Act

10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The said

act shifted the old policy environment and the way the country deals with disasters from

mere response to that of preparedness. This new law provides a complete, all-hazard,

multi-sectorial, inter-agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk

management through the formulation of the National Disaster Risk Management

Framework. The RA 10121 also recognizes local risk patterns and trends and

decentralization of resources and responsibilities and, thus, encourages the participation

of NGOs, private sectors, community-based organizations, and community members in

disaster management. It restrains the full participation of the Local Government Units

(LGUs) and communities in governance. The approach tends to be “response-oriented” or

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“reactive in the disaster preparedness measure”. This is evidenced by the widespread

emphasis on post-disaster relief and short-term preparedness, such as forecasting and

evacuation, rather than on mitigation and post- disaster support for economic recovery.

Moreover, the act mandates the establishment of a Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Office (DRRMO) in every province, municipality, city and a Barangay

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC) in every barangay.

The Strategic National Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction for 2009-2019 aims to

enhance the capacities of Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils.

Finally, the law provides for the calamity fund to be used in support of disaster

mitigation, prevention, and preparedness activities for the potential occurrence of

disasters and did not only focus for response, relief, and rehabilitation efforts (LSE,

2017).

The implementation of the new policy however, took a hard course. Super

typhoon “Yolanda” (international name: Haiyan) struck the Philippines in the early

morning of November 8, 2013 and wreaked havoc, primarily on the Visayas region.

Weather officials said Yolanda had a sustained wind speeds exceeding 185 kilometres per

hour (kph) when it made a destructive landfall. The strong winds ripped off the roofs of

thousands of homes and knocked down shanties, trees, power and telephone lines and cell

towers. Storm surge waves as high as 6 to 7 meters or a two-storey high building, were

also seen, claiming thousands of lives and destroying millions worth of properties.

In the wake of Yolanda’s catastrophic destruction, the weaknesses and significant

gaps in the country’s disaster preparedness and management system were seen once

more. Despite a solid and functioning disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM)
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structure, the government’s response still came across as reactive and not proactive,

insufficient, inefficient and for the most part, too slow (Nivera et al., 2017).

Therefore, the principal problem in the Philippine disaster management practices

is that recent events and the relatively limited impact of both community-based Disaster

Risk Reduction (DRR) and RA 10121 underline that the root causes of disasters lie far

beyond the scope of isolated DRR initiatives. Disasters reflect people’s everyday

hardships and vulnerability, which are grounded in an array of structural, socio-cultural,

and political economy processes at both the local and national scale.

Moreover, those who suffer from disaster are disproportionately drawn from the

margins of society. They are those who live in hazardous places and in precarious

instances to sustain their daily needs without the proper means to protect themselves from

rare or seasonal natural and human-induced hazards. Addressing also the root causes of

people’s vulnerability to natural hazards thus require much more than just a DRR and

Management Act (Cadag et al., 2014).

The scaling-up of disaster preparedness was considered as facilitative in the

recovery. On the household level, respondents were quick to enumerate changes in their

ways. They learned not to panic during disaster event; they make a habit of storing buffer

stock of rice and necessary items; they make provision for ways/procedure for fast

evacuation, and they acquire vigilance in monitoring for possible flash floods and

landslides. On the community level, the scaling-up basically consists of capacitating

stakeholders in disaster risk management through a considerable number of trainings and

drills. There is also the infusion of dynamism to their municipal disaster coordinating

council through regular meetings and open communication with government line
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agencies and other partners (Linog, 2012). In general, there are known flood management

practices in the Philippines that transform vulnerable or at-risk communities to disaster-

resilient communities; although steps may vary from community contexts and

organizational mandates, the process and necessities for disaster risk reduction can be

generalized. These are the following: (1) initiating the process or linkage and building

rapport with community; community or outsiders may initiate the practice; (2)

community profiling or the initial understanding of disaster situation and orientation on

Community-based disaster management practices; (3) community risk assessment or the

participatory assessment of hazards, vulnerabilities, capacities and people’s perception of

risks; (4) formulation of initial disaster risk reduction plan or the community counter

disaster, disaster management, development plan or action plan; identification of

appropriate mitigation and preparedness measures including public awareness, training

and education or an action plan; (5) formation of community disaster response

organization or the community take part in the organization and mobilization of the

disaster management practices, capability- building in preparedness and mitigation,

organizational development and strengthening of these disaster management practices;

(6) implementation of short-, medium-, and long-term risk reduction measures, activities,

projects and programs or the implementation strategies and mechanisms;

organizational/institutional strengthening; and (7) monitoring and evaluation or

continuous improvement of disaster risk reduction plan/community counter disaster plan,

identification of success factors and improvement of weak areas; documentation and

dissemination of good practices for replication.

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Within this process, the formation and strengthening of community disaster

preparedness organization or community disaster management volunteers’ team is the

key to mobilizing communities for sustainable disaster risk reduction. The community

volunteers, disaster management committee, and disaster response organization are the

needful channel for outsiders such as NGOs or government agencies to assist/support the

community at-large. The community groups and organizations are essential in sustaining

the risk reduction process for the community to meet intended aims and targets in

Community-based disaster management practices (Victoria, 2012).

The performance of each locality, city or municipality in preventing and

mitigating, with the inclusion of preparing, the adverse impacts of hazards and related

disasters, counts on the ways local government units in particular, have prepared for

disaster possibilities in their respective jurisdictions. Contingency planning is actually a

fundamental tool, but good plan cannot stand alone without having an empowered

citizenry, infrastructures, emergency response mechanisms, rehabilitation, and other

important logistics. The bottom line of the aforementioned would question about the

financial capabilities of the government or the local government units to be specific.

The Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) as

stipulated under Rule 18 of its Implementing Rules and Regulations, has to utilize the

fund which amounting to not less than five percent of the total estimated revenue from

the regular sources shall be set aside to support the LDRRMF activities such as, but not

limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs that includes training, purchasing life-

saving rescue equipment, supplies and medicines, for post disaster activities, payments of

calamity insurance and construction of evacuation centers (Zoren, et al., 2015).

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The Province of La Union is considered to be a coastal province which is prone

and susceptible to different types of flooding whether it be a flash flood, rapid on-set

flood, or slow on-set flood. The Province of La Union and the Provincial Disaster

Coordinating Council – La Union (PDCC-LU), chaired by former Provincial Governor

Manuel C. Ortega, copied its Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan of

2010-2013, as an action to soften impact of future disasters to the people in the province

of La Union as they have seen the devastation brought about by typhoons Cosme, Emong

and Pepeng. In view of this, the former Office of Civil Defense Regional Director Eugene

C. Cabrera commended the PDCC – LU for being the first to have their PDRRMP at the

provincial level (Prevention Web, 2010).

It was on August 2016, one of the known incidents of flood has hit La Union that

led the residents of the three barangays in the town of Luna, namely Barangays Rimos 3,

4, and 5 to evacuate to elevated areas. Though some had opted to stay in their homes,

tents were already stationed at higher places. Local officials together with the police

assessed and convinced the people for preemptive evacuation. Situation Report of

Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (PDRRMO) of La Union showed

incidents of flooding monitored in these three barangays. Likewise, three barangays in

the town of Bacnotan were also flooded; namely, Brgy. Agdeppa, Sitio Kalingat, Brgy.

Ubbog and Gen. Prim West. Meanwhile, one family evacuated in Bangar Evacuation

Center.  A dump truck has been requested in Bangar for rescue and clearing operations as

the water was reported to be at hip and knee level. Water was mostly knee high, and

waist deep. The road from Paratong to Rimos was no longer passable, although the

Amburayan River registered water level 3 which was still a safe level (Jimenez, 2016).
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This only means that the Province itself is a flood prone area that most of the

municipalities including its only component City are susceptible to flood.

The City of San Fernando has experienced many typhoons that caused casualties

and damages. On October 6, 1993, typhoon “Kadiang” hit the City of San Fernando

wrecking houses along rivers. Again, the City was damaged by typhoon Helen on August

17, 2012. It has been raining weeks before the floods came. Rains were experienced for

two weeks. Many residents were affected and needed much help. There was just too

much rain water that San Fernando’s drainage system could not contain the runoff water.

Another typhoon that had affected the City of San Fernando was typhoon “Juan” on

November 7, 2012. It affected the live stocks and source of livelihood of the farmers. On

July 5, 2015, the City was hit by typhoon “Egay”. One of the eleven towns in La Union

which includes the City of San Fernando were under water due to the overflowing of

major river basins following heavy rains. Barangays Cabaroan, Biday, and Tanqui have

experienced knee-deep floods, while floods in barangay Dalangayan Oeste have reached

roof level. The major roads were no longer passable and the houses were under water.

Two casualties have been reported, both have died in separate drowning incidents.

On October 2015, hundreds of residents were affected due to flooding after a part

of the seawall in the City of San Fernando collapsed due to strong waves spawned by

Typhoon Lando. A seawall in Barangay Ilocanos was damaged after being battered by

strong waves. According to local authorities, more than 15 meters of the seawall was

damaged. The incident caused flooding in Barangay Ilocanos, affecting hundreds of its

residents. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council on Monday

reported that a total of 627 families or 2,500 persons have been affected by Lando but
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only 10 of the total number of affected families stayed in evacuation centers (GMA

News, 2015).

On July 16-22, 2018, the City of San Fernando was hit by three tropical storms,

namely, Henry, Inday and Josie. Although these three storms hit the city consequently,

there was no recorded flooding. However, classes were canceled in the City on July 20,

2018. The Southwest monsoon also caused flooding in the city. As of the report of the

Disaster Operation Habagat on August 15, 2018, barangays such as Parian, Pagudpud and

Biday were flooded. Thirty-eight families were affected in Parian, 20 families of

fisherfolks were also flooded in Pagudpud and 10 families in Biday. The Habagat has

also affected 276 persons. On August 24-26, 2018, Tropical Depression Luis landed on

the city. Barangays such as Pagdalagan Norte, Parian (Zone 5), San Vicente (Sector

3&4), San Agustin, and Sevilla (waist water level) were flooded that affected 760

families or 2291 persons. The southwest monsoon, once again, hit the city on August 26-

30, 2018, which caused road flooding in Sevilla, Madayegdeg, Pagdalagan Norte and

Parian and flooded barangays San Vicente and San Agustin (City of San Fernando,

2018).

The latest case of flooding experienced in the City of San Fernando was typhoon

Ompong where it left damages to crops and some infrastructures. Typhoon Ompong

(known internationally as Mangkhut) was the strongest typhoon that hit the Philippines

that year and the strongest since Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in 2013 (WHO, 2018).

According to the CDRRMO, several reported cases of flooding in the City were from

barangays with low susceptibility to flooding while most of the cases were from

barangays with medium-high and high susceptibility to flooding.

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Mines and Geosciences Bureau Region 1 (MGB), a sub-branch of the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, provided a list of barangays with

high susceptibility ratings to flood, rain-induced landslide and subsidence in the City.

Taking into consideration of the possibility of occurrence and frequency of heavy

precipitation brought about by strong typhoons that are expected to make landfall within

the Philippine Area of Responsibility, and extended rainy season due to climate change,

the CDRRMO of the City of San Fernando is advised that necessary preparedness and

mitigation measures must be implemented particularly in areas that are identified by the

CDRRMO.

The MGB Region 1 constantly advises vigilant monitoring and strict

implementation of recommendations listed as follows: (1) development of early warning

device and system; (2) establish effective evacuation protocol during heavy and

prolonged rainfall; (3) constant communication and updates with MGB,

PENRO/CENRO, and LDRRMC; (4) observe for rapid increase of river/creek water level

possibly accompanied by increased in turbidity due to sediment load and/or debris, and

decrease of water levels due to possible damming in the upstream; (5) constant

community-level monitoring by the Municipal and Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Council/Committees (M/BDRRMCs) of signs of imminent mass

movement including saturated ground and seepages on areas that are not typically wet,

tilted structures and trees on slopes, broken or displaced road surfaces, and presence of

tension cracks; (6) identification of safe relocation site; (7) implementation of the “No

Building Zones” and/or relocation particularly in areas assessed to have high to very high

susceptibility rating; and (8) long-term land use planning efforts are also encouraged to
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consider these highly susceptible areas as development constraints in order to eradicate

the potential negative effects of natural hazards in the future (MGB-DENR, 2017). The

barangays of the City of San Fernando that are susceptible to flood that the MGB-DENR

identifies are classified to as none, low, low-moderate, moderate, moderate-high and

high. But, this study will only focus on the barangays of the City of San Fernando with

medium-high or moderate to high and high susceptibility to flood. These are the

following barangays: Biday, Bangcusay, Canaoay, Narra Este, Pagdalagan, Pagudpud,

Poro, Sagayad, San Vicente, and Tanquigan.

The above mentioned barangays are said to have high susceptibility to flooding

because of the existence of creeks or fish ponds or they are included on the coastal

barangays of the City. Among the common practice of these barangays is information

dissemination through text messaging and clean up drives. However, these practices are

not enough to lessen the damages that a flood would cause.

The City of San Fernando Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office,

headed by Ms. Julie Ann Hipona, also added that her office in one way or another

cooperating with the different government authorities especially when dealing with

disasters like severe flooding which is frequent to happen in the City. The City of San

Fernando has an existing disaster management plan in order to ensure that they integrate

reactive flood management preparedness.

The researchers are highly driven to conduct this study, “Flood Management

Practices of the City of San Fernando” to assess the awareness and extent of practice of

the respondents on flood management activities. Likewise, to contribute in classifying

defects and weaknesses in terms of information dissemination, implementation of the

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BDRRMC, and the enforcement of the flood management practices. Furthermore, to

assess how the barangay officials implement and promote the flood management

practices despite the fact that there are barangays which are considered to be highly

susceptible to flood.

The study is significant to the residents since they will be able to strengthen and

improve practices that are not usually done when there is flooding. It would also be of

great relief to the citizens of the barangays susceptible to flood, for it would help them be

more prepared when floods occur in their area on the onslaught of a typhoon. Such

preparedness measures will lead them to be more secured including their properties. In

addition, the significance of this study is for the residents to be aware on certain

modifications and alterations on the flood preparedness measures and the methods that

are effective in dealing with typhoons and floods.

This study is beneficial also to the barangay officials because it is their prime duty

to cope with the laws complementary with the flood management practices such as the

RA 10121 and the RA 7160. Moreover, this study can present some insights that could

help the local government of the City of San Fernando to empower these practices and to

craft better policies intended for this purpose.

This research is favorable as well in the field of Political Science. The Law, RA

10121, when implemented effectively and efficiently particularly in the flood

management area will redound to the general welfare of the people. Moreover, this study

is also important to Political Science students because as future-policy makers and

implementers they would realize the importance of having pro-active flood management

measures.
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Lastly, when the assessment has proven that these barangays of San Fernando

especially those susceptible to flood are really prepared in coping with typhoons and

floods, their flood management practices may be recommended for adoption by other

barangays of the City of San Fernando and to other municipalities having similar

problem.

Framework of the Study

Previous studies and researches are inclined through the use of theories for they

contribute to the significance, relevance and meaning to the topic under study. These

theories further explain and elaborate the objectives of this research.

According to the Emergency Management theory, the term “emergency

management” has at least three significant problems. First, to those people interested in

disasters, not emergencies. Second, what makes the field reactive and limits its

applicability to first responders. Third, that emergency management may imply that

people have total control in their ability to deal with the disadvantageous occurrences of

disasters. Hence, emergency management is both a misnomer and an oxymoron. But,

prior emergency management theory should be altered and added to in order to meet

demands the future places before men (McEntire, 2004).

This theory is relevant to the study in dealing with the disasters that are

engrossed in stimulating emergency management theory because this study tackles a

view that from an emergency management approach, the public does not plea to have a

demoralizing adversities that will cost hundreds of thousands in currency and in lives, but

a life free from harm and menace. Thus, it emphasizes the steps undertaken in dealing
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with disasters. Another important gist of this theory to the needs of this study is that

“compound disasters” and “sustainability” should be acknowledged as a way to

exemplify the intricacy of modern disasters and the essential need for environmental

protection. Emergency management theory, hence, must also integrate principles such as

disaster preparedness and improvisation, in order to improve the level of preparedness of

the community particularly the barangays of the City of San Fernando which are

susceptible to flood.

