Antenna Parameters

Antenna Parameters
Nurul Hazlina Noordin
Universiti Malaysia Pahang

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 1

 Antenna Parameters

Antenna Propagation
Tutorial 7 – Radio
Propagation

Properties Mechanism Medium

Types Measurements Array
Project 2 – Antenna Assignment 1 –
Measurement Report Array Antenna Attenuation reflection Space wave

Array
ESA Resonant Broadband Aperture Setup
Factor Absorption diffraction Skywave
Lab 2 – CST
Modelling

Broadside / Free Space

Dipole Yagi Helical Horn Radiation End fire Array
Interference Scattering
Model
Project 1 – Antenna Tutorial 4 – Yagi Tutorial 3 –
Fabrication Tutorial 5 – Horn
Antenna Helical Antenna
Antenna
Impedance
Radiation
Loop Microstrip LPDA Parabolic Impedance
Steering
Tutorial 6 – Rays & Wave
Microstrip Antenna
front

Performance Parameters
Path loss
Lab 1 – Antenna
Measurement
• S-parameter • Gain
• Bandwidth • Directivity
Tutorial 1 – Antenna • Impedance Matching Radiation • Efficiency
Parameters Frequency • VSWR • Polarization
Pattern
Tutorial 2 – Matching
Circuits

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 2

 Antenna Parameters

Antenna Parameters
Space quantities
• Parameters:

Circuit Quantities • field pattern: 𝐸𝜃 (𝜃, ∅) 𝐸∅ (𝜃, ∅)

𝛿(𝜃, ∅)
• Antenna Impedance 𝑍𝑎
• Radiation resistance 𝑅 Current • Polarization: LP, CP, EP
𝑟 distribution
• Antenna temperature • power pattern 𝑃𝑛 (𝜃, ∅)
𝑇𝐴
• beam area 𝛀𝐴
• directivity D, gain G

Antenna (transition region) • effective aperture 𝐴𝑒

• Physical quantities (size, weights) • radar cross section 𝜎

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 3

 Antenna Parameters
Radiation reciprocity

+++ Radiation Mechanism

Radiation pattern
No radiation
Charges moving uniform velocity

+++

+++ Radiation
Wire is bent / discontinued
/ terminated / truncated

EM Energy radiation:- A moving magnetic field

creates an electric (E) field.
+++
Charges oscillating
in time motion

A moving electric field creates a

magnetic (H) field

+++
http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 4
 Antenna Parameters
Solid angle

Spherical Geometry 𝛿𝛺 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝛿𝜃 𝛿ф

Area of interest
𝛿𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝛿𝜃 𝛿ф

𝑟 𝛿𝜃°

Elevation

𝜽° 𝒓
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝛿ф°

𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃°𝑐𝑜𝑠ф°

ф° Azimuth

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 5

 Antenna Parameters

2𝑑 2
Field Region Far Field
𝑟2 ≈
𝛌
• electric and magnetic fields radiate and
are in phase perpendicular to each
Radiating
other and perpendicular also to the
Radiating direction of propagation
• angular field distribution is independent
𝑑3 of the distance from the antenna and can
𝑟1 ≈ 0.62 be approximated with spherical wave-
𝛌 fronts

Near Field Non-radiating

• electric and magnetic fields
are in phase to each other Reactive Near Field

• angular field distribution is • electric and magnetic fields and not

dependent upon the necessarily in phase to each other
distance and direction from
the antenna. • angular field distribution is highly
dependent upon the distance and
r1 and r2 are the distance from the antenna direction from the antenna.

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 6

 Antenna Parameters

Properties of waves that can that can Polarization

oscillate in more than 1 orientation
Restrictions of wave in the direction
of vibrations.

