Dissertation Final 06.12.2020

DISSERTATION
Year: 2020-21
Batch No. 18
ILLUMINATION IN SPORTS COMPLEX
Undertaken by:
Deeptansh Jain
Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARM40P028.
V Year B.Arch. (A)
Prof. Parul Lohan Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

GUIDE COORDINATOR
Aayojan School of Architecture

ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block,
Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
APPROVAL
The study titled Illumination in sports complex is hereby approved as an original work of Deeptansh
Jain, enrolment no. 16E1AAARM40P028 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner
satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has
been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made,
any opinion expressed, or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has
been submitted.
December 2020
JAIPUR
EXTERNAL EXAMINAR 1 Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI

PRINCIPAL
EXTERNAL EXAMINAR 2 Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

COORDINATE
i
DECLARATION
I, Deeptansh Jain, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled
Illumination in sports complex is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information
in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly
acknowledged in my report.
This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school.
Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with
my guide.
Deeptansh Jain
V Year B.Arch. (A)
Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the research titled, Illumination in sports complex is a bonafide work by
Deeptansh Jain of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed
under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report has been submitted in partial
fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical
University, Kota.
This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by the
Rajasthan Technical University.
Prof. Parul
Guide
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my thanks to the Principal & Director of my

institute, Prof. K.S. Mahajani for providing a suitable and healthy learning
environment during the tiring times of this COVID-19 pandemic. I also wish
to thank Dean-Academic affairs, Prof. N.S. Rathore for his support and
continued guidance, throughout the undergraduate course journey. I earnestly
thank the Dissertation &amp, Thesis Seminar coordinator Prof. Archana S.
Rathore for providing this prospect to conduct this research study and her
valuable guidance and timely encouragements. Furthermore, I would like to
acknowledge with much appreciation and indebtedness for Prof. Parul for
her support, critiques, advice, unwavering patience and perseverance
throughout the course of this research and the semester.
I sincerely appreciate all the guides, external reviewers and jurors as well as other faculty members who
provided suggestions for the completion of this undergraduate research project.
I would also like to thank my parents Mrs. Alpana Jain & Mr. Sanjay Jain for their constant support
and encouragement. Last but not the least, my friends and peers Gitayan Sahni, Arushi Agarwal,
Abhilasha Jain and junior Harshita Bhanawat and anyone remotely involved for making this journey an
enjoyable experience.
Deeptansh Jain
V Year B.Arch. (A)
iii
ABSTRACT
The topic aims to study importance of artificial illumination and their design strategies in a sports
complex with supplement of natural daylight. Artificial lighting extends the playing hours beyond the
daylight time and enhance the performance and concentration of a player. The challenge translates into
placing the luminaries in proper positions for providing an even and glare free illumination combined
with natural lighting which give rise to the hypothesis statement "The artificial light after natural light
helps to enhance the game".
The research needs to be analysed and studied on various aspects. Studying about the various types of
luminaries available for lighting and doing a comparative analysis on their quality for best suitability
and performance in the sporting arena. To study and analyse the role of natural lighting in indoor sports
and researching the best design strategies for optimum illumination in a sports arena. To study and
analyse the case studies and best practices of artificial lighting all around the globe. Finally, to give
recommendations and propose ways for maintaining best uniformity and glare free lighting through an
architectural project based on International standards of illumination and inferred cases.
Introducing the chapterization of study followed by types and need of luminaires in courts and design
issues which include passive techniques for daylight illumination, design strategies for illumination in
different types of sports followed by lighting case studies which include stadium of Panetolikos, AAMI
stadium, Melbourne, Tuen Mon, Hong Kong and EIS Sheffield, UK. Analysis, inferences, conclusions
and recommendations.
It is being observed, analyse and inferred that illumination through natural daylight can be enhanced by
artificial lighting by adopting quality luminaires and placing them in appropriate positions in sporting
arenas. The uniform and glare free illumination could be achieved by implementing design strategies
recommended through analyzing various lighting case studies all around the world and by performing
comparative analysis and adopting best of them.
Keywords – Luminaires, illumination, daylighting, artificial lighting, veiling reflection, uniformity
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CONTENTS
Approval i
Declaration ii
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Contents v
List of Illustrations vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Parameters
1.3 Need and Criteria of Study
1.4 Hypothesis
1.5 Objectives
1.6 Scope
1.7 Methodology
CHAPTER 2: SPORTS LIGHTING 6-16
2.1 Types of Sports Lighting
2.1.1 Classification of Lamps
2.2 Need of Sports Lighting
2.3 Uniformity gradient (UG)
2.4 Natural Lighting in Indoor Sports
CHAPTER 3: Design Strategies 17-32
3.1 Basic Consideration for Sports Lighting
v
3.1.2 Type of Sport
3.1.2 Types of sports area
3.2 Lighting Criteria
3.3 Design Strategies
3.3.1 Types of Sports
3.3.2 Badminton Court Lighting Design
3.3.3 Swimming Pool Lighting Design
3.3.4 Cricket Ground Lighting Design
3.3.4 Football Field Lighting Design
3.4 Standards
CHAPTER 4: Case Studies and Analysis 33-45
4.1 Case Studies
4.1.1 Stadium of Panetolikos
4.1.2 AAMI park stadium, Melbourne
4.1.3 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
4.1.4 EIS, Sheffield, UK
4.2 Analysis
CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 46-51
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY 52
vi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
vii
Figure Illustration title Page no Source
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 natural light incorporated in indoor hall 2 Google
1.2 artificial lights used in sports 2 Thorne lighting

guide
1.3 artificial and natural light both used in a basketball court. 2 Thorne lighting
guide
1.4 Lights in Sports 3 Thorne lighting

guide
1.5 Lights in Sports 3 Google
Chapter 2 Sports lighting

2.1 Tubular fluorescent 6 Google
2.2 compact fluorescent 6 Google
2.3 metal halide 6 Google
2.4 high pressure sodium 6 Google
2.5 light emitting diode 6 Google
2.6 tungsten halogen 6 Google
2.7 sodium vapor light 7 Google
2.8 halogen 7 Google
2.9 high intensity discharge 7 Google
2.10 incandescent 7 Google
2.11 Fluorescent 7 Google
2.12 Metal halide 8 Google
2.13 mercury vapor 8 Google
2.14 high pressure sodium 8 Google
2.15 Light emitting diode 8 Google
2.16 low lights are not good for the spectators to enjoy the game. 10 Google
this also discourage the spectators towards sports
2.17 new technology to use the maximum light towards the field 10 Palm desert
with minimum spill. municipal codes
2.18 intake of natural lighting. 11 Google
2.19 Sawtooth design of the roof for intake of 11 Author
the natural light inside the premises.
2.20 For ample amount of sunlight, the orientation of a building 12 Google
2.21 skylight in a indoor basketball court 13 Google