In line with this is the word “needs”, which in general are a long studied subject.

Perhaps one of the best known scholars that have been studying human needs is Abraham

Maslow. In his paper, ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’, he that states all human

behavior is motivated by human needs. He, hierarchically, ordered these needs in a

schematic pyramid which give an overview of his interpretation of patterns of motivation.

He placed human needs at the bottom to self-actualization on the top. He claimed that

people will always strive to fulfill their needs, but do so in a hierarchical manner. In order

to focus on esteem, first all the ‘lower’ positioned needs will have to be met (Maslow,

1943).

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs can also be applied in case of a disaster or

calamity. Actually, while taking this hierarchy of needs into account, it becomes clear

that in times of crisis even the most basic human needs are at risk. During a disaster or

calamity people can lose their homes, their access to food, water and health care is

threatened, the overall situation could be unsafe and even the loss of loved ones or one’s

own life are potential risks. Individuals and their psychological, physical and social needs

are challenged, causing stress to those that fall victim to a disaster or calamity. First of all
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the basic, physiological needs of victims will have to be met in order to minimize

traumatic stress after disasters or calamities. Therefore, in order for the respondents’

basic needs to be sustained, preparedness measures in times of calamity must be existent

and must be responsive at all times. The aforementioned theory is substantial to the

necessity of this study because it justifies that the society is threatened by any aspect

when a disaster will strike their area. Hence, the respondents must be aware of the

disaster management practices, but in the case of this study, the respondents must not

only be aware of the flood management measures but to make sure that these measures

are put into practice.

Another relevant theory is the Safety Management Theory of Moorkamp (2014)

which states that frameworks as to disaster bases itself on open system theories which

assumes that system can adapt successfully depending to every sensed and recorded

change in the environment. The open systems perspective is characterized by key

concepts like what contingency plan is best to adopt on the flood indicators that will

indicate the capability for ensuring the safety of the general public. Risk management is

also a decision-support process and a dynamic instrument for disaster management

planning and decision-making.

This is relevant to the needs of this study for this theory enhances the capacity of

both the system and other disaster management approaches in dealing with disaster.

Although this theory is used more as a military strategy, it is also essential in dealing with

flooding for it tackles some principals like capacity, vulnerability and risks.
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This study is also based on the idea of Anticipatory Government asserting that

prevention is better than cure. This is one of the ten (10) principles of Reinventing

Government advanced by Osborne and Gaebler in 1992 which makes use of business

model prescriptions for government using private sector innovation, resources, and

organizational ideas to improve the public sector (Osborne, et al., 1992).

As the aforementioned adage, prevention is better than cure, the LGU’s

particularly the barangays of the City of San Fernando susceptible to flood must be able

to provide a holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive disaster risk reduction and

management approach in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of

disaster, flooding in particular, and security of life and property of all its citizens. A

disaster management plan is needed to make all citizens capable to adhere to the changes

brought about by typhoons and floods. Preparedness measures and techniques will lessen

and prevent any further damage from such calamities (Bautista, et al., 2013).

Next theory is the Vested Interest Theory, which is a communication theory that

seeks to explain how influences impact behaviours. As defined by William Cano, vested

interest refers to the amount that an attitude object deemed hedonically relevant by the

attitude holder. In Crano’s idea of vested interest, if the attitude object is subjectively

important and the perceived personal consequences are significant, there will be a greater

chance that the individual’s attitude will be expressed behaviourally (Freebase, 2018).

This is relevant to the study because this theory also aims to develop an effective

scale for assessing individual awareness and “vestedness” relevant to disaster

preparedness. Also, typical preparedness behaviours are discussed with emphasis by this
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disaster theory especially on earthquakes and tornados but can also be relevant in dealing

with floods (Miller, et al., 2012).

The Modern Disaster Theory (Chen, 2018), on the other hand, consists of a

portfolio of legal rules for dealing with catastrophic risks. By analogy to the foundational

model of corporate finance, this theory treats disaster law as the best portfolio of legal

rules. As an addition to this, optimal legal preparedness for disaster consists of

identifying, adopting, and maintaining a portfolio of rules at the frontier of efficient

governance. Modern Disaster Theory defines disaster and disaster law as an effort to

develop an analytically rigorous basis for modelling and evaluating disaster law. Also,

this disaster theory expounds and outlines its principles as an exercise in applied disaster

management.

As such, this theory is relevant to the study because it tackles on the modern

disaster approach which is highly beneficial in dealing with flooding. More so, this

theory identifies not just the contemporary approach in dealing with havocs but also deals

more in preparedness for it is the reciprocal of a disaster. As to the barangay officials, it

is a must that this disaster law contributes also on administering vulnerability, hazard and

capacity and as policy-makers it is also important to reduce these sources of

environmental and socials risks by playing a greater role on preparedness, emergency

response, and rehabilitation in the face of a flooding.

This research also capitalizes on the concept of structural functionalism as

described by the Functionalism Theory of Emile Durkheim. Functionalism is a structural

consensus theory where it argues that there is a social structure that shapes individual
 21

behaviour through the process of socialization. Functionalists believe that a successful

society has a stable social structure in which different institutions perform unique

functions that contribute to the maintenance of the whole‒ in the same way that the

different organs of the body perform different functions to keep a human being healthy.

Hence, functionalists generally believe that institutions perform positive functions in the

society (Thompson, 2016).

The theory suggests also that the individual’s behaviour and his environment are

inter-connected and that the likelihood of positive outcomes is dependent on the amount

of preparedness delivered. Likewise, preparedness helps others become self-reliant and

resilient after a disaster and that preparedness for disaster is a priority matter during this

times. This theory also supported the need of the conduct of this study as it aimed to

evaluate the awareness and preparedness of the residents and officials of the barangays of

City of San Fernando that have high susceptibility to flooding. Results of this study will

further heighten the awareness of the residents on the flood management practices and

the level of practice in case of flooding.

The last theory that is the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) which challenges

states to foster a holistic approach to disaster risk reduction that will promote and support

discussion, exchange of information and coordination among early warning, disaster risk

reduction, disaster response, development and other relevant agencies and institutions at

all levels.

By underlining the importance of a holistic approach, the HFA recognises the

interconnectedness of its five priority areas. It also challenges governments to consider

disaster risk reduction in national development and disaster planning, and highlights the
 22

role of communities and other actors in reducing risk. Recognising that failing to build

disaster risk reduction into national development processes could result in activities that

either reinforce, or even exacerbate risk, both the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank have committed with governments to integrate

disaster risk reduction into their national strategic planning processes. Humanitarian

actors are also increasingly recognising that their activities can contribute either

positively or negatively to risk.

The HFA also emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to disaster risk

reduction that can link international, regional, national and community level initiatives.

Communities themselves are not only usually the first responders to disasters but are also

central actors in reducing risk. Therefore one important duty of a national preparedness

capability is to strengthen and enhance this capacity at the community level (including

resource capacity), and to make sure that this capacity is reflected in national level

planning processes (United Nations New York and Geneva, 2008).

This study is based on RA 10121 specifically the provisions that apply to

flooding. This study used the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model.

The first input of the study is to assess the level of awareness of the residents and

the barangay officials on the flood management practices of the City of San Fernando in

order to know if they have knowledge on the flood management measures existing in the

City and if the level of awareness can influence the extent of these practices in times of

flooding. These flood management practices are divided into three (3) sub-categories,

these are; preparedness (before flooding), response (during flooding) and rehabilitation

(after flooding).
 23

The second input is to measure the extent of the flood management practices

existing in the City. This extent of practice indicates whether the high level of awareness

can affect the extent of practice of the respondents on the flood management measure

employed in the City of San Fernando or vice versa. The extent of practice is categorized

also into three (3): the preparedness, response and rehabilitation.

The input variables were processed by gathering data through survey

questionnaires from the residents and the barangay officials. Data on awareness on the

flood management practices and perceived level of practice were analysed through t-test

formula. Documentary analysis and informal interviews accompanied the explanation and

interpretation of data gathered.

The process consisted of the use of survey-questionnaire as an instrument, the

analysis on the level of awareness of the respondent on the flood management practices,

and analysis of the extent of the flood management practices existing in the City of San

Fernando.

Finally, the output of the study which is an Enhancement Program would help

improve the flood management practices of the City of San Fernando.

 24

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

I. Analysis of the
I. Level of awareness of following:
the respondents on the 1. Level of awareness of
flood management the respondents on the
practices of the City of flood management
practices of the City of
San Fernando in terms
San Fernando in terms of:
of: Enhancement
a. Preparedness
b. Response Program to help
a. Preparedness improve the
c. Rehabilitation
b. Response flood
c. Rehabilitation 2. Extent of the flood
management practices management
II. Extent of the flood of the City of San practices of the
management practices of Fernando in terms of: barangays of
the City of San Fernando a. Preparedness the City of San
in terms of: b. Response Fernando that
c. Rehabilitation are susceptible
a. Preparedness 3. Significant to flood
b. Response differences between
c. Rehabilitation Barangay Council and
the residents on the
level of awareness
4. Significant
differences between
Barangay Council and
the residents on the
extent of flood
management practices

II. Formulation of an
Enhancement Program

FEEDBACK

Fig.1.Research Paradigm
 25

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to assess the flood management practices of the City of San

Fernando according to the data gathered from the respondents of this study. The

following questions were answered:

1. What is the level of awareness of the residents and the barangay officials on the flood

management practices of the City of San Fernando in terms of:

a. Preparedness;

b. Response; and,

c. Rehabilitation?

2. What is the extent of the flood management practices of the residents and the

barangay officials of the City of San Fernando along with:

a. Preparedness;

b. Response; and,

c. Rehabilitation?

3a. Is there a significant difference on the level of awareness on the flood management

practices as perceived by the residents and the barangay officials of the City of San

Fernando?

3b. Is there a significant difference on the extent of practice on the flood management

practices as perceived by the residents and the barangay officials of the City of San

Fernando?

4. What enhancement program on flood management can be recommended to improve

the flood management practices of the City of San Fernando?

 26

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined according to their operational use in the conduct

of the study:

Enhancement Program refers to the program that will be formulated to act as a

great aid in the improvisation of the flood management practices of the City of San

Fernando.

Extent of Practice refers to the degree of how frequent the flood management

practices are done when there is flooding.

Flood refers to the body of water which rises to overflow land which is not

normally submerged. In simple terms, flood can be defined as an overflow of large

quantities of water in common dry soil. Flooding occurs in many ways due to the influx

of streams, rivers, lakes or oceans or as a result of over-rainfall.

Flood Management Practices refer to the set of actions and activities undertaken

by the City of San Fernando in dealing with flooding with the objective of increasing

human security, well-being, quality of life, resilience, and sustainable development.

Level of Awareness refers to the level of knowledge and understanding of the

respondents on the flood management practices that exist in the City of San Fernando.

Preparedness refers to the activities and programs of the City of San Fernando to

prevent possible damages and casualties of the flood.

Response refers to the immediate action of the City of San Fernando during

flooding.

Rehabilitation refers to the actual action of the City of San Fernando in dealing

with the damages of the catastrophe into its normal state in the aftermath of flooding.
 27

Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The descriptive method of research was used in this study. Descriptive method of

research is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings.

It illustrates present conditions, practices, situations, or any phenomena based on

impressions or reaction of respondents (Study.com, 2017). Descriptive research aimed at

casting light on current issues or problems through a process of data collection that

enables them to describe the situation more completely than was possible without

employing this method (Dudovskiy, 2018).

The researchers aspired to conduct a descriptive research on the flood

management practices existing in the City of San Fernando in order to determine

practices on the areas of preparedness, response, and rehabilitation.

A descriptive research design will be applied in highlighting the level of

awareness of the respondents on the flood management practices as well as to give

emphasis as to the extent of practice of these flood management measures of the City of

San Fernando in dealing with flooding. Such method, also gave focus on the flood

management practices in the City of San Fernando.

 28

Sources of Data

The population of this study is 24,799 which was obtained from the lists of

barangays with medium-high and high susceptibility ratings to flood in the City of San

Fernando namely: (1) Bangcusay, (2) Biday, (3) Canaoay, (4) Narra Este, (5) Pagdalagan,

(6) Pagudpud, (7) Poro, (8) Sagayad, (9) San Vicente, and (10) Tanquigan (Mines and

Geosciences Bureau Region 1, 2017).

Out of this number, 459 were chosen as the sample of this study. This includes

379 residents and 80 barangay officials of these flood prone barangays.

All elected barangay officials were included as respondents. The residents, on the

other hand, were subjected to the Raosoft sample size calculator to determine the sample

size. The researchers also used the stratified random sampling which was obtained by

dividing the size of the entire sample over the total population and multiplying it to the

sample size (Sales et al, 2017).

Table 1. Distribution of the Respondents per Barangay

Name of Barangay Total N Barangay Total
Population (N) Officials
Brgy. Bangcusay 1251 19 8 27
Brgy. Biday 2831 43 8 51
Brgy. Canaoay 1562 24 8 32
Brgy. Narra Este 521 8 8 16
Brgy. Pagdalagan 3,372 52 8 60
Brgy. Pagudpud 2,569 39 8 47
Brgy. Poro 5, 718 87 8 95
Brgy. Sagayad 3400 52 8 60
Brgy. San Vicente 2,680 41 8 49
Brgy. Tanquigan 895 14 8 22
Total 24, 799 379 80 459
Legend: N = Total Population
n= Sample Size
 29

The population quantified are the most proficient respondents for this research;

that deliver a consistent, trustworthy and reliable assessment on the flood management

practices of the barangays of the city of San Fernando which can be a supplementary

contribute to the improvement of the City’s disaster preparedness measures.

Instrumentation and Data Collection

A self-constructed questionnaire was designed by the researchers based on the

City of San Fernando Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. The researchers

used this questionnaire as a tool in determining the level of awareness of the residents

and the barangay officials as well as the extent of practices of the flood management

measures.

The survey questionnaires have two (2) parts. These parts were derived from the

specific problems of this research.

The first part focused on the level of awareness of the respondents in the flood

management practices in the City of San Fernando. The level of awareness is broken

down into three (3) indicators namely: preparedness, response, and rehabilitation. The

awareness included all flood preparedness measures that are commonly exercised and

were based on the CDRRMO Plan.

The second part, on the other hand, focused on the extent of the flood

management practices on the City of San Fernando. The extent of flood management

practices is also broken down into three (3) indicators similar to the level of awareness.
 30

The questionnaire was translated in Iloco in order for the respondents to

understand the questions even more and for them to be able to answer it correctly. It was

translated by Fr. Felix Gatchalian, a parish priest from Basilica Minor of our Lady of

Charity, Sta. Monica Parish in Agoo, La Union.

The questionnaire was validated by Prof. Maria Evelyn D. Corpuz from the AB

English Department, College of Art and Sciences, DMMMSU-MLUC; Mr. Lemuel L.

Sudiacal from Caba Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office Caba, La Union;

Atty. Anna Leah Romero, the focal person of Disaster on Gender and Development

campaign of the Commission on Human Rights, Regional Office 1; Dr. Allan Hil B.

Pajimola, the chairperson of the AB Public Administration Department, College of

Management, DMMMSU-MLUC; Mr. Rozel L. Reyes, Senior Fire Officer II, from the

Bureau of Fire Protection Region 1; and Ms. Julie Ann B. Hipona, head of the City of

San Fernando Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office.

A pre-test was also conducted in Barangay Pugo, Bauang, La Union spearheaded

by Mr. Esteban A. Estigoy, the Punong Barangay. The pre-test conducted utilized 30

respondents. The collected data from the pre-test was subjected to Cronbach Alpha to

determine whether or not the items in the questionnaires are good and reliable. The

questionnaire garnered a rating of 0.938 or 93.8% in the Cronbach’s Alpha and is

described to be very highly reliable.

