Mecánica de Materiales 2020-1

Capítulo 13

Tema:
Perdida de estabilidad
Sumario

 Estabilidad de Estructuras
 Fórmula de Euler para Columnas
Biarticuladas.
 Ejemplos.
 Carga Excéntrica. Fórmula de la
Secante(Opcional).
 Ejemplos.(Opcional)
 Diseño de Columnas.(Opcional)
 Problemas.
2
Estabilidad de estructuras

• In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is

selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
P
=   all
A

- deformation falls within specifications

PL
=   spec
AE

• After these design calculations, may discover

that the column is unstable under loading and
that it suddenly becomes sharply curved or
buckles.
3
• Consider model with two rods and
torsional spring. After a small perturbation,
K (2 ) = restoring moment
L L
P sin  = P  = destabiliz ing moment
2 2

• Column is stable (tends to return to aligned

orientation) if
L
P    K (2   )
2
4K
P  Pcr =
L

4
• Assume that a load P is applied. After a
perturbation, the system settles to a new
equilibrium configuration at a finite
deflection angle.
L
P sin  = K (2 )
2
PL P 
= =
4 K Pcr sin 

• Noting that sin <  , the assumed

configuration is only possible if P > Pcr.

5
Concepto de inestabilidad

6
7
Fórmula de Euler para columnas
biarticuladas
• Consider an axially loaded beam.
After a small perturbation, the system
reaches an equilibrium configuration
such that
d2y M P
2
= = − y
dx EI EI

d2y P
2
+ y=0
dx EI

• Solution with assumed configuration

can only be obtained if
 2 EI
P  Pcr =
L2
P
 =   cr =
( )
 2 E Ar 2
=
 2E
8
A 2
L A (L r )2
• The value of stress corresponding
to the critical load,
 2 EI
P  Pcr =
L2
P P
=   cr = cr
A A

 cr =
( )
 2 E Ar 2
L2 A
 2E
= = critical stress
(L r )
2

L
= slenderness ratio
r

• Preceding analysis is limited to 9

centric loadings.
Modos de pandeo: columna biarticulada

10
Extensión de la Fórmula de Euler

• A column with one fixed and one free

end, will behave as the upper-half of a
pin-connected column.

• The critical loading is calculated from

Euler’s formula,
 2 EI
Pcr =
L2e

 2E
 cr =
(Le r )2
Le = 2 L = equivalent length

11
Modos de pandeo: columna empotrada-libre

12
13
14
Ejemplo

An aluminum column of length L and

rectangular cross-section has a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth
and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from
moving in one of the vertical planes of
symmetry but allow it to move in the other
plane.

a) Determine the ratio a/b of the two sides of

the cross-section corresponding to the most
efficient design against buckling.
L = 20 in. b) Design the most efficient cross-section for
the column.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips
15
FS = 2.5
 Solución:
The most efficient design occurs when the
resistance to buckling is equal in both planes of
symmetry. This occurs when the slenderness
ratios are equal.
• Buckling in xy Plane:
1 ba3 2
2 I a a
rz = z = 12 = rz =
A ab 12 12
Le, z 0.7 L
= • Most efficient design:
rz a 12 Le, y
Le, z
=
• Buckling in xz Plane: rz ry
1 3
2 I y 12 ab b2 b 0.7 L 2L
ry = = = ry = =
A ab 12 12 a 12 b / 12
Le, y 2L a 0.7 a
= = = 0.35
ry b / 12 b 2 b 16
 • Design:
Le 2L 2(20 in ) 138.6
= = =
ry b 12 b 12 b
Pcr = (FS )P = (2.5)(5 kips ) = 12.5 kips
Pcr 12500 lbs
 cr = =
A (0.35b )b

 cr =
 2E
=
(
 2 10.1  106 psi )
L = 20 in. (Le r )2
(138.6 b )2

E = 10.1 x 106 psi =

(
12500 lbs  2 10.1  106 psi )
(0.35b )b (138.6 b )2
P = 5 kips
b = 1.620 in.
FS = 2.5
a = 0.35b = 0.567 in.
17
a/b = 0.35
Ejemplo

18
19
Problema

20
Problema

21
Problema

22
Carga Excéntrica. Fórmula de la Secante
(Opcional)
• Eccentric loading is equivalent to a centric
load and a couple.
• Bending occurs for any nonzero eccentricity.
Question of buckling becomes whether the
resulting deflection is excessive.
• The deflection becomes infinite when P = Pcr
d2y − Py − Pe
2
=
dx EI
  P    2 EI
ymax = e sec  − 1
 Pcr =
  2 Pcr   L2e

• Maximum stress
P  ( ymax + e )c 
 max = 1+ 
A r2 
P  ec  1 P Le  23
= 1 + 2 sec 
A r  2 EA r 
 P  ec  1 P Le 
 max =  Y = 1 + 2 sec  24
A r  2 EA r 
 Ejemplo

The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section

of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.

a) Using Euler’s formula and a factor of safety

of two, determine the allowable centric load
for the column and the corresponding
normal stress.
b) Assuming that the allowable load, found in
part a, is applied at a point 0.75 in. from the
E = 29  106 psi. geometric axis of the column, determine the
horizontal deflection of the top of the
column and the maximum normal stress in
the column.