2.22 clearstory windows in sports hall 13 Google
viii
2.23 external shading device 14 Google
2.24 external shading device 14 Google
2.25 light shelves are good to intake of diffused light 14 Buildings

Illumination in Sports Complex
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Parameters
1.3 Need and criteria of selection
1.4 Hypothesis
1.5 Objectives
1.6 Scope
1.7 Methodology
01
1.1 Background
Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused skylight into a
building to reduce electric lighting and saving energy.
Artificial Lighting refers to any light source that is produced by electrical means and is human made.
Sports Lighting is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes
the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural light by capturing
daylight.
Fig 1.1 natural light incorporated in indoor hall

Fig 1.2 artificial lights used in sports
Fig 1.3 artificial light and natural light both

used in a basketball court
1.2 Parameters
1.2.1 Lighting in sports
02
1.2.2 Standards of sports lighting

1.2.3 Design strategies for sports lighting
1.2.1 Lighting in sports

This parameter would include study and analysis of:
1. Significance of Sports Lighting for indoor and outdoor sports.
2. Selection of lights according to different types of sports.
3. To study and analyse the need of Lighting in sports for players and spectators.
4. To study and analyse the role of daylighting in indoor sports.
5. Incorporating daylight and artificial light for better visual comfort in indoor sports
03
Fig 1.4 Light in sports Fig 1.5 Light in sports
1.2.2 Standards of sports lighting

This parameter aims to identify the factors which are involved in laying down the standards for lighting
for various sports. The factors are:
1. To study the lighting criteria:
a) Horizontal Illuminance
b) Vertical Illuminance
c) Illuminance Uniformity and Illuminance Gradient
d) Glare Restriction
e) Modelling and shadow
f) Color Appearance and Color Rendering
1.2.3 Design strategies for sports lighting

This parameter would include:
1. To study and analyse the placement of luminaries in a sporting arena for maximum efficiency and
their recommended height.
2. To study and analyse the placement of poles in a sporting arena and their recommended height.
3. Selection of surface material and color for different sports.
1.3 Need and Criteria of Study

In sports, lighting is one of the most critical environmental consideration because it's failure can bring
any game to a halt and security aspect of the spectators can be compromised.
The criteria of study involve researching factors which must be considered before lighting design like
Horizontal illuminance, Vertical illuminance, uniformity, glare restrictions, color properties and flicker
factor. Type of lamps (maybe metal halide lamps, LED lamps) required for particular sport also comes
under this study.
1.4 Hypothesis
The artificial light after the natural light helps to enhance the game.
1.5 Objectives
1. To study the typology and need of artificial illumination in sports.
2. To study the importance of uniformity of artificial illumination during daylight and night.
04
3. To study the role of natural lighting in indoor sports.

4. To recommend design strategies with respect to optimum illumination in sports complex keeping
in mind the spectator and player.
1.6 Scope
1. The study will cover the types of light to be used.
2. The study will cover the Difference between outdoor and indoor light.
3. The study of the placement of lights.
4. Comfort zones of the users with respect to illumination.
1.7 Methodology
ILLUMINATION IN SPORTS
COMPLEX
The artificial light after the natural light helps to enhance the game play.
OBJECTIVE DATA AND SOURCE REEFRENCES
To study the typology and Lux level, Type of lights. Thorne lighting guide
need of artificial illumination Sports England design guide
Types of lights According to
in sports. sports, Types of lights
National lighting codes
according to fields tracks.
To study the importance of Uniformity standards. National lighting codes

uniformity of artificial Sports England ES (England
illumination during daylight Daylighting techniques. standards)
and night. Standards for lighting.
Thorne lighting US
05
To study the role of natural Guidelines for daylighting National lighting codes
lighting in indoor sports. Sports England ES (England
standards)
To recommend design Case study analysis, Literature studies

strategies with respect to inference and design Archdaily
optimum illumination in recommendation.
sports complex keeping in Ashrae hellenic
mind the spectator and
player.
06
CHAPTER 2
SPORTS LIGHTING

2.2.1 Points of Note
2.2.2 Need of Sports Lighting for different aspects
2.3 Uniformity Gradient
2.4.1 Passive Techniques for Daylighting
2.4.2 Passive Daylighting
07
2. SPORTS LIGHTING
Lighting that is used to illuminate huge areas which are meant for sports events is known as sports
lighting. When a game is played indoors or after sunset artificial lighting is needed. The sports lighting
is used to provide sufficient lighting on the playing area to provide great visual experience to both
players and spectators. Artificial lighting provides a nice experience for players, media, and referees for
all the people watching the television broadcast.

There are several types of lights used in the sports complex -
1. Tubular fluorescent
2. Compact fluorescent
3. Metal halide
4. High pressure sodium
5. Light emitting diode (LED)
6. Tungsten halogen
Fig 2.1 Tubular fluorescent Fig 2.2 compact fluorescent Fig 2.3 metal halide
Fig 2.4 high pressure sodium Fig 2.5 light emitting diode Fig 2.6 tungsten halogen
08

1. Flood Lights
2. High Intensity Discharge Lights
3. Light Emitting Diode
1. Flood Lights are the most popular type of outdoor lighting. These lights are used to illuminate large
areas. It can be defined as lightning fixture that is used for outdoor application to illuminate larger areas
at night. Flood lights are popular because of large amount of lightning they produce which is perfect for
illuminating large areas like stadiums.
Types -
1. Sodium vapor lights
2. Halogen
3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)
4. Incandescent
5. Fluorescent
Fig 2.7 sodium vapor light Fig 2.8 halogen Fig 2.9 high intensity discharge
Fig 2.10 incandescent Fig 2.11 Fluorescent
2. High Intensity Discharge Lights (HID) are a family of gas discharge lamps which generate light by
sending an electrical discharge between two electrodes and through a plasma, or ionized gas. An
additional gas is used which serve as a way to classify major types of HID lamps. These lamps have
09
high efficiency and long life. They need a ballast to generate the initial electricity for starting them and
to regulate their power in normal operation.
Types -
1. Metal Halide
2. Mercury Vapor
3. High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
Fig 2.12 Metal halide Fig 2.13 mercury vapor Fig 2.14 high pressure sodium
3. Light Emitting Diode produce light that is 90 percent more efficient than incandescent light bulbs.
The electrical current passes through a microchip, which illuminates tiny light sources known as LED’s
resulting in production of visible light. To enhance the performance and reduce heating a heat sink is
used for heat absorption.
Fig 2.15 light emitting diode
010