Upon approval, the researchers sought the permission and endorsement from the

City Mayor of San Fernando to conduct the study. Then, the questionnaires were floated

and were later retrieved.

 31

Analysis of Data

To determine the level of awareness of the respondents on the flood management

practices of their respective barangays, the weighted mean was utilized to measure the

level of awareness. A survey from the Barangay Officials and to the residents was also

utilized to substantiate the results of the study. The level of awareness was categorized

and interpreted using the scale below.

Relative Value Statistical Limit Verbal Description Qualitative Description

5 4.20-5.00
4 3.40-4.19
3 2.60-3.39
2 1.80-2.59
1 1.0-1.79
Very Highly Aware The respondents have a
very high awareness on
the flood management
practices of the City of
San Fernando. (81%-
100%)
Highly Aware The respondents have high
awareness on the disaster
flood management
practices of the City of
San Fernando. (61%-80%)
Moderately Aware The respondents are
moderately aware on the
flood management
practices of City of San
Fernando. (41%-60%)
Slightly Aware The respondents are
slightly aware on the flood
management practices of
the City of San Fernando.
(21%-40%)
Not Aware The respondents are not
aware on the flood
management practices of
the City of San Fernando.
(less than 20%)

In problem II, which focused on the extent of the flood management practices of

the residents and barangay officials City of San Fernando, the weighted mean was
 32

utilized to determine the extent practice of the flood management measures. It was

categorized and interpreted using the scale below.

Relative Value Statistical Limit Verbal Description Qualitative Description

5 4.20-5.00 Very Highly Practiced The respondents are very

4 3.40-4.19
3 1.60-3.39
2 1.80-2.59
1 1.00-1.79
highly practiced in the flood
management practices of the
City of San Fernando.(81%-
100%)
Highly Practiced The respondents are highly
practiced in the flood
management practices of the
City of San Fernando. (61%-
80%)
Moderately Practiced The respondents are
moderately practiced in the
flood management practices
of the City of San Fernando.
(41%-60%)
Slightly Practiced The respondents are slightly
practiced in the flood
management practices of the
City of San Fernando. (21%-
40%)
Not Practiced The respondents are not
practiced in the flood
management practices of the
City of San Fernando.(less
than 20%)

While in Problems 3 and 4, T-test was used to determine the significant difference

on both the level of awareness and the extent of practice on the flood management

measures of the City of San Fernando as perceived by the residents and the barangay

officials.

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 33

Level of Awareness on the Flood Management Practices as Perceived by the

Barangay Residents and the Barangay Officials
Awareness according to the Oxford University Press (2018) refers to the

knowledge or perception of a situation or a fact. Its concern is about a well-informed

interest in a particular situation or development. In a more comprehensive context

harmonized in this study, awareness is the extent of common knowledge about disaster

risks, the factors that lead to disasters and the action that can be taken, individually and

collectively, to reduce exposure and vulnerability to hazards (International Federation of

the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2011).

Table 2. Level of Awareness on Preparedness Practices as Perceived by Barangay

Residents and the Barangay Officials

Indicators Barangay Residents Barangay Officials

WM WM
1. Register the list of emergency numbers in cellphones 3.19 4.30
or post it close to telephones
2. Know the barangay officials or government offices 3.18 4.60
that can be contacted in times of disaster
3. Educate the children and the general public about the 3.20 4.18
safest way or route to the evacuation centers and
what to do during evacuation
4. Prepare a go-bag that contains canned goods or non- 3.32 4.30
perishable foods, drinking waters stored in
containers, first aid kit, beddings, clothes and
toiletries to be easily brought in case of evacuation
5. Secure and anchor weak houses 3.40 4.40
6. Remove wastes that block the water canals 3.40 4.50
7. Get the livestock/s to a higher ground that is safe in 3.34 4.30
case of flooding
8. Agree on a meeting place prior to evacuation 3.30 4.40
Average Weighted Mean 3.29 4.37
Legend: Very Highly Aware (VHA), Highly Aware (HA), Moderately Aware (MA), Slightly Aware (SA),
Not Aware (NA)
The indicators that gained the highest mean in the perception of the residents are

securing and anchoring weak houses and removing the wastes that block the water canals

with a weighted mean of 3.40 and has a descriptive equivalent of highly aware. Also, the
 34

table reveal two (2) indicators which gained the lowest mean in the perception of the

residents are: knowing the barangay officials and the government agencies to be

contacted in times of disaster with a weighted mean of 3.18 and is described to be

moderately aware followed by registering the list of emergency numbers in cell phones or

part or post it close to telephones with a weighted mean of 3.19 and is described to be

moderately aware.

These findings imply that among the flood preparedness practices employed in

the City of San Fernando, only these two (2) indicators garnered the highly aware

remarks according to the residents. These also indicate that the residents are aware in

taking pre-emptive measures especially in removing wastes that may block the canals and

securing and anchoring weak houses. The indicator securing and anchoring weak houses

is the next indicator which gained the highest mean from the residents. The residents had

perceived this indicator to be highly aware for reason of securing human’s properties and

belongings. The results on the indicator with the lowest mean is an indication that some

of the residents do not care as to who are the barangay officials. It also indicates that the

residents become more aware of the government agencies only when the disaster is

already causing massive damages.

The finding on removing the wastes which may block the canals is supported by

the report of Fernandez (2017) in the case of Cebu when she blamed improper waste

disposal for flooding. She also explained that it is not the heavy downpour that causes

flooding but the trashes clogged up in the drainage system’s waterways. This finding is

also supplemented by McCrea (2012), where she emphasizes that in the urban
 35

environment, rubbish clogged main drains and squatter areas have no waste

infrastructure, and so the wastes clogged the waterways and the problem is left unsolved

for there is no authority that initiate waste removal. This only means that removing

wastes plays a very vital role in the flood management practices since the locale under

study is considered to be urbanized.

As to Ms. Julie Ann Hipona, the head of the City of San Fernando Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Office, she verified that improper waste disposal is one of

the reasons why there are occurrences of flooding in the City of San Fernando. She also

explained that residents kept dumping their wastes in rivers, canals, and almost

everywhere and these trashes are nestled on waterways blocking the flow of water

especially when there is a heavy rainfall. More so, the finding is an indication that most

of the residents are knowledgeable of getting rid of wastes as part of the City’s

preparedness practice and to guarantee that there is no wastes or trashes that may block

the waterways.

Furthermore, it is notable that the practice of securing and anchoring weak houses

is an important feature of the City’s flood preparedness practices. The residents had

perceived this indicator to be highly aware for reason of securing human’s properties and

belongings. This finding is established as a strong point on the Theory of Reinventing the

Government where it identifies one of its principles the “Anticipatory Government”

where it emphasizes that prevention is better than cure (Osborne and Gaebler, 1992). In

disaster management, especially in flooding it is imperative to manage the possible risks

that may arise in the occurrence of flooding. Thus, it supports the finding of the study that
 36

residents must be aware of preventing the loss of their houses instead of waiting for the

worst scenario to happen.

The indicator knowing the barangay officials and the government agencies to be

contacted in times of disaster that gained the lowest mean among the residents is

supported by the study conducted in Tacloban, Leyte. In this study, it was found out the

residents did not know the agencies to contact during the onslaught of Typhoon Yolanda.

Hence, the government through the NDRRMC found it crucial to raise awareness , gain

community support, and put the issue on the local agenda of informing people which

government agencies specifically barangay officials to be contacted (Community Tool

Box, 2018).

The indicator which also the second lowest mean in the perception of the

residents is registering emergency numbers to mobile phones. Mr. Alvin Cruz, the focal

person of the La Union Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (PDRRMC)

explained that the PDRRMC with the initiative of Provincial Government of La Union

(PGLU) has the emergency hotline 911 which enables the residents of La Union to call

the PDRRMC in times of emergency. He also mentioned that since the start of this

program, they received numerous numbers of prank calls. And in order to address the

problem, the PDRRMC provided an emergency hotline where it requires Php5.00 worth

of load per minute of calls. And according to him, this is the reason why this indicator

garnered one of the lowest ratings for residents might not have enough balance to call the

hotline or because the residents are unconvinced on how efficient this emergency hotline

is. Cruz also reiterated that 911 is not the only emergency number that can be stored unto
 37

mobile phones because emergency hotlines of BFP, PNP and other authorities also can be

used in times of calamities.

As to Response Institute (2018), it identifies that keeping an easily accessible list

of emergency phone numbers registered on mobile phones could help save lives or even

property and can eradicate the possible risks and hazards brought about by flooding.

Thus, campaign awareness as to this practice must be done by the City of San Fernando

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (CDRRMC) and the BDRRMC to

increase awareness among the residents.

On the other hand, the following indicators gained the highest rating on the

perception of the barangay officials, namely, knowing the barangay officials or

government offices that can be contacted in times of disaster with a weighted mean of

4.60 and is described to be very highly aware followed by removing wastes that block the

water canals with a weighted mean of 4.50 and is described to be very highly aware. The

following indicators, however, garnered the lowest rating on the flood preparedness

practices in the perception of the barangay officials: “Educate the children and the

general public about the safest way or route to the evacuation centers and what to do

during evacuation” (4.18) is described to be highly aware and “Register the list of

emergency numbers in cell phones or post it close to telephones” (4.30) is described to be

very highly aware.

The result implies that the barangay officials are familiar with co-existing

agencies responsible in disaster management. The high perception on removing of wastes

is an indication that the barangay officials are aware of on this flood preparedness
 38

practice like the residents. But, it is also an indication that the barangay officials do not

have enough awareness on the practice of educating the children and the general public

about the basic information on the evacuation process. It also indicates that even if the

barangay officials have very high awareness on registering emergency numbers, it also

gained one of the lowest ratings like the residents.

The indicator on knowing the barangay officials and other government agencies

that can be contacted in times of calamity gained the highest mean among the flood

preparedness practices employed in the City of San Fernando in the perception of the

barangay officials. This high awareness among this flood management practice is

supported by Section 12 of RA 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Act of 2010 which mandates the establishment of a BDRRMC in every

barangay which shall be responsible for setting the direction, development,

implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within their

territorial jurisdiction and the Section 76 of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code,

which is the principal law which states that all the functions of local government units

including barangay. Thus, it is also mandated by this law to provide and implement its

own organizational structure as provided of course by the RA 10121(Caba Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Office, 2015).

According to Ms. Hipona, the Barangay officials are very highly aware on this

flood practice for the reason that they are officials and they are responsible setting the

tone and direction in the community for flood preparedness activities. Therefore, it is

important that these elected barangay officials understand their role prior to flooding.
 39

The high awareness on removing of wastes that may block water canals by the

barangay officials is supported by the mandate of the RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 where it declares the policy of the state, to adopt a

systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that ensures

the protection of public health and the environment (Aquino, 2013). Moreover, the

barangay officials adapt the policies provided by this law which also beneficial to disaster

management.

Also, as to Morales, et.al (2014), recent disasters have shown that having

evidently defined preventive procedures is a critical factor that diminishes evacuation

hazards and guarantees a quick and efficacious evolution of evacuation plans. Thus, the

barangay officials need to improve their awareness on this flood management practice

because they are the front-liners in the reduction of possible hazards.

As such, the importance of awareness on educating the general public about the

basic information when evacuating is supported by the Typhoon Yolanda case where

thousands of individuals died because of not evacuating and not being informed on the

evacuation measures (UNTV New, 2013). Hence, this reinforces the finding of this study

that mobilizing the national preparedness programs are as important as the dissemination

of guidelines for evacuation and on improving the awareness of the barangay officials.

As to registering emergency numbers on mobile phones, as though perceived by

the barangay officials to be very highly aware, it is still indicative that there are still some

of the barangay officials who are not aware of this practice. The reason for this according

to Alvin Cruz is that these barangay officials are not participating in the training and
 40

preparedness programs conducted by the PDRRMC or they are not part of the BDRRMC

or the BDRRMC is not fully functional making some officials unaware of this practice.

It can also be gleaned from Table 2, that the residents garnered an average

weighted mean of 3.29 with a descriptive rating of moderately aware whereas the

barangay officials obtained an average weighted mean of 4.37 with a descriptive

equivalent of very highly aware when it comes to the flood preparedness practices

employed on the City of San Fernando. This implies that the barangay officials are more

knowledgeable on the preparedness practices employed in the City of San Fernando than

the residents on the onslaught of flood. Level of awareness on the flood preparedness

practices is generally explained by the Modern Disaster Theory (Chen, 2018) which

emphasizes that it is the mission of disaster law to increase preparedness of all social

institutions, including officials and non-governmental actors, to anticipate sudden,

calamitous events, and to bring the optimal portfolio of preparedness. This theory also

defines preparedness as principal reciprocal of a disaster. Hence, information

dissemination to the residents must be improved in order to compromise with this disaster

law otherwise the end result might be a great loss of both properties and even lives. As to

the officials, these practices still need to be enhanced in order to make the Barangay

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC) more functional.

Table 3. Level of Awareness on Response Practices as Perceived by the Barangay

Residents and the Barangay Officials

Barangay Barangay
Indicators Residents Officials
WM WM
 41

1. Provide an alarm system for continuous rain and 3.23 4.40

widespread flooding.
2. Evacuate residents in low lying areas that can 2.82 4.50
possibly be flooded during RED rainfall
warning (non-stop and strong rain that may
cause serious flooding in low lying areas and
near river channels)
3. Alert residents for possible evacuation during 2.90 4.40
ORANGE rainfall warning (strong rain that is
not continuous but may cause flooding in low
lying areas and near river channels)
4. Monitor the weather condition during 3.10 4.30
YELLOW rainfall warning (weak rain but
continuous, there is only small chance of
flooding)
5. Watch the TV or listen to radio and be updated 3.40 4.70
on local emergency information

6. Move household belongings to the upper level 3.30 4.30

7. Turn off electric main switch and gas valve, and 3.30 4.40
lock the house before evacuating

8. There are available response personnel 3.16 4.50

designated by the barangay
Average Weighted Mean 3.16 4.43
Legend: Very Highly Aware (VHA), Highly Aware (HA), Moderately Aware (MA), Slightly Aware (SA),
Not Aware (NA)

Among all the indicators, watching TV or listening to radio and being updated on

local emergency information gained the highest mean from both the residents and the

barangay officials with a calculated mean of 3.40 and 4.70 respectively. Also, there are

two (2) indicators which garnered the second highest mean on the perception of the

residents, and these are moving household belongings to the upper level; turning off

electric main switch and gas valve; and locking the house before evacuating with a mean

of 3.30 which means that the results are moderately aware. Meanwhile, the indicator with

the lowest result from the perception of the residents is, educating residents in low lying
 42

areas that can possibly be flooded during RED rainfall warning for non-stop and strong

rain that may cause serious flooding in low lying areas with a mean of 2.82 and described

as moderately aware.

The finding reveals that both residents and the barangay officials rely on the mass

media especially TV and radio in being updated on the most current information that they

will get about flooding or other havocs. The residents viewed the indicator moving

household belongings to the upper level, turning off electric main switch and gas valve,

and locking the house before evacuating to be one of the practices which they have more

awareness on, for the reason that these are more concentrated to individual preparedness

rather than collective view. The findings also imply that some of the residents are aware

of the practise of educating residents in low lying areas that can possibly be flooded

during RED rainfall warning for non-stop and strong rain that may cause serious flooding

in low lying areas

This is supported by the study of Coxall (2018) which explains that

communication of political information is an important process in the disaster

management, and mass media like TV and radio play a central role in that aspect. Hence,

this is an indication that the increased access of people to mass media in terms of political

information is one of the reasons why this indicator garnered the highest rating from both

the residents and barangay officials.

The findings also confirm and reinforce the study of the University of Canterbury

(2016) that mass media traces the ways people describe the use of radio and television in

personal narratives as to disaster. In addition, radio is closely associated with

 43

communication for those suffering through a disaster, while television emphasizes more

dramatic disaster marathon coverage. This also explains that disaster tends to focus on the

role of the media in preparation for a disaster event and response phase of it, rather than

the impact phase of a disaster. It is implied that the residents still need to improve its

awareness on this flood response practice. This is also an implication that the barangay

officials are cohesive in being efficient in tracking the latest news about flooding and

other disasters.

