NAME ______________ SOLUTIONS _____________________

EE 442 Homework #1 Solutions

(Spring 2018 – Due January 29, 2018 )
Print out homework and do work on the printed pages.

Textbook: Samuel O. Agbo & Matthew O. Sadiku, Principles of Modern Communication

Systems, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2017.

Problem 1 Wavelengths in Radio Applications (15 points)

Radio waves propagate in free space (and in our atmosphere) at the speed of
electromagnetic waves (e.g., light waves) – an EM wave velocity of v = 2.99792  108
meters per second. For this problem use v = 3.00  108 meters per second (m/sec).
An important wave parameter for electromagnetic waves is the wavelength  which is
inversely related to the wave frequency f (cycles per second in units of Hertz). The
relationship is as you know velocity equals wavelength times frequency (v = f ).

The reason wavelength  is important is because the wavelength is

approximately the spatial resolving dimension of radar and antenna sizes scale with
wavelength (e.g., long wavelengths requires large antennas where \the antenna will be
of the order of the wavelength in size for best transmission and receiption).

To get a feel for the size of the free space wavelength  for various radio
communication systems fill out the table below: [Express all wavelengths in meters.]

Radio Application Frequency Band Wavelength Range

AM broadcast radio 535 kHz to 1605 kHz 560.7 meters to 186.9 meters

FM broadcast radio 88 MHz to 108 MHz 3.409 meters to 2.778 meters

VHF Civil Aviation Band 108 MHz to 136 MHz 2.778 meters to 2.206 meters
(example) (example)
GSM Cellular (Uplink) 890 MHz to 915 MHz 0.3371 meter to 0.3279 meter

Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/n 2.400 GHz to 2.497 GHz 0.1250 meter to 0.1201 meter

K-band Radar Sensor 24.125 GHz 0.01244 meter

(narrowband)
Homework 1

Problem 2 Frequency Requirement for a Cellular Phone (15 points)

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 In problem 1 you found that radio wavelengths cover a very broad span of
values. For example, in broadcast AM radio (which has been around since the 1920s),
the wavelengths over it band are very large. The photo of the AM broadcast antenna is
designed to be one-quarter of a wavelength (/4). For a radio station broadcasting at f
= 1240 kHz the wavelength  = 241.9 meters = 793.7 feet (because 1 meter = 3.2808
feet). Therefore, a quarter wavelength /4 = 198.4 feet high.

For this problem we want to estimate how high a frequency must be to have a
handheld cellular telephone without a separate antenna extruding from the case of the
cell phone. Again, let us assume that we can use a quarter wavelength antenna in the
direction of the height of the cell phone case (such as using the side of the case itself).
Using the dimension of the height of your cell phone and setting that dimension equal to
one-quarter wavelength, what frequency f meets this requirement? [Note: This would
be the lowest frequency you would allow for operation.]

Solution:
My cell phone was approximatley 5 inches in height. This is equal to 12.7 cm
(because 2.54 cm equals 1 inch). Setting 12.7 cm equal to /4 gives  = 50.8 cm for the
wavelength.
v3  1010 (cm/sec)
f   5.906  108 (sec-1 )  590.6 MHz
 50.8 (cm)

Problem 3 Voltage Gain & Power Gain (16 points)

Electrical engineers often specify, or characterize, circuit blocks and/or networks
in terms of voltage gain and power gain. Voltage and power gains can be expressed
either numerically or in decibels (see Handout #1 for a discussion of decibels). In this
problem you are presented with the amplifier circuit shown diagrammatically shown
below with input and output resistances and voltages levels as labeled.
Homework 1

2
Assume the amplifier is impedance matched at output and input.
Calculate:

(a) The voltage gain ratio.

Vout 10 (volts)
  20
Vin 0.5 (volt)

(b) The voltage gain expressed in decibles (dB).

V 
20  log10  out   20  log10 20   26 dB
 Vin 
(c) The power gain ratio.

 0.5 V  10 V 
2 2
3 Pout
Pin   3.33  10 W and Pout   1.333 W;  400
75  75  Pin
(d) The power gain ratio expressed in decibels (dB).