The use of sports lighting is to provide lighting allows a sport to take place safely and provide condition
good for viewing in sports action as well as for comfort experience of spectators.
2.2.1 Points of note are

1. A good level of modelling is needed for sports.
2. The effect of light and shadows that is created when light flow from one main direction and when
lower level of lighting flow from other direction producing a coherent 3d image of a scene is called
modelling.
3. If key light is less and fill light is abundant, object become flat with little detail. If fill light is not
adequate harsh shadowing will occur hindering the field of view. In both cases reduction in vision of
spectators and players will take place.
4. For sports that are played in high-speed removal of stroboscopic effects from high intensity discharge
sources is critical. These effects make moving object look like they are stationary, object seem to jump
from one position to other. High frequency control gear is recommended for these sports.
2.2.2 Need of Sports Lighting for different aspects

a. For Athletics
Sports lighting provides a better playing experience in stadium than other periods.
LEDs can be used to provide equal illumination in both indoor and outdoor Court and fields. This mirror
natural daylight and minimize the glare. This result in a comfortable environment for athletes and they
can play at any time of day or night. Proper lighting can be used for larger games and the correct
illumination can make a facility versatile and able to host numerous events. Lighting up of the venue is a
good way for the growth of a club in future.
b. For Spectators
Apart from players sports lighting is critical for spectators also. Spectators who are residents need ample
amount of light to enjoy these events. Quality lighting improves the vividness of both color and contrast
which help broadcasting in HD. with increase in size of stadium distance between crowd and playing
field increase, thus if spectators cannot see the sport then they can't enjoy it.
10
Fig 2.16 low lights are not good for the spectators to enjoy the game. This also
discourage the spectators towards sports
c. Safety
They provide the necessary illumination that ensures safety of players as well as that of spectators by
preventing accidents and providing adequate amount of light.
d. Provide Surface Brightness

Luminaires brightens the stadium and provide surface color. They provide improved color rendering and
a better sense of visual perception.
e. Encourage best level of Competition

Luminaires which provide good illumination offers best level of competition. Good lighting ensures that
spectators can follow the game and understand it well.
f. Provide 24X7 facility

Luminaires ensure that stadium can be used at any time of the day irrespective of natural light available.
g. Training tool for analyzing player performance

Luminaires provide 24 hrs. Illumination and thus players can train at any time and their performance
could be analyzed at any point of time.
h. Glare Control
Luminaires provide exceptional glare control with the help of reflectors.
Fig 2.17 new technology to use the maximum light

towards the field with minimum spill.
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2.3 Uniformity gradient (UG)

This is measure of the rate of change of illuminance across an area and is expressed as the ratio between
the illuminance levels of two adjacent measurement points. That is
UG =Emeasurement point 1
Emeasurement point 2
defines requirements based on the lighting class (I, II, or III).
This is derived from the level of competition, international and national, regional, local, training and
recreational. At the lower standard of play there is flexibility with the light source options (i.e., high
pressure sodium, metal halide) but at class II and III metal halide light sources with high color rendering
abilities are required which can be provided by metal halide sources.

Daylight can affect the functional arrangement of spaces, occupant comfort (visual and thermal),
structure, and energy use in the building, as well as the type and use of electric and associated control
systems. Daylight can supplement the artificial lighting to add quality.
The use of daylight will aid the designer to create a visually bright scheme and to incorporate both
artificial lighting and natural lighting with relative ease. This means that it is very important to blend the
transition between daylight and artificial light. This can be achieved by using lamps of similar color
temperature to daylight to illuminate ceiling voids and walls.
Fig 2.18 intake of natural lighting the natural light Fig 2.19
sawtooth design of the roof for intake of
inside the premises
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2.4.1 Passive techniques for daylighting

Daylight increases the beauty of these places for athletes and spectators as well as makes the view and
color contrast clearer and more suitable. Various studies have shown that natural daylight can improve
health, energy and mood of the people in the arena.
A proper and careful planning is needed for using daylight in a sports hall. There can be certain
technical issues which we need to be wary of-
• Controlling glare
• Stable and uniform levels of lighting
• Heat gain
• Local cooling.
The cost of making a daylight roof can two to three times that of plain roof with additional maintenance
costs as well. The daylight roofing is difficult to justify for small amount of sunlight which sometime
can create a dull and sober effect in the Hall. All aspects should be considered while planning daylight
design including economic as well as amenity benefits. Some sports like badminton, table tennis and
gymnastics have strict advice against the usage of daylight.
2.4.2 Passive daylighting strategies

These are the strategies used for collection of enough daylight during summers to prevent usage of
electric lamps and to collect enough heat energy in winter to keep the house warm. These strategies can
be implemented through following methods-
a) Building Orientation - Best daylight comes from South direction and then from North direction,
Low quality daylight comes from east and west, plan a house in such a way that rooms are facing North
or south which require ample amount of sunlight, and storage area and other room which require less
sunlight face east or west.
Fig 2.20 for ample amount of sunlight the orientation of a building
b) Windows- To bring more sunlight use buildings with tall head heights or can also use uniform
windows for the same.
c) Skylights- Skylights allow sunlight to reach at places where it can't reach
through windows, they are placed at the center of house on the roof and diffuse the sunlight before
reaching the ground.
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Fig 2.21 skylight in an indoor basketball court
d) Clerestories- These are the windows that are high above the eye level and can illuminate a whole
room. They are usually combined with reflective material so that light can diffuse before touching the
ground.
Fig 2.22 clearstory windows in sports hall
e) External Shading Systems- At different times of the day sunlight may be too bright which can cause
glare inside the house and cause discomfort to the user. So, the combination of vertical and horizontal
external shading system is used to prevent excess sunlight from entering the house.
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Fig 2.23 external shading device Fig 2.24 external shading device
f) Light shelves- It is a horizontal shelf that is situated above the window to reduce glare from sunlight.
Fig 2.25 light shelves are good to intake of diffused light
15
g) Solar tubes- These are the tubes which propagate sunlight from roof to a particular area inside the
house with the help of light reflection. They are mostly used in desk and table where plenty amount of
light is required.
Fig 2.26 solar tube system
h) Light wall colors- The paints used in the walls are lighter in color and make the light bounce so that
the room is illuminated uniformly with the daylight.
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CHAPTER 3
Design Strategies
3.1 Basic Consideration

3.1.1Type of Sports
3.1.2Types of Sports Area
3.3.1Types of Sports
3.3.2Badminton Court Lighting Design
3.3.3Swimming Pool Lighting Design
3.3.4Cricket Ground Lighting Design
3.3.5Football Field Lighting Design
3.4 Standards
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3.1 Basic Consideration for Sports Lighting