The Emergency Management Theory (McEntire, 2004) also supports the findings

which uncover the myriad factors that are involved in emergency management from

which response activities and post-disaster activities may be approached. First, it is

indicated in the theory that residents and governmental actors must be aware on the

response and recovery operations. Second, the residents must protect lives in the initial

steps of hazard detection, warning and sheltering. And third, the residents must learn the

value of response, improvisation, and professionalism among the residents. Hence, the

residents of the barangays under this study carry out the practice of moving the household

belongings to a safer place in order to protect their important properties. However, it also

indicates that this practice must still be improved for there are still quite few residents

who are not aware of this during flooding.

Also, as to Fire Rescue (2011), it identifies five (5) common causes of fires during

and after calamities and that includes (1) faulty outlets and damaged appliances, (2) light

fixtures, (3) misuse of extension cords, (4) out-dated and damage electrical wirings and

(5) not turning off gas valves. This is indicative that this practice is an important feature
 44

of the flood management practices of the City of San Fernando because it enables the

residents to be responsible in taking care of these aforementioned instances for it can

reduce the possibility of greater damage.

Furthermore, Kirby (2014) emphasizes that before and during a disaster, any

household item that can move, fall, break, or even cause a fire becomes a hazard. That is

why it is important to be cautious on these hazards and correct such potential hazards.

Potential hazards on this study include faulty electrical wirings, turning gas valves and

locking the door. These hazards are three of the most identified flood practices employed

during flooding (University of Illinois, 2015).

The barangays, therefore, are highly recommended to have available response

personnel that will assist the residents. The barangay officials use color-coded rainfall

advisories to warn the public of heavy to torrential rain and possible flooding. These

advisories are usually issued every three (3) hours. The local government units specially

the barangays are advised to familiarize themselves with the rainfall colour scheme for

them to be able to easily inform the people about the current situation and if there is a

possibility of flooding (Sicat, 2012). In addition to this, Philippine Primer (2016) asserts

that the barangay officials are suggested to improve their information dissemination with

this rainfall advisory because this can be convenient and can save lives.

It is undeniable that the practice of educating residents in low lying areas that can

possibly be flooded during RED rainfall warning for non-stop and strong rain that may

cause serious flooding in low lying areas got the lowest rating among the residents. This

is a new provision employed by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
 45

Council (NDRRMC) which was adopted by the system of Philippine Atmospheric

Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and is decentralized by

the La Union Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee or PDRRMC and to

the City of San Fernando Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee or

CDRRMC (Official Gazette, 2018).

Awareness on PAGASA’s color-coded rainfall or storm surge advisory system

needs to be increased among the residents because it can help them prepare especially

when there is heavy rains and flooding, and awareness to such advisory systems can help

the residents in predicting the worst that will happen in their places (CNN, 2016). Being

aware on what these warning systems means can be a guide for the residents to evacuate

if necessary and to volunteer on the rescue operations if needed. Hence, these flood

response practices must be developed by the residents through the initiative of the

barangay officials and the CDRRMC.

On the other hand, having a designated responder in each barangay gained the

second highest ratings on the perception of the barangay officials with 4.50 weighted

mean. The practise of moving of belongings to higher level gained the lowest rating on

the perception of the barangay officials with 4.30 weighted mean.

The practice of having a designated responder in each barangay gained a high

rating for the reason that officials are the front liners in rescue operation. It is also

important that the barangay officials are aware that the supposed responders are properly

trained for there may be emergency situation that they might encounter.
 46

To exemplify this, the Municipality of Bontoc, Mountain Province where its

LGU’s strengthen the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management or DRRM skills of the

barangay responders. Also, the Municipality of Bontoc recognizes the importance of

having trained responders in the grassroots as they are expected to help the residents in

case of a disaster (Killa, 2018). This means that it is not enough that the barangay

officials are aware that there should be a designated response team in their respective

barangays but also they are recommended to be aware that the responders must possess

proper training in order to fulfil their duties in times of flooding.

As to Emergency Agency (2018) where it explains that after keeping an eye on

the water levels and weather situation, the barangay officials must inform residents to

move their belongings on the higher grounds. While as to Radboud University (2018),

moving your belongings is considered to be one of the best response strategies.

According to this, contingency plans focus more on preventative evacuation, however, it

is not always feasible or smart. Instead, changing some of the preparedness practices into

a response practice might work better. Hence, the barangay officials must still improve

this practice in order to cope with the mandate of the RA 10121 and in order to have a

more functional flood response practice.

It can be gleaned from Table 3 that the residents garnered a grand weighted mean

of 3.16 and described to be moderately aware on the flood response practices employed

in the City of San whereas the barangay officials obtained a grand weighted mean of 4.43

and is described to be very highly aware. This is an indication that the barangay officials

are more aware on the flood response practices of the City of San Fernando than the
 47

residents. This finding reinforces the Structural Functionalism Theory of Emile

Durkheim which interprets each part of the society in terms of how it contributes to the

stability of the whole society. As to this theory, society is more than the sum of its parts;

rather, each part of society is functional for the stability of the whole (Crossman, 2018).

This means that the residents and the barangay officials must envision awareness on the

flood response practices, and each must play a necessary part because one cannot

function alone especially in disaster response.

Table 4. Level of Awareness on Rehabilitation Practices as Perceived by Barangay

Residents and Barangay Officials

Barangay Barangay
Indicators Residents Officials
WM WM

1. Return home only when authorities indicate that 3.30 4.40

it is safe (in the case of evacuees)

2. Continue to avoid contact with floodwater to 3.20 4.20

reduce the risk of being exposed to harmful
materials
 48

3. Consult the doctor right away if you waded in 3.20 4.40

flood water and are developing flu-like
symptoms to determine if you have leptospirosis
or any flood related diseases

4. Watch out for washed out roads, earth slides and 3.25 4.60
downed trees or power lines
5. Check for structural damages of buildings or 3.30 4.40
houses, inspect foundations for cracks or other
damages
6. Check for electrical system damage (sparks, 3.40 4.50
broken or frayed wires or the smell of burning
insulation) that can be a source of fire

7. Report broken utility lines to appropriate 3.50 4.40

authorities
8. Clean and disinfect everything that got wet. Mud 3.36 4.30
left from floodwater can contain sewage and
chemicals
Average Weighted Mean 3.31 4.41
Legend: Very Highly Aware (VHA), Highly Aware (HA), Moderately Aware (MA), Slightly Aware (SA),
Not Aware (NA)

Table 4 indicates that, the indicator with the highest mean among the residents is

reporting broken utility lines to appropriate authorities garnered 3.50 mean and is

described to be highly aware. The next indicator with the second highest mean among

the residents which garnered an average weighted mean of 3.40, described to be highly

aware is checking for electrical system damage such as sparks, broken or frayed wires or

the smell of burning insulation that can be a source of fire. This is also ranked as the

second highest among the barangay officials with 4.50 as average weighted mean and is

described to be very highly aware.

 49

This is an indication that the residents are aware that they should report any

damage on utility line like damaged electrical wiring and damaged water pumps to

authorities like LUECO and Prime Water respectively. The finding also implies that both

the residents and barangay officials are aware that flooded electrical system can be a

source of fire.

During a power outage, one may be left without heating/air conditioning, lighting,

hot water, or even running water. If one has a cordless phone, he/she will also be left

without phone service. Having so, battery-powered or crank radio, one may not monitor

news broadcasts. In other words, one could be facing major challenges. Thus, everyone

has a responsibility to protect his/her home and so is his/her family (Public Safety

Canada, 2011).

In Abraham Maslow’s paper ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’ he stated that all

human behaviour is motivated by human needs. He further claimed that people will

always strive to fulfill their needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be an explanation as

to why the residents had the highest awareness on reporting broken utilities, because as

Maslow had claimed, people will always strive to fulfil their needs in hierarchical

manner, and in the perspective of residents, broken utilities are among their priority

needs.

Residents have high awareness on checking for electrical system damage after

flooding which can be a source of fire because they are aware that electrical equipment

and wiring exposed to water may be dangerous if re-energized (powered again) without
 50

proper evaluation or replacement by a licensed electrical contractor (LEC) and anyone

who enters a flooded area can become the path of least resistance – an easier route for the

electrical current to travel (Hoyos, 2018).

Gubalane (2015) cited Crano’s study in 1983, which emphasized that individuals

will likely tend to act or anticipate for something if it is hedonically relevant to them.

This came to be known as the Vested Interest Theory which deals with the bearing of a

particular attitude-object or a phenomenon in its capacity to have significant personal

consequences for a particular individual. This can be related to the specific element of the

theory as to why the awareness of residents on the indicator is high, because of the

certainty of the consequences they may encounter.

The very high awareness of the barangay officials on the practise of checking for

electrical system damage such as sparks, broken or frayed wires or the smell of burning

insulation that can be a source of fire can be explained by the Organizational Structure of

Barangay Disaster Risks Reduction Management Committee‒BDRRMC (2015) which

stated that among the services of the BDRRMC is the Fire Fighter Service. The leader

organizes fire-fighting team/brigade for initial fire-fighting operations and coordinates

with the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) for fire-fighting safety knowledge. The

barangay officials, then, would have ample knowledge as to what could be a source of

fire because they have undergone thorough skills training programs to enhance their

capacities.
 51

On the other hand, the indicator with highest mean among barangay officials is:

“Watching out for washed out roads, earth slides and downed trees or power lines” which

garnered 4.50 average weighted and is described to be very highly aware. This indicates

that barangay officials are aware of their responsibility to watch out for washed out roads,

earth slides and downed trees or power lines, and put up signages on identified hazard

prone areas in the barangay. The Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis Service is also

among the services that the BDRRMC provides (Organizational Structure of Barangay

Disaster Risks Reduction Management Committee‒BDRRMC), 2015).

The table also shows the two (2) indicators which received the lowest ratings

among the residents with an equal average weighted mean of 3.20 are the following:

continue avoiding contact with floodwater to reduce the risks of being exposed to

harmful materials and consulting doctor right away if flu-like symptoms develop. This is

to determine if one has leptospirosis or any flood related diseases. It can also be gleamed

on the table that the indicator “Continuing to avoid contact with floodwater to reduce the

risks of being exposed to harmful materials” garnered the lowest rating among the

officials with 4.20 average weighted mean.

The indicator on the avoidance of exposure to harmful chemicals gained the

lowest rating among the rehabilitation indicators or after flooding practices for a reason

that a lot of people are not cognizant that flooding and other disasters often cause

hazardous chemicals such as gasoline and diesel spilled out of vehicles, industrial

facilities, fuel supplies and other sources.

 52

As to World Health Organization (2018), natural hazards can trigger a chemical

release and can exacerbate the impact of natural disaster on the environment and on

human health because of the release of hazardous materials. The extent of hazard that

exists is determined also by the mixture of chemicals that are present, their concentrations

in air, water, food or on land, exposures of the population, the susceptibility of the people

who are exposed and other factors (ScienceCorps.Org, 2012).

Also, consultation to a physician after a direct exposure to floodwater gained one

of the lowest ratings. As to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2014), health effects

occur directly through contact with flood waters or indirectly from the damage to

infrastructure, ecosystems, food, and water supplies or social support systems. This is

also braced by the report of Jama Network (2013) where it emphasizes that in the face of

the best planning and plans, systems can fail. Taking steps to protect the families in the

event of a disaster is very important, thus, being aware on this practice can help both the

lives of the family as well as to other people. More so, the finding is an indication that

although this practice is among the most important after-flood management practices in

our country, not everyone has an ample knowledge on this which leads to the following

statistics that for the period July 1-7, 2018, dengue cases reported nationwide reached

412, which is 87% lower compared to the same period last year. From January to July 7,

there are now 53,039 cases with 289 deaths. Most affected group belongs to the 10-14

years. Also, for the period July 1-7 2018, there were 53 leptospirosis cases reported in the

country. This is 39% higher compared to the same period last year (Philippine
 53

Information Agency, 2018). Therefore, the residents and the officials must be aware of

this flood rehabilitation practices to ensure safety even after flooding.

More so, in order to be safe in the aftermath of flooding, it is necessary for both

the residents and the barangay to be aware on these flood rehabilitation practices

especially to the part of the residents where they garnered only a moderately aware

remark. Thus, it is also imperative to enhance dissemination of information on these

practices. As to Mr. Alvin Cruz, of La Union Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Committee (PDRRMC), the PDRRMC is also working in coordination with different

agencies in information dissemination such as Provincial Government of La Union

(PGLU), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Philippine Information

Agency (PIA), and the Office of the Civil Defense (OCD) which handles the PDRRMC

to ensure that the aforementioned practices are disseminated. Cruz also added that these

government agencies use flyers and other campaign materials in order to raise awareness

on these practices.

Table 4 shows that the residents gained an average weighted mean of 3.29,

described to be moderately aware whereas the barangay officials gained an average

weighted mean of 4.41, very highly aware on the flood rehabilitation practices. This is

indicative that the barangay officials are more aware on these practices imposed on the

aftermath of flooding than the residents. The thematic areas of the RA 10121 were

cascaded from national government to the barangay, the smallest political unit in the

archipelago; and the nearest to the people in the localities serving as the primary planning

and implementing unit of government programs, projects and activities (Gabriel, 2016)
 54

As the political unit in the grassroots level, the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Committee (BDRRMC) was mandated to implement RA 10121 (Sec. 12

(a)), therefore, it can be concluded that the barangay officials would be more aware on

the flood management practices of the city.

Table 5. Summary Table on the Level of Awareness as Perceived by Barangay

Residents and Barangay Officials

Barangay Residents Barangay

Indicators WM Officials
WM
Preparedness 3.29 4.37
Response 3.16 4.43
Rehabilitation 3.31 4.41
Average Weighted Mean 3.25 4.40
Legend: Very Highly Aware (VHA), Highly Aware (HA), Moderately Aware (MA), Slightly Aware (SA),
Not Aware (NA)

This table shows the level of awareness of the barangays on the flood

management practices employed in the City of San Fernando as perceived by the

residents and the barangay officials. It can be gleaned on the summary table that the

residents are moderately aware with an average weighted mean of 3.25 and the barangay

officials are very highly aware with a average weighted mean of 4.40 along with the three
 55

(3) thematic areas used in this study, namely: preparedness (before), response (during)

and rehabilitation (after).

This finding implies that the barangay officials are more aware on the flood

management practices employed in the City of San Fernando. It also implies that the

residents have more awareness on rehabilitation practices while the barangay officials are

more aware on response practices.

This finding is supported by the Risk Management Approach (Karlstad

University, 2018) which explains why do the barangay officials are more aware on the

flood management practices than the residents. First, the barangay officials are more

involved in the discussion and analysis of interdisciplinary aspects of disaster

management. Second, the officials carry out analysis of similarities and differences in the

approaches used in sub-areas of personal safety, human security and disaster risk

management through the initiative of the CDRRMC. And third, they participated in

seminars and trainings on disaster management which means that officials have a

deepened description and analysis on administering disaster. More so, this implies that

the barangay officials must maintain their awareness on these practices because it is their

prime duty to protect the general public and also to lessen casualties and damage to

properties.

Also, moderately aware remark on the residents means that they are aware of

these flood management practices but are not how these practices are done. The key

informants have mentioned that there are some cases where the residents do not give their

full attention whenever authorities are informing them while some reiterated that the
 56

information dissemination of the authorities should be blamed for this. Hence, this is an

indication that the residents’ awareness must be enhanced and informed further in order

to rectify common misconceptions about these flood management practices.

According to Mr. Alvin Cruz, the high awareness of the barangay officials on

response practices is that the Provincial Government of La Union (PGLU) strengthens its

programs to reduce risks, hazards and vulnerability that disasters might bring to mankind.