Maximum power

Minimum power LHCP

RHCP
𝑂𝐴
𝐴𝑅 =
𝑂𝐵
half power

Polarization alignment in a Direction of wave

transmission Axial Ratio

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 7

 Antenna Parameters

Gain
Ratio of

the intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in

the direction of its maximum output
to

the intensity radiated by an isotropic antenna

𝐺 𝜃, 𝜑 = ղ 𝐷 𝜃, 𝜑

Isotropic source:
Power Density Directivity Gain
𝑃𝑇
𝑆= 1 0 dBi
4𝜋𝑟 2

Radiation resistance: the equivalent resistance that

dissipate the same amount power as is radiated by the antenna

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 8

 Antenna Parameters

Directivity
Ability of an antenna to focus its radiation energy in one Effective area: equivalent area where incident power is
or more direction equal to the received power.
𝑈 𝜃,𝜑 4𝜋𝑈 𝜃,𝜑
𝐷 𝜃, 𝜑 = =
𝑈0 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 PT (W) ZL Wincident (w/m2)
𝑈0 = Isotropic source radiation intensity (W/sr)
𝑈 𝜃, 𝜑 = radiation intensity, (W/sr) Strength of incident
Power developed across
EM field at the
terminating impedance
Radiation intensity: the power radiated from an antenna per aperture of the
at the port
antenna
unit solid angle.
𝑃𝑇
𝜋 2𝜋 𝐴𝑒 =
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ‫= 𝛀 𝛿 𝑈 𝛀װ‬ ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑈 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡

Radiation efficiency: the ratio of power radiated to input

power 𝜆2
𝑃 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐺
ղ= 4𝜋
𝑃𝑖𝑛

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 9

 Antenna Parameters

Transmitted voltage V+
Z0 transmission
line impedance
BW = 𝑓𝐻 - 𝑓𝐿 Bandwidth
Reflected voltage V- 𝑅 ∓ 𝑗𝑋

𝜏 2 2
1 − 𝜏 Resistance
Reactance
Power reflected Power entering antenna • +ve = inductive
• -ve = capacitive

Methods of description:

1. Return loss (-10 dB) 2. VSWR (2:1) 3. Polar Plot (Smith Chart)
V− 1+ 𝜏
Reflection Coefficient 𝜏= + VSWR = 𝝉 =0.316
V 1− 𝜏 Bandwidth cut-off

Bandwidth ~
412.7 MHz (17%)
fH
fL fH
Bandwidth ~
412.7 MHz (17%) fL 𝝉 =𝟎
𝝉 =1 poorly perfectly

f0 fL fH matched. All power

matched to the
VNA
are reflected

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 10

 Antenna Parameters

Friis Transformation Formula

in Watt
𝛌2
R 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 2
𝐺𝑟 𝐺𝑡
(4𝜋𝑅)

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑊𝐴𝑒𝑟 4𝜋 in dB
𝐺𝑟 = 2 𝐴𝑒𝑟
Time average power 𝛌
density transmitted
𝛌 2
10 log10 𝑃𝑟 = 10 log10 𝑃𝑡 + 10 log10 𝐺𝑡 + 10 log10 𝐺𝑡 + 10 log10
4𝜋𝑅

Total transmitted power

Gain of transmitting 𝛌 2
𝑃𝑅 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 𝑑𝐵 + 𝐺𝑇 𝑑𝐵 + 𝐺𝑅 𝑑𝐵 +
𝑃𝑡 antenna 4𝜋𝑅 𝑑𝐵

𝑊= 2
𝐺𝑡
4𝜋𝑅
http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 11
 Antenna Parameters

Resonant Antennas Broadband Antennas

• The antenna operates well at a • The pattern, gain, and impedance
single or selected narrow remain acceptable and are nearly
frequency band constant over a wide frequency range

• Low to moderate gain • Low to moderate gain

• Real input impedance • Constant gain

• Narrow bandwidth • Real input impedance

Antenna • Wide Bandwidth

ESA Resonant Broadband Aperture

Electrically Small Antennas Aperture Antennas
• Structure is much less than the • Have a physical aperture through
wavelength Dipole Yagi Helical Horn which the waves flow.

• Very low directivity • High Gain

• Low input resistance • Gain increases with frequency

Loop Microstrip LPDA Parabolic
• High input reactance • Moderate bandwidth

• Low radiation efficiency

http://ee.ump.edu.my/hazlina/#portfolio BEE 4433 Antenna Theory & Propagation 12