For designing the lighting of a sports complex, special attention should be given to visual requirements
and comfort of its critical users.
The users can be broadly divided into players and team officials who sit near the bench and are directly
affected by the lighting. The lighting should be good enough so that players can perform well and see
the ball clearly.
Other elements of the stadium are the spectators who should be able to see the player’s movements and
should be able to follow the game.
The lighting should be such that spectators can see their surroundings and enter and leave the stadium
easily.
The lighting also plays a crucial role in the security as well as the overall ambience of the stadium.
3.1.1 Type of Sport

Quality of lighting required depends on two factors namely speed and size of the ball.
Higher quality of lighting will be required as speed of the object increases and size decreases and vice
versa.
Viewing distance is also an important factor for lighting design, if object is small and moves at high
space with large viewing distance, lighting required should be of high quality. For example, cricket. The
main viewing direction affects the position of luminaires. For example, in tennis the main viewing
direction for spectators are parallel to the court and thus luminaires should be placed accordingly
avoiding any glare effects.
Fig 3.1 Illumination in Tennis court
3.1.2 Types of sports area

Aspects important for lighting a sports area are its dimensions (principal playing area and total playing
area), stands in the stadium, spectator facilities, playing surface reflection.
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In case of indoor sports complex, the daylight penetration and reflection properties of ceiling and
playing surface affects the lighting requirements.
The dimension of the sports affects the lighting which is in turn influenced by the type of sports played
and the type of spectator facilities the sport needs like grandstand at multiple sides or just one
grandstand.
a) Principal Playing Area (PPA)
This is the actual playing area on which sports is played. This area is usually marked with the line but in
some case this area also consists of extra playing area around the marked line for example in tennis,
volleyball and table tennis.
b) Total Playing Area (TPA)

This area consists of principal area plus the safety area outside of it. Lighting is affected by the height
and construction of ceiling in a sports Center.
A surface is visible by the light reflecting from it in the eye of the observer. Thus, the reflectance of the
playing area, the surroundings such as grass, walls, ceiling play an important role in achieving the
proper lighting effect required.
Fig. 3.2 shows the principal playing area

Fig. 3.3 shows the total playing area
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Illuminance
There are two types of illuminance measurements in sports lighting:
horizontal illuminance and vertical illuminance
A) Horizontal Illuminance
Horizontal illuminance is normally measured on an imaginary plane one meter (~3 feet) over the field
surface. Multiple measurements are generally measured (or determined during the lighting configuration
stage) on a grid.
Because of the illuminated field serves for the players and spectators as a visual background, a sufficient
horizontal illuminance on the field is significant. To guarantee that observers can securely enter and
leave the stands, a specific minimum horizontal illuminance on the stands must be kept up.
Eh(st)/Eh (field)> 0.2
B) Vertical illuminance
For observing vertical objects, vertical illuminance is required. The side of a player that can be viewed
by an observer can be approximated to the line of view of the observer by a vertical plane at right
angles.
Illuminance on four, mutually perpendicular, vertical planes taken at a height of 1.5 m should be
sufficient to ensure the detection of players from both directions. If the criteria are fulfilled, the vertical
illuminance needed for players and spectators will normally be obtained automatically.
C) Illuminance Uniformity
Uniformity in illumination is critical for sports. It allows players and spectators to concentrate on game.
Uniformity can either be expressed as the ratio minimum to- maximum illuminance or as the ratio
minimum-to average illuminance. Minimum-to-average ratio is usually considered for no televised
activity and lower levels of play.
The second uniformity metric is the coefficient of variation, known as CV. It is a measure of how
“smooth” the lighting distribution is across the playing field.
The third metric is the uniformity gradient, abbreviated as UG. It is defined as the ratio between
illuminance values between adjacent measuring points on a square grid. Whereas CV describes the
average non-uniformity for the entire field, UG talks about the maximum non-uniformity.
The Uniformity of the Horizontal Illuminance

On the playing field shall be:
Ehmin / Ehmax ≥ 0.5, Ehmin / Ehav ≥ 0.7
Where
Ehmin = the minimum horizontal illuminance, in lux.
Ehmax = the maximum horizontal illuminance, in lux; and
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Ehav = the average horizontal illuminance, in lux.
Illuminance Gradient
It is also critical that there is not much change in horizontal illuminance in a given distance. For
example, on large playing fields such as football pitches the maximum gradient of horizontal
illuminance shall be not greater than 25 percent change per 5m.
D) Glare Rating
Visual glare happens when the luminance of the luminaires in the observer is field of view (either a
player or spectator) is sufficiently larger than the average luminance to which the observer is eye have
adapted. It can cause visual uneasiness (in response to which we tend to squint), or it may damage the
vision of objects and details. Glare can be minimized by paying careful attention to the aim of the
floodlights relative to the main direction of view for the sport.
Study has led to a measure for the degree of glare restriction for outdoor sports flood lighting
installations. The measure is dependent upon two lighting parameters:
a) The veiling luminance produced by the luminaires LvI ; and
b) The veiling luminance produced by the environment: L ve
Lve can be approximated from the average horizontal field illuminance Ehav
Lve (veiling luminance produced by the environment)
=0,035 x Ehav X p/π, where p = the field reflectance.
Lvl (veiling luminance, produced by the luminaires)
E) Modelling and Shadows
The ability of the lighting to reveal form and texture, in summary, its 'modelling' ability is particularly
important if it has to provide a pleasant overall impression, for the players and spectators, and also for
the TV cameras. A quantitative measure of modelling with general validity for all types of (indoor and
outdoor) sports lighting is very difficult to reach at. To limit the length and hardness of the shadows due
to players, the ratio between the total flux installed, should be 60 percent from the main camera and 40
percent from the secondary camera.
F) Color Properties of Lamps
Two important aspects of the color properties of lamps should be distinguished. The color appearance of
the lamp (TJ is the color impression received when looking at the lamp itself. The color rendering (Ra)
is the ability of the light to reproduce the colors of an object.
TV and film camera require color temperature between 2000k-6000k to avoid color matching and
balance problems. The color temperature difference between lamps should not be too great.
In a combination of artificial and daylight color temperature should be greater than 4000k to
counterbalance problems. Color rendering of lamps (Ra) shall always be better than 65 but the preferred
value is greater than 80.
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a) Most sports arenas are most suitable for multiple type of sports which need different type of
visual requirements. The activity which requires most illumination is responsible for lighting
design layout and light levels.
b) One layout of lighting generally is not sufficient to meet all requirements as different sports
require different configurations. Therefore, lighting design should be done in a way such that we
can switch between the types of luminaires needed at any point of time.
c) Luminaires should be resistant from impacts of playing object and should be design a way such
that they do not trap the object within or behind them.
d) With the help of partitions sports arenas can be altered so we should take care that glare is
controlled along all lines of sight and without the partition also. Extra lighting may be needed
when partitions are there, and this should be checked during design.
e) For sports like badminton and volleyball which are aerial in nature luminaires should be placed
outside play area to avoid disability glare for players looking upwards. For conduction of
multiple sports activities, it is important to ensure that a good uniformity is maintained
throughout Hall. This helps the opposite team to quickly and accurately analyse opponent's
movement that is mostly critical in combat sports.
3.3.1 Types of Sports
Sports are partitioned in two types: Indoor sports and Outdoor sports.
a) Indoor sports
Games which are played in a bounding area are called indoor games.
For example, ice hockey, carrom, boxing, tennis etc.
b) Outdoor sports
Games which are played in open grounds are known as outdoor games.
For example, golf, cricket, horse racing, football, biking, baseball etc.
3.3.2 Badminton Court Lighting Design
For badminton lighting design process, it is critical to understand how game is played.
The shuttlecock requires maximum light reflectance from its white feathers because it moves at a very
high pace. The background should thus be dark in color so to see the white shuttlecock clearly.
Sufficient vertical illuminance in the overall volume should be provided since shuttlecock travels at a
good height above the net at high speed.
Players should be able to follow the path of the shuttlecock without being distracted by glare or bright
light sources. Luminaires must not be positioned just above the court area. Other light sources like door
or windows must be shut down temporarily during the game.
a) A preferred height for luminaires is 5m above the floor.
b) Illumination levels with the following values:
Average At least 500 lux
22
Uniformity U1 At least 0.5