P 
10  log10  out   10  log10  400   26 dB
 Pin 
Added note to the curious student: Cable line amplifiers (CATV) in cable television
distribution systems typically use 75 ohm coaxial cable (rather than 50 ohm coaxial
cables) because a 77 ohm coxial cable provides the lowest poss per length of line and
75 ohm cable is therefore lower loss than a 50 ohm cable. The highest peak power
carrying capability in a coxial cable is a cable with a 30 ohm characterisitic impedance.
Thus, a 50 ohm coxial cable is a compromise between 30 ohm and 77 ohm
characteristic impedances. That is why 50 ohm coaxial cables are so widely used.
Homework 1

Problem 4 Voltage Gain & Power Gain continued (18 points)

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 Another amplifier but it has an output resistance of Rout = 150 ohms (no longer 75
ohms). This is illustrated in the diagram below. Again, assume input and output
impedance matching.

Calculate:

(a) The voltage gain ratio.

Vout 10 (volts)
  25
Vin 0.4 (volt)

(b) The power gain ratio.

 0.4 V  10 V 
2 2
3 Pout
Pin   2.133  10 W and Pout   0.6667 W;  312.5
75  150  Pin

(c) The power gain expressed in decibels.

P 
10  log10  out   10  log10  312.5  24.95 dB  25 dB
 Pin 
(d) Write an expression for the power gain in decibels in terms of Vin, Vout and the ratio
of Rin to Rout.
 Vout 2 
 
 Pout    10  log  (Vout )  Rin  
2
10  log10   Rout
  10  log10   10  
 Vin  (Vin )2  Rout 
2
 Pin    
 R 
 in 
V  R 
Homework 1

 20  log10  out   10  log10  in 

 Vin   Rout 

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Problem 5 Voltage Gain & Power Gain continued (16 points)
We have four circuit components cascaded together as shown on the block
diagram below.

(a) Express the gains and losses in decibels (use the second column in the table
below):

Numerical power ratio Power ration in dB

P1 /Pin = 1/3 -4.77 dB
P2 /P1 = 25 +13.98 dB
P3 /P2 = 1/5 -6.99 dB
Pout /P3 = 9 +9.54 dB

(b) What is ratio of (Pout/Pin) (both numerically and in decibels)?

Pout  1  1
    25    9   3  5  15
Pin  3   5
P 
10  log10  out   10  log10 15  11.76 dB
 Pin 
or -4.77 dB + 13.98 dB -6.99 dB +9.54 dB = 11.76 dB

(c) If Pin = 30 mW, what is Pout in watts (W)?

Pout = 15  Pin = 15  30 mW = 450 mW = 0.45 W

 Pout  5
Pout
5 dB  10  log10    10  10
10 log10 (Pout / Pin )
so 3.162 
 Pin  500 mW
Pout  3.162  500 mW  1.58 W
Homework 1

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Problem 6 Communication Link: Gain & Loss (20 points)
We have three circuit components cascaded together as shown on the block
diagram below. The links (Link 1-2 and Link 2-3) are long stretches of transmission
paths between the networks. Link 1-2 has a loss of 30 dB and Link 2-3 has a loss of 20
dB. We don’t know the power gain G1 of Network 1, but we are told that with an input
power of Pin1 = 500 mW fed into Network 1, the power flowing into the input of Network
2 is Pin2 = 100 mW.

You are asked to calculate the following:

(a) The output power (in milliwatts) from Network 1.

Pin2 = Pout 1  LLoss of Link 12  Pout 1  (0.001)  100 mW
because a -30 dB loss is numerically 1/1000 = 0.001
Thus, Pout 1  1000  100 mW  100 W
(b) The power gain (in decibels) of Network 1 (power gain denoted by G1).
100 W
Pout 1 = Pin1  G1  500 mW  G1  100 W; G1   200
0.5 W
G1  10  log10  200   23 dB
(c) The overall power gain, or power loss, of the entire chain (i.e., calculate Pout/Pin1).
Express power gain in decibels.
Goverall  G1  Loss12  G2  Loss23  G3 (dB) = 23 - 30 +16 - 20 +16 dB = +5 dB
10  log10 (Goverall )  5  Goverall  3.162
Note: This example illustrates the advantage of using gain and loss in decibels.

(d) The output power Pout in watts.

Pout  Goverall  Pin1  (3.162)  500 mW  1.581 mW  1.581 W
𝑷
Homework 1