25
Solución:

• Maximum allowable centric load:

- Effective length,

- Critical load,

Pcr =
 2 EI
=
( )(
 2 29  106 psi 8.0 in 4 )
2
Le (192 in )2
= 62.1 kips

- Allowable load,
P 62.1 kips Pall = 31.1 kips
Pall = cr =
FS 2
Pall 31.1 kips
= =  = 8.79 ksi 26
A 3.54 in 2
• Eccentric load:
- End deflection,
  P  
ym = e sec  − 1

  2 Pcr  
    
= (0.075 in )sec  − 1
 2 2 
ym = 0.939 in.

- Maximum normal stress,

P  ec   P 
m = 1 + 2 sec 

A r  2 Pcr 
31.1 kips  (0.75 in )(2 in )   
= 2 
1+ sec 
3.54 in  (1.50 in )2  2 2 
27

 m = 22.0 ksi
Diseño de columnas
• Previous analyses assumed
stresses below the proportional
limit and initially straight,
homogeneous columns

• Experimental data demonstrate

- for large Le/r, cr follows
Euler’s formula and depends
upon E but not Y.

- for small Le/r, cr is

determined by the yield
strength Y and not E.

- for intermediate Le/r, cr

depends on both Y and E. 28
 • For Le/r > Cc
Structural Steel
 2E  cr
American Inst. of Steel Construction  cr =  all =
(Le / r )2 FS
FS = 1.92

• For Le/r > Cc

 (Le / r )2   cr
 cr =  Y 1 − 2 
 all =
 2C c 
FS
3
5 3 L / r 1 L / r 
FS = + e −  e 
3 8 Cc 8  Cc 

• At Le/r = Cc
2 2 E
 cr = 1 Cc2 =
29
2 Y Y
 • Alloy 6061-T6
Aluminum Le/r < 66:
Aluminum Association, Inc.  all = 20.2 − 0.126(Le / r ) ksi
= 139 − 0.868(Le / r ) MPa

Le/r > 66:

51000 ksi 351  103 MPa
 all = =
(Le / r )
2
(Le / r )2

• Alloy 2014-T6
Le/r < 55:
 all = 30.7 − 0.23(Le / r ) ksi
= 212 − 1.585(Le / r ) MPa
Le/r > 66:
54000 ksi 372  103 MPa
 all = = 30

(Le / r )2
(Le / r )2
 Ejemplo

SOLUTION:
• With the diameter unknown, the
slenderness ratio can not be evaluated.
Must make an assumption on which
slenderness ratio regime to utilize.

• Calculate required diameter for

assumed slenderness ratio regime.

• Evaluate slenderness ratio and verify

initial assumption. Repeat if necessary.
Using the aluminum alloy 2014-T6,
determine the smallest diameter rod
which can be used to support the centric
load P = 60 kN if a) L = 750 mm,
31
b) L = 300 mm
 • For L = 750 mm, assume L/r > 55

• Determine cylinder radius:

P 372  103 MPa
 all = =
A (L r )2
60  103 N 372  103 MPa
= c = 18.44 mm
c 2
 0.750 m 
2
 
 c/2 

• Check slenderness ratio assumption:

c = cylinder radius
L L 750mm
r = radius of gyration = = = 81.3  55
r c / 2 (18.44 mm )
I c 4 4 c assumption was correct
= = =
A c 2 2 32
d = 2c = 36.9 mm
• For L = 300 mm, assume L/r < 55

• Determine cylinder radius:

P   L 
 all = = 212 − 1.585  MPa
A   r 
60  103 N   0.3 m  6
= 212 − 1.585   10 Pa
c 2   c / 2 
c = 12.00 mm

• Check slenderness ratio assumption:

L L 300 mm
= = = 50  55
r c / 2 (12.00 mm )

assumption was correct

33
d = 2c = 24.0 mm
Diseño de columnas bajo cargas
excéntricas (Opcional)
• An eccentric load P can be replaced by a
centric load P and a couple M = Pe.

• Normal stresses can be found from

superposing the stresses due to the centric
load and couple,
 =  centric +  bending
P Mc
 max = +
A I

• Allowable stress method:

P Mc
+   all
A I

• Interaction method:
P A Mc I
+ 1 34
( all )centric ( all )bending