Uniformity U2 At least 0.7
c) 3 luminaires should be placed symmetrically on every side of the net
d) Luminaires being > 1 m from the side lines of the court for high performance centers and 0.75 m
for other centers (with 1.5 m between courts)
e) Luminaires should have glare control
f) Maximum illumination should be there at the net area of the court.
g) Background color reflectance - 30-50%
h) Ceiling reflectance - 70-90%.
23
Fig 3.4 shows the standard

dimensions for the designing
of badminton court.
3.3.3 Swimming Pool Lighting Design

There are plenty of design consideration for swimming pool which include:
a) Reflectance and glare
b) Luminaire types
c) Access for maintenance
d) Direct lighting
e) Indirect lighting.
Fig 3.5 shows the causes of glare in swimming pool
24
The lighting should be such that it minimizes the glare and reflections from the pool surface. Lighting
should be designed such that surrounding light cause no problem if angle of incidence to water surface is
high and if reflection is high from pool internal tiles and walls.
Problem arises when luminaires and windows are located inside walls such that angle of incidence
causes discomfort to audience and judges.
If the angle of incidence is low and water is wavy in nature, the reflection pattern in water can it
impossible for lifeguards to see swimmers below the water surface. The glazing location this should be
considered at early design stage.
a) Light fittings
Light must be fitted in such a way that glare is prevented from vision of bathers as well as
swimming pool staff. The type of luminaire selected is critical. In order to avoid specular
reflection indirect lighting should be preferred. Lights should be maintained regularly and should
be easy to access for fitting and maintenance purpose. The emergency system should be designed
such that it is maintenance free and works on a battery-operated system and is capable of
maintaining safe levels of illumination in the event of failure of the main electricity supply.
b) Underwater lighting
Underwater lighting reduces veiling reflections and make the illumination more even under the
water surface. This increases safety of pool and can help coaches to evaluate swimmer’s
performance under water. ‘Dry niche’ and ‘wet niche’. Dry niches contain luminaires behind
watertight portholes and wet niches are recessed into the walls of the pool
Fig 3.6 shows the light fitting underwater Fig 3.7 type of light used underwater
25
Special Considerations for Swimming Pool Lighting

1) Water-tight design
All lighting in swimming pool should be waterproof in nature. The humidity of swimming pool should
not affect the luminaires otherwise they will go off easily.
2) Lamp body material
The lamp body should be anti-corrosive and should not be damaged with time. Attention should be paid
to all parts of the installation like cable trays, trunking, conduit, bracketing and fixings. Contact between
dissimilar metals in a humid atmosphere can lead to very rapid corrosion and care should be taken to
counter this effect.
Fig 3.8 and 3.9 shows the tight waterproof

lights used underwater in swimming poll
d) Color Temperature & CRI of Pool Lighting

Color of the lights does matter inside swimming pool, the table below summaries the recommended
color temperature in different scenario.
Fig 3.10 tale shows the lux level in different parts of the swimming pool arena
26
3.3.4 Cricket Ground Lighting Design

a) Requirement of Cricket Ground Lighting
The requirements for cricket lighting ground
very high. Different grounds require different level of lux. For International matches the illuminance
value required is high according to cricket lighting compatibility guide.
1. Lux Level (Brightness) Requirement matches, for practice and non-televised matches, we need 250 to
350 lux, which is enough for basic competitive matches among the team members. Professional matches
have a requirement of 500 to 750 lux. The brightness requirement bus higher due to fast movement of
the ball. Vitality of players can be increased by high intensity lighting, thus improving their
performance. For cricket stadiums hosting and broadcasting International matches highest standard of
about 1500-2500 lux is required.
Fig 3.11 lighting standards for outdoor cricket ground
2. Detailed Lux Level and lighting standards of cricket ground

A maintenance factor of 0.8 is suggested.
GR should be ≤40 for each batsman in direction of view towards the opposite wicket.
B) Ground Lighting Standard for Cricket Training and Match Practice
Fig 3.12 table shows different lux level, uniformity, CRI and glare rating for different levels of play
27
Lights used in cricket stadium

The commonly used floodlight used is LED flood light. It gives out bright white light and most of
cricket field lighting choose 5000k or 5700K.
According to ICC rules, there can be 25-35 m high poles can be fixed which can go up to 40-50 pcs
per stadium having 1000W LED
Floodlights.
How high should floodlights be for a cricket stadium?

