Communication Studies Lecture

1) Introduce your essay

✴ Your introduction is marked

✴ The Main Idea is that…. (remember no verb is used )
✴ The writers purpose (insert a verb)
- refrain from using “inform” as it is overused and lower school vocabulary
- Look for synonyms for inform
2). Organisational Strategies are the different ways in which the writer uses to bring the message to the
reader

Few examples and their effectiveness/explanation

Statistics Credible and easy to

comprehend
Quoting a source Credible and valid
Order of importance To emphasis a point
Logical linkages Helps flow
Problem/Solution Makes the reader to think
Sequence How stuff is done
Cause and Effect Forces the reader to think
Compare and Contrast Note the similarities and
differences
Historical Data Makes the information credible
Conversational Tone Anecdotes and personal
pronouns allow the reader to be
more comfortable with the piece
Short Paragraphing Emphasis a point
- note short paragraphs \What
shouldis the effectiveness- what is the device adding
be 1-3 lines long to the piece ?
How does appeal to the senses and therefore your understanding ?
How does it help the author achieve his/her purpose and expand her main
3. Language Techniques point

A. Contractions
B. Exclamations
C. Repetition
D. Emotive language
E. Rhetorical question
F. Hyperbole- for emphasis of a point
G. Alliteration -creates rhythm
H. Juxtaposition -creates contrast and highlight ideas
I. Personification -appeals to emotions
J. Hypophora- when the author asks question he immediately answers it
Past Paper done in Class -May June 2013 Question 1

Content=10 marks Expression=8 marks. Organisation- 7

P-POINT
E-EXAMPLE
E-EXPLANATION

Main idea -UWI is adding on an online 4th campus to become more accessible partly because of
competition and to produce “work ready”graduates

Writers purpose -the writer purpose is to praise/welcome/approve of UWI’s Initiative to open a 4th
campus while cautioning against complacency in the face of continuing competition

End the intro paragraph with : the writer achieves this purpose by using various organisational strategies ,
language techniques and tone

Organisational Strategies

Could the strategies chosen match his/her purpose

You are not to define the strategy but identity it and gain the examples within the quotation marks

Problem and solution-

Problem - the Mono campus is overcrowded
Solution- open a new campus to facilitate the given numbers of students
Effectiveness-the reader why it is important for UWI to open a new campus

Expert Opinion
Effectiveness-people generally believe the opinions of professional whom they deem reliable it also gave
the opinion of a reliable source

Use of examples
Used the different competing institutions
Effectiveness-improvement In other regional institutions which can take away students from UWI that is
why the reader understands why it is important for UWI to improve accessibility

Language Techniques

This refers to the words of the piece

Compare and Contrast

Additionally the writer uses the Language technique of contrast in his quest to achieve his purpose. An
example is seen in these words “however” and “through”.The effectiveness gives the reader the
opportunity to see the issue from a different point of view thus helping the writer achieve justification for
a 4th campus

Personal pronouns

Effectiveness- Include audience and encourage readers to relate the subject at hand
Repetition

Memorisation of the word “competition” is used as a language technique

“we cannot help but think that competition is part a catalyst for thus development”
In many instances it is used for emphasis

Tone

Attitude one got from reading the piece

Adjectives are always used to describe the tone

As a result of specific words and phrases used by the writer, the tone of this piece is varied and defined as
complex e.g. initially in the paragraph 1 and 2 is neutral or dispassionate it then moves into more
rationalised tone in paragraph then ending with a hopeful tone of improvement made by UWI in the
future.

Conclusion

In conclusion the writer used many Organisation strategies,Language techniques and varied tones on this
extract they were all effective because they achieved the writer purpose
 Module 2 : Language and Community

Registers

• Social setting content

• Determines the use of dialect
• Remember Language use, audience involve, content and context

Dialect

• Any variety of language They all speak the same language

BSE-British Standard English But have different dialects
ASE -American Standard English

CSE- Caribbean Standard English

Language

Creole-
Guyanese
Standard - Caribbean standard
Barbadian
English
Jamaican
Trinidadian
Jamaica
 Content

 Dependent on audience
:primary schoolers, adults
,kindergarteners ,
peers and young adults.
• Audience and content are connected

Message will influence the language/ dialect used

Where what audience involved

Where are you reasons for interaction audience you are interac
Interacting ting with
Essay

1. Introduction:look at what you were asked to discuss and summarise it

- DO NOT OVERDO IT

2. Use the PEE format

3. Example - must be taken from extract

- only use ellipses if you know how to write it clearly

4. Justify/give reasons for the point made

COMMON QUESTIONS THAT MAY COME IN THE EXAM

Why would one use Creole ?

