Physics

Numericals
STD. XII Sci.

Salient Features
• Subtopic wise numericals with solutions.
• Shortcuts to enable quick problem solving.
• Practice problems for every subtopic.
• Includes solved board numericals.
• Numerical based multiple choice questions for effective preparation.

Solutions/hints to practice problems and multiple choice questions available

in downloadable PDF format at www.targetpublications.org/tp12470

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P.O. No. 105022

12470_JUP
 Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you.
“STD XII Sci.: PHYSICS NUMERICALS” is a complete and thorough guide to the numerical aspect of the
HSC preparation. The book is prepared as per the Maharashtra State Board syllabus .Subtopic wise segregation of
Solved Numericals in each chapter help the student to gain knowledge of the broad spectrum of problems in each
subtopic Formulae which form a vital part of problem-solving are provided in every chapter. Solutions and
calculations have been broken down to the simplest form possible (with log calculation provided wherever
needed) so that the student can tackle each and every problem with ease.
Problems for practice are provided to test the vigilance and alertness of the students and build their confidence.
Board Numericals till the latest year have been provided to help the student get accustomed to the different
standards of board numericals. Numerical based multiple choice questions are covered sub-topic-wise to prepare
the student on a competitive level.
Solution/hints to practice problems and multiple choice questions can be downloaded in PDF format from our
website www. targetpublications.org
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve nearly
missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : mail@targetpublications.org

A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Authors
Edition: Second

Disclaimer
This book is intended to be study material expressing views and elaborating concepts for ease of understanding for students and purely for their benefits. We make no
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 Chapter 01: Circular Motion

01 Circular Motion 

Formulae n
ii.  = 2 
t
Section 1: Angular Displacement, Relation where, n = change in frequency of the
Between Linear Velocity and Angular particle in circular motion during a time
Velocity interval t.
1. Angular velocity: Section 3: Centripetal and Tangential Acceleration
v
i. = 1. Centripetal (or radial) acceleration:
r
where, v2
ar = = v = r2
v = linear velocity r
r = radius of the circle along which
2. Tangential acceleration:
particle performs circular motion.
aT =  r

ii. = 3. Resultant or total acceleration:
t
where,  = angular displacement of the a = a 2t  a 2r  2a t a r cos 
particle in circular motion during time where,
interval t.  = angle made by ar with at
iii.  = 2n
where, a= a 2t  a 2r when  = 90.
n = frequency of revolution of particle 4. For U.C.M.:
in circular motion.
v2
2 a = ar = = v
iv.  = r
T
where, T = period of revolution of  at = 0
particle performing circular motion.
Section 4: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
2. Angular displacement:
1. Centripetal force:
 = t
mv 2
3. Time period: i. Fc = ii. Fc = mv
r
2r 2 iii. Fc = mr2 iv. Fc = 42mrn2
i. T= ii. T=
v  42mr
v. Fc =
4. Frequency of revolution: T2
1  where, m = mass of particle performing
n= 
T 2 circular motion
5. Linear velocity:
Section 5: Motion of a Vehicle along a Curved
i. v = r ii. v = 2nr
Unbanked Road
Section 2: Angular Acceleration
1. The necessary centripetal force:
1. Angular acceleration: mv 2
 Fc = mg =
i. = r
t where,
where,  = change in the angular m = mass of vehicle
velocity of a particle in circular motion v = velocity of the vehicle
during a time interval t. r = radius of the curve road
1
Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals 
 = coefficient of friction between the tyres 2. Angular velocity:
of the vehicle and the surface of the road. g g tan 
= =
2. The maximum velocity with which a vehicle l cos  r
can take a turn safely without skidding:
3. Periodic time:
v= rg
2 l cos 
T= = 2
3. The maximum angular velocity with which  g
a vehicle can take a turn safely without
skidding: h
= 2
g g
=
r where,
l = length of conical pendulum
Section 6: Banking of Roads h = the height of the fixed support from the
centre of the circle or axial height of the
For motion of vehicles along a banked curve cone
road:  = semivertical angle of the cone.
1. The proper velocity or optimum velocity:
v = rg tan  4. Tension in the string:
mg
where,  = angle of banking T=
cos 
2. The maximum velocity without skidding:
Section 8: Vertical Circular Motion
   tan  
vmax = rg  s 
1  s tan   1. Velocity at any point in vertical circular
where, motion:
s = coefficient of friction between the tyres i. vP = v 2L  2gr (1  cos)
of the vehicle and surface of the road ii. vL = 5rg
3. Angle of banking: iii. vH = rg
 v2   v2 
 = tan1   or tan  =   iv. vM = 3rg
 rg   rg 
where,
4. Height of inclined road: vP = velocity of the particle at any
h = d sin  point P along the circle.
where, vL = Minimum velocity at the lowest
d = distance between the two front or rear point on the circle so that it can
wheels. safely travel along the vertical
circle (looping the loop).
5. The maximum velocity with which a vehicle vH = Minimum velocity of the particle at
can go on a banked curved road without the highest point on the circle so
toppling: that the string will not be
d slackened.
v= rg
2H vM = Minimum velocity of the particle
where, H = height of centre of gravity (C.G.) at a mid-way point so that it can
of the vehicle from the road. travel along the circle.
r = radius of the vertical circle.
Section 7: Conical Pendulum  = angle between the position vectors
at the given position of particle
1. Linear speed of bob: and that of the lowest point on the
v = rg tan  vertical circle.
2
 Chapter 01: Circular Motion
2. Relation between velocities at different iii. Highest point H,
points in vertical circular motion: mv 2H mv 2L
i. v 2L = v 2H + 4gr TH =  mg =  5 mg
r r
ii. v 2M = v 2H + 2gr iv. Midway point M,
mv 2M mv 2L
3. Tension at: TM = =  2 mg
i. Any point P, r r
mv 2 4. Total energy at any point:
TP = + mg cos
r 1
E= mv2 + mgr (1  cos )
ii. Lowest point L, 2
mv 2L mv 2H 5
TL = + mg = + 5mg = mgr
r r 2