As such, Cruz also mentioned the framework called “Disaster Resilient La Union 2021”

which is based on the national plan of the NDRRMC. As to preparedness, the PGLU

reinforces its non-structural activities and legislating ordinances that will address the

bottlenecks of disasters most especially flooding. It also discusses structural mitigation

which is part of preparedness framework wherein the PGLU informed the residents by

posting signages to flood prone areas, as well as fortifying the seawalls and drainage

clean ups. As to the flood response practices, the PGLU conducts training to volunteers

as well as to the barangay officials on how to rescue and how to respond in times of

flooding.

Lastly, as to the rehabilitation, the key informant cited that as part of the flood

rehabilitation practices of the City of San Fernando, his office give kits to partially

damaged houses.

Extent of Practice as perceived by the Residents and the Barangay Officials on the
Flood Management Practices in the City of San Fernando

Practice, as defined by Cambridge Dictionary (2018), is an action other than

thoughts or ideas. It refers to any action that is done regularly or repeatedly in order to
 57

attain a certain goal. In flood disaster management, the extent of practice refers to the

actions undertaken both the residents and the barangay officials in strengthening capacity

building and lessening the risks, hazards and vulnerability of flooding depending also on

how frequent and how rare these practices are employed in the City of San Fernando.

Table 6. Extent of Practice on Preparedness Practices as Perceived by Barangay

Residents and the Barangay Officials

Barangay Barangay
Indicators Residents Officials
WM WM

1. Register the list of emergency numbers in 3.31 4.04

cellphones or post it close to telephones
2. Know the barangay officials or government 3.20 4.50
offices that can be contacted in times of
disaster
 58

3. Educate the children and the general public 3.00 4.10

about the safest way or route to the
evacuation centers and what to do during
evacuation

4. Prepare a go-bag that contains canned goods

or non-perishable foods, drinking waters 3.10 4.40
stored in containers, first aid kit, beddings,
clothes and toiletries to be easily brought in
case of evacuation

5. Secure and anchor weak houses 3.10 4.30

6. Remove wastes that block the water canal 3.10 4.30

7. Get the livestock/s to a higher ground that is 3.10 4.18

safe in case of flooding
8. Agree on a meeting place prior to 3.00 4.30
evacuation
Average Weighted Mean 3.11 4.27
Legend: Very Highly Practiced (VHP), Highly Practiced (HP), Moderately Practiced (MP), Slightly
Practiced (SP), Not Practiced (NP)

The indicator that has the highest rating among the residents is registering the list

of emergency numbers in cellphones or posting it close to telephones with 3.31 as its

average weighted mean. The indicator knowing the barangay officials or government

offices that can be contacted in times of disaster has a 3.20 average weighted mean, the

indicator with the second highest mean among the residents. Furthermore, the table also

shows two (2) indicators with the lowest rating, namely: educate the children and the

general public about the safest way or route to the evacuation centers and what to do

during evacuation and agree on a meeting place prior to evacuation with 3.00 mean

among residents.

This implies that the practise of registering the list of emergency numbers in

cellphones or post it close to telephones is the most executed among the preparedness
 59

practices as perceived by the residents. The findings also imply that knowing the

barangay officials or government offices that can be contacted in times of disaster is also

used more among other practices. The results also show that educating the children and

the general public about the safest way or route to the evacuation centers and what to do

during evacuation and agreeing on a meeting place prior to evacuation are the least

applied among preparedness practices as perceived by the residents.

The Fear and Appeal Theory (Witte, 1994) supports these findings. In this theory,

it presents a risk, the vulnerability to the risk, and then describes a suggested form of

protective action. The residents practice this the most because in relation to the theory,

their fear motivates them to do some sort of actions that will diminish what scares them.

To be able to contact emergency hotlines in case of emergencies knowing the barangay

officials or government offices that can be contacted during flooding or emergencies

diminishes the fear of the residents.

The barangay officials as the initial responders in the area are responsible for

training and equipping all the personnel assigned to perform medical or first aid services

in an emergency; supervise emergency first aid or medical self-help operations within the

barangay during an emergency; arrange with the government health agencies, Red Cross

or other sources for first aid and medical self-help training for personnel (Organizational

Structure of Barangay Disaster Risks Reduction Management Committee (BDRRMC),

2015).

The practices of educating the children and the general public about the safest

way or route to the evacuation centers and what to do during evacuation, and agreeing on
 60

a meeting place prior to evacuation go hand in hand. According to Shorenstein (2017),

the purpose of educating the general public about the evacuation process and the

evacuation plan is to provide for the safety and orderly evacuation of personnel and the

residents in the event of an emergency situation. This plan must contain procedures on

what to do during evacuation and the personnel that will assist the residents. Maslow’s

hierarchy can be used to explain as to why this practice garnered the lowest rating among

the residents, it is not their priority, not on the top of their needs. The residents consider

the other practices to be more of a priority because Maslow claimed that people will

always strive to fulfil their needs, but do so in a hierarchical manner (Maslow, 1943). The

need to plan for evacuation only arises when the need for evacuation comes.

Knowing your barangay officials or government officers also gained the highest

rating with 4.50 as its mean and preparing a go-bag that contains canned goods or non-

perishable food was the indicator with second rating mean with the mean of 4.40 and is

described to be very highly practiced among the barangay officials. Registering the list of

emergency numbers in cellphones or posting it close to telephones (4.04) has the lowest

rating among the barangay officials.

The findings imply that knowing your barangay officials or government officers

and preparing a go-bag are the two most practiced among the preparedness practices as

perceived by the barangay officials. It also shows that registering the list of emergency

numbers in cellphones or posting it close to telephones was perceived by the barangay

officials to be the least practiced among the preparedness practices.

 61

The practise of knowing your barangay officials or government officers is a

significant preparedness practice because Section 12 of RA 10121 which mandates the

creation of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee

(BDRRMC) contends that the barangay is the only one responsible for setting the

direction, development, and coordination of disaster risk management programs within its

territorial jurisdiction (Caba Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office, 2015). As

for the barangay officials, Queensland (2011) emphasized that the local governments role

is to: (1) develop, review and assess effective disaster management practices; (2) help the

local government to prepare a local disaster management plan; (3) ensure the community

how to respond in a disaster; (4) identify and coordinate disaster resources, (5) manage

local disaster operations; and (6) ensure that the local disaster management and disaster

operations integrate with state disaster management. Hence, it can be said that the

barangay officials should know the government agencies that will be contacted in times

of flooding especially those in the first line of communication.

Preparing a go-bag (Plate 1) that contains canned goods or non-perishable foods

is acknowledged by the barangay officials to be one of the most practiced among the

flood management practices in the barangay, as they are knowledgeable to the

importance of this specific practice. As to Macas (2015), a go bag functions as a portable

kit which is meant to help an individual or a family survive the next 72 hours after they

evacuate their homes in case of a storm. This practice is supported by the report of the

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) through its

Disaster Information for Nationwide Awareness Project which released a video campaign
 62

meant to inform the general public about the importance of preparing a go bag (Macas,

2015). The importance of this practice is also supported by Westchester (2018) that in the

event of an emergency especially a dilemma that will require people to evacuate,

everyone must have a prepared bag pack that should be sturdy and easy to carry.

Registering the list of emergency numbers in cellphones or posting it close to

telephones has the lowest rating among the barangay officials. Although this rating has

the lowest among the officials, it is still interpreted to be highly practiced. Barangay

officials highly perform this practice because, local government units (LGUs), barangays

specifically are expected to be at the frontline of emergency measures in the aftermath of

disasters to ensure the general welfare of their constituents, according to the Local

Government Code of 1991. The workflow and coordination is supposed to ensure and

facilitate quick response before, during, and after disaster situations (Bueza, 2014). This

also supported by the CDRRM Officer Ms. Julie Ann Hipona, who stated that barangay

officials as the first responders during flooding must be highly informed on emergency

numbers that can be contacted.

Table 6 also shows that the calculated statistical average weighted mean of the

residents are 3.09 and has descriptive equivalent of moderately aware and the barangay

officials with 4.27 and has a descriptive equivalent of very highly aware. As to McEntire

(2004) on his theory Emergency Management Theory, different actors involved in

emergency management must be embraced regardless of whether they are from the public

or private sectors. This implies that everyone has a role in emergency preparedness

whether one is a resident or a barangay official.

63
 64

Table 7. Extent of Practice on Response Practices as Perceived by Barangay officials

and Barangay residents

Barangay Barangay
Indicators Residents Officials
WM WM
1. Provide an alarm system for continuous rain 3.00 4.20
and widespread flooding.

2. Evacuate residents in low lying areas that can 3.00 4.30

possibly be flooded during RED rainfall
warning (non-stop and strong rain that may
cause serious flooding in low lying areas and
near river channels).

3. Alert residents for possible evacuation during 3.00 4.30

ORANGE rainfall warning (strong rain that is
not continuous but may cause flooding in low
lying areas and near river channels).

4. Monitor the weather condition during 2.90 4.10

YELLOW rainfall warning (weak rain but
continuous, there is only small chance of
flooding)
5. Watch the TV or listen to radio and be 3.20 4.50
updated on local emergency information

6. Move household belongings to the upper 3.10 4.20

level
7. Turn off electric main switch and gas valve, 3.10 4.30
and lock the house before evacuating

8. There are available response personnel 2.80 4.40

designated by the barangay
Average Weighted Mean 3.01 4.28
Legend: Very Highly Practiced (VHP), Highly Practiced (HP), Moderately Practiced (MP), Slightly
Practiced (SP), Not Practiced (NP)
 65

As to extent of practice on response practices, watching TV or listening to radio

and be updated on local emergency information gained the highest rating from both the

barangay officials and barangay residents. This indicator garnered 3.20 from the

barangay residents and is described as moderately practiced whereas barangay officials

garnered 4.50 and is described as very highly practiced. There are also two (2) indicators

that garnered the second highest rating from the residents on the extent of flood response

practice. Moving household belongings to the upper level and turning off electric main

switch and gas valve and locking the house before evacuating both garnered 3.10 from

the residents and are described as moderately practiced. Furthermore, the table also

revealed the indicator that obtained the lowest rating on the perception of the residents

and this is the indicator “There are available response personnel designated by the

barangay”.

This is an indication that the residents focus on mass media especially on

watching TV. When there is a disaster, everyone is responsible to be updated, and this

includes the elderly, on the current situation. Moving household belongings to the upper

level indicate that flooding can affect many contents of a house. It implies that residents

are aware of the effect of flood such as damage and malfunction to their properties.

Turning off electric main switch and gas valve, and locking the house before evacuating

is also an indicator that obtained the second highest remark on the perception of the

resident. This implies that this flood response practice is high in terms of practical

preparation. The findings also imply that residents recognize that there is no particular

person in charge to do the response.

 66

Many of the residents answered that they have access to information about

disaster in social media and mass media which are very accessible and will give more

knowledge about disaster risk and emergency process. It is also recommended that every

barangay official needs to watch and listen to news updates because it is his/her duty to

disseminate information to the residents and to help them know what is happening in

their surroundings (Personal Communication, 2018).

This finding reinforced the report during the World Radio Day where radio is

recognized as a low-cost medium, specifically suited to reach remote communities and is

especially effective in reaching people affected by the disaster when other means of

communication are disrupted. It is also highlighted by the report that radio can be a

lifeline especially during the recent recorded natural disasters. Telecommunication and

radio according to the International Telecommunication Union (2016) became an

indispensable tool in saving lives in the event of natural disasters. Also, as to Farhangi

(2015), in the event of natural disasters, local, and national media play four (4) key roles

that are of significance in managing flood, these include: (a) educating and culture-

building, (b) informing, and making communication, (c) monitoring and demanding as

well as (4) strengthening public participation and creating national standards. Hence,

mass media, particularly radio, is the most important tool for the respondents. This

assumption proposes only three actors in the process of effective disaster management:

the government officials that generate disaster information, the media that transmit it, and

the public, who receives the information and acts accordingly (Lugo, 2001). More so, this

is an indication that barangay officials and residents practiced this response measure

more than the other flood response practices.

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Mostly usable items like furniture, area rugs, appliances, electronics, jewelry,

antiques, collectibles and some important documents which are in the basement or lower

levels of a home are moved to a safer place to minimize the amount of damages during

disaster (Resolve, 2018). The study is tantamount to the behaviour of the residents where

they move properties to the ground where flood cannot reach in order not to aggravate the

damages of items.

In an emergency situation, it may become necessary to turn off utilities at home. It

means that residents know well the basic safety measure of fire protection. It also implies

that residents do execute the action properly and have enough knowledge to do actions

needed. Post disaster fires can be caused by damaged electrical and gas lines and

appliances. Turning off the gas valve and the main switch before a potential disaster

helps prevent damage to the structure and building (Disaster Readiness Portal, 2017).

This is a beneficial practice for the prevention of fire that can cause an obliterate damage

to the house and neighbouring houses.

Based on an interview of the residents in Barangay Sagayad, there were no fixed

personnel or a barangay response committee assigned. It is just the barangay captain

leading them on what to do during calamities. Some claimed, the Barangay officials

should have some response personnel designated to assist them in times of calamities.

In the case of barangay officials, the second highest indicator of barangay

officials which has garnered the rating of an average weighted mean of 4.40 and is

described as very highly practiced is “There are available response personnel designated

by the barangay”. It implies that barangay officials are responsible to their constituents
 68

and must have a fast response. On the other hand, “Monitoring of the weather condition

during YELLOW rainfall warning (weak rain but continuous, there is only small chance

of flooding) procured the lowest rating from the barangay officials with an average

weighted mean of 4.10 and has a descriptive rating of highly practiced. It is implied that

this indicator garnered the lowest rating for it does not require much attention and of

course it is unnecessary for the respondents to monitor such because it will not bring

much damage as opposed when RED and ORANGE rainfall warning is pronounced.

Local government units are mandated and are responsible for rescue, relief and

response. In the same manner, officials must make it sure that there are available

response personnel for the residents. In fact, the barangay officials have improved their

facilities for disaster information system and barangay disaster management. Thus,

disaster response should work at barangay level in order to have a more efficient flood

response measures (13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 2004). The

argument had supported the study that barangay official must have certain person to

respond to the public for information dissemination and rescue operation.

When the PDDRMC gives yellow advisory to the barangay officials, it is just

ignored because it remains as the most basic level of warning and they will just act when

it is during the level of “Orange” and ”Red” warning. Barangay officials sometimes do

not give warnings to residents especially on yellow warning because they know that

NDRMMC send text messages to keep everyone informed about an upcoming typhoon,

heavy rainfall, flooding, or earthquake to ensure public safety and preparedness during

disasters, especially in flood-prone areas (Zoleta, 2018). In addition, Philippine Primer

 69

(2016) asserts that the residents, most especially the barangay officials, must be aware

with these rainfall advisories because this knowledge can be convenient and can save

lives.

Table 7 shows that the residents has garnered a general average weighted mean of

3.01 and has a descriptive rating of moderately practiced whereas the barangay officials

gained an average weighted mean of 4.28 with a remarks of very highly practiced in

terms of extent of practice on response. The finding implies that the barangay officials

practice flood response measure higher than the residents because it is the duty and

responsibility of the barangay officials to help and protect the residents during

emergencies or disasters through proper coordination and management. Officials

understand their emergency authorities and responsibilities, and practice in conjunction

with LGUs before a disaster occurs. This also implies that the barangay officials have the

initiative in leadership and executing response. Barangay officials are required under

Executive Order No. 137 to take training relevant to their position in their barangays and

should meet with their subordinates and establish solid relationships, request a briefing

on local preparedness efforts, learn about emergency plans and procedures, and visit the

emergency operations center and other critical facilities (Maryland Municipal League,

2017).

Also, barangay officials have the first-hand knowledge of the community's social,

economic, infrastructure, and environmental needs, helping residents to provide support

in a disaster. The role of local government under the Disaster Management Act 2003 is to

have a disaster response capability, approve a local disaster management plan, and ensure
 70

local disaster information that is promptly given by the District Disaster Coordinator

(Queensland Government, 2011). Local government units (LGUs) are also expected to be

at the frontline of emergency measures in the aftermath of disasters to ensure the general

welfare of their constituents, according to the Local Government Code of 1991. As first

responders, they are proactive in performing disaster-related activities, from pre-emptive

evacuation to the restoration of people's livelihood. The workflow and coordination is

supposed to ensure and facilitate quick response before, during, and after disaster

situations (Bueza, 2014).