Most of cricket match practice will be with 4 poles whose height can be 18-20M.
For non-televised matches Class I II and III, there can be 4 poles with 20-25M high mast. More strict
requirements are there for ICC cricket stadiums which ask for 6pcs with height 30-40M, lighting
illuminance 1500-2000lux and with excellent uniformity.
c) Lighting design for cricket stadium
The fig 3.13 shows photometric lighting design is consisted of false color rendering. We can see
majority of the area is in red, which represents 2625 lux.
Fig 3.13 shows the lux

level needed in a cricket ground
28
3.3.5 Football Field Lighting Design

a) Lighting Requirement of Football Field
1. Lux Level (Brightness):
Fig 3.14
shows the standards for different types of tournament
2. Uniformity Standard
Another important criteria for lighting is uniformity which is measured on a scale of 0-1(max). It
describes the distribution of lumen over the sports field. It is defined as the ratio between minimum and
average illuminance (U1), and ratio of minimum to maximum (U2). So, of the difference between lux
levels is small, like 50 lux, the uniformity will be closer to 1.
3. Color Temperature
The normal color temperature requirement for a football ground is greater than 4000k for all classes.
Some lighting providers still adopt 5000k-6000k cool white light to provide better lighting for spectators
and players and because of this reason colors are more invigorating.
b) Types of Floodlights
The 2kW (2000W) Metal Halide lamp is a standard floodlight for football sports lighting. It provides a
versatile, robust design solution with good color rendering properties.
29
c) Pole Height
Minimum pole heights depend on whether a side pole or corner pole design is being used. The height
depends on the distance from center of the pitch to the base of the pole location. For amateur
competition, required pole height can be estimated by multiplying 0.36 by the distance from center of
ground to the base of the pole location.
d) Layout and Pole Locations
The standard identifies placements for corner and side pole designs with four and six pole designs. The
standard recommends a side pole system with a minimum of two poles per side. The standard also
recommends that for side pole systems no poles be located behind the goals or within the arc 10 degrees
front and back of the goal line i.e., to avoid lights in the vicinity of the corners of the play area. Similar
considerations apply to corner pole designs. The standard requires poles to be located behind the
boundary fence, where one exists, or at least 5m outside the Principal Playing Area.
Pole location and height is also affected if multiple adjoining pitches require lighting and where pitches
will be multi-use.
Fig 3.15 shows the position of poles fig 3.16 Angles of Light with respect to the grid
30
3.4 Standards
Fig 3.17
Table shows the standards for horizontal illuminance, uniformity, color rendering index and glare rating in indoor sports
31
Fig 3.18 Table shows the standards for horizontal illuminance, uniformity, color rendering index and glare rating in outdoor sports
32
CHAPTER 4
CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Case Studies
4.1.2 AAMI Stadium, Melbourne
4.2 Analysis
33
4.1 Case Studies

Panetolikos is a multipurpose sporting
stadium which is in Agrinio city of
Greece. It is used mainly for football
matches of the local team Panetolikos
F. C. The ground can accommodate
7500 people at a time and is used since
the year 1930.
The first version of stadium was built
in 1930 but it had only a terrace with
no seating and no stand. The first Fig 4.1 stadium of Panetolikos
stand was built in on Eastern side of
pitch in 1950s. A new main stand was constructed later in 1970s on the Western side of pitch. But after
1970s the stadium was poorly maintained and was reconstructed later in 2005 and both ageing Eastern
and western stands were modernised. The most recent expansion of Panetolikos stadium occured in
2011/2012 season when the club was promoted to Superleague for the first time in their history, seating
capacity was increased by 1400 and UEFA approved floodlights were installed.
Main problem
Fig 4.2 shows the developed area nearby was a problem in case of stadium lights.
34
Solution
Fig 4.3 shows the fabrication work done on the stands for the placement of luminaires
Fig 4.4 shows the rays and placement of the luminaires
35
a) Things kept in mind while designing

Inspection Equipment
The illuminance meter while using for illuminance test should be in accordance with the floodlighting
environment.
It should have wide angle light receptors and should be carefully assessed annually.
Test procedure
One should ensure that correct orientation is used while marking the grid plan positions. The orientation
can be looked up in the 'pitch orientation plan'. The readings should be taken carefully. The meter should
be placed continuously at correct angle for taking the correct measurements.
The tester should ensure that no shadow is created during testing and the meter should be placed 1 m
above the ground surface for correct measurements.
The reading at each point should be recorded in the illuminance grid plan.
Vertical Test
The meter should be placed perpendicularly 1 m above the ground surface at each grid point. It should
be then adjusted at angles 0/360°, 90°, 180°, 270°. This process should be performed at all 96 grids.
Color Test
The pitch should be tested at 3 parameters for measuring illuminance, namely illuminance color,
temperature, and illuminance color rendering. The three positions are shown in 'horizontal grid plan' at
position X, Y (Centre pitch) and z.
Placement of the luminaires
Fig 4.5 Figures shows the good placement of the lights
36
Case study 2
4.1.2 AAMI park stadium, Melbourne
Fig 4.6 AAMI park stadium
Built in 2010, AAMI Park is a 30,050-seater stadium which features a cutting-edge Bio frame design
with a geodesic dome roof which substantially covers the seating area. The beauty of the design is that
spectators enjoy unobstructed views, free from pillars, walls or other support structures.
As well as a 65,000m2 rectangular pitch, the park also features a sports campus, including an elite
training Centre with gymnasium, 25m lap pool, plus office and medical facilities. It is used for a range
of domestic and international rugby union, rugby league, soccer and American football matches.
Lighting for Architecture and Performance
Working with same customers NDYLIGHT and Cox Architects, the goal was to develop a sports
lighting system that mixed with the required architectural form of the stadium without affecting its
performance. The lighting was required for the pitch as well as for the interiors of the stadium.
Three main objectives of the main stadia lighting were-
1. To reach 2,000 lux on the vertical and 2,600 lux average on the horizontal
2. Uniformity required was 0.7
3. Obtrusive light should be minimized
37
Fig 4.7 Placement of luminaires
High quality of illumination was important to meet the criteria of national and international sports and
television broadcasting.
Floodlights used were 344 Mundial (2 KW) and they were placed on various beam distributions and
were mounted on 4 corner towers along the roof structure. The Mundial's beam throw is excellent and
variable lamp holder position gives us a choice for concentrated distributions. This results in precise
floodlighting with a long range and uniformity and thus ensuring that glare and obtrusive light is
minimum.
Fig 4.8 Type of flood light (Mundial) used in AAMI park stadium.
38
Fig 4.9 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
The Leisure and Cultural Services Department in Hong Kong attaches great importance to providing
high quality facilities to the public. The new swimming pool complex in Area 1 (San Wai Court), Tuen
Mun, is a state-of-the-art HK$790m development. Outdoor facilities include a 50x25m main pool with a
1,200 seated capacity spectator stand, a 25x15m outdoor training pool and a 25x15m outdoor teaching
pool. Thorn Lighting Hong Kong was commissioned to provide the floodlighting for this fantastic
outdoor space with the aim of providing high quality task illumination. Glare control essential for
comfort and safety Thorn’s Champion and Mundial C metal halide floodlights were chosen to illuminate
the three pools. Champion is a high-performance floodlight with best-in-class optic control of obtrusive
light. The 1kW projector incorporates a flat glass concept and an integrated visor for total control of
glare and obtrusive light. Champion offers maximum optical efficiency and accurate light distribution
with minimum light spill.
39
Fig 4.10 shows the type of flood light used
Key to minimizing energy consumption