1. First/native language and mother tongue

2. Topic will be best understood or delivered in Creole
3. The topic is an emotional one
4. The author knows another language but uses creole to show pride of his/her heritage.In this case it
used as identity maker
5. By using Creole he/she is making a case in support of the language

What factors influenced the writer’s choice of language ?

1. Familiar with the target audience

6. Language is used conventionally appropriate for the content that is being shaped
7. Conventionally, creole is used for less serious matters for telling stories and entertainment Standard
English on the other hand is used for local business and academic writing

What are the implications for wider accessibility of Creole raising from the poet’s use of language
variety ?

1. Traditionally creole is either accepted or not accepted

8. By publishing work in Creole, she/he is celebrating the societal usage and lift the credibility of creole

Attitudes to Creole and Standard English

1. Students who speak Creole or a non-standard language are criticised for speaking it
9. Taught to abandon Creole and learn Standard English for educational purposes
10. They are told that they should speak the standard in order to maximise their success in examinations
11. A command of Standard English ensures social mobility
Relationship between registers and context

1. Social setting
• Registers are created and influenced by your language choice ,context, content and audience
• Creole language is often times associated with casual, informal and intimate registers
•
2. Lack of understanding of creole
• Because of creole syntax, vocabulary etc
• Using it to describe events many not be effective as people may have no idea what is taking place
3. Non west Indians will not understand Creole lexical terms
• e.g screwing up her face
• They many not the non communicative behaviours
• e.g going to lime
4. Family and friends
• Friends, loved ones, family and peers create a register that is casual and intimate.the language mainly
used is creole
5. Academic:legal documentation
• Uses the formal register
• Most are encoded in Standard English
How a televised presentation would help readers ?

1. Hear different dialects

12. See various non verbal aspects
13. Visualise the setting
14. Dress
Answers for Past Paper :2008 Question 2

Introduction

This essay addresses the differences in language in the poem, the attitudes that persons may not have and
exhibit various language such as Creole and Standard and how televised readings of the poem could
enhance its meaning

Differences in language in stanza one and two

Stanza 1- Standard English

Stanza 2-Creole English

With respect to the type of language utilised in “A tale of two tongues”interpersonal context exists
between writer and God and a formal register is created in most situations.Standard English is used when
addressing God , he spoken to with the most respect.The first stanza is flooded with religious imagery.

(didn't get the full answer)

Attitudes to English and Creole

Creole: seen as backward, broken, informal

“tongue of the markets and fields”
Associated with laughter and suffering

Standard English : formal

Associated with supremacy
“Giver of commandants”deserves a grammar of respectability
Talking to God must be refining
Religious commandments have a profound level of fomallity

Televised reading of the poem

Furthermore, a televised reading of the poem would enhance the meaning as it would reveal activities
such as the readers hands, facial expression that indicate formality .

The reader in the 2nd stanza …

MODULE 3

Genres
➡ Proposals
➡ Feature addresses /speech
➡ Advertisements
➡ Formal letter
➡ A campaign
^know the format for all

-discuss the approach your going to take

e.g. Write a feature address/speech

1. Why are you here
15. Topic of your address
16. Define key terms and jargons used in address

Types of advertisements

1. Bandwagon type :everyone is doing it if you are not your missing out
5. Brand Approval : everyone wearing a certain brand e.g.nike
6. Celebrity type: Jah Cure, Ravi B and Destra

Types of media which can be used for various strategies

➡ Print
➡ Social media
➡ Email
➡ Radio
➡ TV
➡ Telephoning
➡ Search engines
➡ Outdoor media

Note :

Elements of the communication process- nouns

Process of the communication process -verbs