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Table 8. Extent of Practice on Rehabilitation Practices as Perceived by Barangay

Residents and the Barangay Officials

Barangay Barangay
Indicators Residents Officials
WM WM
1. Return home only when authorities indicate 3.30 4.41
that it is safe (in the case of evacuees)
2. Continue to avoid contact with floodwater to 3.10 4.50
reduce the risk of being exposed to harmful
materials

3. Consult the doctor right away if you waded in 3.10 4.20

flood water and are developing flu-like
symptoms to determine if you have
leptospirosis or any flood related diseases

4. Watch out for washed out roads, earth slides 3.00 4.30
and downed trees or power lines
5. Check for structural damages of buildings or 3.20 4.30
houses, inspect foundations for cracks or
other damages

6. Check for electrical system damage (sparks, 3.00 4.30

broken or frayed wires or the smell of
burning insulation) that can be a source of
fire
7. Report broken utility lines to appropriate 3.00 4.40
authorities
8. Clean and disinfect everything that got wet. 2.99 4.30
Mud left from floodwater can contain sewage
and chemicals
Average Weighted Mean 3.08 4.33

Legend: Very Highly Practiced (VHP), Highly Practiced (HP), Moderately Practiced (MP), Slightly
Practiced (SP), Not Practiced (NP)

As to extent of practice in rehabilitation practices, “Return home only when

authorities indicate that it is safe (in the case of evacuees)” gained the highest rating from

the barangay residents with an average weighted mean of 3.30 and has a descriptive
 72

equivalent of moderately practiced. Also, “Check for structural damages of buildings or

houses, inspect foundations for cracks or other damages” obtained the second highest

rating from the residents which has a collective result of 3.20 with a descriptive

equivalent of moderately practiced. Furthermore, Table 8 also shows the indicators of

flood rehabilitation practices that obtained the lowest statistical rating for residents and

that is the indicator “Clean and disinfect everything that got wet. Mud left from

floodwater can contain sewage and chemicals”. This indicator garnered 2.99 and is

described to be moderately practiced.

The findings imply that residents follow the instruction of the officials. Residents

also are doubtful to return home if no one had announced that the area is safe. It also

implies that residents check their houses first before staying in. However, sanitation has

been neglected by the residents during calamities especially when they have evacuated.

This indicates that some residents still do not have basic sanitation facilities such as

toilets or latrines; thus, contributed to high levels of sicknesses or illnesses.

This finding is associated and is supported by the Safety Management Theory

(Moorkamp, et al, 2014) which identifies that management of safety is not only observed

by organizations but also by institutions for it has become a significant aspect of safety

science. This framework anchors itself on open systems which assume that safety scheme

can be adopted successfully according to every sense and record change in the

environment. The finding substantiates the theory in the phase of detecting any

documented change from environment in order to be certain of the safety of the

respondents. Hence, the respondents must wait for the authority’s signal before
 73

proceeding to the post-evacuation practice. The theory also suggests that ocular

inspection must be done first by the authorities before allowing the residents (evacuees)

to go home.

Also, when residents are able to return home, the first thing they do is to inspect

their houses and take note of any structural damage. Everyone deserves to feel safe and

comfortable in his/her own home, so it can be particularly stressful when signs of

structural damage are identified. There may be ruptured gas lines in the area,

contaminated water, and downed power lines in the wake of a damaging disaster.

Barangay residents inspect their structures for minor damage, like cracks on walls and

under beams, as these can still be fixed and also their appliances and furniture to ensure

that these will not fall or come crashing down if a strong aftershock occurs. The residents

also check their buildings and structures’ strength, capacity and integrity to prevent the

loss of life and property in times of calamities. When other residents find damages, they

immediately report it to their barangay officials or to appropriate authorities (Henry,

2013).

Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea,

dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. The situation of the residents after a calamity

has a growing challenge as they live in their barangays where sewerage is precarious or

non-existent (World Health Organization, 2018). Residents have also limited knowledge

and understanding of the good hygiene practices that reduce the health risks from poor

sanitation and waste management. It is unnecessary for some of the residents to clean and
 74

disinfect everything that got wet even if there are committees assigned to clean and

would not only wait for the latter to come by.

Moreover, continuing to avoid contact with floodwater to reduce the risk of being

exposed to harmful materials gained the highest rating from the barangay officials with

an average weighted mean of 4.50.Also, reporting broken utility lines to appropriate

authorities gained the second highest rating from barangay officials which have a

collective result of 4.40 with a descriptive equivalent of very highly practiced. While the

indicator which garnered the lowest rating from barangay officials is consulting the

doctor right away if you waded in flood water and are developing flu-like symptoms to

determine if you have leptospirosis or any flood related diseases where it garnered an

average weighted mean of 4.20 and is described to be very highly practice.

This is an indication that the barangay officials are very highly practiced on

avoiding contact with floodwaters. This implies that barangay officials are cautious

enough to avoid harmful and hazardous items. It is also an indication that barangay

officials communicate early and frequently with higher local government units in order to

report broken utility lines and request for their quick restoration. The indicator barangay

officials is consulting the doctor right away if you waded in flood water and are

developing flu-like symptoms to determine if you have leptospirosis or any flood related

diseases is the lowest among the barangay officials because it is the last thing they do

after the disaster but then they still practiced it.

According to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2013), floodwater

often contains infectious organisms, including intestinal bacteria such as E. coli,

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Salmonella, and Shigella; Hepatitis A Virus; and agents of typhoid, paratyphoid and

tetanus. Most cases of sickness associated with flood conditions are brought about by

ingesting contaminated food or water. Floodwaters also may be contaminated by

agricultural or industrial chemicals or by hazardous agents present at flooded hazardous

waste sites. Flood clean-up crew members who must work near flooded industrial sites

also may be exposed to chemically contaminated floodwater. Although different

chemicals cause different health effects, the signs and symptoms most frequently

associated with chemical poisoning are headaches, skin rashes, dizziness, nausea,

excitability, weakness, and fatigue.

On the hand, the presence of wild animals in populated areas increases the risk of

diseases caused by animal bites (e.g., rabies) as well as diseases carried by fleas and

ticks. It also contains contaminants such as raw sewage, oil or fuel and hazardous

chemicals and there may be debris in the floodwaters. Water may also be electrically

charged from underground or downed power lines (Pennsylvania Pressroom, 2018).

The government and other decision makers need to know what response efforts

are required and what type of further assistance is needed. Building maintenance is a

critical component in the maintenance of structural and non-structural safety. Damage

should be repaired as discovered and structural safety should not be compromised

through alteration and misuse. Responsibility for this rests with elected local officials and

designated facilities and maintenance BDRRM personnel. Local infrastructure includes

the water, electricity, gas, heating and cooling systems, communications and

transportation systems in your area. These are usually part of larger systems maintained
 76

by government and private agencies. Careful design and problem-solving with these

organizations, ahead of time, can protect students and educational assets, and make these

systems resilient. Depending on the hazards faced, a wide variety of solutions can be

considered (International Finance Corporation, 2010).

Disasters often cause deaths and can injure hundreds or thousands of

individuals in a short amount of time. According to the Department of Health, water-

borne diseases like typhoid fever, cholera, leptospirosis, and hepatitis are common during

the rainy season due to flooding caused by typhoons or heavy rains. If barangay officials

observed or feel any signs or symptoms of illness, they do not immediately consult a

doctor to prevent the spread of infection especially if they have waded in floodwaters,

instead, they focused more on rehabilitating the items that are damaged (De Vera, 2018).

Flood waters can contain trash and large debris, sewage, snakes, environmental pollutants

like oil and chemical products, and other harmful material. Sewage can cause boils or

rashes on parts of the body that a submerged for extended periods of time and chemicals

can cause rashes and burning of the skin and eyes after exposure. The barangay officials

are more steadfast in addressing bottlenecks left by typhoons or flooding like broken

utility lines and providing kits for the victims rather than concentrating on their personal

needs. More so, this is indicative that the barangay officials must also address this

problem in health because they will not function effectively and efficiently as officials if

they get injured and unhealthy. This is also an indication that it is also an obligation of

officials to take care of their personal safety and health.

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It can be gleaned in Table 8 that the calculated general average weighted mean of

the residents is 3.08 with a descriptive rating of moderately practiced on the flood

rehabilitation practices and the barangay officials have 4.33 and has a descriptive

equivalent of very highly aware. This implies that barangay officials are more reactive on

the flood rehabilitation practices rather than the barangay residents. This indicates that

barangay officials execute well the jobs they need to perform after a calamity and they

have the idea and clear understanding on how to respond to emergencies and disasters,

what resources are available, what types of assistance can be provided to citizens, and

how much time the assistance may take to deliver it. The finding is supported by the

Maryland Municipal League (2017) where it explains that barangay officials are able to

instill a sense of calmness to disaster victims and to the public, and temper expectations

of what government can do to aid in the recovery and rehabilitation. Elected officials play

a crucial role in public safety. Their understanding and support to emergency

management is vital to the safety and well-being of the public and communities.

Table 9. Summary Table on the Extent of Awareness as Perceived by the Residents

and Barangay Officials

Indicators Barangay Barangay

Residents Officials
WM WM
Preparedness 3.11 4.27
Response 3.01 4.28
Rehabilitation 3.08 4.33
Average Weighted Mean 3.07 MP 4.29 VHP
Legend: Very Highly Practiced (VHP), Highly Practiced (HP), Moderately Practiced (MP), Slightly
Practiced (SP), Not Practiced (NP)
 78

The summary table shows the extent of practice of the respondents of the flood

management practices of the City of San Fernando. As to the extent of practice, the

residents garnered an average weighted mean of 3.07 and is described to be moderately

aware while the barangay officials obtained an average weighted mean of 4.29 and is

described as to be very highly aware. It implies that the barangay officials practice more

the three (3) indicators preparedness, response, and rehabilitation than the residents.

Meanwhile, taking these indicators individually, the table shows that “preparedness” is

most practiced as perceived by the residents while the barangay officials perceived

“response” as the most practiced.

Moderately practiced on the part of the residents means they know that these

flood management practices exist and these practices are initiated by their respective

barangay leaders; however, only some practiced them. One of the reasons according to

some key informants why there are still few who do not practice is they rely too much on

the officials while some will just wait for the actual dilemma to happen before acting

upon it. Another reason that these two (2) variables are complementary with each other,

such that “the higher the awareness of the residents as to the flood management practices,

the higher the extent of practice” and “the lower the level of awareness of the residents,

the lower the extent of practice”. Thus, the residents “moderately practiced” because they

are also moderately aware about flood management practices.

Moreover, the barangay officials garnered a descriptive equivalent of very highly

aware. This is evident according to Ms. Julie Ann Hipona that the Barangay Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC) of the City of San Fernando are
 79

functional. She also mentioned that the high performance or practiced of these barangay

officials is due to the mandate of both the Sec. 12 of the RA 10121 that there shall be

established LDRRMO (Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office) in every

barangay which shall be responsible for setting the direction, development,

implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within their

territorial jurisdiction and Sec. 76 of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991

that every Local Government Units (LGU) shall design and implement its own

organizational structure and staffing pattern taking into consideration its service

requirements and financial capability and has the purpose of a more comprehensive

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC), Local Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Council (LDRRMC), and even Community-Based

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (CBDRRMC).

Also, the “very high practice” among the barangay officials is supported by the

seminars and trainings conducted by the CDRRMO together with the higher local

government units of the different barangays in the City of San Fernando, La Union to

provide more efficient and effective disaster response services. One of the seminars

conducted is a ‘3-day Intensive Training’ for the barangay leader to be disaster ready. On

August 9, 2018, twenty-four (24) participants composed of barangay officials, health

workers and tanods graduated from this 3-day first aid and basic life support training held

at Barangay Carlatan.

Also, the City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (CDRRMC) in

partnership with the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council

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(PDRRMC) spearheaded the said intensive activity with the goal to establish a strong

barangay council that is resilient and ready in providing immediate medical assistance to

the residents. More so, these participants became a certified basic life support responders

of their respective barangays (City Government of San Fernando, 2018). Hence, the high

rating of the barangay officials as to flood management practices.

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Significant Difference between the Residents and the Barangay Officials along the
level of Awareness on the Flood Management Practices of the City of San Fernando

Table 10. Table on the difference between the residents and the barangay officials
along the level of Awareness on the Flood Management Practices of the City of San
Fernando

t-stat p value Remarks

-22.89845 0.0001 Significant
*Significant at 0.05

The table shows that there is a significant difference between barangay officials

and residents along awareness on flood management practices in terms of preparedness,

response and rehabilitation. It is reflected on Table 10 the difference between residents

and barangay officials with p-value of 0.0001 which is less than 0.05. The results showed

that the residents have moderate awareness while barangay officials have very high

awareness on the flood management practices of the City. This finding implies that the

residents and the barangay officials do not have the same range of awareness as to the

flood management practices imposed in the City of San Fernando.

This finding is supported by (Bayugao, el al, 2014) where it emphasizes that is not

easy for awareness campaign to be shared on public, because there are different

perspectives and understanding in the society. The barangay officials should focus on the

majority of the residents on how they would have the same level of understanding to

these flood management practices.

It is important to differentiate the profile and social status of the residents in order

to determine what proper methods of information dissemination or what campaign

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awareness is to be used. Next, the message content of the campaign, language to be used

should be considered for the message to be conveyed outright.

These tools may play a big part in awareness campaign, because it will be used in

disseminating information. There are basic communication tools such as telephone, flyers

or the use of print materials, door to door talk, of social media, and conducting seminars

that would clearly explain the campaign message.

As such, there are two kinds of communication that can be used: the external and

internal. In external communication, the focus is on the people who need the Information

Education Campaign. In the case of this study, the residents of the barangays of the City

are the focus of the information dissemination to let them be aware of these flood

management practices.

The strategies mentioned above shall be used in external communication. On the

other hand, internal communication focuses on the barangay officials particularly on how

they will be motivated to keep the consistency of the program (Bayugao, et al., 2014). In

the City of San Fernando, La Union, information dissemination is conducted through

seminars, signages and online postings to ensure that the residents and the barangay

officials are aware of the flood management practices. Hence, strengthening the public

awareness campaign on flood management practices is highly essential.

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Significant Difference between Residents and the Barangay Officials along with the
Extent of Practice on Flood Management Practices of the City of San Fernando
Table 11. Table on the difference between the residents and the barangay officials
along extent of Practice on the Flood Management Practices of the City of San
Fernando

t-stat p value Remarks

-35.087423 0.00005 Significant
*Significant at 0.05

Table 11 shows that there is a significant difference between residents and the

barangay officials along the extent of practice on flood management indicators. It is

reflected on the table the difference between residents and barangay officials with p-value

of 0.00005 which is less than 0.05.The results showed that residents perceived the

practices to be moderately practiced while barangay officials perceived the practices to be

very highly practiced. This implies that the perception of residents is different from the

perception of barangay officials as to the extent of flood management practices in the

City of San Fernando.

This finding reinforces the study of Donahue (2011) where he discussed that

residents and public officials perceive risk and preparedness differently. Residents who

presumed that they did not do anything to prepare for a major natural disaster were asked

why did they not prepare, and public officials were asked why they think people do not

prepare. Half of the residents told that they do not prepare is that they procrastinate—they

know they should, but they have not gotten around to it, or they are skeptical which

means that they do not think it is going to happen to them.

Many public officials also agree that people procrastinate. They consider that

people think it takes too much time, effort, or money to prepare, although only eight
 84

percent of the individuals gave this as the reason they do not prepare. On the other hand,

almost seventeen percent of individuals said they have not prepared because they do not

know what to prepare; whereas, nine percent of public officials think this is the reason

why people do not prepare. Over fourteen percent of individuals say they have not

prepared because they would rather not think about bad things happening, but only about

four percent of public officials think this is the case. While public officials correctly

identify procrastination and skepticism as the main reasons, residents, however, say they

do not prepare, because they assume that preparedness per se, is too expensive.