Luminaire distribution: Maximum efficiencies are achieved with a unique polar curve to ensure precise
beam angle asymmetric distribution to light only the task area.
Task lighting: Providing the correct amount of light for a specific set of conditions and moment in time
is vital for saving energy. Switched lighting levels (200, 300 and 600 lux) enable the lighting to be
adjusted according to pool use, such as closed or public or competition swimming. This ensures both
efficiency and comfort for the task in hand.
Maintenance schedule: Careful consideration has been given to the maintenance schedule to give a
0.68 maintenance factor. With a clear and realistic maintenance schedule in place, lighting performance
can be optimized while ensuring maximum efficiency too.

Known as the ‘team behind the team’, the English Institute of Sport (EIS) delivers a range of
performance improving sport science and sport medicine services to Olympic and Paralympic sports, as
well as a select number of non-Olympic sports. Impressively, it supported 86% of all Olympic and
Paralympic medalists during London 2012.
The new-build facilities included recreational areas, multiple sports courts, a 200m indoor sports track,
staircases, the building exterior and car park. EIS also requested for the lighting on the existing
basketball and netball courts to be upgraded. Aims for the project included meeting European sports
standards and television broadcasting requirements.
40
Fig 4.11 EIS Sheffield
Lighting fit for Olympians:

Two key luminaires specified for the EIS Sheffield facility included the Mundial (1KW) metal halide
sports floodlight and the Titus
Sport dedicated sports hall luminaire. Specifically designed for high performance, Mundial minimizes
glare and can be set in three different lamp positions to meet the various sporting requirements. With
T16 (T5) fluorescent lamps, Titus Sport can be surface mounted with adjustable stepless tilt up to 50°
for sports applications. Its unique curved housing prevents projectiles from becoming trapped on top of
the luminaire.
Overall, the design and flexibility of the lighting installation increased the facility capability from 750
lux on six layouts across three sports to up to 750 lux on nine layouts across five sports. As a direct
result of the new lighting, the EIS Sheffield facility can now be used for more sports and is certified to
All England Netball Association Standards.
Head of Global Applications Management, Iain Macrae, says: “The nature of the building never made it
easy to light for such a wide range of sports but working closely with the client we managed to upgrade
the lighting, remove some problems with glare and add two new sports to this vitally important facility.”
41
4.2 Analysis
1. Case Study 1
Stadium of Panetolikos
Type- Artificial Lighting
Sports- Football
a) New construction was done to place the luminaires.

b) Asymmetrical luminaires were used to reduce the glare.
c) Z-lamp Metal halide lamps were used which were mounted on 4 poles with 36 luminaires on each
pole.
d) Luminaires were placed such that they aim inside penalty and goalkeeper area and provide
sufficient illumination.
e) Aiming was done using simulation tool and poles were installed accordingly.
Fig 4.12 Stadium of Panetolikos
42
2. Case Study 2
AAMI Stadium
a) A centrally controlled dynalite lighting system was used which managed all stadium and function
lighting from a single point.
b) The controlled lighting consists of four light towers which provided international sporting level
broadcast illumination for the pitch.
c) Energy efficient luminaires were selected for internal as well as public use.
d) Brackets and luminaires were designed in a way such that they were easily attached on the roof
structure.
e) 344 Mundial (2KW) metal halide sports floodlights were used and were placed on four corner
towers.
f) Due to exceptional throw of Mundial floodlights and variable lamp holding position it makes long
range floodlighting efficient with good uniformity.
g) Illumination managed was 2000 lux on vertical and 2600 lux on horizontal. And uniformity
maintained was 0.7
h) The light spillage was minimized by careful planning luminaire position.
Fig 4.13 AAMI stadium
43
3. Case Study 3
Tuen Mon
a) Mundial C and Champion floodlights were selected to illuminate the pool.
b) Champion is a high-performance floodlight with feature of controlling obtrusive light.
c) This floodlight gives maximum and accurate light distribution with minimized light spillage and
provide a uniformity of 0.5
d) Maintenance factor was maintained to be 0.68.
e) The illumination level maintained was 200,300 and 600 lux.
f) Luminaires were designed such that they were sustainable and easily maintainable.
g) Excellent glare control was taken care of sonas to ensure safety of swimmers under water and glare
was maintained less than 56.
h) Asymmetric IP65 quality luminaires were placed at the edge of the pools to
i) Improve visibility under water and maintaining quality illumination.
Fig 4.14 Tuen Mon
44
4. Case Study 4
EIS, Sheffield, UK
a) The luminaires used were Mundial Metal Halide sports Floodlights (1Kw) and Titus Sport
floodlight.
b) Mundial can be set in three different positions and minimizes glare to a large extent.
c) The light capacity was increased from capability of 750 lux from 3 sports on six layouts to 750 lux
on 9 tracks across 5 sports
d) The luminaire distribution was done in a way so as to prevent spillage of light in adjacent areas and
thus making lighting, energy efficient.
e) The lighting is computerized and could be adjusted for different games like netball, basketball,
badminton and football as well.
f) The light can be zoned according to needs and thus energy consumption can be minimized in areas
where it is not required.
Fig 4.15 EIS Sheffield
45
CHAPTER 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
46
5.1 Conclusion
This research was focused upon studying and analysing the sports lighting whose design depends on the
type of sports played, the type of sporting arena used and speed and size of the moving object used for
the game.
The need of sports lighting is to provide a satisfactory luminous environment that makes a contribution
to the visibility of the playing target, the competitors and the surrounding backgrounds.
Daylighting in indoor sports can supplement the Artificial lighting to add quality.
Therefore, by various analysis inferred, documented, primary and secondary studies analyzed.
It is to conclude that “Artificial lighting makes a great contribution to ameliorate the performance
of players.”
5.2 Recommendations
47
The recommendations are inferred upon the analysis of all the chapters respectively which have been
established by the objectives of this research.
Chapter 2 – Sports Lighting
a) LED lamps can be used instead of Metal Halide because of their low light spillage and almost
no heating issues.
b) LEDs can be used to provide equal illumination in both indoor and outdoor Court and fields.
c) Use of flood lights to illuminate large outdoor areas.
d) Building orientation south in order to intake north light.
e) Light-colored outdoor materials for horizontal parts that can provide extra daylight entry into
the building through reflection.
f) Keep the ceiling and walls as light in color and use deep colors for the floor surface.
g) Use of clerestory windows and north lighting system.
h) Use of Roof lights rather than sidelights for higher daylight efficiency.
i) For minimizing glare placement of luminaires should be such that it cannot be directly seen by
the players.
j) The light sources used should be of low intensity like florescent tubes.
Fig 5.1 shows the passive techniques for intake of natural light like sawtooth roof and clear story windows.
Chapter 3 – Design Strategies
1. Badminton court Lighting Design
48
a) Luminaires should be positioned just above the court area.