Section 9: Kinematical Equations

Analogy between translatory motion and circular motion

No. Translatory Motion Circular Motion
 
 
1. dr d
Linear velocity v = Angular velocity  =
dt dt


d v d r
 
Angular acceleration
Linear acceleration a =  2  
2. dt dt 
d  d 
=  2
dt dt
   
3. Linear momentum p = m v Angular momentum L = I 
   
4. Linear impulse = F (t) =  p Angular impulse =  (t) =  L
   
5. Force F = m a Torque  = I 
   
6. Work W = F . r Work W =  . 
Kinetic energy of translation Kinetic energy of rotation
7. 1 1 2
Et = mv2 Er = I
2 2
8. Equations of linear motion Equations of rotational motion
i. v = u + at i. 2 = 1 + t
1 2 1 2
ii. s = ut + at ii.  = 1t + t
2 2
iii. v2  u2 = 2 as iii.  22  12 = 2

a 
iv. sn = u + (2n  1) iv. n = 1 + (2n 1)
2 2

3
Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals 
Shortcuts 10. For looping the loop of radius r, the minimum
height from which the body should be released
1. Angular acceleration (): is given by,
If number of rotations or revolutions is given,
5r
then h=
2 2
= (n2  n1) rad/s2 11. i. For a vehicle moving over a convex
t
bridge which is in the shape of an arc of
v2 a circle,
2. If linear velocity is given, apply ar = and
r mv 2
if angular velocity is given, apply ar = 2r to N = mg –
r
find ar.
ii. For the motor cyclist at the upper most
3. If number of revolutions in a particular time is point in the globe of death in a circus,
given, apply ar = 42n2r. mv 2
4. If some mass is placed on a rotating body, N= – mg
r
then angular motion changes due to frictional
where,
force between the mass and the body.
N = normal reaction acting on the
Coefficient of friction can be calculated by
vehicle or the motorcycle.
applying the formula,
mv 2 Solved Examples
= mg or
r
Section 1: Angular Displacement, Relation
v2 2 r 42 n 2 r Between Linear Velocity and Angular
= = =
rg g g Velocity
5. Breaking tension is the maximum centripetal
force which is given by the relation, Example 1.1
mv 2 A wheel of radius 2 metre is making
F= = m2r 60 revolutions per minute. Calculate the angular
r
velocity of any point on the rim.
6. Speed of a vehicle on a banked road or Solution:
circular turn depends upon the curvature of the Given: n = 60 r.p.m. = 60/60 = 1 rps, r = 2 m
road. To find: Angular velocity ()
v2 Formula:  = 2n
tan  =
rg Calculation: From formula,
7. To avoid skidding, v  rg where  is the   = 2  1
  = 2 rad/s
coefficient of friction between the tyres and
Ans: The angular velocity of any point on the rim
road.
of the wheel is 2 rad/s.
d
= where d is the distance between two
2h Example 1.2
wheels. Find the angular displacement of a particle
8. In case of conical pendulum if l be the length moving on a circle with angular velocity
and r be the radius of the horizontal circle then (2/3) rad/s in 15 s.
height of the rigid point of suspension is Solution:
calculated by the formula, Given: t = 15 s,  = (2/3) rad/s
To find: Angular displacement ()
h= l 2  r2 Formula:  = t
9. Use the expressions, v L = 5gr and vT = gr Calculation: From formula,
for the following cases: 2
=  15
i. Bucket full of water whirled in a vertical 3
circle.   = 10 π rad
ii. Motor cyclist riding in a vertical circle Ans: The angular displacement of the particle is
in hollow sphere. 10 rad.
4
 Chapter 01: Circular Motion
Example 1.3 Example 1.6
What is the angular speed of the second hand of a A particle is revolving in a circle of radius 10 cm
clock? If the second hand is 10 cm long, then find with linear speed of 20 m/s. Find (i) its period of
the linear speed of its tip. revolution and (ii) frequency.
Solution: Solution:
Given: r = 10 cm = 101 m, T = 60 s Given: r = 10 cm = 10  102 m,
To find: i. Angular speed () v = 20 m/s
ii. Linear speed (v) To find: i. Period of revolution (T)
2 ii. Frequency (n)
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
T 2r
Formulae: i. T=
Calculation: From formula (i), v
2 2  3.14 1
= = ii. n=
T 60 T
  = 1.047  101 rad/s Calculation: From formula (i),
From formula (ii), 2  3.14  10  102
v = r T=
20
v = 1.047  101  0.1 = 3.14  102
 v = 1.047  102 m/s.  T = 0.0314 s
Ans: i. The angular speed of the second hand of From formula (ii),
a clock is 1.047  101 rad/s. 1 1
ii. The linear speed of the tip of the second n= =
T 0.0314
hand is 1.047  102 m/s.
 n = 31.85 s–1
Example 1.4 Ans: i. The period of revolving particle is
If a body rotates in a horizontal circle of radius 0.0314 s
15 cm with an angular velocity of 0.8 rad/s, then ii. The frequency of the particle is
what is its linear velocity? n = 31.85 s–1.
Solution:
Given: r = 15 cm = 0.15 m,  = 0.8 rad/s Example 1.7
To find: Linear velocity (v) What is the angular velocity of the minute hand
Formula: v = r of a clock? If the minute hand is 5 cm long, what
Calculation: From formula, is the linear velocity of its tip? [Oct 04]
v = 0.15  0.8 Solution:
 v = 0.12 m/s. Given: R = 5 cm = 5  102 m,
Ans: The linear velocity of the rotating body is T = 1h = 3600 s
0.12 m/s. To find: i. Angular velocity ()
ii. Linear velocity of the tip (v)
Example 1.5
2
The linear velocity of a body is 0.2 m/s. If it Formulae: i. =
rotates in a horizontal circle having radius 0.5 m, T
what is its angular velocity? ii. v = r
Solution: Calculation: From formula (i),
Given: r = 0.5 m, 2 2  3.14
 = =
v = 0.2 m/s T 3600
To find: Angular velocity ()   = 1.74  103 rad/s
Formula: v = r From formula (ii),
Calculation: From formula, v = 5  102  1.74  103
v 0.2  v = 8.7  105 m/s
= =
r 0.5 Ans: For the minute hand of the clock,
  = 0.4 rad/s i. The angular velocity is 1.74  10–3 rad/s.
Ans: The angular velocity of the rotating body is ii. The linear velocity of the tip is
0.4 rad/s. 8.7  10–5 m/s.