In general, the residents and officials identify similar risks. However, in other

cases barangay officials see themselves differently than citizens see them. Barangay

officials think that they are more informed, more likely to be self-sufficient—indeed,

more prepared overall—than people think they are. There are also instances where

residents don’t practice flood management practices because they don’t think it will

happen to them. Barangay officials believe that citizens don’t prepare, but, the former

think that this more of a state of denial on the part of the citizens, rather than a rational

assessment. In truth, citizens’ lack of practice on flood management practices—and lack

of inclination to prepare—may be rational, given that floods are relatively rare events in

their areas.
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Output of the Study

The output of the study is an enhancement program which seeks to further

improve the flood management practices of the City of San Fernando. This enhancement

program aims to fill the gaps of the flood management practices at present in order to

prevent flooding and diminish or limit its impact. In the creation of this enhancement

program, the researchers sought the advice of the City Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Office of the City of San Fernando for more effective programs. This

enhancement programs also aims to aid the goal of the Provincial Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Council which is to make the province a Disaster Resilient La

Union.
86
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 91

Level of Validity of the Proposed Enhancement Program for the Flood Management

Practices of the City of San Fernando

Table 13 presents the level of validity of the Proposed Enhancement Program for

the Flood Management Practices of the City of San Fernando. It was validated by Ms

Julie Ann B. Hipona, the Officer-in-charge of City Disaster Risk Reduction Management;

Mr Alvin A. Cruz, the 911 La Union General Supervisor in Provincial Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Office; and it was also validated by Prof. Kenneth G. Bayani, the

Research Head of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid-La Union

Campus. The research output was deemed highly valid. It means that it can address the

identified potential gaps of the flood management practices of the City of San Fernando.

Hence, the research output is suitable, purposeful and implementable.

Table 13. Level of Validity of the Proposed Enhancement Program for the Flood
Management Practices of the City of San Fernando

Indicators Validator Average

A B C
1.Structure or face of the table and 5 4 3 4
program

2. Functionality of the program 5 4 4 4.3

3. Timeliness of the program 4 4 3 3.6
4. Appropriateness of the program 5 4 3 4
5. Acceptability of the program 4 4 4 4
6. Sustainability of the program 5 4 3 4
7. Implementability of the program 5 4 4 4.3

Overall 4.71 4 3.42 4.03

Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 92

Summary

This study aimed to assess the Flood Management Practices of the ten (10)

barangays of the City of San Fernando, La Union with the aim of formulating an

enhancement program that will help the Flood Management Practices of the city.

Specifically, it looked into the awareness of the two respondents regarding the

flood management practices of the City, the extent of practice of the respondents on flood

management practices and the significant difference among respondents along awareness

and extent of practice of the said flood management practices. Lastly, it aimed to come

up with community enhancement activities for flood management practices that served as

the output of this study to further improve the Flood Management Practices of the City of

San Fernando, La Union.

This study used descriptive type of research using a quantitative method. The

respondents consisted of 379 barangay residents and 80 barangay officials. The

questionnaire was used for the gathering of necessary data. And then, weighted mean was

utilized to measure the level of awareness and extent of practice perceived by the

respondents.

T-test was used to determine significant difference on the awareness and extent of

practice of flood management practices of the two groups of respondents.

The major findings of this study are the following:

 93

1. The residents perceived their level of awareness to moderately high with 3.25

average weighted mean while the barangay officials perceived their level of

awareness to very highly aware with 4.40 as the average weighted mean.

2. The residents perceived the extent of practice of the flood management practices

moderately practiced with its average weighted mean of 3.07, while the barangay

officials perceived it to be very highly practiced with 4.29 as its average weighted

mean.

3. There is a significant difference between the residents and the barangay officials

along their awareness in terms of preparedness, response and rehabilitation. The

residents rated their awareness to be moderately high while the barangay officials

rated their awareness to be very high.

4. There is a significant difference between the residents and the barangay officials

along their extent of practice in terms of preparedness, response and

rehabilitation. The residents perceived the practices to be moderately practiced

while the barangay officials perceived the practices to be very highly practiced.

5. The proposed enhancement is deemed to be valid which means it can be utilized

to further improve the flood management practices of the City.

Conclusion
 94

After assessing and careful evaluation of results of this research study, the

researchers conclude that:

1. Both barangay residents and barangay officials have enough knowledge about the

flood management practices of the City of San Fernando, La Union.

2. The residents practice flood management practices less than the barangay

officials.

3. Proper information dissemination on flood management practices is not being

executed well to the barangay residents.

4. The flood management practices are not being fully practiced in the barangay.

5. The proposed enhancement program can be a contributory factor in solving the

weakness of the awareness and extent of practice on the flood management

practices of the City of San Fernando, La Union

Recommendation

The following recommendations are formulated to enhance the Flood

Management Practices of the City of San Fernando, La Union:

1. A more intensive dissemination of information can be conducted regarding the

Flood Management practices to continue the spread of awareness amongst

residents and barangay officials.

2. The barangay officials shall engage the residents more on practicing the flood

management practices in order for them to be prepared in times of flooding.

 95

3. The barangays should engage the residents more by conducting regular seminars

and information dissemination to educate the residents on the flood management

practices of the City. The barangays shall continue posting information on bulletin

boards or spreading leaflets that will heighten the awareness of the residents. It is

also recommended for barangay officials to regularly conduct risk assessments on

the barangay to inform the residents on more appropriate flood management

practices needed.

4. The barangay officials shall continue conducting training for the rescue personnel

of the barangay and drills for residents.

5. The respondent barangays may adopt the proposed enhancement program for

more effective and efficient implementation of flood management practices in the

localities. It is also recommended that other municipalities which experience

flooding may adopt the same enhancement program on flood management

practices.
 96

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 104

APPENDICES
 105

APPENDIX A

Letter for the CDRRMC

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified
Excellences”

August 15, 2018

MS. JULIE ANN B. HIPONA

Officer-in-charge
CDRRMC, CITY OF SAN FERNANDO

Madam:

Greetings!

We are a group of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts
and Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus
are presently conducting our research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES OF THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”.

We are humbly requesting your good office to help us in gathering information regarding
the present situation of the City when it comes to flood management. Any information
that will help for the success of our study will be a great help and will be appreciated.

Thank you for helping us out! God bless!

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 106

APPENDIX B

Letter for the Validation of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 16, 2018

MRS. MARIA EVELYN D. CORPUZ

Faculty
THIS CAMPUS

Madam:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting a research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF
THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. This is a minimum requirement for the
measurement of adequacy and the first step in construct validation of a new measure..

May we request you to kindly spare some time from your busy schedule and respond
with your valuable feedback to our questionnaire. Your contribution in the validation of
our questionnaire is of great importance to our academic endeavour and is highly
appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 107

APPENDIX C

Letter for the Validation of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 16, 2018

MR. LEMUEL SUDIACAL

Officer-in-charge
CABA DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting a research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF
THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. This is a minimum requirement for the
measurement of adequacy and the first step in construct validation of a new measure..

May we request you to kindly spare some time from your busy schedule and respond
with your valuable feedback to our questionnaire. Your contribution in the validation of
our questionnaire is of great importance to our academic endeavour and is highly
appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 108

APPENDIX D

Letter for the Validation of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 16, 2018

ATTY. ANNA LEAH T. ROMERO

Attorney V
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REGION I

Madam:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting a research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF
THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. This is a minimum requirement for the
measurement of adequacy and the first step in construct validation of a new measure..

May we request you to kindly spare some time from your busy schedule and respond
with your valuable feedback to our questionnaire. Your contribution in the validation of
our questionnaire is of great importance to our academic endeavour and is highly
appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 109

APPENDIX E

Letter for the Validation of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 16, 2018

DR. ALLAN HIL B. PAJIMOLA

Faculty
THIS CAMPUS

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting a research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF
THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. This is a minimum requirement for the
measurement of adequacy and the first step in construct validation of a new measure..

May we request you to kindly spare some time from your busy schedule and respond
with your valuable feedback to our questionnaire. Your contribution in the validation of
our questionnaire is of great importance to our academic endeavour and is highly
appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 110

APPENDIX F

Letter for the Validation of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 16, 2018

MR. ROZEL L. REYES

Senior Fire Officer II
BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION‒REGION I

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting a research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF
THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. This is a minimum requirement for the
measurement of adequacy and the first step in construct validation of a new measure..

May we request you to kindly spare some time from your busy schedule and respond
with your valuable feedback to our questionnaire. Your contribution in the validation of
our questionnaire is of great importance to our academic endeavour and is highly
appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 111

APPENDIX G

Letter for the Validation of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 16, 2018

MS. JULIE ANN HIPONA

Officer-in-charge
CDRRMC, CITY OF SAN FERNANDO

Madam:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting a research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF
THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. This is a minimum requirement for the
measurement of adequacy and the first step in construct validation of a new measure..

May we request you to kindly spare some time from your busy schedule and respond
with your valuable feedback to our questionnaire. Your contribution in the validation of
our questionnaire is of great importance to our academic endeavour and is highly
appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 112

APPENDIX H

Letter for the Translation of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 20, 2018

FR. FELIX GATCHALIAN

Parish Priest
BASILICA MINOR OF OUR LADY OF CHARITY, STA. MONICA PARISH

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University ‒ Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting our research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
OF THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. And for better understanding of our
respondents our questionnaire shall be translated into the Iloco dialect assessed by the
expert of the field.

To enable that, we are humbly requesting your expertise for the translation of our
questionnaire. Your participation is a great importance to our academic endeavour and
it’s highly appreciated.

Thank you and God Bless!

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 113

APPENDIX I

Letter for the Reliability of the Questionnaire

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

August 24, 2018

HON. ESTEBAN ABUAN ESTIGOY

Barangay Captain
BARANGAY PUGO, BAUANG, LA UNION

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Political Science students of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University presently conducting a thesis entitled: “FLOOD MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES OF THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO.”

In this view, we are humbly requesting your office to allow us to administer our test
questionnaires for thirty (30) individuals in your respective barangay.

Any information that will be provided is highly appreciated. Rest assured that all the data
gathered for this purpose will be treated professionally with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you and more power!

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 114

APPENDIX J

Letter to the Office of the Mayor

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

September 24, 2018

HON. HERMENEGILDO A. GUALBERTO

City Mayor
CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Political Science students of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University‒ Mid La Union Campus are presently conducting a thesis entitled: “FLOOD
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”.

In this, view we are humbly requesting your office to allow us to float our questionnaire
in your respective municipality. Your help will be a big contribution to the success of this
study.

Any information that will be provided is highly appreciated. Rest assured that all the data
gathered for this purpose will be treated professionally with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you and more power!

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 115

APPENDIX K

Letter for the Validation of Enhancement Program

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

December 13, 2018

MS. JULIE ANN B. HIPONA

Head
CDRRMO, CITY OF SAN FERANDO

Madam:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting their research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
OF THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. The minimum requirement of adequacy and
the first step in construct validation of a new measure is its content validity as answered
by an expert in this field.

Relative here, may I request you in behalf of our students to answer the attached validity
sheet and indicate your observations as well for the enhancement of their research output.
Your contribution in validation of their research output is of great importance to their
academic endeavour and is highly appreciated.

Thank you very much in advance for your assistance.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 116

APPENDIX L

Letter for the Validation of Enhancement Program

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

December 13, 2018

PROF. KENNETH G. BAYANI

Research Head
DMMMSU-MLUC

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting their research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
OF THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. The minimum requirement of adequacy and
the first step in construct validation of a new measure is its content validity as answered
by an expert in this field.

Relative here, may I request you in behalf of our students to answer the attached validity
sheet and indicate your observations as well for the enhancement of their research output.
Your contribution in validation of their research output is of great importance to their
academic endeavour and is highly appreciated.

Thank you very much in advance for your assistance.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 117

APPENDIX M

Letter for the Validation of Enhancement Program

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

December 13, 2018

MR. ALVIN A. CRUZ

911 La Union General Supervisor
PDRRMO, CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION

Sir:

Greetings!

The 4th year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science students from the College of Arts and
Sciences, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‒Mid La Union Campus are
presently conducting their research entitled “FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
OF THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO”. The minimum requirement of adequacy and
the first step in construct validation of a new measure is its content validity as answered
by an expert in this field.

Relative here, may I request you in behalf of our students to answer the attached validity
sheet and indicate your observations as well for the enhancement of their research output.
Your contribution in validation of their research output is of great importance to their
academic endeavour and is highly appreciated.

Thank you very much in advance for your assistance.

Sincerely yours,

DR. PAULITO C. NISPEROS

Chancellor
 118

APPENDIX N

Certification by the Statistician

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that I have checked the statistical computation of the manuscript

of Lacanaria, G. A. G., Concepcion, F. M. C., Gonzales, G. R., Hulipas, J. O., and

Sastrodemedjo, P. J. G., entitled – “Flood Management Practices of the City of San

Fernando”.

This certification is issued to Lacanaria, G. A. G., Concepcion, F. M. C.,

Gonzales, G. R., Hulipas, J. O., and Sastrodemedjo, P. J. G., for all legal intents and

purposes.

Issued this 21st day of February, 2019 at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State

University – Mid La Union Campus, College of Arts and Sciences, City of San Fernando,

La Union.

VENUS D. SIONG, MATE

Statistician
 119

APPENDIX O

Certification by the English critique

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Mid- La Union Campus
College of Arts and Sciences
“Pursuing Diversified Excellences”

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that I have checked the manuscript of Lacanaria, G. A. G.,

Concepcion, F. M. C., Gonzales, G. R., Hulipas, J. O., and Sastrodemedjo, P. J. G.,

entitled – “Flood Management Practices of the City of San Fernando”.

This certification is issued to Lacanaria, G. A. G., Concepcion, F. M. C.,

Gonzales, G. R., Hulipas, J. O., and Sastrodemedjo, P. J. G., for all legal intents and

purposes.

Issued this 21st day of February, 2019 at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State

University – Mid La Union Campus, College of Arts and Sciences, City of San Fernando,

La Union.

ELIZABETH C. RAMIREZ, Ma.Ed

English Critique
 120

APPENDIX P

English Translation

FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF THE BARANGAYS OF CITY OF

SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION
Part I: PERSONAL DATA
Name (Optional): Address:
Affiliation:
 Barangay Captain
 Barangay Councilor
 Residents

Part II. Level of Awareness of Respondents and the Extent of flood management
practices of the barangays of the City of San Fernando, La Union

Instruction: In a 4-point rating scale, check the box which best represents your level of
awareness and level of practice on the flood management practices of your barangay

Awareness Rating Scale Flood Management

Practices
Very Highly Aware 4 Very Highly Practiced
Highly Aware 3 Highly Practiced
Moderately Aware 2 Moderately Practiced
Slightly Aware 1 Slightly Practiced

FLOOD
AWARENESS INDICATORS MANAGEMEN
T
4 3 2 1 A. Preparedness (Before) 4 3 2 1
1. Place the list of emergency numbers
registered in cellphones or close to
telephones
2. Know the barangay officials or
government offices that can be contacted
in times of disaster
3. Educate the children and the general
public about the safest way or route to the
evacuation centers and what to do during
evacuation
4. Prepare a go-bag that contains canned
 121

goods or non-perishable foods in case of

evacuation and store drinking waters in
containers to be easily brought in case of
evacuation
5. First aid kit, beddings, clothes and
toiletries must be readily available
6. Secure and anchor weak houses
7. Remove wastes that block the water
canals
8. Get the livestock/s to a higher ground
9. Agree on a meeting place prior to
evacuation
B. Response (During)
1. Use siren for the first thirty seconds for
continuous rain and widespread flood for
Level 1
2. Use of siren for one minute for Level 2
3. Use siren continuously for Level 3
4. Evacuate residents in low lying areas that
can possibly be flooded during RED
rainfall warning (non-stop and strong rain
that may cause serious flooding in low
lying areas and near river channels)
5. Alert residents for possible evacuation
during ORANGE rainfall warning (strong
rain that is not continuous but may cause
flooding in low lying areas and near river
channels)
6. Monitor the weather condition during
YELLOW rainfall warning (weak rain but
continuous, there is only small chance of
flooding)
7. Watch the TV or listen to radio and be
updated on local emergency information
8. Move household belongings to the upper
level
9. Turn off electric main switch and gas
valve, and lock the house before
evacuating
C. Rehabilitation (After)
1. Continue to monitor the status of flood
through radio or TV for information and
advice regarding the weather condition,
the flood or your area
 122

2. Return home only when authorities

indicate that it is safe (in the case of
evacuees)
3. Continue to avoid contact with floodwater
to reduce the risk of being exposed to
harmful materials
4. Consult the doctor right away if you
waded in flood water and are developing
flu-like symptoms to determine if you
have leptospirosis or any flood related
diseases
5. Watch out for washed out roads, earth
slides and downed trees or power lines
6. Check for structural damages of buildings
or houses, inspect foundations for cracks
or other damages
7. Check for electrical system damage
(sparks, broken or frayed wires or the
smell of burning insulation) that can be a
source of fire
8. Report broken utility lines to appropriate
authorities
9. Clean and disinfect everything that got
wet. Mud left from floodwater can
contain sewage and chemicals

Signature

APPENDIX Q

Iloco Questionnaire
 123

ARAMID A PAMMATALGED PANGEP LAYUS DAGITI BARANGAY ITI

SIYUDAD TI SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION
Paset I: PAKAAMMO TI BAGBAGI
Nagan (Opsyonal): Pagtaengan:
Nakaikamengan:
 Punong Barangay
 Barangay Kagawad
 Residente
Paset II: TukaditiPanag-ammo dagitiagsungbat ken aramid a
pammatalgedpangeplayusdagiti barangay itisiyudadti San Fernando, La Union

Pagannurotan: Itilima a puntos a grado, kur-

itanijayunegtikartonitikasayaatanngaagrepresentaititukaditiPanag-ammo ken tukaditi
aramid panggepti aramid a pammatalgediti barangay yu.