b) Height of the luminaires should be 5M above the ground.
c) Luminaires should be placed symmetrically on every side of the net.
d) Vertical illumination should be 0.5 times more than horizontal illumination.
e) Use of lamp light and shadow affects to reduce the brightness of walls.
f) High quality lighting should be used for large viewing distance.
g) Color temperature should be greater than 4000k to counter balance problems.
h) A mid-range reflective surface should be used in badminton to make the white shuttle cock
clearly visible.
Fig 5.2 shows the alignment of the light with respect to court
2. Swimming Pool Lighting Design

a. Indirect Lighting should be used to avoid specular reflection.
b. Light should be easy to access for fitting and maintenance purpose.
c. Underwater Lighting should be used to reduce veiling reflection.
d. All Lighting should be water proof in nature.
e. Body of the lamp should be anti-corrosive.
f. Oblique Illumination should be used to light up the swimming pool.
Fig5.3 shows the illumination for swimming pool
3. Cricket Court Lighting Design

a) Maintenance factor should be greater than 0.8.
49
b) Glare rating should be less than 40.

c) LED lighting should be used with pole height of 18-20m
Fig 5.4 shows the stadium light height
4. Football field Lighting Design

a) Uniformity should be closer to 1.
b) Color temperature should be greater than 4000k.
c) Minimum two poles per side should be used in a side pole system.
d) Poles should not be located behind the goals or within the arc 10º front and back of the goal line.
e) Poles should be located behind the boundary fences or at least 5M outside the principle playing
area.
Fig 5.5 shows the placement of light pole I football field
50
Chapter-4 Case studies and Analysis

a) Roof Leaks should be prevented.
b) Use of non-combustible material.
c) Use of “Soft Start” feature to prevent the current spike in the circuit.
Use LED whose fixture size is large enough to handle the lumen output of the bulb so that thermal
pathway of heat dissipated is sufficient.
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. IS codes- is.sp.72.2010 National lighting codes.

2. Siteco, lighting for sports field and halls-
https://www.siteco.com/en/applications/sports
3. Sports Lighting Regulations by Ian Ashdown (2019)
https://www.allthingslighting.org/index.php/2019/02/15/sports-lighting-regulations
4. Sports Lighting Reliability by D. Michael Evans Nathan Reid Philip Keebler 2013
https://www.ecmweb.com/powerqualityreliabty/sagsswellsiterruptions/article/20899362/sports-
lighting-reliability
5. Arch toolbox
https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/recommended-lighting-levels-in-
buildings.html
6. LinkedIn
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yankee-stadium-led-lighting-deemed-brightest-most-uniform-
chittim
7. MSC high intensity lights
https://www.mscdirect.com/basicsof/hid-lamps
8. Energy star lights
https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/light_bulbs/learn_about_led_bulbs
9. Bulb.com
https://www.bulbs.com/learning/hid.aspx
10. Good work international
https://www.goodworkint.com/en/tipos-de-iluminacion/
11. Sports infrastructure: Transforming the Indian sports ecosystem
https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/industries/entertainment-and-media/sports-infrastructure.pdf
12. Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety

http://www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt46e.htm
13. thorn application and guide
http://www.thornlighting.com/download/Handbook5-11.pdf
52
14. Case Studies of Panetolikos

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lambros_Doulos/publication/320597500_Improving_Footb
all_Pitch_Lighting_Case_Studies_of_Panetolikos_and_Panathinaikos/links/59efda0eaca272a250
01318b/Improving-Football-Pitch-Lighting-Case-Studies-of-Panetolikos-and-Panathinaikos.pdf
53

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DISSERTATION

ILLUMINATION IN SPORTS COMPLEX

Prof. Parul Lohan Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

Aayojan School of Architecture

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR 1 Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR 2 Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

I take this opportunity to express my thanks to the Principal & Director of my

List of Illustrations vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.1 Background of the Study

1.3 Need and Criteria of Study

CHAPTER 2: SPORTS LIGHTING 6-16

2.1 Types of Sports Lighting

2.1.1 Classification of Lamps

2.2 Need of Sports Lighting

2.3 Uniformity gradient (UG)

2.4 Natural Lighting in Indoor Sports

CHAPTER 3: Design Strategies 17-32

3.1 Basic Consideration for Sports Lighting

3.1.2 Types of sports area

3.2 Lighting Criteria

3.3 Design Strategies

3.3.1 Types of Sports

3.3.2 Badminton Court Lighting Design

3.3.3 Swimming Pool Lighting Design

3.3.4 Cricket Ground Lighting Design

3.3.4 Football Field Lighting Design

CHAPTER 4: Case Studies and Analysis 33-45

4.1 Case Studies

4.1.1 Stadium of Panetolikos

4.1.2 AAMI park stadium, Melbourne

4.1.3 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong

4.1.4 EIS, Sheffield, UK

CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 46-51

1.2 artificial lights used in sports 2 Thorne lighting

1.4 Lights in Sports 3 Thorne lighting

Chapter 2 Sports lighting

2.2 compact fluorescent 6 Google

2.3 metal halide 6 Google

2.4 high pressure sodium 6 Google

2.5 light emitting diode 6 Google

2.6 tungsten halogen 6 Google

2.7 sodium vapor light 7 Google

2.8 halogen 7 Google

2.9 high intensity discharge 7 Google

2.10 incandescent 7 Google

2.11 Fluorescent 7 Google

2.12 Metal halide 8 Google

2.13 mercury vapor 8 Google

2.14 high pressure sodium 8 Google

2.15 Light emitting diode 8 Google

2.18 intake of natural lighting. 11 Google

2.19 Sawtooth design of the roof for intake of 11 Author

the natural light inside the premises.

2.20 For ample amount of sunlight, the orientation of a building 12 Google

2.21 skylight in a indoor basketball court 13 Google

2.24 external shading device 14 Google

2.25 light shelves are good to intake of diffused light 14 Buildings

1.1 Background of the study

Fig 1.1 natural light incorporated in indoor hall

Fig 1.3 artificial light and natural light both

1.2.2 Standards of sports lighting