Panag-ammo Grado Aramid a Pammatalged

Pudnounay a Panag-ammo 5 Pudnounayti aramid
Nangato a Panag-ammo 4 Nangatoti aramid
Adda a Panag-ammo 3 Addati aramid
Bassit a Panag-ammo 2 Bassitti aramid
Awan a Panag-ammo 1 Awanti aramid

TUKAD ITI TUKAD TI

PANAG-AMMO DAGITI AGITUDO TI TUKAD ARAMID
5 4 3 2 1 D. Panagsagana (Kasakbayan) 5 4 3 2 1
10. Agilistadagitinakarehistro a
numerotidarikmat a pakasapulanayinti
cellphone
wennoiposturaasidegititelepono
11. Amwendagitiopisyalesiti barangay
wennoopistigobyerno a
mabalinngatawaganitiorastikalamidad
12. Surwandagitiubbing ken
dagitisapasapmaipanggepitikinatalged
a
dalanwennirutamapanijaylugarpagka
mangan ken
anyamaaramidkabayatantipanagkama
ng.
13. Agisaganati go-bag ngaaddda de
latanawennodagijayhanmapirpirdi a
sidaen, inumenngaaddapaglaonenna,
agas, sapintikama, bado ken usar pang
kasilyastapnunabibiit a
 124

bitbittentibanagtipanagkamang
14. Patalgedan ken iangklangitinarukop a
balay
15. Ikkatendagitirugitngamangbarbarraitid
anummapanijaykanal
16. Isang-at dagititaraken a
ayupitinangato a daga
17. Kumanunongitipagkikitaankasakbaya
nitipanagkamang
E. Responde (Kabayatan)
10. Kasapulanitialarmatiringor para
itiawansardengnangapanagtudo ken
nalawa a panaglayos
11. Ikamangdagitiresidentengaagtaengijay
nababa a lugarngamabalin a
layusenkabayatanti RED rainfall
warning (awansardeng ken
napigsangapanagtudongapagbanaganti
sigagaedngalayusayintinababa a lugar
ken ayintiasidegkarayan
12. Bagaandagitiresidenteitimabalin a
pagkamangankabayataniti ORANGE
rainfall warning
(napigsangapanagtudongemagsarde-
sardengngapagbanaganitilayusayintina
baba a lugar ken ayintiasidegkarayan
13. Bantayanitikondisyonitipanawenkaba
yataniti YELLOW rainfall warning
(nakapsot a
panagtudongemaddagundawayna a
panaglayos)
14. Agbuyati TV wennoagdeng-ngegiti
radio ken
amwendagusitimapaspassamakayintil
okalimpormasyon.
15. Iyalisitigamitbalayayintinangato a
tukad
16. Iddepenitipuontikuryente ken
barbulati gas ken
irikeptibalaykasakbayantipanagkaman
g
17. Addatagarespondengaiyegti barangay
F. Rehabilitasyon (Kalpasan)
10. Agawidijaybalballay nu
 125

imbagatiotoridadnganatalgedentipana
wen (dagiti nag-kamang)
11. Maitulog a
lisianitilayustapnumakissayanitigasan
g-gasattidangran a aruaten
12. Siguden a ituodenyintidoktor nu
nabasakatilayus ken
makaritnatisakitwennogurigortapnuma
kita nu
addaleptosporosismowennoawan
13. Kitaendagijaynadadaelngadalan,
naguyasngadaga ken natumbanga
kayo wenno poste/linyatikuryente
14. Kitaenitidadaelitikamarinwennobalay,
imatangan jay pundasyon nu
bettakwennokitaen pay tisabali a
napirdi
15. Kitaenitinadadaelngasistematikuryent
e (spark, pirdiwennoputed a
lambre/barotwennoangitimapupu-
uranngainsuleytor
16. Ibagaitinapirdingalinyatikuryentedagit
imakaammo a otoridad
17. Linisan ken idis-
impeksyonaminnganabasa. Naibati a
pittakwennokemikal

PirmaitiNangsungbat

APPENDIX R

Computation of Validity

Validators Descriptive
VALIDITY INDICATORS Average Rating
A B C D E F
 126

1. The comprehensiveness of
the indicators relevant to 5 4 5 3 4 5 4.33 VHV
assess the flood
management practices of
the City of San Fernando
is well defined.
2. The precision and clarity
of the indicators to elicit
the appropriate response 5 5 5 4 3 5 4.5 VHV
as basis in obtaining
relevant and accurate data
comprehensively stated.
3. The use of correct and
appropriate grammar and 4 5 5 4 4 5 4.5 VHV
syntax are carefully
followed.
4. The use of appropriate and
acceptable structure in
terms of style, format,
appearance and length of
the questionnaire in order
to sustain the respondent’s 5 4 5 3 5 5 4.5 VHV
focus and enthusiasm in
diligently answering the
entire questionnaire are
clearly followed.
Grand Mean 4.75 4.5 5 3.5 4 5 4.46 VHV

Legend:

Amount Value Statistical Range Descriptive Equivalent

5 4.20-5.00
4 3.40-4.19
3 2.60-3.39
2 1.80-2.59
1 1.00-1.79
Very Highly Validity (VHV)
Highly Validity (HV)
Moderately Validity (MV)
Low Validity (LV)
Very Low Validity (VLV)
 127

APPENDIX S

Computation of Reliability

Case Processing Summary

CASES N %
Valid 30 100
Excluded 0 0
TOTAL 30 100

Reliability Statistics
 128

Cronbach’s Alpha Number of Items %

0.938 48 93.8

APPENDIX T

t-Test of Level of Awareness

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

  Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 3.253333333 4.403333
Variance 0.006633333 0.000933
Observations 3 3
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0  
Df 3  
t Stat -22.89845425  
P(T<=t) one-tail 9.12113E-05  
t Critical one-tail 2.353363435  
 129

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000182423  

t Critical two-tail 3.182446305  

APPENDIX U

t-Test of Extent of Practice

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

  Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 3.066666667 4.293333
Variance 0.002633333 0.001033
Observations 3 3
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0  
Df 3  
t Stat -35.08742328  
P(T<=t) one-tail 2.54518E-05  
t Critical one-tail 2.353363435  
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000050903  
 130

t Critical two-tail 3.182446305  

 131

Plate 1. Go Bag
 132

GENE ANTONETTE G. LACANARIA

Address: Langcuas, City of San Fernando, La Union
Mobile #: 0975-386-6644
Email:genelacanaria112198@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth November 21, 1998

Place of Birth City of San Fernando, La Union
Age 20 y/o
Citizenship Filipino
Sex Female
Civil Status Single
Father’s Name Cesar Moilo L. Lacanaria
Mother’s Name Bella P. Lacanaria
Motto: Nothing is impossible.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-2019 Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Brgy.Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union

2011-2015 La Finn’s Scholastica

Biday, City of San Fernando, La Union

2004-2010 South Central School

Tanqui, City of San Fernando, La Union

AFFILIATIONS

2018-2019 Provincial Governor

College of Arts and Sciences- Student Body Organization

2017-2018 Municipal Mayor

College of Arts and Sciences- Municipal Student Body Organization

2015-2016 Vice Chancellor

UTOPIA
 133

SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

Effective Public Speaking and Presentation Skills Enhancement

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement-DMMMSU MLUC
2018

Debate Skills Enhancement Training and Seminar

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement-DMMMSU MLUC
2018

Philippine I Transform Youthlead Convention

Baguio City, Philippines
2018

Seminar on Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism

DMMMSU-MLUC
2018

Forum on Federalism
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
2017

Vision Integrity Public Service

AMA College
2017

War on Drugs: Truths and Myths

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid La Union Campus
2017

Reserve Officer Training Corps (RA 9163)

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid La Union Campus
2015-2016

WORK EXPERIENCES

Commision on Human Rights Regional Office 1

On-the-job Training
City of San Fernando, La Union
2018
 134

FRANJHEN MARIE C. CONCEPCION

Address: #031 Ancheta Street, City of San Fernando,
La Union
Mobile #: +63-998-950-9637
Email: franjhenconcepcion_25@ymail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth February 5, 1998

Place of Birth City of San Fernando, La Union
Age 20 y/o
Citizenship Filipino
Sex Female
Civil Status Single
Father’s Name Francisco Concepcion Jr.
Mother’s Name Jenelyn Concepcion
Motto: “What we do with our gifts define
who we are.”

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-2019 Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Brgy.Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union
2011-2015 La Union National High School
Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union
2004-2010 Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Brgy.Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union

AFFILIATIONS

2018-2019 Auditor
College of Arts and Sciences- Student Body Organization

2017-2018 Vice Chancellor

UTOPIA

2015-2016 Business Manager

College of Arts and Sciences- Student Body Organization
 135

SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

Effective Public Speaking and Presentation Skills Enhancement

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement-DMMMSU MLUC
2018

Debate Skills Enhancement Training and Seminar

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement-DMMMSU MLUC
2018

Forum on Federalism
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
2017

Vision Integrity Public Service

AMA College
2017

War on Drugs: Truths and Myths

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid La Union Campus
2017

WORK EXPERIENCES

Regional Trial Court

On-the-Job Training
City of San Fernando, La Union
2018
 136

GIOVAN DE LOS REYES GONZALES

Address: #36 Nera St., Central East, Bauang, La Union
Mobile #: +63-966-173-3081
Email: dongiovan1060@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth September 13, 1997

Place of Birth City of San Fernando, La Union
Age 21 y/o
Citizenship Filipino
Sex Male
Civil Status Single
Father’s Name Don Ariel Peralta Gonzales
Mother’s Name Rebecca de los Reyes Gonzales
Motto: “The Office, season 7, episode 19,
minute 14:45”

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-2020 Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - MLUC

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union

2013-2015 Eulogio Clarence De Guzman Jr. Memorial National Vocational

High School
Acao, Bauang, La Union

2010-2012 Sacred Heart School

Central East, Bauang, La Union

2004-2010 Bauang North Central School

Central East, Bauang, La Union

AFFILIATIONS

2018-2019 Student Organization – Auditor

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement
 137

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

Effective Public Speaking and Presentation Skills Enhancement

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement- DMMMSU-MLUC
2018
Debate Skills Enhancement Training and Seminar
Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement- DMMMSU-MLUC
2018
Forum on Federalism
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University-Mid La Union Campus
2017
Vision Integrity Public Service
AMA College, City of San Fernando, La Union
2017
War on Drugs: Truths and Myths
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University -Mid La Union Campus
2017
Literacy Training Service – NSTP
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University -Mid La Union Campus
2015-2016
 138

JAMIAH OBILLO HULIPAS

Address: Las-ud, Caba, La Union
Mobile #: 09494572377
Email: jhkoreana@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth February 5, 1998

Place of Birth Caba, La Union
Age 19 y/o
Citizenship Filipino
Sex Female
Civil Status Single
Father’s Name Crisogono D. Hulipas, Jr.
Mother’s Name Helen O. Hulipas
Motto: “Some people succeed because they
are destined to; but most people
succeed because they are
determined to”

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-2019 Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Brgy. Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union
2011-2015 Caba National High School
Las-ud, Caba, La Union

2004-2010 Caba Elementary School

Poblacion Norte, Caba, La Union

AFFILIATIONS

2018-2019 Provincial Secretary

College of Arts and Sciences- Student Body Organization
2017-2018 Municipal Secretary
College of Arts and Sciences- AB Political Science Student Body
Organization
2016-2017 Municipal Treasurer
College of Arts and Sciences- AB Political Science Student Body
 139

Organization
2015-2016 1st Year Representative
College of Arts and Sciences- Union toward On-going Political Integrity
Advancement (UTOPIA)

Class Secretary
College of Arts and Sciences- First Year AB Political Science

SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

Effective Public Speaking and Presentation Skills Enhancement

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement- DMMMSU MLUC
2018

Debate Skills Enhancement Training and Seminar

Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement- DMMMSU MLUC
2018

Federalism
Oasis Country Resort, City of San Fernando, La Union
2017

Forum on Federalism
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
2017

Vision Integrity Public Service

AMA College
2017

War on Drugs: Truths and Myths

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid La Union Campus
2017

Literacy Training Service – Reserve Officer Training Corps (RA 9163)

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid La Union Campus
2015-2016

WORK EXPERIENCES

Commission on Human Rights (Region 1)

On-the-Job Training
City of San Fernando, La Union
2018
 140

PIA JOY G. SASTRODEMEDJO

Address: Poblacion, Bacnotan, La Union
Mobile #: +63-938-887-7743
Email: psastrodemedjo@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth February 14, 1999

Place of Birth City of San Fernando, La Union
Age 19 y/o
Citizenship Filipino
Sex Female
Civil Status Single
Fathers Name Harold Sotelo Sastrodemedjo
Mothers Name Aniceta Gaiten Sastrodemedjo
Motto: “God sees the truth but waits”

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-2019 Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - MLUC

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union
2015-present

2010-2014 La Union National High School

Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union
2011-2015

2004-2010 Bacnotan Central School

Poblacion, Bacnotan, La Union
2005-2011

AFFILIATIONS

2018-2019 Provincial Treasurer

College of Arts and Sciences- Student Body Organization

2017-2018 Municipal Treasurer

College of Arts and Sciences- Student Body Organization
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SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

Global Youth Summit

Mall of Asia Arena, Pasay City
2018
Youth Convention
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, City of San Fernando, La Union
2018
CHED 2018 Student Congress
Ariana Hotel, Bauang, La Union
2018
Effective Public Speaking and Presentation Skills Enhancement
Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement- DMMMSU-MLUC
2018
Debate Skills Enhancement Training and Seminar
Union Towards Ongoing Political Integrity Advancement - DMMMSU-MLUC
2018
University Student Council Leadership Training
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University North La Union Campus
2017
Forum on Federalism
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - Mid La Union Campus
2017
Vision Integrity Public Service
AMA College, City of San Fernando, La Union
2017
War on Drugs: Truths and Myths
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - Mid La Union Campus
2017
Literacy Training Service
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - Mid La Union Campus
2015-2016

WORK EXPERIENCES

Commission on Population
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On-the-Job Training
City of San Fernando, La Union
2018